'Muhajirun' from Austria. Why They Left to Join ISIS and Why They Don't Return
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Poverty and Economics in the Qur'an Author(S): Michael Bonner Source: the Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the editors of The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Poverty and Economics in the Qur'an Author(s): Michael Bonner Source: The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 35, No. 3, Poverty and Charity: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (Winter, 2005), pp. 391-406 Published by: The MIT Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3657031 Accessed: 27-09-2016 11:29 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the editors of The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, The MIT Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Interdisciplinary History This content downloaded from 217.112.157.113 on Tue, 27 Sep 2016 11:29:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Journal of Interdisciplinary History, xxxv:3 (Winter, 2oo5), 39I-4o6. Michael Bonner Poverty and Economics in the Qur'an The Qur'an provides a blueprint for a new order in society, in which the poor will be treated more fairly than before. The questions that usually arise regarding this new order of society concern its historical con- text. Who were the poor mentioned in the Book, and who were their benefactors? What became of them? However, the answers to these apparently simple questions have proved elusive. -
Pre-Islamic Arabia
Pre-Islamic Arabia The Nomadic Tribes of Arabia The nomadic pastoralist Bedouin tribes inhabited the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam around 700 CE. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the societal structure of tribes in Arabia KEY TAKEAWAYS Key Points Nomadic Bedouin tribes dominated the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam. Family groups called clans formed larger tribal units, which reinforced family cooperation in the difficult living conditions on the Arabian peninsula and protected its members against other tribes. The Bedouin tribes were nomadic pastoralists who relied on their herds of goats, sheep, and camels for meat, milk, cheese, blood, fur/wool, and other sustenance. The pre-Islamic Bedouins also hunted, served as bodyguards, escorted caravans, worked as mercenaries, and traded or raided to gain animals, women, gold, fabric, and other luxury items. Arab tribes begin to appear in the south Syrian deserts and southern Jordan around 200 CE, but spread from the central Arabian Peninsula after the rise of Islam in the 630s CE. Key Terms Nabatean: an ancient Semitic people who inhabited northern Arabia and Southern Levant, ca. 37–100 CE. Bedouin: a predominantly desert-dwelling Arabian ethnic group traditionally divided into tribes or clans. Pre-Islamic Arabia Pre-Islamic Arabia refers to the Arabian Peninsula prior to the rise of Islam in the 630s. Some of the settled communities in the Arabian Peninsula developed into distinctive civilizations. Sources for these civilizations are not extensive, and are limited to archaeological evidence, accounts written outside of Arabia, and Arab oral traditions later recorded by Islamic scholars. Among the most prominent civilizations were Thamud, which arose around 3000 BCE and lasted to about 300 CE, and Dilmun, which arose around the end of the fourth millennium and lasted to about 600 CE. -
Russian-Speaking
NOVEMBER 2017 ‘RUSSIAN-SPEAKING’ FIGHTERS IN SYRIA, IRAQ AND AT HOME: CONSEQUENCES AND CONTEXT FULL REPORT Mark Youngman and Dr Cerwyn Moore Centre for Russian, European and Eurasian Studies Department of Political Science and International Studies University of Birmingham This report was produced out of the Actors and Narratives programme, funded by CREST. To find out more information about this programme, and to see other outputs from the team, visit the CREST website at: https://crestresearch.ac.uk/projects/actors-and-narratives/ About the authors: Mark Youngman is an ESRC-funded doctoral student and Cerwyn Moore a Senior Lecturer in the Centre for Russian, European and Eurasian Studies at the University of Birmingham. Disclaimer: This report has been part funded by an ESRC IAA award and part funded by the Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats (ESRC Award: ES/N009614/1). It draws on the existing work of the authors, and supplements their work with original research and ongoing data collection of Russian-speaking foreign fighters.www.crestresearch.co.uk The cover image, Caucasus Emirate, is a remixed derivative ofProposed divisions of the Caucasus Emirate by ArnoldPlaton, under CC BY-SA 3.0. Caucasus Emirate is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. by R. Stevens, CREST. ©2017 CREST Creative Commons 4.0 BY-NC-SA licence. www.crestresearch.ac.uk/copyright CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................4 PART I: ASSESSING THE ‘RUSSIAN-SPEAKING’ -
Republic of Tatarstan 15 I
1 CONTENTS ABOUT AUTHORS 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 INTRODUCTION 10 THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN 15 I. POLITICAL ELITE 15 1. Vertical power structure 19 2. Governance model during the period of the President M. Shaimiev 20 3. Governance model during the period of the President R. Minnikhanov 22 4. Security forces as part of a consolidated project 27 5. Export of elites 28 II. PRESERVATION OF ETHNO-CULTURAL IDENTITY 30 1.The Tatar national movement 30 2. The Russian national movement 34 3. Language policy in Tatarstan 37 4. Results of post-Soviet language policy 47 5. Conclusion 50 THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN 51 I. DAGESTAN ELITES AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 51 1. Birth of «clans» 53 2. Adaptation to the growing influence of Moscow 56 3. Mukhu Aliev: attempt to be equidistant from clans 58 4. Elite and the Caucasus Emirate 62 5. Return of the «levashintsy» and attempt at a civil dialogue 64 6. First attempt to eliminate clans 66 II. «EXTERNAL GOVERNANCE» 70 III. PRESERVATION OF ETHNO-CULTURAL IDENTITY 79 1. National movements and conflicts 79 2. Preservation of national languages 82 3. Conclusion 91 FINAL CONCLUSIONS 93 2 ABOUT AUTHORS Dr. Ekaterina SOKIRIANSKAIA is the founder and director at Conflict analysis and prevention center. From 2011 to 2017, she served as International Crisis Group’s Russia/North Caucasus Project Director, supervising the organisation’s research and advocacy in the region. From 2008-2011, Sokirianskaia established and supervised the work of Human rights Center Memorial’s regional offices in Kabardino-Balkariya and Dagestan. Before that, from 2003-2008 Sokirianskaia was permanently based in Ingushetia and Chechnya and worked as a researcher and projects director for Memorial and as an assistant professor at Grozny State University. -
The Rise of Islam As a Constitutive Revolution
Chapter 5 Revolution in Early Islam: The Rise of Islam as a Constitutive Revolution SAÏD AMIR ARJOMAND We conceive of revolution in terms of its great social and political consequences. In a forthcoming comparative and historical study of revolutions, I contrast to the state-centered revolutions of modern times with another ideal-type of revolution which I call the ‘integrative’ revolution (see the Appendix). This ideal type of revolution – which is an aspect of all revolutions – expresses two simple ideas: revolutions 1) bring to power a previously excluded revolutionary elite, and 2) enlarge the social basis of the political regime. This makes integrative revolu- tions not just political but also ‘social revolutions.’ Integrative revolution is in turn divided into three subtypes, the two sub-types I derive from Aristotle-Pareto and Ibn Khaldun are so labeled. The ‘constitutive’ type is my own invention, of- fering the sharpest contrast to the state-centered or ‘Tocquevillian’ type in that it is the typical pattern of radical change in the political order through the enlarge- ment of political community in ‘stateless societies,’ be they of 6th century BCE Greece or 7th century CE Arabia. In addition to this structural typology, we need to come to terms with the mo- tives and goals of the revolutionaries as historical actors, and here I do what may be politically incorrect from the viewpoint of the theory community by using the term teleology, not in the strict Aristotelian sense but rather as a term denoting the directionality of revolution. Through teleology, I seek to capture the distinc- tive direction of a revolution, its intended or intentionally prefigured conse- quences. -
LINGUISTIC MEANING “Be in This World As If You Were a Stranger Or A
“Be in this world as if you were a stranger or a traveler.” ~Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) The concept of being a stranger and how to interact with the stranger is a common theme in Islamic religious texts. The two primary sources of Islamic teachings are the Qur’an, the Holy Book of Islam, and the Hadith/Sunnah traditions of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). To Muslims, the Qur’an is the literal Word of God, revealed to Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) through Angel Gabriel, who recited the Qur’an to Muhammad (pbuh) in installments for over twenty-three years. The Hadith on the other hand, refers to the statements, actions, and approvals of the Prophet (pbuh) throughout his mission. They are traced back to the Prophet through a chain of narrators and recorded in canonical books. So, what does Islam say and how do Muslims view the stranger? LINGUISTIC MEANING The concept of being a stranger takes TEXT OF THE HADITH OF THE STRANGER various forms and shapes in the The text of focus for this program is the Prophetic statement teachings of Islam. Some key words narrated by Mujahid: that might help us understand the concept include: ‘Abdullah bin ‘Umar said, “Allah's Messenger (pbuh) took hold of my shoulder and said, ‘Be in this world as if you were Gharib – (Singular) strange, alien, a stranger or a traveler.” The sub-narrator added: Ibn ‘Umar foreign, unknown, unfamiliar used to say, “If you survive till the evening, do not expect to Ghurabaa’ – (Plural) strangers aliens, be alive in the morning, and if you survive till the morning, foreigners do not expect to be alive in the evening, and take from your Ghurbah – Strangeness health for your sickness, and (take) from your life for your death.” (Related by Al-Bukhari)1 These words connote being new or unknown in a place or setting. -
The North Caucasus Insurgency and Syria: an Exported Jihad?
The North Caucasus Insurgency and Syria: An Exported Jihad? Europe Report N°238 | 16 March 2016 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. The Failure of Regional Jihad or How Syria Hijacked the Agenda ................................. 4 A. “A Thousand Times Harder than Syria” .................................................................... 5 B. From Regional to Global ............................................................................................ 7 C. Jihadists or New Muhajirun? .................................................................................... 9 D. Syria, Iraq and the North Caucasians ........................................................................ 12 III. Russian State Security Responses .................................................................................... 16 A. Controlling the Outflow: Before and After the Sochi Olympics ................................ 16 B. Clamping Down on Salafi Activism and Mosques .................................................... -
Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documenta
ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documenta... Page 1 of 42 Document #2011188 ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation English Version below https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2011188.html 10/22/2019 ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Docume... Page 19 of 42 ecoi.net's featured topics offer an overview on selected issues. The featured topic for the Russian Federation covers the general security situation and a chronology of security-related events in Dagestan since January 2011. The featured topics are presented in the form of excerpts from documents, coming from selected sources. Compiled by ACCORD. https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2011188.html 10/22/2019 ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Docume... Page 20 of 42 Archived version - last update: 21 March 2019. Updated versions of this featured topic are published on the respective country page. 1. Overview (https://ecoi2.ecoi.net/local_link/358745/504747_de.html#Toc489358359) 1.1. Religious conflict 2. Insurgency in Dagestan 2.1. Development of the insurgency 2.2. Attacks and violations of human rights 3. Timeline of attacks in Dagestan 4. Sources 1. Overview “Mit rund drei Millionen Einwohnern ist es die mit Abstand größte kaukasische Teilrepublik, und wegen seiner Lage am Kaspischen Meer bildet es für Russland einen strategisch wichtigen Teil dieser Region. Zugleich leben hier auf einem Territorium von der Größe Bayerns drei Dutzend autochthone Nationalitäten. Damit ist Dagestan das Gebiet mit der größten ethnischen Vielfalt nicht nur im Kaukasus, sondern im gesamten postsowjetischen Raum.“ (SWP, April 2015, p. -
THE MASSACRE of the BANU QURAYZA a Re-Examination of a Tradition
THE MASSACRE OF THE BANU QURAYZA A re-examination of a tradition The story of the massacre of the Banu Qurayza (April 627 A.D./Dhu l-Qa'da 5 A.H.), l as recorded in various compilations of the Sira-litera- ture, is concerned with the final blow which the prophet Muhammad struck at the last Jewish tribal group in Medina. According to the widely current tradition, transmitted by the early Muslim scholars of hadith, biographers of the Prophet, jurists and his- torians, Qurayza are said to have concluded a pact with the Prophet in which they committed themselves not to help the enemies of the Proph- et. But when the enemies of the Prophet (i.e. the Confederates, Quraysh and their Allies, the Ahzab - K.) besieged Medina the Banu Qurayza are alleged to have aided the forces of the Prophet's enemies, the Ahzab. Huyayy b. Akhtab, a former leader of the exiled Jewish tribe of the Banu Nadlr is blamed for having instigated Ka'b b. Asad, the leader of Qurayza, to violate the agreement with the Prophet and for having pressed him to negotiate with the leaders of the Ahzab. The Prophet succeeded by stratagem to undermine the mutual confidence between Qurayza and the Ahzab and to spoil their strategic plans against him and against the Muslim community at Medina. The failure of the siege of Medina by the Ahzab and their disordered and hasty retreat marked a manifest victory for the Prophet and left Qurayza in a precarious posi- tion, facing the forces of the Prophet in isolation. -
Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, Vol 17, No 8
Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, 29 April 2015 1 Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst BI-WEEKLY BRIEFING VOL. 17 NO. 08 29 APRIL 2015 Contents Analytical Articles RUSSIA’S REGULATION OF LABOR MIGRATION SET TO HURT CENTRAL ASIAN ECONOMIES 3 Nurzhan Zhambekov MOSCOW CFE KILL THREATEN CAUCASUS STABILITY 6 Richard Weitz CAUCASUS EMIRATE FACES FURTHER DECLINE AFTER THE DEATH OF ITS LEADER 10 Emil Aslan Souleimanov KAZAKHSTAN AND NEIGHBORS SEEK STRATEGIES TO COUNTER EMERGING THREATS 14 Jacob Zenn Field Reports KYRGYZSTAN’S PRIME MINISTER RESIGNS 18 Arslan Sabyrbekov ISLAMIC STATE REACHES OUT TO GEORGIA 20 Eka Janashia ARMENIA’S PRESIDENT VISITS THE VATICAN 22 Erik Davtyan AZERBAIJAN DEMOTED TO EITI CANDIDATE 24 Mina Muradova Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, 29 April 2015 2 THE CENTRAL ASIA-CAUCASS ANALYST Editor: Svante E. Cornell Associate Editor: Niklas Nilsson Assistant Editor, News Digest: Alima Bissenova Chairman, Editorial Board: S. Frederick Starr The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst is an English-language journal devoted to analysis of the current issues facing Central Asia and the Caucasus. It serves to link the business, governmental, journalistic and scholarly communities and is the global voice of the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program Joint Center. The Editor of the Analyst solicits most articles and field reports, however authors are encouraged to suggest topics for future issues or submit articles and field reports for consideration. Such articles and field reports cannot have been previously published in any form, must be written in English, and must correspond precisely to the format and style of articles and field reports published in The Analyst, described below. -
A Short History of Islamic “States” in the North Caucasus
AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT THE CAUCASUS EMIRATE IN THE AGE OF ISIS: A SHORT HISTORY OF ISLAMIC “STATES” IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS by SUSANNAH JANE STEPHENS A Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts to the Center for Arab and Middle East Studies of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at the American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon April 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to acknowledge the extraordinary teachers who have inspired and encouraged me during the course of my education. I have been profoundly lucky to study under such sagacious and passionate individuals. Specifically, I want to thank Michael Schaffer for believing in me at a crucial moment and giving me my first transformative abroad experience, Dr. Jay Holstein for making learning fantastically exciting and for awakening a lifelong passion for religious studies, David Gould, for talking me through my last year of undergraduate and for patiently and softly guiding me towards the my most correct path, and Dr. Paul du Quenoy for his invaluable advice and attention during the process of producing this project. Thank you all, you have changed my life. I would next like to thank the great friends who have enriched my life and taught me so much. I would especially like to thank Kelsey Williamson, the most selfless and trustworthy friend a person could hope to have. Thank you for taking care of me, for helping me, and for always going above and beyond. Thank you Max Gardiner for being patient with me and for loving me so well. -
Quran and Conquest
01ch.qxp 5/20/15 5:35 PM Page 5 ONE QURAN AND CONQUEST MUHAMMAD, THE QURAN, AND JIHAD Islam did not begin with violence. Rather, it began as the peaceful proclamation of the absolute unity of God by the Prophet Muhammad (ca. 610 c.e.) in the pagan-dominated town of Mecca. The early suras (chapters) of the Quran proclaim this basic message: “Say: He is Allah, the only One, Allah, the Everlasting. He did not beget and is not begot- ten, and none is His equal” (Quran 112). Initially, Muhammad was instructed merely to communicate this message to his immediate family and close friends, who, together with a number of social outcasts and slaves, formed the original community of Muslims. Within a few years, the Prophet and his adherents found themselves increasingly persecuted for their beliefs by the elite of the Quraysh (the tribe that dominated Mecca). Muhammad proselytized among the tribesmen of the oasis of Yathrib, about 150 miles to the north of Mecca, who accepted his mes- sage. In 622 he, together with the other Muslims, emigrated to this oasis, which was subsequently called Medina. Muslim history begins with the hijira—Muhammad’s emigration to Medina (although there continue to be major, unresolved problems with the historicity of the events narrated below concerning the life of the Prophet Muhammad and the first conquests). Medina was not a town in the conventional sense but rather a collection of small villages and forts spread over the oasis, divided politically among two pagan Arab tribes— the Aws and the Khazraj—and three smaller Jewish tribes: the Banu 5 01ch.qxp 5/20/15 5:35 PM Page 6 6 /QURAN AND CONQUEST Qaynuqa, the Banu al-Nadir, and the Banu Qurayza.