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(Pinus Pinaster ) DUST and BAMBARA NUT (Vigna Subterranea ) CHAFF with SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL DUST for BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION

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(Pinus Pinaster ) DUST and BAMBARA NUT (Vigna Subterranea ) CHAFF with SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL DUST for BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION THE EFFECTS OF THE BINARY AND TERNARY COMBINATIONS OF PINE NEEDLE (Pinus pinaster ) DUST AND BAMBARA NUT (Vigna subterranea ) CHAFF WITH SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL DUST FOR BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION BY IGWEAGWU, JUDE CHIBUIKE PG/M.Sc/14/68309 DEPARTMENT OF PURE AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA FEBRUARY, 2017. 1 TITLE PAGE THE EFFECTS OF THE BINARY AND TERNARY COMBINATIONS OF PINE NEEDLE (Pinus pinaster ) DUST AND BAMBARA NUT (Vigna subterranea ) CHAFF WITH SUB- BITUMINOUS COAL DUST FOR BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION BY IGWEAGWU, JUDE CHIBUIKE PG/M.Sc/14/68309 BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc) DEGREE IN FOSSIL FUEL CHEMISTRY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PURE AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA SUPERVISOR: DR. (MRS) A.U. OFOEFULE DEPARTMENT OF PURE AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA FEBRUARY, 2017. i APPROVAL PAGE Igweagwu Jude Chibuike, a postgraduate student in the Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka with Registration number: PG/M.Sc/14/68309 has satisfactorily completed the requirements for research work for the degree of Master of Science (M.Sc) in Fossil Fuel Chemistry. DR. MRS A.U. OFOEFULE PROF. U.C OKORO Date Date EXTERNAL EXAMINER Date ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Almighty God for his infinite mercies and to my parents, Mr and Mrs Igweagwu, my lovely brother Samuel and his family, my beautiful sister Nnenna and her family, my awesome siblings for their encouragement and financial support in my educational career. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely appreciate the effort of my supervisor, Dr. (Mrs) A.U. Ofoefule, who selflessly guided me throughout the course of this work. Her leniency and motivational criticisms led to more effort being put to see to the success of this work. The contributions of my parents, my elder brother and his lovely wife and my siblings throughout the course of this work cannot be over-emphasized. I also wish to thank the following: the family of Dr and Mrs. Eze, Mr M.N. Ugwu, my colleagues and my wonderful friends who were always willing to assist when necessary, Engr. Anyanwu, Mr. Emeka who provided the materials used for the briquetting and to the management of National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. May God reward you all. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page - - - - - - - - - - - i Approval Page - - - - - - - - - - ii Dedication - - - - - - - - - - - iii Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - iv Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - v List of Tables - - - - - - - - - - vi List of Figures - - - - - - - - - - vii Abstract - - - - - - - - - - viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study- - - - - - - - 1 1.2 Statement of problem - - - - - - - - 3 1.3 Aim of the research- - - - - - - - - 3 1.4 Objectives of the studies- - - - - - - - 4 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Coal- - - - - - - - - - - 5 2.2 Coal Ranks and their uses- - - - - - - - 5 2.2.1 Peat- - - - - - - - - 5 2.2.1.1 Formation of peat - - - - - - 6 2.2.1.2 Characteristics and uses - - - - - 6 2.2.1.3 Environmental and ecological issues - - - - 7 2.2.1.3.1 Peat drainage - - - - - - - 8 2.2.1.3.2 Peat fires- - - - - - - - 8 2.2.2 Lignite - - - - - - - - 9 2.2.2.1 Characteristics of lignite- - - - - - 9 2.2.2.2 Uses- - - - - - - - - 10 2.2.3 Sub-bituminous coal- - - - - -- - 10 2.2.3.1 Properties- - - - - - - - 11 2.2.3.2 Uses - - - - - - - - - 11 2.2.4 Bituminous coal - - - - - - - 12 v 2.2.5 Anthracite coal- - - - - - - 13 2.3 Chemistry of Coal - - - - - - - - 15 2.3.1 Coal Carbonization- - - - - - - 15 2.3.2 Coal Gasification- - - - - - - - 16 2.3.3 Coal Liquefaction- - - - - - - - 17 2.4 Coal in Nigeria- - - - - - - - - 18 2.5 Environmental hazards associated with coal utilization - - - - 19 2.6 Briquetting Process- - - - - - - - - 21 2.6.1 Historical Background of Briquetting Process- - - - 22 2.6.2 Factors Affecting Briquette Production Process- - - - 23 2.6.3 Factors That Influence Briquette Burning- - - - - 24 2.6.3.1 Briquette quality- - - - - - - - 24 2.6.3.2 Factors that influence briquettes quality- - - - - 25 2.6.3.3 External factors influencing briquette burning- - - - 27 2.6.4 Advantages of briquette production- - - - - 27 2.6.5 Bio-Coal Briquettes- - - - - - - 27 2.6.5.1 Characteristics of Bio-Coal Briquettes- - - - - 28 2.6.5.2 Advantages of bio-coal briquettes- - - - - - 29 2.6.5.3 Production Process of Bio-Coal Briquette-- - - - 30 2.6.5.4 Preparation of other types of Briquettes- - - - - 30 2.6.6 Binders used in the production of bio-coal briquettes- - - 31 2.6.6.1 Starches as Binder for bio-coal briquettes- - - - - 32 2.7 Biomass Resources of Nigeria - - - - - - - 33 2.7.1 Pine needle (Pinus pinaster) - - - - - - 34 2.7.1.1 Uses-- - - - - - - - - 35 2.7.1.2 Review of Related Literatures on Pine needle - -- - - 37 2.7.2 Bambara groundnut chaff as a potential residue feedstock for the production of bio- coal briquette- - - - - - 38 2.7.2.1 Review of Related Literatures on Bambara groundnut- - - 40 vi CHAPTER THREE: EXPERIMENTAL 3.1 Materials and their sources- - - - - - - - 40 3.2 Apparatus used for the experiment- - - - - - - 40 3.3 Preparation of materials- - - - - - - - 40 3.4 Production of briquette samples-- - - - - - - 40 3.5 Determination of Calorific value- - - - - - - 43 3.6 Water Boiling Test (WBT) using Laboratory Emissions Monitoring System (LEMS)- - - - - - - - 44 3.7 Characterisation of the briquette samples- - - - - - 46 3.7.1 Determination of proximate analysis of the various briquette samples - 46 3.7.2 Determination of rate of degradation - - - - - 46 3.7.3 Determination of thermal stability and composition of materials- - 47 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Proximate composition and calorific value of the briquettes- - - - 48 4.2 Analyses and characterization of the various briquettes- - - - 50 4.2.1 Coal briquette (sample C)- - - - - - - 50 4.2.2 Pine needle dust briquette (sample P)- - - - - 54 4.2.3 Bambara nut chaff briquette (sample B)- - - - - 57 4.2.4 Pine needle dust + Bambara nut chaff briquette (sample PB)- - 60 4.2.5 Coal dust + Pine needle dust briquette (sample CP)- - - - 63 4.2.6 Coal dust + Bambara nut chaff briquette (sample CB)- - - 67 4.2.7 Coal dust + Pine needle dust + Bambara nut chaff briquette (sample CPB)- - - - - - - - 70 CONCLUSION - - - - - - - - - 73 REFERENCES vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The summary of the mixtures of the various weights of the materials for the production of the briquettes - - - - - - 42 Table 2: Proximate composition and calorific value of the fuel briquettes- - - 48 Table 3: The combustion parameters using Laboratory Emissions Monitoring System for the various briquettes- - - - - - - 49 Table 4: Emission profile of PM, CO and CO2 of the various briquettes compared to WHO-AAQS/NAAQS - - - - - - 49 Table 5: Degradation temperature ranges and Peak temperatures from the TGA/DTA Analyses for the briquettes- - - - - - 50 viii LIST OF FIGURES Fig.1: Chemical structure of coal- - - - - - - 5 Fig.2: Lignite coal- -- - - - - - - - 9 Fig.3: Structure of Bituminous coal- - - - - - - 12 Fig.4: A representative structure of Anthracite coal- - - - 13 Fig.5: A representative structure of briquetting machine- - - - 23 Fig.6: 100% Coal dust - - - - - - - - 43 Fig.7: 100% Bambara Nut chaff - - - - - - - 43 Fig.8: 100% Pine needle dust- - - - - - - 43 Fig.9: 50%coal & 50% Bambara nut chaff - - - - - 43 Fig.10: 50% Pine & 50% Bambara nut chaff - - - - - 43 Fig.11: 50%coal & 50% Pine needle- - - - - - - 43 Fig.12. 33.3% coal, 33.3% Bambara nut chaff & 33.3% Pine needle dust- - 43 Fig.13: Laboratory Emissions Monitoring System (LEMS). - - - 45 Fig.14: Sensor box- - - - - - - - - 45 Fig.15: Thermo Gravimetric Analyser 4000 (PerkinElmer).- - - - 47 Fig.16: Emission profile of the particulate matter for the briquette sample C- 51 Fig.17: Emission profile of CO and CO2 for the briquette sample C- - 52 Fig.18: TGA/DTA plot for sample C- - - - - - - 53 Fig.19: Emission profile of the particulate matter for the briquette sample P- 55 Fig.20: Emission profile of CO and CO2 for the briquette sample P- - - 56 Fig.21: TGA/DTA plot for sample P- - - - - - - 56 Fig.22: Emission profile of CO and CO2 for the briquette sample B- - 58 Fig.23: Emission profile of the particulate matter for the briquette sample B- 59 ix Fig.24: TGA/DTA plot for sample B- - - - - - - 59 Fig.25: Emission profile of the particulate matter for the briquette sample PB- 62 Fig.26: Emission profile of CO and CO2 for the briquette sample PB- - 62 Fig.27: TGA/DTA plot for sample PB- - - - - - 63 Fig.28: Emission profile of the particulate matter for the briquette sample CP- 65 Fig.29: Emission profile of CO and CO2 for the briquette sample CP- - 65 Fig.30: TGA/DTA plot for sample CP- - - - - - 66 Fig.31: Emission profile of the particulate matter for the briquette sample CB- 68 Fig.32: Emission profile of CO and CO2 for the briquette sample CB- - 68 Fig.33: TGA/DTA plot for sample CB- - - - - - 69 Fig.34: Emission profile of the particulate matter for the briquette sample CPB- 71 Fig.35: Emission profile of CO and CO2 for the briquette sample CPB- - 71 Fig.36: TGA/DTA plot for sample CPB- - - - - - 72 x ABSTRACT This work studied the effect of the binary and ternary combinations of pine needle (Pinus pinaster ) dust and bambara nut (Vigna subterranea) chaff with coal dust for briquette production. Briquettes of 100% of the pure coal and the biomass were produced first. The ratios for the blending were as follows 1:1 for the binary combination of each biomass with coal and with themselves, and 1:1:1 for the ternary combination of the two biomass with coal. The feed stocks were dried to a moisture content of 5-10% and ground to a particle size of 0.8 mm. Desulphurization, homogeneity and binding were successfully achieved by addition of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), water and starch, respectively.
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