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Za‘īm al-Dawlah al-duktur M ī rz ā Mu Ķ ammad Mahdī Kh ā n Ra’īs al-ĵ ukam ā’ al-Irāī al-Ā dharbā yj ā n ī al-Tabrī zī . Miftā Ķ -i b ā b al- abwā b . Cairo: al-Manā r, 1903 . Zarq á n í, M í rz á MaĶ m ú d . Ma Ķ m ú d’s Diary: The Diary of M í rz á MaĶ m ú d-i- Zarq á n í Chronicling `Abdu ’l- Bah á’ s Journey to America. Translated by Mohi Sobhani and Shirley Macis. Oxford: George Ronald, 1998 . (Also see the original text: MaĶ mū d Zarq ā n ī . Bad ā yi‘ al- ā thā r , 2 vols. Mumbai: Krumī , 1921 .)

Archival Collections “A Compilation of the Story of the Convention for Amity,” May 31, 1921 , Alain Locke Papers, MSRC, Box 164–106, Folder 7. M. F. Harris (1525 ‘10’ St. N.W., Washington, DC), Note, May 22, 1921. Agnes Parsons Papers, Box 20: Notes—Race Amity Convention DC, 1921, National Bahá’í Archives, Bahá’í National Center, Evanston, IL. Enclosure sent January 24, 2011 . Alice Pike Barney Papers, Accession 96–153, Barney, Alice Pike, 1857 –1931, Smithsonian Institution Archives, Washington, DC. Laura Clifford Dreyfus- Barney Collection . National Bahá’í Archives of the United States, Evanston, Illinois. ——— . National Bahá’í Archives of France, Paris. The W. E. B. Du Bois Papers . University of Massachusetts Library, Amherst.

CONTRIBUTORS

Christopher Buck , PhD (Study of Religion, University of Toronto, 1996), JD (2006), authored Religious Myths and Visions of America: How Minority Faiths Redefined America’s Word Role (2009), Alain Locke: Faith and Philosophy (2005), Paradise and Paradigm: Key Symbols in Persian Christianity and the Baha’i Faith (1999), Symbol and Secret: Qur’an Commentary in Baha’u’llah’s Kitab-i Iqan (1995/2004), Religious Celebrations (coco, 2011), contributed chapters to The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an (2006), The Islamic World (2008), the American Writers series (2004/2010), practices law, teaches part-time at Pennsylvania State University, and publishes broadly as an independent scholar. Mona Khademi has been researching on the life of Laura Dreyfus since 2000. She has presented papers based on this research at international Bah á’í, Iranian, and Middle Eastern studies conferences and has published several articles on this topic both in Persian and English. As an indepen- dent researcher, she has also presented other research papers at international conferences. Several of her papers and the proceedings of the conferences have been published. Ms. Khademi published two books in 2012, one in Persian Sefaat Malakouti and the translation of the same book called Heavenly Attributes . Mona Khademi has a bachelor of arts degree in educational psy- chology from Pahlavi University (today’s Shiraz University) and a master’s degree in Arts Management from the American University in Washington, D.C. She has studied toward a PhD degree in the field of organizational psychology at Imperial College, University of London. Ms. Khademi is cur- rently the director of International Arts Management Consulting based in Washington, D.C. Negar Mottahedeh is associate professor in the Program in Literature at Duke University. She has published articles in Camera Obscura , Signs, Iranian Studies, Radical History Review, Middle East Research and Information Project, The Drama Review, Scholar and Feminist Online, and also in the journal for Early Popular Visual Culture. Her first book, Representing the Unpresentable 184 CONTRIBUTORS on the B á bí movement and its relation to Iran’s formation as a nation was published by Syracuse University Press. Her second monograph, Displaced Allegories: Post-Revolutionary Iranian Cinema was published in 2008 by Duke University Press. Guy Emerson Mount is a Social Sciences Division fellow at the University of Chicago pursuing his PhD in the history department. His research interests focus on the intersection of religion, sexuality, and moder- nity in postemanciaption America. His master’s thesis, “Building Multiracial Fortunes,” explored issues of black identity, authenticity, and masculinity as seen through the multiracial body of T. Thomas Fortune, the premier African American newspaper editor of the nineteenth century. Previously Mr. Mount contributed a series of articles to History News Network on the life of historian Howard Zinn, Arizona’s recent ethnic studies ban, and the lawsuit against Bishop Eddie Long. He is currently working on an article that covers the interracial marriage of Frederick Douglass and Helen Pitts in 1884, using it as a lens to explore how contested meanings of mar- riage and citizenship became centered in both African American struggles for freedom and white American responses to emancipation. Nader Saiedi was born in Tehran, Iran, and received his MS in Economics from Pahlavi University in Shiraz, and PhD, in sociology from the University of Wisconsin in 1983. He has taught sociology at UCLA, Vanderbilt University, and Carleton College in Minnesota. He is interested in social theory, Bahá ’ í studies, and peace studies. Among his books are: Gate of the Heart , Logos and Civilization and The Birth of Social Theory . Robert H. Stockman received his doctorate in the history of religion in the United States from Harvard University in 1990. He is an instructor of religious studies at Indiana University, South Bend and the Director of the Wilmette Institute, an online Bah á’í educational agency. He is the author of one introductory textbook about the Bah á ’ í Faith, The Bah á ’ í Faith: A Guide for the Perplexed (2012), four books on Bahá ’ í history, the latest of which is `Abdu’l-Bah á in America (2012). Born in Iran , Mina Yazdani was completing her medical studies at Pahlavi University in Shiraz when the Islamic Revolution broke out in 1979. She was dismissed from the university in 1981, during the Cultural Revolution, because of being a Bahá’í. She then studied via correspondence with Indiana University and earned her BGS. In 2004, She moved to Canada where she received a MA in Religion and Culture from Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, and subsequently, her PhD from the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations at the University of Toronto. Her dissertation is titled Religious Contentions in Modern Iran, 1881–1941 . She is currently CONTRIBUTORS 185 an assistant professor of history at Eastern Kentucky University. Among her publications are a monograph dealing with the social history of the Qajar period as well as a number of articles including, “The Confessions of Dolgoruki: Fiction and Masternarrative in Twentieth-Century Iran,” Iranian Studies , 44.1 (January 2011): 25–47. INDEX

Abbott, Robert 6, 11, 54, 98, 99, 108, media coverage of 22, 23, 27, 49, 137 94–96, 111–114, 116–119, 151 `Abdu’l-Bahá (Abbas Effendi) 1–13, modes of transportation used by 101–102, 104–108, 110–116, boat 5, 24–25, 111, 148 145–146, 158–162 car 23, 26 critique of nationalism 11, 67–81, carriage 24 111, 160 train 26, 41, 148 described by Edward Granville move from Acre to Haifa, Browne 10–11 Palestine 21 described by Kate Carew 8, 51 and other “oriental travelers to the described by W.E.B. Du Bois 5, 98 West” 49–53, 55 describes own travels to the Paris Talks 24, 31, 83 West 6–9, 54–55, 101, passing 28, 98 118–119, 145 and the peace movement 3, 62–63 exile 1, 2, 15, 33, 64–65, 151–152 private addresses 16, 24, 26, 41, 146, impact on African American 155 community 44–45, 53–54, Promulgation of Universal Peace, The 13, 86–101, 104, 106–108, 111, 41, 56, 82–83, 104–106, 110, 114, 116–118 138–140 impact on Bahá’í community in public addresses 6, 8, 16, 21, 24, 27, America 44–45, 47–49, 30–31, 38–39, 41, 42–43, 53–55, 89–90, 97, 110, 45, 54, 73, 83, 111–129, 115–116 131–137, 146 impact on W.E.B. Du Bois 3, 5, reflections on journalism 150–151 97–98, 106–107 response to contemporary religious imprisonment 1, 2, 15, 21 discourse in America 44, 47, invitations in North America 24–25, 52, 87–89, 92, 135 30–32, 39, 40–41, 50, 112–113, The Secret of Divine Civilization 64 116, 146, 148 Some Answered Questions 4, 17, invitation to visit France 22, 24, 20–21, 31, 34 (See also Laura 30, 31 Barney) lays cornerstone of Bahá’í House Tablets of the Divine Plan 48 of Worship in North A Traveller’s Narrative (Trans. Edward Americaxiv, 48 G. Browne) 10, 13, 164 188 INDEX

`Abdu’l-Bahá—Continued Abdu’l-Hamid II (Ottoman sultan) 1, travels to 152, 153, 165 America Abolition of the Slave Trade Act Atlantic City 25 (Britain) 130 Baltimore 41 Abraham 43 Boston 49 Acre (Palestine) 2, 4, 12, 15, 17–22, 26, Buffalo 47, 49 28–29, 31–32, 34, 40, 133, Chicago 6, 39–40, 45, 48–49 156, 160, 166 Cincinnati 41 Adams, Henry 128 Denver 41 Addams, Jane 11, 95 Glenwood Springs 40 African-American religion 41, 87, 97, Indianapolis 49 99, 100 Massachusetts 50 Afrukhteh, Mirza Youness Khan 20, 160 Milford 47 Agriculture 41, 43, 56 New England 49 Al Ahram (Egyptian newspaper) 23 1, 48–50 Al-Ghazali 86 Oakland 41 Alexander the Great 71 Omaha 47 A.M.E Church’s Bethel Literary Pennsylvania 47 Society 3, 44, 87, 89, 92, 114, Philadelphia 25 118, 139 Salt Lake City 40 American Unitarian Association Sacramento 41, 47 conference 40 Washington, DC 26, 40, 49, 50, Aminal-Aqdas (wife of Nasir al-Din 112–113 Shah) 168 Austro-Hungary 25, 28 Anderson, Benedict 68 Canada 5, 65, 104 Annual meeting of the Free Religious Montreal 25, 32 Association 40 Ontario 39 Atlanta Compromise 88 Quebec 39 Australia 54 Egypt 25 Austro-Hungary 25, 28 Alexandria 21 Ayers, Edward L. 130, 142 Port Said 21, 28 France 4, 21–22, 26, 27, 30 Bábísm 1, 20, 33–34, 36, 57, 106, 140, Fontainebleau 24 148, 151–152, 165–166, 168 Paris 17, 22–25, 27–28, 152, Baghdad 1 154–156 Bahá’í Administrative Order 48, 52, 54 Thonon-les-Bains 21, 22, 23, Bahá’í Covenant 47–49, 54, 162–163 158 Bahá’í Faith 1, 15, 18–19, 22–24, 26, Versailles 24 30, 32–33, 43–44, 47–48, Germany 28 51, 54–56, 86–87, 90, 94–95, Great Britain 23, 26 97–100, 101, 102, 106, Liverpool 25 108–110, 114, 118, 136, London 21–27, 163 145–146, 148, 150, 151, 153, Switzerland 156, 159, 161 Geneva 22–23 first mention of the Bahá’í Faith in Will and Testament 48, 49, 54 the United States 51 INDEX 189

Bahá’í House of Worship xiv, 48 Bowery mission 8, 40, 51 Bahai Temple Unity annual Brahmo Samaj 3, 49 convention 39 Browne, Edward Granville 10, 13, 20, 27, Bahá’u’lláh (Messenger of God; 34, 148, 153, 155, 163–164, prophet-founder of the 166–167 Bahá’í Faith) 1, 13, 15, Materials for the Study of the Bábí 17–19, 20, 28, 30, 33, 42–43, Religion 20 47–48, 54, 56, 63, 68, 77–78, The Persian Revolution 154 82–83, 101–102, 111, 145, Bruchési, Louis Joseph Napoleon Paul 148–149, 151–154, 156–157, (Archbishop of Montreal) 11 160–161, 163, 165–169 Bryan, William Jennings (United Stated Bishárát 43, 56 Secretary of State) 40 Ishráqát 43, 56 Buck, Christopher 99, 106, 108 Lawh-i-Dunyá 56 Buddhism 3, 23, 50, 53, 55–56 Tajallíyyát 43, 56 Bulgaria 47, 54 Tarázát 43, 56 Butler, Nicholas Murray (President Will and Testament 15, 47, 49 Columbia University, Nobel Banani, Amin 57, 120, 139, 140, 165 Prize winner) 11 Baptist Temple, The 8, 40, 43 Barney, Albert Clifford 17, 36 Canada 5, 25, 32, 39, 65, 82, 102, 104 Barney, Alice Pike (Hemmick) 3, 4, 17, Capitalism 7, 44, 62, 66, 67–68, 73, 75, 26, 29, 36–37, 118 88, 98, 145 passing 29 Capitalists 8, 44, 62, 66 Barney, Laura Clifford Dreyfus 2, 4, Carew, Kate (Mary Williams, journalist 15–38, 56 and caricaturist) 8, 51 compiles Some Answered Questions 4, Carnegie, Andrew 6–7, 11–13, 120, 20, 21, 31 139, 162 marries Hippolyte Dreyfus 21 The Gospel of Wealth 6, 139 receives title ‘Amatu’l–Baha 19 Catton, Bruce 135 Barney, Natalie 17–18, 27, 30, 37 Causality 85–87, 93, 95, 99, 136 Bell, Alexander Graham 11, 89, 146 Cedric (R.M.S Cedric) 5, 25, 111, 148 Bellah, Robert 97, 107 Central Organization for Durable Bethel Literary and Historical Peace, Hague 6, 80 Society 3, 44, 87, 89, 92, 114, Chase, William Calvin 94 118, 139 Chengiz Khan/Ghengis Khan 71 Bhadvad Gita 51 Cheyne, Thomas Kelly 52 Bhakti worship 55 Christian 4, 11, 21, 23, 32, 45, 47, 49, Bishárát (Bahá’u’lláh) 43, 56 51, 53, 76, 88, 92, 94, 97, Black church(s) 85–86, 95, 97, 99–101, 99–101, 107, 130 104, 107, 109–110, 136 Christian Civilization 44 Black nationalism 89, 92 Christianity 20, 44, 47, 50–53, 95, 97, 119 Black theology 87, 92, 99–100 Christianization 119 Blomfield, Sara (Lady) 12–13, 16, Church of the Ascension (New York) 40 23–24, 32, 34–36, 163 Civil religion 97, 107 Bolles, May Ellis 12, 15, 18–19, 33 Civil rights 1, 3, 10, 77, 88, 94, 100, Botay, M.L. 90–91, 105 103, 105, 120, 127, 133, 136 190 INDEX

Civil War 6, 12, 88, 103–104, 111, Du Bois, W.E.B. 3, 11, 87, 91, 92, 95–99, 119–122, 124–127, 129–135, 100, 102–104, 107–110, 118 141–143 Dupont Circle (Wasington D.C.) 5, 118 Clark, Champ 148 Durkheim, Emile 59, 62, 82 Class relations 7, 98 Clausen, Christopher 127, 141 Economic equality 7–8, 44, 49, 60, 86 Coercion 7, 8, 9, 66–68, 70 Effendi, Abbas (See `Abdu’l-Bahá) Colonialism 51, 55, 60, 61, 63, 65, 75, Effendi, Shoghi (See Shoghi Effendi 129 Rabbani) Columbia University 40 Egerton, Douglas R. 131, 142 Committee of Union and Progress Egypt 21–25, 28, 36, 118, 129, 133, (See Young Turks) 142, 151, 153, 155, 163, 166 Compensated Emancipation Act Emancipation 6, 9, 12, 45, 78, 88–92, of 1862 (United States) 124 103–106, 111, 119–136, 139, Comte, Auguste 59, 81 141–143 Constantinople (Ottoman Empire) 1, Emancipation Act (Britain) 130 152 Emancipation Proclamation (United Constitution (United States) 45, 125, States) 6, 12, 120–132, 134, 129, 132 139, 141–142 Constitutional Revolution (Iran) 153, England 22, 23, 25, 35, 49, 61, 129, 157, 160, 165, 168 148–149 Constitutionalists (Iran) 158 Episcopalian 26, 52 Convention for Amity Between the Esperantist 43 Colored and White Races Ewan, Christopher 12, 127, 141–142 Based on Heavenly Teachings (May 19–21, 1921) 115 Fascism 7, 47, 65 Cooper, Ella Goodall 12, 15, 56 Federalism 11–12, 71, 145 Covenant breakers 47–49, 54 Federation of Women’s Clubs 46, 56 Foote, Shelby 135 Darwinian theory 61, 63, 65–66, 75, France 4, 15, 19, 21–23, 25–31, 33, 78, 79, 82, 87 35–37, 128–130, 150–151 Declaration of Independence Frothingham, Eugenia Brooks 5 (American) 125 Fugitive Slave Clause (United Dehumanization 61, 65, 72–79, 81, 82 States) 129 Dharmapala, Anagarika 3, 50, 56 Dionne (Jr), E.J. 126, 141 Gallagher, Gary 135 Disarmament 30 Galtung, Johan 79, 83 Disenfranchisement 88 Gandhi, Mahatma 28 Diversity 12, 71, 78–79, 90, 99–101, Garvey, Marcus 92, 100 106, 121 Gender equality 2–3, 7, 9, 10, 18, 26, Divine providence 92 45, 55, 60, 63 Dreyfus-Barney, Hippolyte 19–28, Gender relations 7, 8–9 31–35, 158 George V (King of England) 163 marries Laura Barney 21 German-French war of 1870 60 passing 29 Germany 25, 28, 32, 61–62, 140 Du Bois, Nina 98, 104, 106, 108 Getsinger, (Lua) Louisa 12, 15, 20, 34, 60 INDEX 191

Ghaemmaghami, Behrooz 137 Human freedom (liberation) 3, 6, Ghaemmaghami, Omidxi, 137, 76–78, 90, 92–93, 113, 115, 138, 140 119–120, 122–123, 133 Gibran, Khalil 11, 148, 163 Human solidarity 1, 3, 7, 28, 44, 45, 48, Giddens, Anthony 66–67, 82 68–70, 78, 80, 120, 146, 162 Glaude, Eddie 100 Hume, David 86 Golden Law (Brazil) 130 Husayn`Alí Núrí, Mirzá (Bahá’u’lláh) 1, Goldfield, David 135 13, 15, 17–20, 28, 30, 33, Gompers, Samuel 11 42–43, 47–48, 54, 56, 63, 68, Gospel of Wealth (Andrew Carnegie) 6, 77–78, 82–83, 101–102, 111, 139 137, 145, 148–149, 151–154, Grace Baptist Temple (Philadelphia) 8 156–157, 160–163, 165, 167 Greece 47 Green Acre Bahá’í School 40 Iaccarino, Anthony A. 129, 141, 176 Gregory, Louis G. 45, 89–90, 97, 106, Imperialism 62, 65, 75 108, 111, 115–118 Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism Guérard, Albert Leon 52, 57 (Vladimir Lenin) 62 Indian Nationalism 55 Hague 6, 80 Inter-Continental Conference of Haifa, Palestine 21, 28, 32–33, 55, the Bahá’í Faith in New 82–83, 156, 158, 160, 165 Delhi 98 Hannen, Joseph 114, 138–139, 162 Interracial marriage 45, 106, 111, 117 Harlan, John Marshall 124, 140–141 Intizam al-Saltanah (Qajar Harlem Renaissance 3, 54, 93, 97, 114 statesman) 11, 150 Harrison, George 53, 57 Iran 1, 11, 17, 19–20, 23, 28, 31–33, 35, Hautz, Lawrence A. 98, 104, 106, 109, 43, 55, 64–65, 72, 145–146, 110 150, 153–154, 156–157, Hearst, Phoebe 2, 15 159–162, 164–168 Hearst, William Randolph 2, 9, 11, Iranian Constitution (Constitutional 15, 32 Revolution) 153, 157, 158, Hegel, G. W. 62, 83 160, 166, 168 Hemmick, Christian Dominique 26 persecution of the Bahá’ís in 153, Hero, construction of the 7, 69, 71–73 157, 166, 168 Himalaya (ship) 28 Iranian Embassy (Paris) 28 Hindu(s) 23, 44, 49–50, 52–53, 55 Iranian Embassy (Washington, D. C.) 45, Historical causality 86–87, 93 89–90, 116, 146 Hocking, Ernst 52 Ireland 12, 16 Holy Spirit 43, 77, 148 Ishráqát (Bahá’u’lláh) 43, 56 Home rule 88 Isma’ilis 155, 159 Homiletic 121 Hotel Schenley 43 Jahangusha-yi Juvayni (Ed. Qazvini, Howard University 3, 6, 44, 87, 89–90, Muhammad) 155 111–121, 127, 134–140 Jalal al-Dawlah 157 Hudson, Marxim (Inventor of Jesus 43–44 explosives) 11 Jesus, the Son of Man (Gibran, Hull House 41 Khalil) 148 192 INDEX

Jews 10, 43–44, 76 MacNutt, Howard 48, 54, 112, 139 Jim Crow 6, 89, 91, 100, 102, 105–106, MacVeagh, Franklin (Treasury 111, 116, 120, 123, 127, 133, Secretary) 5, 11 137, 143 Mahin, Dean B. 129 Joseph, Francis (Emperor of Majlis (Iranian Parliament) 158 Austria) 151 Malesevic, Sinisa 61–62, 66, 82 Judaism 44 Mann, Michael 66 Manning, Chandra 131, 133 Kaldor, Mary 72, 83 Materialism 61, 63–65, 74–76, 78–79 Khan, Mirza Ali-Kuli 116 Materialist modernity 3, 30, 61, 64, 71, King (Jr), Dr. Martin Luther 136 74–75, 78 Knox, George L. 94, 106 Materials for the Study of the Bábí Religion Ku Klux Klan 88 (Edward G. Browne) 20 Matthews, Louisa 45, 106, 117 Labor 8, 98 Marx, Karl 59, 67 Lachenay, Madame 19, 32–33 Maxwell, May Ellis Bolles 12, 15, 18, Lake Mohonk Conference on 32–33 International Arbitration 5, Mary Sutherland Maxwell (Rúhíyyih 39–41, 43, 60 Khánum) 33 Lala Har Dayal (political activist) 11 McCarthy Era (United States) 98 Lane, Anne 5 McChung, Lee (United States Lane, Franklin Knight 5, 8 Treasurer) 11 Law of apostasy 76 McDougall, Walter 135 League of Nations 17, 29 McPherson, James M. 12, 103, 127, 142 Lenin, Vladimir 62 “Men of the Month” (column in The Lewis, Franklin 120 Crisis) 3, 95–96 Liberation (See Human freedom) Menon, Jonathan xi, 163 Libya 46–47 Metaphysics 54 Life after death 20, 43, 149 Metropolitan African Methodist Lincoln, Abraham (United States Episcopal Church President) 6, 120, 122, (Washington, D. C.) 44, 89, 124–129, 139, 141 112, 118, 124 Lived religion 99, 101, 109 Metropolitan Temple (New York) 9 Locke, Alain LeRoy (Father of the Mexico 54, 130 Harlem Renaissance) 3, Miftah-I bab al-abwab (Mirza 11, 54, 85, 93, 97, 99, 106, Muhammad Mahdi Khan-i 114, 138 Za’im al-Dawlah Tabriz, passing 97 Ra’is al-Hukama) 150–152, Love 10, 17, 24, 43–44, 46, 48–50, 63, 164–166 69, 71–72, 76–77, 79, 81, 92, Militarism 6–7, 30, 47, 61–64, 67, 73 111, 115, 119, 122–123, 135, Mill,C. Wright 67 149, 154, 159–161 Mirza Bahram (Prince) 23 Luce, Robert (Lieutenant Governor of Modernity 1–3, 10, 60–61, 63–67, Massachussets) 11 73–76, 78, 82, 85–95, 97, 99, Lynching(s) 88, 124 101–107, 109, 136 Lynch mob rule (United States) 91 Monogenesis 87 INDEX 193

Monotheism 49, 92 New Zealand 54 Moore, R. Laurence 99, 109 Newman, Dr. S.M. 124, 137 Morgan, J.P. 11 Niagara Movement 97 Morrison, Gayle 104, 115 Noah 122 Mosca 62 Nonviolence 2, 3, 11, 47, 59, 60, 65 Moses 43 North America 1, 4–5, 7–8, 24–26, Mozoomdar, Protap Chunder 3, 49, 31–32, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47–49, 51, 53, 55–56 51, 53, 55–57, 60, 63, 65, 68, Mu’ayyir al-Mamalik 11, 150, 164 86, 103–106, 108, 111, 124, Muhammad (Messenger of 127–128, 146, 149, 151, 161 God) 43–44 Noyes, Florence Fleming 5 Muhammad Ali Mirza (Crown Nuqtat al-Kaf 153, 164, 167 (See also Prince) 19 Edward Granville Browne; Muzaffar al-Din Shah (King of Muhammad Qazvini) Persia) 20 Mysticism 23, 54 Ober, Harlan 26, 37, 56, 116, 138 Oneness of God (Divine NAACP (National Association for the Universality) 18, 43, 95 Advancement of Colored Oneness of humanity 10, 12, 18, 43–44, People) 3, 5–6, 42, 44, 87, 46, 49, 55, 77, 78, 81, 95 95–97, 105, 107–108, 135 Ottoman Empire 1, 15, 21, 93, 152, 165 Fourth Annual NAACP Ottoman Constitution 1, 165 Convention 3, 5, 44, 87, 95 Najafi, Shaykh Muhammad Taghi 161, Palestine 15, 18, 30, 133 168 Pan-African consciousness 92 Napoleon III 67, 151–152 Paris Talks (See `Abdu’l-Bahá) Napoleonic wars 59 Parsons, Agnes 2–5, 12–13, 15, 26, 32, Nashville meetings 98, 100, 110 34, 54, 102, 108, 114–115, Nasir al-Din Shah (King of Persia) 20, 138, 147 23, 156, 168 Diary of 12–13, 26, 114, 138 Nation of Islam 100, 110 Patriarchy 10, 65, 76, 81 National Committee for the Peace 1–3, 9, 11, 12, 27, 29, 30, 41, 44, Publication of the Sacred 46, 52–53, 55, 60, 63, 64, 77, Writings 120 80–81, 86, 111, 136, 139, 148 Nationalism 7, 55, 61, 66–68, 70, 72, negative peace 79–81 73, 76, 79 positive peace 3, 29, 61–62, 79–81 Nationalist amnesia 63, 67, 70–71, Peace Movement 3, 18, 29, 62, 119 73, 79 Peary, Robert Edwin (Admiral) 5, 11, National self-sacrifice 119, 131 147 Neff, John 135 Persecution of the Bahá’ís in Iran 153, Negative peace 79–81 157, 168 Neoplatonic principles 42 Persian-American Educational New war 72, 73–74, 83 Society 35, 36, 39 New York City 1–2, 8, 13, 25, 40–41, Persian Revolution (Edward G. 45, 47, 49–50 Browne) 154 New York University 40 Philanthropy 7, 8, 12, 15, 17, 18, 51 194 INDEX

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) (United Religionists 44–45 States Supreme Court Religious unity 12, 86, 117, 138–139, decision) 124, 127 160 Positive Peace 3, 29, 61–62, 79–81 Roosevelt, Theodore (United States Pound, Ezra 11, 24, 27, 36 President) 11, 147 Poverty 3, 26, 40, 41, 43, 51, 65, 88 Rosenberg, Ethel 12, 15, 32 Prejudice 3, 5–7, 10–11, 43–45, 49, 61, Rostow 62 68–70, 74, 78–79, 81, 86, 91, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 73 111–112, 118, 120, 124, 127, Rúhíyyih Khánum (See Mary 131–132 Sutherland Maxwell) Prejudice as foundation of violence 7, Russel Conwell’s Baptist Tempt 40 11, 74, 78–79 Preliminary Emancipation Samaj, Brahmo 3, 49 Proclamation (United Segregation 45, 88–91, 100–101, 103, States) 124–125 106, 111, 124, 127 Progressive Era 57, 87 Serbia 47 Progressive revelation 43–44 Sheridan Circle (Washington, D.C.) 5, Progressivism 52, 89, 106 118 Promulgation of Universal Peace, The Simmel, Georg 62 (`Abdu’l-Bahá) 13, 41, Slave Importation Clause (United 56, 82–83, 104–106, 110, States) 130 138–140 Slavery 75, 76, 92–93, 100, 103, 105–107, Protestants 44, 47, 52 113, 119, 121–136, 142 Smiley, Albert K. (Founder & Qazvini, Muhammad 154, 166–167 President Mohonk Peace Jahangusha-yi Juvayni 155 Conference) 11 Smith, Corrina Haven Putnam 5 Rabbani, Shoghi Effendi 13, 28, 30, 33, Smith, Joseph Lindon 5 48, 54–55. 57, 109, 162 Social Gospel Movement 47, 52 becomes Guardian of the Bahá’í Social justice 2–3, 9, 10, 59, 60, 62–65, Faith 28 77, 81, 90, 98, 134 Race amity conventions 97 Social reform 1, 3, 6, 10, 11, 21, 26, 52, Racial equality 2–3, 60, 63, 89 53, 62, 80, 81, 86–87, 90, 91, Racial unity 5–7, 39, 44–45, 52, 53, 98, 100 59, 78–79, 87, 116–117, 126, Sohrab, Mirza Ahmad 12, 27, 35–37, 132, 134–136, 160 60, 142, 146, 162–163 Racism 6–7, 65, 75–77, 87–89, 101, Diary of 27, 162 120, 127, 131, 134, 136 Solidarity 1, 3, 6–7, 10–11, 18, 44, 45, Rama Krishna Mission 3, 50, 55, 57 48, 67–71, 78, 86, 120, 136, Ramleh, Egypt 133 160, 162 Rankin Memorial Chapel (Howard Sombart, Werner 66, 82 University) 116, 118, 127, 138 Some Answered Questions (`Abdu’l- Rastafari 100, 110 Bahá) 4, 17. 20–21, 31, 34 Ratzenhofer 62 (See also Laura Barney) Reconstruction 88, 103, 130 Sorel, Georges 62 Religion and science 10, 43, 49–50 South Africa 54 INDEX 195

Spencer, Herbert 52, 59, 81 Tudor, Elsa 5 Sphinx 74 Turner, Bishop Henry McNeal 89 Spicer-Simson, Theodore (Sculptor) 11 Turpie, David 125, 141 Spiritualists 53 Sri Lankan Buddhism/Culture/ Unitarian 41, 49, 50, 53 Nationalism 50, 55–56 Unity of conscience 6, 65, 79–81 Star of the West 12–13, 41, 55, 111, 120, United Nations 17, 52 137 United States 1–3, 5–6, 11–12, 15–17, Steingass, Francis Joseph 126, 132, 22, 25, 34–37, 39–51, 53, 56, 140–142 57, 60, 61, 65, 98, 102, 104, St. James Methodist Church 43 115–116, 125, 130–131, 135 Stockman, Robert 5, 21, 24 Universal Education 9, 43 Streator, George 98 Universal House of Justice 48–49 Suffrage 8–10, 43, 45, 88, 104 Universal justice 86 Sulzer, William (US Congressman) 11 Universal language 43, 52 Syncretic tradition 97 Universalists 53

Tablets of the Divine Plan (`Abdu’l- Veblen, Thorsten 71, 82 Bahá) 48 Vedanta Society 51 Taft, William Howard (United States Vedantists 53 President) 5, 124–125, Vedas 55 146–147 Violence 2–3, 7, 8, 11, 61–63, 65–68, Tagore, Rabindranath 11 72, 73–75, 76, 78–80, 98 (See Tahirih (Qurratu’l-‘Ayn) 165 also Coercion; Prejudice) Tajallíyyát (Bahá’u’lláh) 43, 56 Vivekanada, Swami (of the Rama Tamaddun al-Mulk 24 Krishna Mission) 50–51 Tammany Hall 45 Taqizadah,Sayyid Hassan 11, 150, 167 Washington, Booker T. 88, 89, 103–105, Tarázát (Bahá’u’lláh) 43, 56 119, 139 Theosophical and New Thought Washington, D.C. 4, 24, 32–33, 102, gatherings 41 112–113, 115, 138 Theosophists 23, 43, 50, 53 Wealth 3, 16, 26, 44 Theosophy 50 Weber, Max 59, 66–67, 82, 86 Thirkield, Wilbur 114, 137 West, Cornel 136, 143 Thirteenth Amendment 125, 129, 142 White, Walter 97 Thomas, Richard 134 White supremacy 88, 136 Thompson, Juliet 12, 15, 22–23, 148, 158 William I, King of Prussia 151–152 Diary of 23, 158 Wilson, J. Stitt (Mayor Berkley; Thonon-les-Bains 21–23, 158 American politician) 11 Thornburgh-Cropper, Mary 12, 15 Wise, Stephen S. (Co-Founder of Three-Fifths Clause (United States) 130 N.A.A.C.P.) 11 Tilly,Charles 66 Wilson, Woodrow (President) 5 Titanic (RMS Titanic) 5 Winn, Robert (Private) 132 Total War 72–73 Women’s education 8–9, 43, 45–46 Treitschke, Heinrich von 62 Women’s rights 8, 9, 18, 50, 55, 63, 75, True, Corinne 12, 16 77, 88 196 INDEX

World government 52 Young Turks 1, 21 World peace (See Peace) World’s Parliament of Religions 49, Za’im al-Dawlah, Mirza Muhammad 51–52, 56, 174 Mahdi Khan (Ra’is first mention of the Bahá’í Faith in al-Hukama) 11, 150–153, the United States 51 164–166 World War I (The Great War) 2, 6, Zarqani, Mirza Mahmud 9, 13, 32, 34, 28–29, 47, 52–53, 56, 59, 102, 137 61–62, 65–66, 71, 80, Mahmud’s Diary 13, 32, 34, 37, 41, 88, 104 54–55, 102, 113, 137–138 World War II 29–30, 47, 62, Zill al-Sultan (Persian prince) 11, 23, 66, 79 150, 156–157, 167