Univerza Jamova 2 v Ljubljani 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija telefon (01) 47 68 500 Fakulteta faks (01) 42 50 681 za gradbeništvo [email protected] in geodezijo Univerzitetni program Gradbeništvo, Komunalna smer Kandidat: Anže Urevc Upravljanje z jezerom - primerjava Bleda s podobnimi kraji v Avstriji Diplomska naloga št.: 2906 Mentor: prof. dr. Boris Kompare Somentor: prof. dr. Harald Kainz Ljubljana, 18. 9. 2006 Urevc A., 2006. Lake management – Comparison between Bled and Austrian locations III Grad. thesis – Uni. studies. Ljubljana, UL, FGG, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Municipal Economics Direction BIBLIOGRAFSKO – DOKUMENTACIJSKA STRAN IN IZVLEČEK UDK: 556.55(043.2) Avtor: Anže Urevc Mentor: Izr. Prof. dr. Boris Kompare Komentor: Univ.-Prof. DDipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Harald Kainz Naslov: Upravljanje z jezerom – primerjava Bled s podobnimi kraji v Avstriji Obseg in oprema: 109 str., 16 pregl., 45 sl., 16 en. Ključne besede: Blejsko jezero, Koroška jezera, upravljanje z jezeri, sanacijski in zdravstveni ukrepi, baza podatkov, komunalne storitve Izvleček Ohranjanje naravnih vrednot, biotske raznovrstnosti in zagotavljanje zdravega življenjskega okolja so eni izmed glavnih okoljskih ciljev skupne evropske politike. Turistični kraji, katerih razvoj in promocija v večini temelji na neokrnjeni naravi, obenem z velikim številom turistov predstavljajo za naravo tudi veliko obremenitev. Še posebej občutljiva okolja na zunanje obremenitve so kraji z jezeri, ki tako zahtevajo še podrobnejšo obravnavo in dobro delujoče upravljalske modele. V pričujoči diplomski nalogi je prikazana primerjava upravljanja z jezerom na Bledu in primerljivimi kraji v sosednji Avstriji. Zaradi velikega števila jezer in tudi zaradi bližine, so v primerjavo vzeti kraji iz dežele Koroške (Land Kärnten). Najprej so podrobno opisane glavne značilnosti Blejskega jezera in našteti tudi glavni problem, ki se v zvezi z njim pojavljajo, med njimi je glavna evtrofikacija. Glede na to, da je večina potrebne infrastrukture že zgrajene, so identificirani problemi v prvi vrsti organizacijske in upravljavske narave. Nadalje so opisane osnove avstrijske okoljske zakonodaje, s poudarkom na prikazu strukture občina – regija – država. Sledi prikaz osnovnih karakteristik koroških jezer. Problem evtrofikacije se je v začetku druge polovice prejšnjega stoletja pojavil tudi na koroških jezerih in tako onemogočal nadaljnji razvoj turizma. Koroške deželna vlada je tako že leta 1964 sprejela program z vsemi nujnimi sanacijskimi ukrepi za rešitev problema evtrofikacije. Vse sanacijske in zdravstvene rešitve so prikazane in opisane tudi v nalogi. Prav tako je opisan model financiranja okoljskih projektov, ki ga v večini uporabljajo v Avstriji. Vsa infrastruktura in dokaj veliko število jezer zahtevajo celovit in načrten pristop pri upravljanju, vzdrževanju in monitoringu, zato je prikazana tudi osnova upravljalska struktura z obrazložitvijo funkcij posameznega deležnika. V zadnjem delu so podrobneje opisana tri jezera, ki so blejskemu najbolj podobna, tako z morfološkega vidika, kot tudi njihove pomembnosti za turistični razvoj okoliških krajev. Za konec je prikazana še primerjava omenjenih krajev z Bledom (upravljalski model, rezultati meritev kakovosti jezer, cene komunalnih storitev) in naštetih nekaj predlogov za izboljšanje upravljanja z našim turističnim biserom, predvsem pa za izboljšanje komunikacije med vsemi glavnimi deležniki. Urevc A., 2006. Lake management – Comparison between Bled and Austrian locations IV Grad. thesis – Uni. studies. Ljubljana, UL, FGG, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Municipal Economics Direction BIBLIOGRAPHIC – DOCUMENTALISTIC INFORMATION UDC: 556.55(043.2) Author: Anze Urevc Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. dr. Boris Kompare Co-supervisor: Univ.-Prof. DDipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Harald Kainz Title: Lake Management – Comparison between Bled and Austrian locations Notes: 109 p., 16 tab., 45 fig., 16 eq. Key words: Lake Bled, Carinthian lakes, lake management, sanitation and remedial measurements, database, municipal services Abstract The main goals in common European environmental policy are the preservation of natural values, biotic diversity and assuring the healthy human environment. Tourist areas, which development is usually based on an intact nature, on the other side represent with their high number of tourists a heavy load on the environment. Lake areas are especially vulnerable and therefore have to be minutely treated and need good working management models. In this graduation thesis a comparison of lake management between Bled and comparable Austrian places is shown. Areas from this region are used because the province of Carinthia (Land Kärnten) has many stagnant waters and also it lies near Slovenia. In the first part of the thesis, a detailed description of Lake Bled is shown; moreover, its main problems are presented there. Because most of the infrastructures have already been built in Bled, problems are more of the organizational and managerial nature. Then, in the second part, the basics of Austrian environmental legislation are shown, with the emphasis on the relation between municipality – region – state. The third part includes the description of the basics characteristics of the Carinthian lakes. In the middle of the previous century, the eutrophication problems emerged in the Carinthian lakes, too. Consequently, they disabled the tourist development, and for that reason the Carinthian government, already in the year 1964, passed a program with all necessary sanitation and remedial measurements. The description of these is shown in the present thesis. Furthermore, the possibilities of financing the environmental projects, which are used in Austria, are also shown. All implemented infrastructures and a quite high number of lakes claim an integral and systematic organizational, managerial and monitoring approach; therefore, the management structure with the description of certain stakeholder tasks is also part of the thesis. Three lakes, which have the comparable morphological characteristics to Lake Bled, and they are also important for the tourist development of surrounding areas, are described in details. In the last part, the comparison with Bled is made (a management model, monitoring results, prices for municipal services) and some solutions for improving the management with our tourist pearl are suggested, above all to improve the communication among the main stakeholders. Urevc A., 2006. Lake management – Comparison between Bled and Austrian locations V Grad. thesis – Uni. studies. Ljubljana, UL, FGG, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Municipal Economics Direction IZJAVA O AVTORSTVU / DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP Podpisani ANŽE UREVC izjavljam, da sem avtor diplomske naloge z naslovom: »UPRAVLJANJE Z JEZEROM – PRIMERJAVA BLEDA S PODOBNIMI KRAJI V AVSTRIJI«. Izjavljam, da prenašam vse materialne in avtorske pravice v zvezi z diplomsko nalogo na UL, Fakulteto za gradbeništvo in geodezijo. Graduation thesis has been made at two institutions: at (1) The Graz University of Technology, Austria (Technische Universität Graz – Institute für Siedlugnswasserwirtschaft und Landschaftswasserbau) as the hosting institution and at (2) The University of Ljubljana, Slovenia (Univerza v Ljubljani – Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo (Inštitut za zdravstevno hidrotehniko)) as the home institution as the result of Erasmus-Socrates scholarship No.: 2005/06-693 granted to the author. I, Anže Urevc, the undersigned author, herewith acknowledge that I am the sole author of the present thesis with the title: “LAKE MANAGEMENT – COMPARISON BETWEEN BLED AND AUSTRIAN LOCATIONS”. Graz, Ljubljana, 31.08.2006 ___________________________ (podpis) Urevc A., 2006. Lake management – Comparison between Bled and Austrian locations VI Grad. thesis – Uni. studies. Ljubljana, UL, FGG, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Municipal Economics Direction DECLARATION OF SURVEY Work was checked by the following professors: Izr. Prof. dr. Boris Kompare Univ.-Prof. DDipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Harald Kainz Univ.-Prof. Hofrat Dr.phil. Hans Sampl Urevc A., 2006. Lake management – Comparison between Bled and Austrian locations VII Grad. thesis – Uni. studies. Ljubljana, UL, FGG, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Municipal Economics Direction ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my graduation thesis supervisor, Professor Dr. Boris Kompare. He gave me the possibility to go abroad, to Graz, where I performed most of my research. Also, dear Professor, our night internet discussions generated many ideas and enriched my education overall. Our communication has been really amazing. I also gratefully acknowledge my co-supervisor, Professor Dr. Harald Kainz, who accepted me in Graz and enabled me to become a part of the institute team. His practical and managerial experiences showed me that engineers cannot be only technicians, but also managers. His approach will help me a lot in the future, too. The second co-supervisor, Professor Dr. Hans Sampl, presented the Carinthian region very deeply to me and, with his respect, opened many doors during my research in Carinthia. Dear Professor, thank you very much. I would also like to thank all representatives from the Carinthian Institute of Limnology, especially Dr. Liselote Schulz, and servants from Municipalities Finkenstein, Keutschach and St. Kanzian, from Wasserverband Wörthersee-Ost and wastewater treatment plant Klagenfurt, who accepted me very kindly and did not hesitate to show me the possibilities of Carinthia. A big “thank you” goes to all the people from