Author Index

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-62309-4 - Plants at the Margin: Ecological Limits and Climate Change R. M. M. Crawford Index More information

Author index

Aanes 145, 394 Becker 260 Chamberlain 43 Aas 322, 323 Beerling 314 Chambers, F. 229 Abbott 125, 126, 211, 212, 224, 244, Behre 399 Chambers, R. 252 422 Bell 25 Chapin 84, 99, 106, 107, 175, 223 Aboal 94 Bennett 175, 396 Chapman 158 ACIA 178 Bennike 163 Chas 343 Adams 328 Bennington 147 Chernov 169 Aerts 326 Bertrand 279, 280 Childe 25 Aiken 140, 217 Bierzychudek 154 Christensen 282 Alatolo 136 Billings 153 Clemmensen 102 Alberdi 246, 248 Biswas 279 Clevering 291 Albrethsen 323 Bitonti 291 Colwell 32 Alekseev 188 Blair 71 Comtois 151 Allaby 14, 15 Blasco 263 Conner 301 Allen 102, 145 Bliss 199, 219 Conrad 229 Allison 263 Blom 288 Constable 98 Anamthawat-Jonsson 319, 323 Boam fa 279 Convey 248 Anderson 266, 422 Bond 42, 79 Cooper 39, 106, 148, 253 Andreev 194 Boom 415 Cornelissen 101 Antonovics 9, 17 Bradley 300 Costich 148 Anttila 127 Braendle 86, 279, 287, 289, 293, Coutts 304 Arft 221 304 Cowie 386 Armesto 156 Braithwaite 131 Cowling 32, 45, 46, 47 Armstrong 98, 281, 283, 284, 286, 297, Bravo 248 Crawford 7, 13, 14, 17, 36, 59, 73, 74, 300, 302, 303 Brewer 17 75, 76, 80, 85, 86, 88, 89, 97, 114, Arseneault 178, 324 Briffa 187 137, 148, 149, 151, 153, 156, 181, Asselin 163 Brochmann 57, 120, 216 185,193, 203, 210, 214, 279, 280, 288, Atkin 98, 99 Brown 172, 199 290, 293, 303, 304, 305, 317, 318, 324, Attenborough 346 Brubaker 163 329, 366, 369, 394, 396, 406, 421, 422, Ayyad 56 Bryson 167 423, 424 Brysting 212, 214 Crawley 37 Baddeley 314 Bucher 297 Cruzan 120 Bagchi 348 Buchmann 97 Currey 155 Bahn 370 Buckland 206 Ballantyne 206 Bunting 396 Dahl 332, 360 Ballare 360 Burdick 252 Dalen 175, 188 Bannister 73, 372 Burke 347 Dalpe 102 Barber 229 Dalton 264 Barclay 146, 299 CAFF 431 Darling 364 Barcroft 379 Cairns 190, 191 Davis 131 Barlow 403 Caldwell 360 Dawson 80, 92, 94, 148, 151 Barnosky 389 Callaghan 156, 183, 202 Day 359, 360 Barton 119 Calow 14, 31, 81, 199, 352 DeGroot 323, 324 Baskin 133, 134, 279 Campbell 119, 175 Denevan 383, 384, 414 Bauert 154, 241 Caseldine 402 Dennis 398 Baxter-Burrell 279 Caulfield 402 Desmet 56

461

462 Author index

Di Tomaso 92 Goldblatt 45 Holderegger 248 Dickinson 267 Gottfried 353 Holmgren 175 Diemer 348 Gould 220 Holten 360, 361 Diggle 137 Gould 219 Holtmeier 11, 39, 167, 171, 175, 177, 187, Dodgshon 399 Gouyon 50 188, 191, 194, 328 Dormann 317 Grabherr 370 Hoosbeek 96 Duncalf 366 Grace 77, 84, 172, 191, 377 Houghton 227 Dunning 409 Graham 87 Hueck 51, 56, 96, 155 Grant 151 Hughes 250, 251 Edwards 6 Graumlich 187 Hulme 113 Ehlers 208 Gray 123 Hulte´n 5, 218, 237, 314, 326 Eiten 51 Greig-Smith 32 Hunt 396 Ellenberg 354 Grime 15, 19, 77, 81, 83, 85, 103, 106, Hunter 279 Elvebakk 205, 206 153, 348 Huntley 6, 174 Emmerson 251 Grosse 284 Hurrell 182 Emms 120 Grosswald 209 Ennos 35 Grubb 14, 15, 89 Imbert 240 Eriksen 57 Grundt 36 Ims 145 Eriksson 18 Gualtieri 389 Ingold 383, 392 Erkamo 6, 7, 146 Gudleifsson 185 Ingo´lfson 209 Erschbaner 348 Gugerli 378 Ingram 277 Ewel 301 Guisan 370 Gutterman 135 Jacobs 324 Fjeldsa 219 Jacoby 187 Fleisher 50 Hadley 191 James 123, 125, 126 Fleming 334 Hagstro¨m 103 Jansen 289 Forbes 118, 319 Haldemann 297 Jarvis 13 Forchhammer 181 Hall 408 Jefferies 39, 41, 217 Fossitt 397 Halloy 335 Jeffree 113, 192, 193 Fox 286 Hallsdo´ttir 397 Johansen 147, 228 Frankel 33 Handa 190, 376 Joly 288 Fredskild 324 Hanhija¨rvi 279 Jonasson 105 Freedman 220 Hanski 14, 19 Jo´nsdo´ttir 68, 105 Freeman 151 Haraguchi 50 Juday 178, 188 French 251 Harper 14, 144, 151 Jump 422 Fries 5, 173, 218, 237, 314, 326 Harris 123, 125 Fukao 279 Ha¨ttenschwiler 84 Kahkonen 325 Haustro¨m 106 Kaland 396, 399 Gaelic 225 Hawksworth 33 Kallio 319, 328 Gamache 170, 171 Headley 106 Kaser 364 Gansert 303 Heath 373 Kato-Noguchi 279, 280 Garcia 328 Hedberg 140 Keeley 98 Garcilaso de la Vega 366 Heery 407 Keller 362, 426 Gee 291 Heide 66, 136, 141 Kelly 145, 277 Geoghegan 51 Heinz 50 Kent 267 Gerloff 166 Hemminger 406 Kielland 102, 106 Germino 357, 358 Hemp 365 Kienast 209 Gervais 175 Henkel 144, 145 Kirk 120 Gibbens 92 Henry 100 Klak 47, 48 Gillibrand 250 Henzi 297 Klanderud 370 Gimingham 270 Hewitt 17, 36, 422 Klasner 177 Girardin 185 Hitier 94 Klein 39 Glover 35 Hobbs 43 Klinger 184 Glueck 94 Hoch 74, 366, 367 Knottnerus 404 Godwin 325 Hochachka 70, 373 Kobayashi 94 Goetz 202 Hofgaard 188 Koenig 145 Goldberg 85 Hogg 177 Koller 134

Author index 463

Koncalova 289 Marone 148 Payette 169, 175, 181 Korpelainen 153 Marrs 131 Peck 154 Ko¨ppen 14, 167 Marschner 351 Person 41 Ko¨ppitz 156 Mauquoy 229, 232 Peteet 182 Ko¨rner 11, 13, 107, 167, 190, 352, 355, Mayr 191 Pfanz 302 370, 373, 374 McCormick 398 Philipp 135 Kremenetski 6, 166, 181, 185 McDonald 282 Pielou 88, 373, 389 Kriuchkov 168 McFadden 181 Pigott 101, 111 Krupnik 392, 394, 395 McGhee 391 Pilcher 397 Kullman 175, 322, 323 McGlone 335, 337 Plantlife 127 Kuwabara 291 McGraw 17, 59, 148, 248 Platt 146 Kuz’min 39 McNally 281 Pollmann 114 Kwant 20, 21 McVean 324, 328, 396 Polunin 351 Kytoviita 102 Menard 41 Porembski 347, 348 Meriot 392 Porter 166 Laberge 178 Meusel 5, 231 Portuguese 51 Laderman 21, 22, 227, 229 Michaelis 191 Post 145 Landvik 206, 208 Miehe 342, 355, 372 Preston 129, 131, 290 Langematz 388 Milne 20, 22, 120, 124, 129 Price 148 Lanner 155 Minchinton 252 Purcell 366 Larl 362 Mitchell 22, 38, 402 Larson 297 Mithen 389, 397 Rada 369 Lavoie 178, 187 Molau 137, 140, 154 Raffaelli 250 Lee 10 Mommer 289 Ranta 83 Legesse 280 Monk 287 Ratcliffe 286 Lehouerou 56 Monteith 94 Ratter 51 Le´vesque 204 Montgomery 14, 16, 373 Reggiani 286 Levins 14 Mooney 11 Reise 405 Levitt 89 Moore 264 Renfrew 386 Lewington 155 Moreira 42 Richardson 46 Lewis 58 Muraoka 312 Rieley 214 Lid 17, 77, 154, 314, 326 Murray 216, 423 Rieseberg 19 Lightfoot 94 Myers 44, 47, 57 Ritchie 174 Lincoln 14, 15, 32, 65 Myneni 97 Robe 98, 291 Linder 45, 46 Rodwell 324, 328, 431 Linhart 50, 292 Nadelhoffer 98 Rønning 331 Little 264 Nakatsubo 314 Rousseaux 360 Llewellyn 237 Nelson 86 Roy 185 Lloyd 97, 148, 177, 178, 187 Nerem 227 Rull 346, 347 Longstreth 98 Nesje 166 Rundel 56 Lovejoy 51 Neuvonen 320 Rundgren 397 Lowe 17 New 330 Luterbacher 388 Nordal 206 Safriel 31, 58, 423 Lu¨ttge, 346 Sage 25 Lu¨tz 359 Odasz 99 Salmon 122 Lynn 292, 294 Ogden 15, 146, 332, 372 Scarano 118 O¨ gren, 15, 332, 372 Schlu¨ter 88, 279, 280, 288, 409, 411 Maarel 93 Ojeda 48 Schlesinger 97 Mabberley 346 Oksanen 82, 83 Schro¨ter 295 MacArthur 17, 36 Ostendorp 301 Scuderi 175 MacDonald 174, 185 Ovstedal 111 Seel 263 Mallik 37, 178 Senn 194 Mangerud 206 Palsson 398 Serebryanny 209 Mani 423 Pate 103 Serratovalenti 134 Mannheimer 118 Patten 122 Shakespeare 252 Mantovani 248 Pauli 370 Shaver 106 Mark 143 Pavlidis 209 Shen-Miller 147

464 Author index

Sher 184 Szeicz 175 Wagner 139 Shreeve 383, 390 Sziemer 396 Wal 41, 316 Sibly 19 Walker 199, 205 Sibthorp 125 Tallantire 397 Walter 15, 87, 350 Siebel 297, 301 Tamura 279 Walther 129 Sieber 297 Teeri 59, 139, 214 Wang 417 Simard 87 Telewski 147 Wardle 128, 130, 250, 258, 311 Simon 51 Tenow 319, 322 Weathers 95 Simpson 25 Thompson 147, 364 Webb 212, 343 Sinnott 345 Thygerson 373 Weber 297 Skarpe 316 Tilman 77, 83 Weis 114, 324 Skene 103 Tipping 181, 396, 397 Werner 89 Skre 169 Tolmatchev 212, 213 White 34 Smith, D. M. 90, 93 Tomback 114, 115, 116 Whitlock 187 Smith, T. M. 34, 80 Torres 423 Whittle 24, 386 Smithsonian Museum 369 Tranquillini 145, 146, 191 Wickham-Jones 386 Smolders 96 Troll 366 Wielgolaski 171, 319 Snyder 93 Tucker 167 Wieser 13 Southwood 83 Tveranger 209 Wiessner 281 Sperling 415 Wildi 356, 358, 359 Spiecker 187 Usher 431 Williams 93 Squeo 356 Williamson 32 Stace 118, 326 Vahinsbergh 43 Willis 36, 266, 345 Stanley 263 Vajda 179 Wilmking 175, 177 Stebbins 217 Valentini 178 Wilmshurst 248, 335, 337 Stecher 193 van der Merwe 328 Wilson 14, 36 Steinger 153, 422 VanLoon 182 Wisheu 51 Stenstro¨m 137 Vargas 415 Wolff 56 Stevenson 396 Va¨re 171, 319 Woodward 71 Stewart 11 Velichko 183, 209 Wookey 106, 107 Stuart 260, 389 Vera 38, 426 Studer 288, 297 Virtanen 84 Xiong 248 Studer-Ehrensburger 295 Vlassova 164, 195 Sturm 202 Voesenek 68, 288 Yallop 43 Sveinbjo¨rnsson 167, 187 Vorren 208 Yamaguchi 155 Svoboda 204, 219 Vuilluemier 366 Yurtsev 389

Species index

Page numbers in italics refer to ﬁgures Abies alba 84 Araucaria bidwillii 20 Betula pubescens 160, 166, 171, 188, 302, Abies concolor 58 Araucaria heterophylla 20 319 Abies grandis 58 Araucaria spp. 20 Betula spp. 199, 312 Abies lasiocarpa 170, 177, 191 Arbutus unedo 22 Betula utilis 383 Abies squamata 366 Arctostaphylos alpina 138, 309, 312, 313, bilberry see Vaccinium myrtillus Acacia longifolia 124 329 Bison bonasus 37 Acacia macrocantha 56, 96 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 228 birches see Betula spp. Acer negundo 80, 81, 97, 151 Arenaria bryophylla 342 bog cotton see Eriophorum spp. Acer pseudoplatanus 84 Armeria maritima 255 bog myrtle see Myrica gale Acer saccharin 305 Arnica spp. 102 bog rosemary see Andromeda polifolia Achillea atrata 351 Artemisia norvegica 111, 112 Bolboschoenus australis 250 Achillea moschata 351 Artemisia spp. 134 Bolboschoenus maritimus 90, 277, 291 Aciphylla horrida 144 ash see Fraxinus spp. Bolboschoenus spp. 292 Aciphylla spp. 143 aspens see Populus tremula, P. tremuloides Bos primigenius 37 Aconitum septentrionale 332 Aster tripolium 254 Branta bernicla 41 Acorus calamus 88, 88, 158, 277, 281, 287, Atriplex confertifolia 151 Branta leucopsis 81, 241 295--297, 298, 300, 300 Atriplex littoralis 131 buckwheat see Fagopyrum esculentum Aegiceras corniculatum 261, 261 Atriplex portulacoides 41 Burkholderia sp. 264 Aetoxilon punctatum 114 Atriplex spp. 235, 236, 256 buttercups see Ranunculus spp. Agave americana 66 Austrocedrus chilensis 55 butterwort see Pinguicula spp. Alces alces 37 Avena sativa 405 alders see Alnus spp. Avena strigosa 405, 405 Cabomba caroliniana 124 Alkanna orientalis 56 Avicennia germinans 261, 261 Caesalpina tinctoria 56, 96 Alnus fruticosa 193, 194 Avicennia marina 258, 260, 261, 261 Cakile islandica 239 Alnus glutinosa 103, 302 Avicennia resinifera 258 Cakile maritima 65, 235, 239 Alnus incana 103, 321 Azolla filiculoides 124 Calamagrostis stricta 138 Alnus japonica 229 Azorella spp. 369 Calamagrostis spp. 365, 369 Alnus rubra 103 Calluna vulgaris 44, 128, 193, 256, 306, Alnus spp. 199, 301, 303, 312 Baccharis spp. 369 309, 311, 312, 324, 329, 330, 364, Ammophila arenaria 130, 130, 234, 235, Banksia prionotes 92 396 238, 239, 250, 263, 264 barley see Hordeum spp. Caltha leptosepela 357 Ammophila brevigulata 238, 264 Bassia spp. 50 Campanula rotundifolia 138 Ammophila spp. 238, 239 bearberry see Arctostaphylos spp. Campanula uniflora 138 Andromeda polifolia ssp. glaucophylla 325 Betula ermanii 170 campion see Silene spp. Andromeda polifolia ssp. polifolia 325--326 Betula glandulosa 114, 319, 323--324 Capreolus capreolus 37 Andromeda polifolia 84, 325--326, 325, Betula nana 105, 138, 171, 319, 322, Cardamine bellidifolia 138 329 323--324 Carex aquatalis 41, 106 Anemone spp. 46 Betula intermedia (B. pubescens · B. nana) Carex aquatilis ssp. stans 138 Angelica sylvestris 255 429 Carex arctisiberia 68 Anser caerulens 241 Betula papyrifera 87, 319 Carex atrata 136 Anser spp. 39 Betula pendul 171, 319 Carex atrofusca 138 Antennaria alpina 138 Betula pubescens ssp. Carpatica 319 Carex bigelowii 105, 136, 138 Anthus pratensis 43 Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii Carex brunescens 136 Arabis alpina 138 (formerly ssp. tortuosa) 170, 171, 319, Carex capillaries 138 Araucaria araucana 20, 155 320, 321, 322, 323 Carex curvula 139, 140, 153

465

466 Species index

Carex curvula ssp. curvula 351 Combretum 50 Eleocharis palustris 277 Carex curvula ssp. rosae 351 Coprosma acerosa 250 Elodea canadensis 124 Carex ensifolia 68 Corallorrhiza trifida 428, 428 Elytrigia aetherica 118 Carex firma 125, 139, 140 Corophium volutator 250 Elytrigia juncea 118, 238, 264 Carex fuliginosa 138 Cortaderia spp. 369 Elytrigia repens 81, 118, 239 Carex lachenalii 138 Corylus avellana 38, 166, 396, 397, Empetrum nigrum 138, 256, 309, 314, Carex misandra 245 426 315 Carex nigra 136, 300 couch grasses see Elytrigia spp. Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum Carex norvegica 136 Crambe maritima 24, 24 312, 324 Carex papyrus 277 cranberry see Vaccinium oxycoccos, Empetrum nigrum ssp. nigrum 312, 314, Carex parallela 138 V. macrocarpon, V. microcarpum 324 Carex rariflora 138 Crassula helmsii 124 Empetrum rubrum 314, 329 Carex rostrata 277 Crassula spp. 98 Empetrum spp. 329 Carex rupestris 138 Crithmum maritimum 74, 75, 252, 253 Ephedera viridis 151 Carex saxatilis 138 crowberry see Empetrum spp. Epirrata autumnalis 171, 319, 322 Carex serotina 136 Cryptomeria japonica 94 Equisetum arvensis 81 Carex subspathacea 41 Cytisus oromediterraneus 329 Equus przewalski 37 Carex spp. 14, 139, 292 Erica arborea 49 Carica candens 56, 96 Darlingtonia spp. 346 Erica cinerea 256, 311 Carpobrotus edulis 250 Daucus spp. 369 Erica melanthera 48 Cassiope hypnoides 138, 193, 329, deer Erica tetralix 324 332 red deer see Cervus elaphus Erica spp. 312, 329 Cassiope lycopodiodes 309 reindeer see Rangifer tarandus Erigeron spp. 102 Cassiope tetragona 106, 107, 138, 213, 314, roe deer see Capreolus capreolus Erigeron uniflorus 138 318, 329 Dendrosenecio spp. 356 Eriophorum angustifolium 71, 72, 106, 138, Castanea sativa 129 Deschampsia antarctica 148, 246--248, 247, 277, 291, 292, 293 Castilleja linariaefolia 134 249, 360 Eriophorum scheuchzeri 138, 291, 292, Casuarina spp. 96 Deschampsia berengensis 215, 277 293 Ceiba chodati 55 Deschampsia caespitosa 101 Eriophorum vaginatum 71, 72, 99, 105, Celmisia haastii 372 Deschampsia flexuosa 319 106, 277, 291, 292, 293 Celmisia prorepens 372 Desmoschoenus spiralis 120, 130, 250 Eriophorum spp. 291, 292 Celmisia viscosa 372 Diapensia lapponica 213 Eritrichium nanum 351, 377 Celmisia spp. 143 Dictamnus albus 50 Erophila verna 263 Cerastium uniflorum 138, 361 Dicymbe corymbosa 144, 145 Erotia lanata 373 Cervus elaphus 37 Digitalis purpurea 256 Eritrichium nanum ssp. jankkae 351 Chamaecyparis formosensis 229 Distichlis spicata 151 Erythronium grandiflorum 357, 359 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 229 Donacia claviceps 301 Espeletia spp. 356 Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 21, 229 Draba daurica 138 Eucalyptus spp. 92, 96 Chamaecyparis obtusa 229 Draba fladnizensis 138 Eugenia spp. 56, 96 Chamaecyparis pisifera 229 Draba lactea 138 Euphrasia frigidas 138 Chamaecyparis taiwanensis 229 Draba nivalis 138 eyebright see Euphrasia frigida Chamaecyparis thyoides 229 Draba sibirica 228 Chamaecyparis spp. 21, 227 Draba spp. 120, 219, 369 Fagopyrum esculentum 405 Cheiranthus himalaicus 342 Dracophyllum longifolium 335--337, Fagus sylvatica 84 Chenopodium quinoa 415 336 Fallopia japonica 124 Chimantaea spp. 347 Dracophyllum muscoides 372 fescue grasses see Festuca spp. Chionochloa rubra 143 Dracophyllum spp. 334 Festuca organogenesis 329 Chionochloa spp. 143 Drosera spp. 346 Festuca orthophylla 369 Chrysosplenium oppositifolium 256, 256 Dryas integrifolia 135 Festuca vivipara 215, 277 Cinnamomum glanduliferum 118, 129 Dryas octopetala 16, 17, 17, 33, 39, 59, 62, Festuca spp. 365, 369 Cistus spp. 49 106, 107, 138, 213, 214, 318 Filipendula ulmaria 138, 277, 295, 298, club-rushes see Bolboschoenus spp., Dupontia fischeri 106 299 Schoenoplectus spp., Scirpus spp. firs see Abies spp. Cochlearia officinalis 256 Echinopsis spp. 369 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 305 Coleus spp. 345 edelweiss see Leontopodium alpinum Fraxinus spp. 129 Colobanthus quitensis 148, 246, 247, 248, eel grasses see Zostera spp. Fritillaria meleagris 23, 23 249, 360 Eichhornia crassipes 124 Fucus vesiculosus 236

Species index 467

Galium spp. 46 Isoetes spp. 98 Lupinus spp. 369 Gaultheria spp. 329 ivy see Hedera helix Luzula arcuata 138 geese see Branta spp. Luzula confusa 312, 342 Gentiana acaulis ssp. clusii 351 Jamensonia spp. 369 Luzula parviflora 147 Gentiana acaulis ssp. kochiana 351 Juncus biglumis 138 Luzula spicata 138 Gentiana nivalis 138 Juncus conglomeratus 277 Luzula sylvatica 254, 256 Gentiana spp. 369 Juncus effusus 277, 281, 286 Lychnis alpina 138 Gentianella tenella 138 Juncus spp. 292, 295, 305 Lycopodiella spp. 369 Geranium spp. 369 Juncus triglumis 138 Lycopodium annotinum 106 Geum intermedium 120 Juniperus communis 326--328 Geum reptans 367 Juniperus communis ssp. communis Magnolia grandiflora 129 Geum rivale 120, 374 326--328, 326 mangroves see Avicennia spp. Geum urbanum 120 Juniperus communis ssp. nana (syns. maples see Acer spp. Ginkgo biloba 13, 20, 21, 22 alpina, J. sibirica) 326--328, 327, 329 Marram grasses see Ammophila spp. Glaux maritima 267, 269 Meadow grasses see Poa spp. Glyceria maxima 158, 277, 295, 296, Kalmia spp. 312 Medicago laciniata 120 298--300, 299, 300 Kobresia myosuroides 361 Mentha aquatica 277 Glyceria spp. 405 Kobresia pygmaea 370 Mercurialis perennis 101 gorse, whin or furze see Ulex Koenigia islandica 66, 68, 140 Mertensia maritima 24, 73, 73, 74 europaeus Metasequoia glyptostroboides 13, 13, 23 grass of Parnassus see Parnassia Laminaria digitata 266 Microdracoides squamosus 347 palustris Laminaria hyperborea 266 Microtus nivalis 348 Grevillea robusta 93 larch see Larix spp. Microtus spp. 348 Larix dahurica 303 Minuartia biflora 138 hazel see Corylus avellana Larix decidua 190, 375, 375 Minuartia rubella 138 heather see Calluna vulgaris Larix gmelinii 185 Minuartia sedoides 351 heaths see Erica spp. Cassiope spp., Larix laricina 185 Minuartia stricta 138 Phyllodoce caerulea Larix sibirica 185 Minuartia verna 351 Hebe mora 372 Larrea divaricata 92 mistletoe see Viscum spp. Hedera helix 129 Lathraea clandestine 91, 91 Molinia caerulea 405 Heliamphora nutans 346, 346 Laurelia phillipiana 114 monkey-puzzle (Chile pine) see Araucaria Heliamphora spp. 346 Ledum spp. 329 araucana Helianthus annuus 423 Lemmus lemmus 39 mountain avens see Dryas octopetala Helichrysum newii 365 Leontopodium alpinum 358 mountain laurels see Kalmia spp. Herpotrichia sp. 328 Lepidium draba 230 Myrica gale 103 Hierochloe alpina 138 Lepidothamnus laxifolius 335 Myrsine divaricata 336 Hippophae rhamnoides 103, 152, 153, 270, Lepus europaeus 41 Myrtus communis 49 270, 317, 328 Leucaena leucophala 134 holly see Ilex aquifolium Leymus arenarius 75, 77, 235, 239, 264 Nelumbo nucifera 147 Holocarpus spp. 334 Leymus mollis 239--240, 264 Nereis diversicolor 250, 251 Homo sapiens 383 Leymus racemosus 250 Nothofagus antarctica 360 Homogyne alpina 359 Ligusticum scoticum 73, 73, 74, 75, 235, Nothofagus dombeyi 6, 52, 126 Honckenya peploides 235, 236 237 Nothofagus menziesii 128 honeysuckle see Lonicera periclymenum lime trees (linden) see Tilia spp. Nothofagus pumilio 6, 114, 121, 127, 155, Hordeum murinum 131 Limonium vulgare 74 156 Hordeum vulgare var. tetrastichon 405, 405 Littorella spp. 98 Nothofagus rubra 128 Hutchinsia alpina 351 Littorella uniflora 98, 276, 282, 290, 291, Nothofagus solandri 423 Hutchinsia brevicaulis 351 282 Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortiodes 145, Hyacinthoides hispanica 127 Lobelia deckenii 365 146 Hyacinthoides non-scripta 114, 127, 127 Lobelia dortmanna 281, 282 Nothofagus spp. 5, 114, 146, 428 Lobelia spp. 356 Nototriche spp. 369 Ilex aquifolium 129 Loiseleuria procumbens 213, 329 Nucifraga caryocatactes 114 Iris fulva 134 Lonicera periclymenum 256 Nucifraga columbiana 114, 116 Iris germanica 277 louseworts see Pedicularis spp. nutcrackers see Nucifraga spp. Iris giganticaerulea 120 Ludwigia arcuata 291 Nymphaea alba 272, 283 Iris pseudacorus 88, 88, 277, 287 Lupinus albus 103, 104 Nyssa aquatica 229, 305 Isoetes lacustris 282 Lupinus arboreus 250 Nyssa sylvatica 301

468 Species index

oak see Quercus spp. Pinus sibirica 173 Quercus alba 305 oats see Avena spp. Pinus spp. subsection Cembrae 127 Quercus petraea 38, 430, 430 Ochotona princeps 348 Pinus sylvestris 146, 171, 187, 192, 193, Quercus robur 38, 84 Operophtera brumata 171, 319, 320 228, 276, 309, 311, 321, 322, 402, Quercus spp. 129 Otanthus maritimus 131, 132 430 quillwort see Isoetes spp. Ovibus moschatus 39 Pinus uncinata 190, 375, 375 Oxalis tuberosus 415 Piriqueta caroliniana 120 Rangifer tarandus 39 Oxyria digyna 16, 17, 138, 202, 277, Pitcairnia feliciana 347 Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus 342, 348 Pittosporum spp. 334 395 Oxytropis deflexa 228 Plantago coronopus 254 Ranunculus acris 138, 373, 374 Plantago lanceolata 423 Ranunculus alpestris 351 Papaver radicatum 314 Plantago maritima 68, 69, 254, 255, 267, Ranunculus glacialis 66, 138, 343, 348, Parnassia palustris 256 423 351, 361, 362, 373, 374, 377, 378, 379 Pedicularis dasyantha 62, 90 Plettkea spp. 369 Ranunculus nivalis 135, 138 Pedicularis hirsuta 138 Poa alpina 138, 155, 155 Ranunculus pygmaeus 16, 17, 88, 138, 213 Pedicularis lapponica 138 Poa alpina var. alpina 155 Ranunculus repens 277, 292--294 Pedicularis spp. 90, 91 Poa alpina var. vivipara 88, 155 Ranunculus spp. 46 Phacidium infestans 194 Poa arctica 138 Rhizophora mangle 261, 261 Phalaris arundinacea 277, 295, 295 Poa colensoi 372 Rhizophora stylosa 261, 261 Phippsia algida 136, 138 Poa glauca 138 Rhodiola rosea 138 Phragmites australis 137, 156, 250, 252, Poa pratensis 138 Rhododendron catawbiens 124 272, 277, 281, 282--284, 285, 286, Podocarpus nivalis 335, 335, 379 Rhododendron caucasicum 120, 121 292, 293, 298, 299, 300--301,300, Podocarpus spp. 379 Rhododendron ferrugineum 351, 351 426 Polygonella spp. 58 Rhododendron hirsutum 351, 352 Phyllitis scolopendrium 257 Polygonum oxyspermum ssp. rayii 140, Rhododendron lapponicum 138, 332 Phyllodoce caerulea 16, 138 142, 149 Rhododendron luteum 121 Picea abies 15, 186, 191, 230 Polygonum viviparum 17, 88, 137, 138, Rhododendron ponticum 82, 118, 120, 124, Picea abies ssp. obovata 166 154, 241, 244 129, 311 Picea engelmannii 170 Polylepis spp. 13, 366--369, 367 Rhododendron smirnowii 121 Picea glauca 175, 187 Polylepis tarapacana 366, 368, 369 Rhododendron subsection Pontica 22 Picea glehnii 229 poplar see Populus spp. Rhododendron · sochadzeae 120, 121, Picea mariana 170, 179, 185, 188, 189, poppy see Papaver spp. 122 194, 303, 323, 324, 325 Populus balsimifera 150, 151 Rhododendron spp. 120, 121, 312, 329 Picea sithchensis 13, 75, 304 Populus fremontii 92 Rosmarinus officinalis 49 Pinguicula alpina 137, 137 Populus spp. 397 Rubus chamaemorus 202, 325, 422 Pinguicula villosa 137 Populus tremula 156, 157, 256, 259, 302 Rumex acetosa 256, 288 Pinguicula vulgaris 137, 138 Populus tremuloides 68, 151, 177 Rumex crispus 261 Pinguicula spp. 137 Potamogeton nodosus 291 Rumex obtusifolius 261 Pinus abicaulis 114, 116 Potentilla crantzii 138 Rumex palustris 288, 289, 290 Pinus aristata 155, 170, 155 Potentilla hyparctica 88 Rumex spp. 289 Pinus canariensis 94, 95 Potentilla nivea 138 rushes see Juncus spp. Pinus cembra 12, 13, 114, 191 Potentilla stipularis 228 rye see Scirpus spp. 292 Pinus engelmannii 86 Primula auricula 351 Pinus glauca 170 Primula hirsuta 351 Secale cereale 405 Pinus longeava 155, 170, 155 Primula scotica 14, 23, 35, 428 Sagittaria spp. 98 Pinus moticola 58 Primula vulgaris 255 Salix alba 275 Pinus mugo 2, 170, 176, 292, 423 Prosopis juliflora 54 Salix arbuscula 318 Pinus mugo ssp. pumilio 292, 294 Protea spp. 48 Salix arctica 76, 108, 149, 314, 316 Pinus muricata 229 Prunus laurocerasus 120 Salix caprea 129 Pinus palustris 86, 86 Pseudotsuga menziesii 58, 87 Salix cinerea 118 Pinus pinaster 265 Pteridium aquilinum 68, 81, 129, 131, 133 Salix fragilis 275 Pinus pinea 265 Puccinellia phryganodes 41, 78, 97, 100, Salix glauca 149, 314 Pinus pumila 169, 170, 173, 193, 194, 229, 100, 154, 217, 218, 241 Salix goodingii 92 303 Puccinellia spp. 241 Salix herbacea 314, 316, 317, 332, 351 Pinus radiata 229 Puya spp. 356 Salix herbacea · S. polaris 102 Pinus roxburghii 351 Pyrola grandiflora 65, 67 Salix lanata 138, 277, 314, 318 Pinus serotina 229 Pyrola norvegica 138 Salix lapponum 318

Species index 469

Salix myrsinifolia 149 Secale cereale 405 Stipa spp. 369 Salix myrsinites 318 sedges see Carex spp. strawberry tree see Arbutus unedo Salix phylicifolia 277 Sedum atratum 351 Sueada vera 8 Salix polaris 17, 88, 89, 149, 156, 191, Sedum montanum 351 Sus scrofa 37 193, 312, 314, 316, 317, 317, 318, 318, Sedum rosea 254 sweet flag see Acorus calamus 333, 333 Senecio aethensis 125 Syncarpha vestita 47 Salix polaris ssp. pseudopolaris 314 Senecio aquaticus 118, 119, 119, 120, Salix repens 129, 149, 153, 250, 428 130 Tamarix spp. 92, 125, 311 Salix reticulata 191, 309, 314, 316, 316, Senecio bellidiides 123 Tanacetum gossypinum 357 318 Senecio cambrensis 114, 126 Taraxacum 102 Salix retusa 351 Senecio chrysanthemifolius 125 Taxodium distichum 229, 301 Salix spp. 199, 219, 301, 312, 396 Senecio eboracensis 126, 126 Taxodium spp. 21, 227 saltcedar see Tamarix spp. Senecio jacobea 118, 119, 120 Taxus baccata 84 salt-marsh grasses see Puccinellia spp. Senecio johnstonii ssp. cottonii 365 Tephroseris palustris ssp. congesta (syn. Salvinia molesta 125 Senecio johnstonii ssp. johnstonii 365 Senecio paludosus) 140, 141 sandworts see Minuartia spp., Senecio leucophyllus 370, 371 Teucrium scorodonia 256 Honckenya peploides Senecio smithii 123 Thalictrum alpinum 138 Saracenia spp. 346, 423 Senecio squalidus 123, 125, 126, 139, Thalictrum fendleri 151 Saussurea gnaphalodes 342, 342 140 thrift see Armeria maritima Saxifraga aizoides 138 Senecio vulgaris 125, 126, 126 Thuja orientalis 229 Saxifraga aizoon 351 Senecio vulgaris var. hibernicus 126 Thuja plicata 58 Saxifraga biflora 343 Senecio spp. 123, 365 Thymus vulgaris 50 Saxifraga caespitosa 277 Sequoia sempervirens 20, 21, 227, 229 Tilia cordata 111, 113, 113 Saxifraga cernua 138, 154, 277 Sequoiadendron giganteum 94 Tilia spp. 129 Saxifraga cespitosa 138 Seslaria coerulea 351 Tillandsia brachycaulos 87 Saxifraga cotyledon 351 Seslaria disticha 351 Tillandsia capillaries 56 Saxifraga flagellaris 75 shoreweed see Littorella spp. Tillandsia landbeckii 56 Saxifraga flagellaris ssp. platysepela 77 Sibbaldia procumbens 88, 138 Tillandsia latifolia 56, 57, 87 Saxifraga hieracifolia 277 Silene acaulis 135, 136, 138, 241 Tillandsia marconae 56 Saxifraga hyperborea 213 Silene dioica 255 Tillandsia purpurea 56 Saxifraga kochii 343 Silene rupestris 351 Tillandsia usneoides 87 Saxifraga · kochii 343 Silene uniflora ssp. petraea 351 Tillandsia werdermanii 56 Saxifraga nivalis 138 Silene wahlbergella 138 Tillandsia spp. 56 Saxifraga oppositifolia 7, 17, 17, 20, 34, Solanum acaule 415 Tofieldia pusilla 138 58, 76, 79, 88, 97, 105, 112, 137, 138, Solanum tuberosum 277, 415 Tortula ruraliformis 263 139, 200, 201, 204, 211, 212, 213, 214, Soldanella alpina 351 Trapa natans 291 216, 221, 241, 244, 244, 277, 312, 314, Soldanella pusillia 351, 359 Triplospermum maritimum 256 343, 351, 361--363, 362, 378--379, 383, Solidago virgaurea 256 Trisetum spicatum 138 420 Sonchus arvensis 81 Trisetum subalpestre 228 Saxifraga rivularis 138 Sorbus aucuparia 146, 176, 397 Tropaeolum tuberosum 415 Saxifraga rupestre 351 southern beeches see Nothofagus spp. Tussilago farfara 277 Saxifraga seguieri 361 Spartina alterniflora 122, 127, 298, 300 Typha latifolia 6, 7, 88, 98, 277, 281, Saxifraga spp. 120, 219 Spartina anglica 122, 123, 123, 137, 251, 285 Saxifraga stellaris 138 252, 252, 277 Saxifraga tenuis 138, 213 Spartina foliosa 127 Ulex europaeus 49 Schinus molle 56 Spartina maritima 122 Ullucus tuberosus 415 Schoenoplectus (Scirpus) californicus 406, Spartina townsendii 122 Unioloa paniculata 264 407 Spartina · neyrautii 122 Urtica dioica 101, 256 Schoenoplectus lacustris 88, 277, 285, 286, Spartina spp. 258 289, 291, 297, 404 Spergularia diandra 135 Vaccinium macrocarpon 288, 409, 410 Schoenoplectus maritimus 291 Spergularia marina 131 Vaccinium microcarpon 409 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani 291, 406 Sphagnum magellanicum 96 Vaccinium myrtillus 13, 71, 71, 193, 319, Schoenoplectus spp. 293 Sphagnum spp. 96, 103 329--330, 331, 332, 372, 409 Scirpus spp. 292,,see also Bolboschoenus Spinafex sericeus 250 Vaccinium oxycoccos 409 spp., Schoenoplectus spp. spruce see Picea spp. Vaccinium uliginosum 73, 138, 202, 319, sea-buckthorn see Hippophae rhamnoides Stegolopsis spp. 347 324, 422 sea-kale see Crambe maritima Stellaria decumbens 342 Vaccinium vitis-idaa 202, 324, 409

470 Species index

Vaccinium spp. 312, 329 Viscum spp. 90 yew see Taxus baccata Valeriana spp. 369 Vochysia tucanorum 52 Yucca brevifolia 54, 55 Vallisneria spp. 98 Verbascum blattaria 147 Werneria spp. 369 Zea mays 415 Veronica alpina 138 willows see Salix spp. Zostera marina 250 Veronica peregrina 292 Wollemia nobilis 20 Zostera noltii 251 Vicia faba 405 wood-rushes see Luzula spp. Zostera spp. 122, 251, 258 Vicia lathyroides 263 Victoria regina 284 Xanthoria parietina 254

Subject index

Page numbers in italics refer to ﬁgures

A˚ bisko - northern Sweden 319, 322 American marram grass 264 aphids 50 acetaldehyde 287 amino acids 99 apomictic species 34, 158 post-anoxic generation 279, 297 concentrations 99 Appalachian forests 94 tolerance 280 ammonium 98 Arctic 39 achlorophyllous species 90 rich soils 99 as a marginal area 204 acorn production 145 amphibious and aquatic species 217 climatic oscillation 145 acrotelm 105, 277 adaptations 290 defined 199 active layer see also acrotelm 205 communities and species 98, 276, 279, European 239 adversity selection 83 286 flora 224 aerenchyma 98 graminoid species 292 flora - ancient 39 aerobic metabolism 215 Glyceria maxima 298--300 growing season 65 age and area concept 36 Phragmites australis 300--301 habitat preferences 213--214 agriculture 24 phenotypic plasticity 290 low and high Arctic 199, 221 Alaska seed germination 290 margins - maps 204--205 air temperatures 202 winter flooding 292 oases 219--220 reduced growth of black spruce 178 anaerobic conditions see also anoxia 19 ocean 185, 203, 206, 212, 224 alcohol dehydrogenase induction by anaerobic mud 19 pH boundary, Alaska 205 flooding 279 anaerobic respiration 74 radioactivity 203 alder growth forms carbohydrate consumption 286 Russia 209 monocormic 301 metabolite leakage 286 salt marsh grasses 241 polycormic 301 anaerobiosis 123 scrub line 337 Alexandra Fiord 204 and pathogenic infection 286 shores 238--240, 241 alien species 82, 130 in tree stems 303 Siberia - increase in oceanicity 181 allelic frequencies 33 Andes 23, 54, 70 signs of change 199--203 allelic heterozygosity/variation 33, 36 Andøya - Lofoten Islands 206 species/ plant diversity 36, 57, 75, 76, allopatric speciation 120 animal pollinated species 145 213 allopolyploid 35 annual species subarctic treelines 165 alpine cold climate/arctic species 135, temperatures 70 bogs 292 140--141 tree fossils carbon dated 181 lower alpine zone 311 spring flowering 133 tundra 37 middle alpine zone 364 anoxia see also anaerobiosis 36, 88, 122, vegetation units 204 upper alpine zone 364 214 vegetation zones/regions 34, 36, 206 pastures 129 acceleration of glycolysis 287 willows 148 sedges 139 metabolic down-regulation 280, 285, Argentina 20 species 70, 332, 335 287, 289 ascorbate reductase 287 treeline 190 prolonged duration 295 asexual reproduction 153--155, 158 tundra 324 spring starvation 299 bulbils 137 Altai Mountains 23, 212 survival 279 Asia Minor 25 alternative resources 90 tolerant species 277, 295 assessing genetic variation 35 altitude limits 42, 45 Antarctica 240 Atacama Desert 56, 95 aluminium 51 Antarctic Peninsula 246 Atlantic bogs see also bogs 277 Amazon forest 51 flowering plants 148 Atlantic coasts 329 flood pulses 59 shores 246--248 Auckland Island - New Zealand 330 lakes 116 antioxidants 46, 215, 263 aurochs 37

471

472 Subject index

Australia 20, 103, 250 boreal forest 97, 163, 166, 185 enrichment 84, 96 Queensland 20 advance in northern America 177, 303 free-air carbon dioxide enrichment authochthonous ( ancient) species 127, advance in northern Russia 174, 303 (FACE) 96 213, 216 climatic limits 166 stable isotope ratio 97 arctic flora 213, 216 climatic warming 193 substrate-derived 96 autumn moths 171 productivity 187--188 utilization in aquatic species 98 Axel Heiberg Island 102 Borneo 260 carbon recycling 98 bottomland forests 277, 301, 305 carbon sequestration 50 Baffin Island 211 boundaries 31, 165 carbon sink 74, 97 Baltic coasts 328 biological 26 carbon starvation 45 Baltic heathlands 328 physiological 37 caribou 41 Bangladesh 262 Bowen ratio 179 carrying capacity (K) 81 Bathurst Inlet 219 Braunton Burrows - North Devon 266 catalase 287 Bay of Bengal 262 breeding systems catotelm 105, 277 beach ridges 59 androdioecious 154 caves 256 beaver 37 gynodioecious and dioecious 140 Cenozoic temperature -decline 163, 165 benzene 50 hermaphrodites 154 Central Africa 219 Beringia 209, 212 Britain/British Isles 114, 271, 303 Central Alps 329 Beringian-Siberian glaciation 213 British National Vegetation Classification Cerrado see also Campo Cerrado 42, 45 biodiversity 31--34, 42, 43, 57, 231, 234 324 chalcolithic 49 assessment 31 Brøgger Peninsula 39 Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor 103 conservation 269 Bronze Age 25, 50 Chile 20, 95 definitions 31, 32 burning 36, 43 China 20 alpha diversity 32, 43 burning bush 50 chloroplast DNA see DNA beta diversity 32, 56 chloroplasts in alder stems 302 delta diversity 32 C3 plants 79 Chukotsky Peninsula 209 gamma diversity 32, 51 C4 plants 79 circumpolar zones 205 floristic 51 calcicole species 34 cladistic methods 33 genetic see also genetic factors 35 calcifuge species 34 classification problems 34 hotspot 44--47 California -- vernal pools 292 cliffs 68, 227, 234, 235, 252--254 preservation 43 CAM and water use efficiency 98 climate change 25, 31, 140, 216, 325, 329 reduction 252 Camancha (Chile) 56, 95 anomalies 204 regional 48 Camargue 41 boreal -sub-boreal period 277 biomass 31, 74, 81 Campbell Island 311, 335 cooling 330 accumulation 77, 85, 187 camphor 50 deterioration 25 biome 14 Campo Cerrado 51 forest migration 174--178 birch growth form Canada 99, 163, 169, 241, 324 seasonal sensitivity 113 monocormic see also alder 171, 318 Arctic 202, 204, 219, 325 climatic oases 219 polycormic 171 Arctic Archipelago 314 climatic optimum or hypsithermal 164 bird species variability 58 forest fire 325 climatic oscillations/fluctuations 36 bison 37 Canary Islands 94 boreal forest responses 174 blanket bog 324--329 capacity adaptation 69 climatic stability 48 blue-green algae see also cyanobacteria Cape Peninsula -- South Africa 45 climatic transition zones 31 107 carbohydrate climatic warming 24, 65, 74, 102, bogs availability 45 227--231, 323 Atlantic bog 231 depletion 74 Antarctica 246 bogs of Scotland and Ireland 324 reserves 41, 84, 334 Arctic 200, 337 preservation 42 under anoxia 305 disturbance and invasion 130--131 barriers to forest advance 175 utilization 279 drought stress 178 climatic history 229 carbon balance 34, 39, 41, 42, 47, 73, 189 forest advance 175 growth 182 carbon deficits 73, 74, 190, 191, 314 trends 129 homeostatic properties 183 carbon dioxide tundra-taiga interface 187, 193--195 pool and hummock topography 229 alternative sources 96 clones replacing tundra 231 atmospheric concentrations 25, 74, 84, age 68 vs. forest 183--185 323 diversity 36 Bolshezemelskaya Tundra see West atmospheric effects at the treeline 190 DNA 153 Siberian Lowlands dissolved in water 98 growth and reproduction 153

Subject index 473

longevity 153, 316 hot 54, 57 entropy 65 proliferation 422 polar 57, 163, 312 environmental phenomena species 45 seed survival strategies 134--135 change 33, 34 cluster roots 103 warm 131 extremes 31 coasts desiccation injury 260, 263 fluctuations 85 defences 250, 269 Devon Island 219 monitoring 31--34 erosion 252 dew 91, 93--94 ephemeral migrations 323 habitats/sites 41, 75, 118, 204, 271 diploid arctic species 33 epicuticular wax 214 pasture biodiversity 267 disjunct distribution 111, 209 essential oils 50 vegetation Disko - West Greenland 326 Estonia 271, 303 northern hemisphere 235--240 distribution - species 38 ethanol - production and accumulation physiological adaptations 263--268 - limits 39, 47 279, 286--318 southern hemisphere 246--250 disturbance 51, 57, 83, 234, 256, 269, 335 eutrophic habitats 34 cold climates 57 divergent evolution 120 species 34 cold resistance - differing adaptations 248 diversity see biodiversity evapotranspiration rates 92 cold temperatures 260 DNA chloroplast haplotypes (cpDNA) evolutionary strategies 34 colonization 235 51, 127, 129, 211, 212, 224 units of evolution 19 Colorado Rockies 324 DNA fingerprinting 328 extermination/extinction 20, 73 competition 14, 36, 58, 65, 78, 81 DNA variation 31, 33

absolute-intensity 77 dormancy 66 F1 hybrids 120 consumptive 36, 85, 187 drought tolerance/resistance 52--57, 214, Falkland Islands 312 interference 14 263--264 fertility barriers 118 relative-intensity 77 drylands - plant diversity 52 Finland 111, 202, 271, 319 flooding - Glyceria maxima vs. dunes 118, 227 Finnish Lapland 146 Filipendula ulmaria 295 depth and accretion 264 fire see also forest ﬁres 42, 50, 79, 178, 324, interactions 57 dune grasses 264 325 intraspecific 85 dune heaths 309 effect on juniper 328 Conrad’s Index of Continentality 181, 183 dune slacks 267, 267 post-fire-habitat degradation 178--179 conservation 130 dune systems 238--240, 267 subarctic Finland 179 biodiversity 269 embryo dunes 238 fitness - immediate and long-term 14, 51, coastal habitats 269--271 migration 264 215 continental seasonality 114 yellow/mobile 238 flooding 75, 214, 267 core habitats 19, 85, 86 dwarf birch 341--332 abscisic acid 288 crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) 54, biogeographical history 323--324 adaptations and plant hormones 98 hybridization 323 288 crop production 25 North American limits 114 ATP levels 288 cryoprotective sugars 333 dwarf mammoth population 39 flash floods 56 cryoturbation 165 dwarf shrub zone 49 frequency 36, 118 cyanobacteria 107 habitats 34 cycad species 20 ecological release (competitive release) 14, high temperatures 260 cytochromes 286 36, 58 induced ethylene and shoot extension cytoplasmic acidosis 286, 305 ecological tolerance 48 288 ecosystem destabilization 36 long-term flooding and aerenchyma Darwin (Charles Robert Darwin, ecotone see also Limes convergens 14, 120 288 1809-1882) 34 ecotypes 34, 50, 76, 137 long-term oxygen deprivation 285--286 Darwinian fitness 106, 131 specialization 158 phenotypic plasticity 281 day degrees 65 variation 19, 80, 215 prolonged 118, 324 defining margins 31 ectomycorrhizal species 99, 144 responses - long term 284--285, 305 deforestation 25 edge effects 37 responses - short term 287 deleterious mutations 155 El Nin˜o 252 seasonal responses 43 demography 26, 56 electron transfer system 50 survival of overwintering organs 287 deprivation indifference 14, 39, 49, 68, elk 37 tolerance 71, 275--281 77, 86--87, 87--89 Ellesmere Island 204, 219 advantages and disadvantages 289 deserts embolism injury at the treeline 191 life form 277--281 Africa 56 endangered species 23 tropical vs. temperate trees 301--305 annual species 133 endemic species/endemism 34, 47, 51, 58 unflooding - the post-anoxic flowering events 133 energy capture 66 experience 286

474 Subject index

floral herbivory 39 memory 19 hemi-parasitism 91 Florida 120, 258 geographical factors herbivory/herbivores see also grazing 37, flowering barriers 56 38, 231, 250, 316 dual induction in cold climates 136 isolation 26 hermaphrodite species 312 early species 137 parthenogenesis 154 heterozygosity 35 initiation in cold climates 136 germination High Arctic 34, 58, 66, 96, 107 late species 137 establishment in marginal areas 114 hill land reclamation 24 phenology 137 inhibitors 133 Himalaya 66, 263, 329 synchronous 143 phenology 279 Holocene 36, 37, 39, 165 fluctuating water levels 291 physiology 280 forest advance 174 fog 95 glacial relict species 35 mid--late 337 dependent species 96 global temperature rise 25 migrations 36 foraging species 71 glycophytic species 34 treeline history 323 foreshore plant communities 235 Gondwana 46 homeostasis and tree stability 185--187 forest grazing 37, 83, 314 horses 41 altitude limits 322 birds -- Giant Moa 250 Hudson Bay 39, 168, 241 and agriculture north of the Arctic deterrents Humboldt Current 56, 95 Circle 181 chemical defence compounds 317 hurricanes and storm surges 260 fires 163, 178 metabolic 317 hybrid species 19 forest-tundra see also lesotundra 163 geese 39, 41, 50, 241, 406 swarm 118, 120 gallery forests 51 intensity 105 swarm stability 120 mesophytic 51 invertebrates 250 transient populations 120 regeneration and snow drifting 178 ragworms 251 zones 118--126 retreat 14, 35, 174 Great Lakes 238 hybridization 19, 158 wetlands 277 Greenland 66, 75, 135, 211, 235, 241, 291, hydraulic lift 93, 264 France 75, 122 309, 311, 314, 324, 330 hydraulic conductivity 260 frost earliest record of mountain birch 323 hyperoceanicity 25 freezing injury - lethal temperatures hybrid birch 319 oceanic islands -- Orkney 118 248 Little Ice Age 341 hypoxia 74, 98 frost sensitive mangrove forests 260 Norse settlement 323 hypsithermal 164, 165, 174, 181, 183 frost sensitivity 15, 107 West Greenland 331 frost tolerance 333 ground water - phreatic zone 92 Iberian Peninsula 22 fruits - delayed dehiscence 135 growing season ice functional adjustment/adaptation 69, advance 316 age see also Pleistocene and Weichselian 76 length 45, 73, 84, 202 255 Fynbos 32, 36, 42--47, 50, 103, 329 growth rates cover in polar regions - reassessment dry 48 increased 68 205--211 ericaceous 48 low/reduced 68, 68 encasement and prolonged anoxia 185, graminoid 48 habitat 213, 214--215, 280 proteoid 48 fragility - physical vs. biological Iceland 25, 66, 206, 330 restoid 48 231--235 illumination compensation point 68 productivity 77--78 India 262 Ganges 263 International Tundra Experiment garrigue 49 halophytic species 34, 92, 131, 241, 254, (ITEX) 221 Garua (Peru) 56, 95 260 introduced species 129 gene flow 19, 119, 120, 246 hard coasts/shores 227, 234, 252--256 invasion gene flow in the Arctic 153 Hartig net 102 climatic warming 127--130 genetic factors heat injury 75, 76 genetic 126--131 boundaries 51 heat resistant species 50 marshes 252 diversity in the High Arctic 243 heathlands 234, 329 theories 131 diversity/variation 19, 26, 31, 36, 57, climate 329 invasive species 78, 122, 124 326 high arctic heaths 312 Iona -- Inner Hebrides 266 drift 31, 57, 216 historical ecology 334 Ireland 114 fitness 111 Mediterranean 46, 48 Iron Age 334 genotypic alteration 106 muirburn north-west Europe 334 iron precipitation 103 geography 33 regeneration 37 irrigation 25 markers 51 soils 99 island biogeography 36, 56

Subject index 475

isomorphism 14 4-class 83, 83--84 metabolic rate and temperature 76 isoprene 50, light 90 metabolic rates and carbohydrate light respiration 50 conservation 216 Japan 20, 94 limits metabolic responses to anoxia Jotunheimen Mts. 322 definitions 280 juniper see also ﬁre, longevity 326 Limes convergens see also ecotone 14, metapopulations 14, 59, 215 32 microbial (soil) respiration 98 K-selected species 82 Limes divergens see also ecocline 14, 32, microhabitats 204 Kamchatka 328 205 migration 32, 51, 128, 332--334, 337 Karoo biome 56 forest distribution 36, 111 migration by rafting 228 Knudsen diffusion 283 boreal forest - southern limit 32 mineralization rates 100 Kola Peninsula 103, 175, 330 deciduous forest - northern limit 32 Miocene 335 Ko¨ppen’s Rule 14, 44, 165, 167 physiological 26 Mississippi River 120, 241, 301 krummholz 165, 309, 312 reproduction 19, 111--114 Missouri River 241 carbon balance 190--191 lipid peroxidation 287 mitochondria 70 expansion - North America 177 litter decomposition 101 Mohave Desert 107 spruce krummholz 324 Little Ice Age 82, 153, 166, 178, 178--166, Mongolian ass (kulan) 39 spruce-lichen krummholz 324 325 mono- and polycormic stems 166 and treeline advance 169--172 living fossils 20 Montgomery effect 14, 50 winter desiccation injury 191 lomas 56, 96 moorland 42 Kwongan (Australia) 50 longevity Scottish 43 juniper 328 Moran effects 145 La Pe´rouse Bay 39 long-term environmental change 34 morphological variation 214 Labrador 168, 235 persistence in marginal habitats 155 mountain birches 170, 171, 318--322, lactating mammals 219 trees 155 341 land reclamation 250 Louisiana swamps 301 biographical history 322 landna´m see pre-landna´m Lu¨neburger Heide 334 in North Atlantic regions 323 landscape degradation/deterioration 25 Luskentyre Banks - Outer Hebrides 266 mountain pine 170 land-use changes 23 Mt. Etna (Sicily) 123 lapse rates (adiabatic) 25 Macquarie Island 335 muirburn (Moor burn) 42 Last Glacial Maximum 22, 163, 206, 209, malic acid 292 muskoxen 39, 41, 202 216 mammoth fauna 39 mutualism 65, 114 Late Glacial/Holocene transition 25 mangroves 231, 256--263 arctic species 215--216 latitude limits 42 colonization 263 mycorrhizal associations 145 Latvia 271, 303 frost sensitivity 258 in the Arctic 102--103 Laurentide ice sheet 20 habitat 263 nutrient poor soils 102 laurophylization 129 manipulation experiments - short term leaching 100 106 Namaqualand (South Africa) 56 leaf manuring with seaware 266 Narvik 208 area index (LAI) 165 maquis 49 Neolithic Age area ratios 84 marginal habitats/areas 19, 31, 32, 33, 57, agriculture 25 C:N ratio 316 94 deforestation 337 heterophylly and abscisic acid 298--300 marginal plant diversity 43 farming 334 heterophylly and DNA 291 maritime sedge heath 37 middle 49 nitrogen content 316 mast seeding 142--146 sites/settlements 24, 25, 37 lemmings 39, 106 maternal effects 120, 135 Nepal 75 Leonie Islands - Antarctica 246 meadow pipit 43 net primary production 312 lesotundra see also forest tundra 163, 165, Mediterranean Netherlands 119, 127 194 climate 45 New Caledonia 250 lesser snow goose 39 mountains 324 New England 235 Levant 25 plants/vegetation 50 New Zealand 143, 248--250, 258 lichen woodland 165 Mesolithic sites 24 hyperoceanicity 334--337 life-forms 34, 37, 52 Mesopotamia (Iraq) 36 heather 311 life-history traits/strategies 14, 34, 42, 59, Mesozoic Period 20 southern oceanic islands 335 65, 81--84 metabolism Newfoundland 185, 211, 235 2-class 81--83 metabolic adaptation 287 niche 14 3-class 83 metabolic oxygen demand 281 nitrate 98

476 Subject index

nitrogen 98--100 Oxford Botanic Garden 123 ice-sheets/glaciation 25, 36 available to plants in the Arctic 202 oxidative damage 50 refugia 58 cycling 100 oxygen 46, 74, 86 speciation 335 fixation 107, 264 debt 305 tabula rasa 206, 213 mineralization 223 deprivation 88, 276, 288 tundra-steppe 39 sources 56 deprivation and lipid metabolism 298 Pliocene 224 turnover 100 deprivation extreme tolerance in Acorus Pliocene--Pleistocene 163 nitrophile species 101 calamus 295--298 ploidy levels 137, 213 non-structural carbohydrate content - deprivation in winter 295 podzolization 25, 334 conifer needles 190 oxygen free radicals 263 polar ice see also sea ice 206 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ozone pollution 50 polar regions 36 (NDVI) 167 polar shores see also arctic shores 241, 241 Norse settlements in Greenland 103 Pakistan 75 pollen riskers see also risk reduction 137 North America 58, 206, 252 Palaeolithic hunting 209 pollination 111, 137 black spruce 194 palisade tissue 70 wind 19 polar front 167 paludification 166, 185 pollution at high latitudes 314 North Atlantic 235 history 181--183 polycormic growth - causes see also alder, North Atlantic oscillation 181 Shetland 175 birch 303, 319 North Cape (Norway) 239 Siberia 175 polymorphic populations/species 50, 216, northern limit birch trees in Russia 181 parapatric speciation 120 326 northern limits in Britain for Tilia cordata parasite 91 polymorphism 19, 50 111 patchiness 56 balance 50 Norway 111, 166, 188, 303 Peary Land (north-east Greenland) 163, somatic 135 Nova Scotia 235 219, 314 polyploidy 19 Novaya Zemlya 209, 331 peripheral habitats/areas 19, 36 high latitudes 216--219 Nunataks 206, 213 permafrost 39, 183, 184, 187, 199, Pomors (Russian Arctic hunters) 103 nutrients (mineral) 203 populations cycling 105, 107 phenological time 316 decline 57 flowering 106 phenology 34, 65, 116, 212 growth 19 frost sensitivity 106 clusters 19 margins 56 levels in soils 51 plasticity 70 peripheral 31, 36 requirements in the Arctic 314--318 phosphate 100--101, 145 post-anoxia retention in marginal areas 103--106, availability at high latitudes 101--102 injury 191, 215, 286 deficiency 101 lipid destruction 279 oak - post-glacial history 51 deficient soils 100 potential water deficit 229 oceanic climates 75, 185, 193, 303 photosynthesis prairies 129 areas/regions/environments/habitats activity 88, 191 pre- and post-zygotic limitations to seed 25, 37, 51, 168 C3 amphibious plants 98 production 111--114 climate gradient - Scotland 324 capacity 50, 85 pre-adaptation 15 cooling of the growing season 181 corticular 302 precipitation 91 heathlands 21, 337 efficiency 312 predation 86, 256 niche 14, 80 low temperatures 248 predator satiation 143 soil leaching 175 production 83 pre-landna´m (pre-agricultural settlement species 129 under water 288 - Iceland) 37, 38 treelines 324 phreatophytes 51 pre-Neolithic 38 woody plants 324--326 desert 92 pulse periods 85 oligotrophic species 34 facultative 92 ombrotrophic peat 96 phytochrome 69 Que´bec 171, 178, 235, 324 opposing and incompatible adaptations 75 pioneer species 324 Quechua Indians 70 opposing strategies 76, 85 plaggen soils 334 optimum leaf temperature 312 plant biomass 58 r- and K-selection 81, 137 Orkney 23, 25, 35, 37, 120 plant functional types 78--81, 84 radial oxygen loss 281--282 osmo-conformers 34 plant life strategies see life-history traits radiative evolution 43 osmo-regulators 34 plaque deposits on roots 25, 51, 244, rain belts - Russia 32 osmotic injury 260 282 raised bogs see also bogs 281 overgrazing 25, 36, 39 Pleistocene 175, 271 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 286 overwinter survival 107 history - arctic flora 205--213 recalcitrant seeds 118

Subject index 477

recruitment vs. mortality 33 roe deer 37 shade red data books 23 Roman farming 34 detection 69 red deer 37, 39 root meristems and carbohydrate tolerance 68, 84 red Grouse 42 depletion 191 Shetland Islands 25, 101, 312 Red Sea 258 root to shoot ratio 83 shingle beaches 24 redox balance - root system 305 ruderal plants 58 shore as long distance migration pathway refugium pl. refugia 15, 48, 163, 212 ruderal species (definition) 15 228 regeneration 231 Russia 163 Siberia 39, 163, 166, 174, 209--213 episodic 114 Siberian Arctic 68 strategies 83 Sahara 56 lowlands 36 reindeer 39, 106, 139 salinity 241, 252 rain shadow 209 population dynamics 145 saline habitats 260 Signy Island - Antarctica 246 Spitsbergen 316 salt flooding 122 Sinai Peninsula 56 starvation through tundra salt marshes - arctic 217 slugs 50 ice encasement 185 salt marshes/mudflats 39, 118, 122, snow relict species 19--24 227, 250--251 beds/banks 59, 140 climatic and evolutionary 15, 20 sap flow - birch trees 305 blight damage 194 populations 111 satellite observations of the Arctic 202 cover 334 reproduction savannas - African 51 melt 97, 139, 316 asexual 19 scale 34 soft coasts/shores 227, 235 experiments 78 scaling-up 38, 80 soil hot deserts 131--135 Scandinavia 24, 330 atmosphere 96 in flood-prone habitats 116 Schiermonnikoog 41 carbon 97 sexual see also asexual reproduction 68 Scotland 23, 24, 35, 42, 73, 111, 252 impoverishment 25 strategies 15, 59 Atlantic coastline 256 pH 51, 103 vegetative 82 sea ice 241, 314, 318 temperature 43 resources see also alternative resources sea level rise 227, 250, 251--252, 269 South African Cape Flora 219 access 48 seasonality 25, 329, 332, 337 South Aucklands - New Zealand 335 acquisition 35, 85, 86 seed South Carolina - swamps 301 allocation 84--85 dormancy - post maturation 133 Spain 127 availability 31, 38 longevity 147 Spartina anglica - dieback 123 availability and climatic warming in the polymorphism 118 speciation Arctic 106--107 production 19 history 34 definitions 65 reserves 279 rapid 51 deprivation 86, 89 scarification 141 species fluctuations 128 seed bank - aerial 135 accumulation curve (species area curve) foraging 71 seed bank - polar 147--148 31--32 limitations 68 seed bank - semi-desert 148 richness 37, 43, 56, 86 requirements 47, 65 seed bank - soil 57, 66, 134, 146--148 sub-specific variation 58 tracking 143 seed bank - warm desert 148 variability 36 respiration 46, 76 seed dispersal 115 Spiekeroog - East Friesian Islands dark respiration 73, 84 by fish (ichthyochory) 116 312 rates 73, 314 by floods (hydrochory) 116 Spitsbergen see also temperature responses see also seed ‘rain’ 148 Svalbard 36, 39, 75, 99, 103, 106, 148, physiological entries seed ‘riskers’ see also pollen riskers 137 156, 200, 204, 208, 243, 291, 312, fluctuations 134 viability records 314, 316 phenological 221--224 longest running trial 147 spring starvation 75 phenotypic 221 weight and viability 146 St Catherine Desert 56 Rhine river 301 world-record 147 St Columba 266 rhizosphere redox state 281 selection - habitat mediated 120 St Lawrence River 238 ribosomal DNA 129 semelparous species 140 stoloniferous plants 71 ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase serotiny (seed retention) 135 stomata 70 (RuB is CO) 70 sex ratios stomatal density 71 riparian forests 92 biased 85, 148, 317, 318 stress risk reduction 25 female bias 151, 317 avoidance or tolerance 68, 85 Rockies 23 sexual reproduction in marginal habitats environmental 70 rodents 51 111, 241 tolerant species 85

478 Subject index

succulents 54 treeline 45, 74, 94, 318, 323 UV-B radiation 248 Succulent Karoo 46, 47 Alaska 100, 175--178, 187--189 sulphide altitude decrease 175 variation detoxification 281 birch 188 biological 33 injury 281 montane 31 genotypic 68 Sumerians 25 North-western Canada 175 phenotypic 68 summer grazing see also transhumance 334 paludification 178--179 va´rzea 118 Sunderbans 263 polar/arctic 145, 167, 169 vegetative layering 158 sun-tracking 76 retreat 182 venturi-convection 286 super-cooling 248 Scandinavia 175 vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) superoxide dismutase 287 sea proximity 256--263 101, 102 survival soil temperature 167 burial 264--267 subarctic 169 water deficit 260 strategies - avoiders and tolerators summer insolation 181 water meadows 23 89--90, 300 trees water table levels 264, 275 strategies - incompatibilities 214, 216 colonization of peatlands 177, 185 waterlogging 131, 185 suspended speciation 216 establishment 177 Weichselian ice age 36, 206 Svalbard, 216 see also growth trends - Alaska 188 West Siberian Lowlands 168, 185 Spitsbergen growth trends - Europe and North wetland species 88 Sweden 102, 332 America 187 wetlands 24 Swedish Scandes 323 growth trends - Kola Peninsula 187 wild boar 37 synchronous mass flowering 145 growth trends - Mongolia and Siberia willows - montane and arctic 314--318 187 wind-pruning 169 tarpan (European wild horse) 37 limits and forest migration 177 wind throw 75 Taymyr Peninsula 14, 164, 209, 212 limits - Glacier National Park, winter climate effects terra firme (ﬂood-free) 118 Montana 177 cooling 330 Tertiary forests 271 seed dispersal 177 desiccation injury 191 Tertiary Period 21 soil temperatures 167 grazing 41, 334 tetraploid cytotypes 212 survival after localized injury - specific snow pack 328 Texas 258 tissues 190 warming 75, 318, 329, 337 Theophrastus 78 tropical marshlands 277 winter moth populations 145 thermal effects tropical rainforest 43, 133 woody plants energy 65 tundra as invasive species 311 indicators 43 soils 98 beyond the treeline 309--311 oasis 102 -steppe 163 in the tundra 311--314 thermo-osmosis 98, 282--285 tundra-taiga interface 23, 163--166, 169, migration 323 therophytes 146 199, 311 on salt marshes 258 Tierra del Fuego 66, 140, 312 fire and paludification 178 Wrangel Island 39 timberline see also treeline species - North interface and land use 188 America and Eurasia 114 interface and physiological limits for xanthine oxidase 287 time 88 tree survival 188--190 xerothermic (or hypsithermal) 164 as a resource 65 interface and thunder storms 178 xylem embolism 260 tissue lignification 309 migrational history 163 xylopodia (ligno-tubers) 51 tolerance - physiological and ecological Turkey 120 15 turloughs (Irish - dry lakes) 292 Yakutia 171 tomillaraes 43 Tyrell Sea 41 toolik Lake (Alaska) 102, 106, 177, 223 zonation and flooding - species transhumance 411--413 Upper Pleistocene glaciations 209 and population limits transpiration rates 260, 263 Ural Mountains 23 291--294