NATURA 2000

INTERPRETATION MANUAL OF EUROPEAN UNION HABITATS Version EUR 15

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*** EUROPEAN COMMISSION ** * * DGXI ... * * Environment, Nuclear Security and Civil Protection 0 *** < < J J ) NATURA 2000

INTERPRETATION MANUAL OF EUROPEAN UNION HABITATS Version EUR 15

This 111anual is a scientific reference document adopted by the habitats committee on 25 April 1996

Compiled by : Carlos Romio (DG. XI • 0.2) This document is edited by Directorate General XI "Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection" of the European Commission; author service: Unit XI.D.2 "Nature Protection, Coastal Zones and Tourism". 200 rue de Ia Loi, B-1049 Bruxelles, with the assistance of Ecosphere- 3, bis rue des Remises, F-94100 Saint-Maur-des-Fosses.

Neither the European Commission, nor any person acting on its behalf, is responsible for the use which may be made of this document. Contents

WHY THIS MANUAL?------1 Historical review ...... 1 The Manual ...... 1 THE EUR15 VERSION 3 Biogeographical regions ...... 3 Vegetation levels ...... 4 Explanatory notes ...... 5 COASTAL AND HALOPHYTIC HABITATS 6 Open sea and tidal areas ...... 6 Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches ...... 10 Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt meadows ...... 12 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic saltmarshes and salt meadows .... 14 Salt and gypsum continental steppes ...... 15 COASTAL SAND DUNES AND CONTINENTAL DUNES 17 Sea dunes of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts ...... 17 Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast ...... 22 Continental dunes, old and decalcified ...... 24 FRESHWATER HABITATS 26 Standing water ...... 26 Running water ...... 29 TEMPERATE HEATH AND SCRUB------33 SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUB (MATORRAL) 40 Sub-Mediterranean and temperate ...... 40

Mediterranean arborescent matorral ...... o • o • • 41

Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe brush .... 0 ••• o • 0 0 ••••••••• 0 43 Phrygana ...... 44 NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONS 46

Natural grasslands .. 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 46 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies ...... 49 Sclerophillous grazed forests (dehesas) ...... 53

Semi-natural tall-herb humid meadows 0 •••• 0 •••••• 0 ••••••••••••• 0 53

Mesophile grasslands ...... 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 55 RAISED BOGS AND MIRES AND FENS 57

Sphagnum acid bogs . o ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••••• 0 • • • • • 57

Calcareous fens .. 0 •••••••••••••••••••• o ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 • 60 Aapa mires ...... 63 ROCKY HABITATS AND CAVES 64 Scree ...... 64 Chasmophytic vegetation on rocky slopes ...... 67 Other rocky habitats ...... 70 FORESTS 72

Boreal forests ...... 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 72 Forests of temperate Europe ...... 73 Mediterranean deciduous forests ...... 82 Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests ...... 87 Alpine and subalpine coniferous forests ...... 90 Mediterranean mountainous coniferous forests ...... 91

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM NATIONAL EXPERTS ------97 DETAILED ANNEX I TABLE OF CONTENTS ------99 Why this manual ~

HISTORICAL REVIEW preparing the Directive as a working document in August 1989. Numerous discussions with the e "Habitats" Directive<1> is a Community national experts then took place between 1989 and egislative instrument in the field of nature 1991, culminating in the version of Annex I Tionservation that establishes a common published in the Official Journal in May 1992. framework for the conservation of wild animal and In December 1991, while the Directive was being plant species and natural habitats of Community adopted, a thorough revision of the CORINE importance ; it provides for the creation of a classification was published<4>. This revision network of special areas of conservation, called introduced numerous changes within codes and Natura 2000, to "maintain and restore, at favourable habitat types, in particular involving the division conservation status, natural habitats and species of of the latter into subtypes. Definitions had been wild fauna and flora of Community interest". prepared for the various categories. Consequently, Animal and plant species names are clearly the Annex I codes no longer corresponded fully to presented in the Directive and, despite minor the codes and descriptive content of the various misspellings or use of synonyms, no major categories of CORINE, resulting in considerable additional work needs to be done to allow a correct ambiguities in the interpretation of Annex I on the interpretation of Annex II. In contrast, the basis of the CORINE classification. The Task development of a common agreed definition Force/European Environment Agency thus appeared to be essential for the different habitat produced a paper establishing the correspondence types of Annex I. between the habitat codes of Annex I and those of the 1991 version of the CORINE classification<5>. Annex I lists 164 European natural habitat types<2>, This paper also included the description proposed including 46 priority (i.e. habitat types in danger of in the 1991 CORINE version for the various habitat disappearance and whose natural range mainly types of Annex I. falls within the territory of the European Union). Annex I is based on the hierarchical classification of THE MANUAL European habitats developed by the CORINE Biotopes project<3> since that was the only existing aving in mind all these difficulties of classification at European level. A draft list of classification, the Scientific Working habitat types for Annex I was therefore drawn up HGroup, set up by the Habitats Committee on the basis of this classification by Professor A. (established by Directive 92/43/EEC), expressed Noirfalise and submitted to the national experts in May 1992 the need to prepare a manual for the

(l) Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, O.J. L206, 22.07.92. (2) This figure corresponds only to the principal habitat types listed in Annex I ; if sub-types are taken into account, this figure increases to more than 200. 3 < > CORINE Biotopes - Technical Handbook, volume 1, p. 73-109, Corine/Biotopes/89-2.2, 19 May 1988, partially updated 14 Febnlary 1989. 4 < >CORINE Biotopes manual, Habitats of the European Community. BUR 12587/3, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1991. (S) Relation between the Directive 92/43/EEC Annex I habitats and the CORINE habitats list 1991 (BUR 12587 /3). Version 1- Draft, November 1992. CEC-DG XI, Task Force Agency (EEA-TF).

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats -111996- - Why this manual?------

On April 1995 the Habitats Committee approved interpretation of Annex I. Following a call for the EUR12 version of the 'Interpretation Manual of proposals the Commission charged Professor European Union Habitats'<9> , which incorporated : Thanghe from the Universite Libre de Bruxelles to prepare a draft manual<6>. • the descriptive sheets<10> for priority habitats, which establish clear, operational Following several meetings of the Scientific scientific definitions of habitat types, using Working Group, the Commission agreed the two pragmatic descriptive elements (e.g. following points with the national experts : characteristic plants), and taking into (1) The interpretation work on Annex I should consideration regional variation ; primarily focus on the priority habitat types. • the descriptive sheets of 36 non priority (2) The CORINE classification (1991 version) habitats similar to those used for priority provides a basis for a description of the habitats; Annex I habitat types; where the experts feel • the CORINE Biotopes definitions 3 for the that it is not suitable, an operational scientific remaining non priority habitats(lO) ; these description should be produced from the definitions should be considered 'a minimal contributions of the national experts. interpretation', not exclusive ; some CORINE In September 1993 the Universite Libre de definitions do not take account of sub-types, Bruxelles finalised the study relating to the regional varieties and/ or do not cover all the interpretation of Annex I priority habitat types. geographical range of an habitat type - this This study focused on the drafting of an eight field fact should be recognised, thus allowing a descriptive sheet drawn up on the basis of written certain flexibility in the interpretation of these and oral scientific contributions from the national Annex I habitat types. experts. Each sheet gathers the information on The contents of the manual did not take into national and regional particularities, as well as account the accession of Austria, Finland and types of associated habitats. The manual for the Sweden which has resulted in the inclusion of a interpretation of Annex I priority habitat types of new biogeographical region (the Boreal region) in the Council Directive 92/43 /EEC was compiled by the Directive. These new Member States have the Commission (DG XI), based on the study of the asked for the introduction in Annex I of several Universite Libre de Bruxelles, the contributions of priority habitat types that are restricted or only the national experts, and the CORINE classification apply to them. In order not to delay the (1991 version); this document was approved by distribution of the manual, the Commission has the Habitats Committee in February 1994 (Doc. decided to publish that first version (EUR12) and HABITA1S 94/3 FINAL)<7). envisaged the preparation of a second version Following the adoption of the priority habitats (EUR15) in order to incorporate new information manual, the experts identified a set of 36 non (mainly on distribution and regional sub-types). priority habitat types also causing interpretation problems. An interpretation document was drafted by the Universite Libre de Bruxelles, discussed in a meeting of the Scientific Working Group (Decem­ ber 1994) and revised accordingly.

6 < l Etude relative au projet de manuel technique d'interpretation de l'Annexe I de la Directive habitats 92/43/CEE. Rapport final, September 1993. Universite Libre de Bruxelles (contrat n° 4-3040(92)15504).

(7) Available in English, French, German, Danish, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek and Italian.

(S) Etude relative au projet de manuel technique d'interpretation de I' Annexe I de la Directive habitats 92/43/CEE -1}tpes d'habitats non prioritaires. Rapport final, Janvier 1995. Universite Libre de BruxE-Ht-s (contrat n°B4-3040/94/000212/MAR/B2. 9 < l Also available in French under the tittle 'Manuel d'interpretation des habitats de l'Union europeenne'. (lO) From Doc. HABITATS 94/3 FINAL.

-1996 II-Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats ------The tUR 15 Version

l'flhe prime objective of the present manual is to conservation value. The users of the manual will I update the EUR12 version. Descriptive sheets need to employ a certain flexibility of I were added for the 1L priority types attached interpretation, particularly in those areas where the to Annex I when Austria, Finland and Sweden habitat types are very fragmentary and influenced joined the Union(ll); it further incorporates by human activities. corunents for other Annex I habitats occurring in The information conceming Annex I trabitat types those Member States, and corrects, or adds, newly provided by national experts since 1992 - which is acquired information. listed on pages 140 and 1.41 - was of paramount The 1991 classification (Habitats of the European importance for the preparation of this manual; it Community) was extended in 1993 to the whole also constitutes an important additional source of Palaearctic region(l2), namely with the inclusion of information for understandi^g the habitat types the Nordic vegetation classification; this listed in the Directive. classification was supplemented in 1995 with text descriptions, phytosociological units and It is to be expected that, from time to time, revisions references; a computer database tool (PFrySIS)(l3) of this manual will take place to take account is being developed to support this work. The of scientific developments in our understandi.g of the habitats. EUR15 version updates the definitions of those habitat types for which the CORINE 1991 has been used, on the basis of the information contained in the PHYSIS database. Accordingly, the CORINE codes are also replaced by the 'Palaearctic codes'. In situations where ambiguities exist between the definitions contained in this manual and those of the Palaearctic habitats classification or PHYSIS data base, it is intended that the definitions of this manual should take precedence. The fact that many of the habitat types of Annex I are qualified by biogeographical terms such as Mediterranean, Alpine, MedioEuropean, etc., meaning that they have their main occurrence in a given biogeographical region, does not exclude the possibility of finding the same habitat types in other biogeographical regions. In fact, these often isolated occunences have a major scientific and

(11) Accession Act of Austria, Finland and Sweden (O.I. L1,1.1.195, p.135). (12) Devillers, P. & Devillers-Tershuren, J. (1993). A classification of Palaearctic habitats. Strasbourg : Council of Europe. (13) Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. (14) Biogeographical regions as stipulated in Article 1 of Council Directive 92/43 ECC are identified with an asterisk (*). (1s) hcludes the hemiboreal region.

hterpretation Manual of European Llnion Habitats- E Wg6-' - The EUR15 Version

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS

Er::l Boreal ~ Continental ~ Atlantic 0 Mediterranean • Alpine

• Macaronesia 0

' .,. J - . . ' . ; - ~ .... --~' +· -

.... ~ ..... ______,'

VEGETATION LEVELS<16> which are (in order of increasing altitude): 'Y Vegetation levels for the Euro-Siberian region(ll) : - thermo-Mediterranean level (thermophile -marine and coastal level conifer forests, olive, carob and mastic -hill level (white oak, sessile oak, common formations in association with oaks) oak, beech, Scots pine ... ) meso-Mediterranean level (forests - montane level (beech, fir, spruce, Scots dominated by sclerophyllous oaks) pine) - supra-Mediterranean level (deciduous oak -subalpine level (fir, spruce, mountain pine, larch, arolla pine) forests) - alpine level (not forested by definition) - montane-Mediterranean level (montane -snow level conifer forests: cedar, black pine ... ) "' Vegetation levels for the Mediterranean region : - oro-Mediterranean level (occupied at least in Five basic vegetation levels are distinguished part by sparse, high-altitude juniper forests)

(t&) Delpech, R., Dum~, G., Galmiche, P. (1985).- Typologie des stations forestieres- Vocabulaire. Institut pour le D~veloppement Forestier (IDF). 17 < > In most of the Atlantic Region it is only possible to distinguish these vegetation levels on the basis of the overall ecological affinities of its non woodland habitats to the habitats found in the more clearly characterised vegetation levels of the Continental and Alpine Regions.

-1996 1-Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats------The EttRls Version_

EXPLANATORY NOTES

. The habitat types are grouped and sorted according to Annex I of the Directioe. c For each priority habitat Wpe and for sotne of the non-priority habitat types :

2l * LacooNs NATURA 2000 code : 1150

Dnrnvmox : Expanses of shallow coastal salt wateq, of varying salinity and water volume, separated from the sea by sand banks or shingle, or, less frequently, by rocks. Salinity may vary from brackish water to hypersalinity depending on rainfall, evaporation and the addition of fresh sea water from storms or from temporary flooding by the sea in winter. With or without vegetation from Ruppietea maitimae, Potametea, Zosteretea or Clwretm (corine 91, : 23.21 and 23.22). sAItrS : &llitriche spp., Chara cnnescens, C. baltica, C. conniaens, Eleochnris pantula, I-amprotlwmnion papulosum, Potamogeton pectinatus, Ranunculus baudotii, Ruppia nuritima, Tolypella n. nidifica. Axnmts : cnidaria - Anrundia cinhosa, Edwardsia iaelli, Victorella paaida; rotifera - Brachion rs sp.; molluscs - Abra sp., Murex sp.; crustaceans - Artema sp. ; fishes - Cyprinus sp., Mullus barbatus; reptiles - Testudo sp.; amphibians - Hyla sp.

: coasts of the European Unioru especially in the Mediterranean. i. Mediterranean; basin. Salt basins and salt ponds may also be considered as lagoons, providing they had their origin on a transformed natural old lagoon or on a saltmarsh, and are characterised by a minor impact from exploitation. Comanrm : Groupings of saltmarshes making up part of the complex. Rnrsnnxcns : . Bamber et al. (\9921.- On the ecology of brackish lagoons in Great Britain. Aquatic conseraation : maine and freshwater ecosystems, 2 : 130. o Barnes, R.S.K. (1988).- The faunas of landlocked lagoons : chance differences and problems of dispersal. Estuarine and Coastal Stulf Scintce,26: 309-18. o Palmer, M.A., Bell, S.L., Butterfield, I. (in press).- A botanical classification of standing waters in Britain : applications for conservation and monitoring. Aquatic conservation : marine and freshwater ecosystems.

o For the remaining non-priority habitat fires, item 2) is replaced by the definition given in "A classification of Palaearctic habitats" PHYSIS, 1995), and when relevant the sub-types are included. In some cases, specific comments from national experts are also included. Items 3) to 6) are completed with the available information, namely the documents produced during the 1995 biogeographical seminars.

Intnpretation Manunl of Europmn lJnion Habitats- E rcg5 - Coastal and halophytic habitats

OPEN SEA AND TIDAL AREAS REEEKENCFS : • Ericson, L. &: Wallentinus, H.-G. (1979).- Sea-shore vegetation around the Gulf of 11.25 Sandbanks which are slightly Bothnia. Guide for the International Society for covered by sea water all the time Vegetation Science, July-August 1977. Wahlen­ NATURA 2000 code : 1110 bergia, 5: 1-142. • Lappalainen, A., Hallfors, G.&: PAL.CLASS. : 11.125, 11.22, 11.31 Kangas, P. (1977).- Littoral benthos of the northern Baltic Sea. IY. Pattern and dynamics of SANDBANKS WHICH ARE SLIGHTLY macrobenthos in a sandy bottom Zostera marina COVERED BY SEA WATER ALL TilE TIME community in Tvarmi.nne. DEFINITION : Sublittoral sandbanks, permanently submerged. Water depth is seldom more than 20 m below Chart Datum. Non-vegetated sandbanks 11.34 * Posidonia beds or sandbanks with vegetation belonging to the NATURA 2000 code : 1120 Zosteretum marinae and Cymodoceion nodosae. PAL.CLASS. : 11.34

I'LANrs : Zostera marina, free living species of the * POSIDONIA BEDS (POSIDONION OCEANICA£) Corallinaceae family. In Baltic Sea also Potamogeton pectinatus, Ruppia cirrhosa and Tolypella nidifica. DEFINITION : Beds of Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile characteristic of the infralittoral zone of the ANIMAls : Important wintering habitat for many Mediterranean (depth : ranging from a few dozen bird species, in particular Melanitta nigra but also centimetres to 30 - 40 metres). On hard or soft Gavia stellata and Gavia arctica. Resting places for substrate, these beds constitute one of the main seals. Invertebrate communities of sandy climax communities. They can withstand sublittoral (e.g. polychaetes). relatively large variations in temperature and GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Belgium (along the water movement, but are sensitive to Belgian coast between the coast line to 10 km in desalination, generally requiring a salinity of sea) (Ramsar site "Vlaamse Banken" e.g.), between 36 and 39 %o. Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, PLANTS : Posidonia oceanica. Ireland, Italy, Netherlands (Voordelta), Portugal, Spain (included the Halophila decipiens ANIMALS : Molluscs - #Pinna nobilis ; echinoderms - fishes - communities of Tenerife), Sweden, United Asterina pancerii, Paracentrotus lividus ; Epinephelus guaza, Hippocampus ramulosus. Kingdom. Corresponding category of the German GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : These beds are only Biotoptypen : "040202a Sandbank der Ostsee present in the Mediterranean, despite doubtful (standing wasserbedeckt)", "030202a Sandbank references from the Portuguese and Basque der Nordsee (standing wasserbedeckt)". coasts dating from last century. Corresponding category of Nordic vegetation REFERENCFS : • Belsher, T., et al. (1987).- In : Livre types : "4411 Zostera marina-typ", "4412 Ruppia rouge des especes menacees de France - tome 2, maritima-typ". especes marines et littorales menacees, Ed. F. de COMMENIS : These sandbanks can be found in Beaufort, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle­ association with mudflats and sandflats (14). Paris.

-1996 1-Interpretation Manual of European Union Htlbitats ------Coastal and halophytic habitats -

and this reality must be taken into account 13.2 ESTUARIES during the selection of sites. NATURA 2000 CODE : 1130 PAL.CLASS.: 13.2,11.2 REFERENCFS : • Brunet, R. et al.- Les mots de Ia geographie-dictionnaire critique. Ed. Reclus. ESTUARIES • Gillner, W. (1960).- Vegetations- und Standort­ DEFJNWON : Downstream part of a river valley, suntersuchungen in den Strandwiesen der subject to the tide and extending from the limit schwedischen Westkiiste. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., of brackish waters. River estuaries are coastal 43:1-198. inlets where, unlike 'large shallow inlets and bays' there is generally a substantial freshwater 14 Mudflats and sandflats not influence. The mixing of freshwater and sea covered by seawater at low tide water and the reduced current flows in the NATURA 2000 code : 1140 shelter of the estuary lead to deposition of fine PAL.CLASS. : 14 sediments, often forming extensive intertidal sand and mud flats. Where the tidal currents are MUDFLATS AND SANDFLATS NOT faster than flood tides, most sediments deposit to COVERED BY SEAWATER AT LOW TIDE form a delta at the mouth of the estuary. DEFINITION : Sands and muds of the coasts of the oceans, their connected seas and associated PLANIS : Benthic algal communities, Zostera beds lagoons, not covered by sea water at low tide, e.g. Zostera noltii (Zosteretea) or vegetation of devoid of vascular plants, usually coated by blue brackish water : Ruppia maritima [= R. rostellata algae and diatoms. They are of particular (Ruppietea)] ; Spartina maritima (Spartinetea) ; importance as feeding grounds for wildfowl and Sarcocornia perennis (Arthrocnemetea). Both waders. The diverse intertidal communities of species of fresh water and brackish water can be invertebrates and algae that occupy them can be found in Baltic river mouths (Carex spp., used to define subdivisions of 11.27, eelgrass Myriophyllum spp., Phragmites australis, Potamo­ communities that may be exposed for a few geton spp., Scirpus spp.). hours in the course of every tide have been listed ANIMALS : Invertebrate benthic communities ; under 11.3, brackish water vegetation of important feeding areas for many birds. permanent pools by use of those of 11.4.

GEQGRAPHJCAL DISTRIBUTION: Belgium (Scheidt and Note: Eelgrass communities (11.3) are included in Yzer estuaries), Denmark, Finland, France, this habitat type. Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : All the European (Westerschelde, Ems), Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Union, except Austria, Finland and Luxembourg. United Kingdom. Baltic river mouths, considered as an estuary subtype, have brackish 21 *Lagoons water and no tide, with large wetland vegetation NATURA 2000 code : 1150 (helophytic) and luxurious aquatic vegetation in PAL.CLASS. : 21 shallow water areas. Corresponding category of the German Biotoptypen : "D2a Astuare *COASTAL LAGOONS (FlieBgewassermiindungen mit Brackwasser­ DEFINITION : Lagoons are expanses of shallow einfluB u. I od. Tidenhub eingeschlossen coastal salt water, of varying salinity and water werden", "050105 Brackwasserwatt des Astuare volume, wholly or partially separated from the an der Nordsee", 11050106 SiiBwasserwatt im sea by sand banks or shingle, or, less frequently, TideeinfluB des Nordsee"). by rocks. Salinity may vary from brackish water COMMENIS : An estuary forms an ecological unit to hypersalinity depending on rainfall, with the surrounding terrestrial coastal habitat evaporation and through the addition of fresh types. In terms of nature conservation, these seawater from storms, temporary flooding of the different habitat types should not be separated, sea in winter or tidal exchange. With or without

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats -111996- - Coastal and halophytic habitats

vegetation from Ruppietea maritimae, Potametea, of Finland. Acta Bot. Fennica (in print). • Palmer, Zosteretea or Charetea (CORINE 91 : 23.21 or M.A., Bell, S.L., Butterfield, I. (1992).- A 23.22). Flads and gloes, considered a Baltic botanical classification of standing waters : variety of lagoons, are small, usually shallow, Applications for conservation and monitoring. more or less delimited water bodies still Aquatic conservation : marine and freshwater connected to the sea or have been cut off from ecosystems, 2 : 125-143. the sea very recently by land upheaval. Characterised by well-developed reedbeds and Large shallow inlets and bays luxuriant submerged vegetation and having NATURA 2000 code : 1160 several morphological and botanical develo­ PAL.CLASS. : 12 pment stages in the process whereby sea

becomes land. LARGE SHALLOW INLETS AND BAYS PLANI'S : Callitriche spp., Chara canescens, C. baltica, DEFINIDON : Large indentations of the coast where, C. connivens, Eleocharis parvula, Lamprothamnion in contrast to estuaries, the influence of papulosum, Potamogeton pectinatus, Ranunculus freshwater is generally limited. These shallow(lS) baudotii, Ruppia maritima, Tolypella n. nidifica. In indentations are generally sheltered from wave flads and gloes also Chara ssp. (Chara tomentosa), action and contain a great diversity of sediments Lemna trisulca, Najas marina, Phragmites australis, and substrates with a well developed zonation of Potamogeton ssp., Stratiotes aloides, Typha spp. benthic communities. These communities have generally a high biodiversity. The limit of ANIMArs : Cnidaria - Edwardsia ivelli ; Polychaeta - shallow water is sometimes defined by the Armandia cirrhosa ; Bryozoa - Victorella pavida ; distribution of the Zosteretea and Potametea Rotifera - Brachionus sp. ; Molluscs - Abra sp., associations. Murex sp. ; Crustaceans - Artema sp. ; Fishes - Several physiographic types may be included Cyprinus sp., Mullus barbatus ; Reptiles - Testudo under this category providing the water is sp. ; Amphibians - Hyla sp. shallow over a major part of the area : GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Coasts of the embayments, fjards, rias and voes. European Union, especially in the Mediter­ PLANr5 : Zostera spp., Ruppia maritima, Potamogeton ranean basin. Salt basins and salt ponds may also spp. (e.g. P. pectinatus, P. praelongus), benthic algae. be considered as lagoons, providing they had their origin on a transformed natural old lagoon ANIMALs : Benthic invertebrate communities. or on a saltmarsh, and are characterised by a GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Belgium, Denmark, minor impact from exploitation. Flads and gloes Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, only in Finland and Sweden. Netherlands (e.g. Oosterschelde), Portugal, Spain, Corresponding category of the German Sweden, United Kingdom. Biotoptypen : "0906 Strandsee", "240601 Brack­ Corresponding category of the German wassersee im Ostseekiistenbereich". Biotoptypen : "B31 naturnaher Boddengewasser­ CQMMENIS : Groupings of saltmarshes making up komplex", "B32 Boddengewasserkomplex, part of the complex. geringe Belastung", "A2a Flachwasserzonen der Nordsee (Meeresarme u. -buchten, incl. Seegras­ REFERENCES : • Bamber et al. (1992).- On the wiesen)". ecology of brackish lagoons in Great Britain. Aquatic conservation : marine and freshwater REFERENCES : • Luther, (1951).- Verbreitung und ecosystems, 2 : 65-94. • Barnes, R.S.K. (1988).­ Okologie der hoheren Wasserpflanzen im The faunas of landlocked lagoons : chance Brackwasser der Ekenas-Gegend in Siid- differences and problems of dispersal. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science, 26, 309 - 18. (Hn National experts consider inappropriate to fix a • Munsterhjelm, R. (1995).- The aquatic maximum water depth, since the term 'shallow' may have ditterent ecological interpretations according to the macrophyte vegetation of flads and gloes, S coast physiographic type considered and geographical location.

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Finnland. I. Allgemeiner Tell. ABF 49, 1-232. II CoMMENIS : Where an uninterrupted zonation of Spezieller Teill. ABF, 50 : 1-370. sublittoral and littoral communities exist, the integrity of ecological unit should be respected Reefs in the selection of sites. NATURA 2000 code : 1170 PAL.CLASS. : 11.24, 11.25 REFERENCES : • Kautsky, N. (1974).- Quantitative investigations of the red algae belt in the Asko

REEFS area, Northern Baltic proper. Contrib. AskO Lab. Univ. Stockholm, 3 : 1-29. • Ravanko, 0. (1968). DEFINITION : Submarine, or exposed at low tide, Macroscopic green, brown and red algae in the rocky substrates and biogenic concretions, which south-western archipelago of Finland. Acta Bot. arise from the sea floor in the sublittoral zone but Fennica, 79 : 1-50. may extend into the littoral zone where there is an uninterrupted zonation of plant and animal communities. These reefs generally support a 1 zonation of benthic communities of algae and Marine columns' in shallow water made by leaking gases animals species including concretions, NATURA 2000 code : 1180 encrustations and corallogenic concretions. PAL.CLASS. : 11.24 PLANTS : Brown algae (species of the Fucus, Laminaria and Cystoseira genus, Pilayella SUBMARINE STRUCIURES MADE BY LEAKING GASES littoralis), red algae (e.g. species of the DEFINWON : Spectacular submarine complex Corallinaceae, Ceramiceae and Rhodomelaceae structures, consisting of rocks, pavements and families), green algae. Other plant species : pillars up to 4 m high. These formations are due to Dictyota dichotoma, Padina pavonica, Halopteris the aggregation of sandstone by a carbonate scoparia, Laurencia obtusa, Hypnea musciformis, cement resulting from microbial oxidation, mainly Dasycladus claveformis, Acetabularia mediterranea. methane. The methane most likely originated ANIMALS : Mussel beds (on rocky substrates), from the microbial decomposition of fossil plant invertebrate specialists of hard marine substrates materials. The formations are interspersed with (sponges, Bryozoa and cirripedian Crustacea for gas vents that intermittently release gas. These example). formations shelter a highly diversified ecosystem with brightly coloured species. GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUIION : Baltic Sea (along These formations have been well studied in chalky cliffs and rocky shores), North Sea (e.g. shallow waters (10-12 m) along the Danish coast Kattegat), the English Channel, Irish Sea, (see References). Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea. In northern Baltic areas, the upper shallow water ANIMAlS : Porifera - Cliona celata ; Anthozoa - filamentous algal-zone with great annual Metridium senile, Tealia felina, Alcyonium digitatum ; succession is normally well developed on gently Polychaeta - Pomatoceros triqueter, Dodocaceria sloping shores. Fucus vesiculosus is submerged at concharum ; Gastropoda - Cingula striata, Alvania depth of 0.5-6 m in the sublittoral zone. A red punctura, Rissoa albella, R. parva; Decapoda - algae zone occur below the Fucus zone at depths Porcellana longicomis, Cancer pagurus; Echino­ of about 5 to 10m. dermata - Ophiotrix fragilis. Corresponding category of the German GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Denmark, Greece (up Biotoptypen : 010204a Riffe der Nordsee (Benthal to 100m). mit Hartsybstrat, ohne Muschelbanke u. Sabellaria)", "020204a Riffe der Ostsee (Benthal REFERENCES : Jensen, P. et al. (1992).- "Bubbling mit Hartsybstrat)", "030207 Miesmuschelbank des reef" in the Kattegat : submarine landscapes of Sublitorals der Nordsee", 11030208 Austernbank carbonate-cemented rocks support a diverse des Sublitorals der Nordsee", 11030209 Sabellaria­ ecosystem at methane seeps. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., Riff des Sublitorals der Nordsee". 83: 103-112.

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- 11996- Coastal and halophytic habitats •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• perennial species. A wide range of vegetation SEA CLIFFS AND SHINGLE OR types may be found on large shingle structures STONY BEACHES inland of the upper beach. On more mature, stable, shingle coastal forms of grassland, heath 17.2 Annual vegetation of drift lines and scrub vegetation may develop. Some areas NATURA 2000 code : 1210 of unusual vegetation dominated by lichens and PAL.CLASS. : 17.2 bryophytes are found on more mature shingle.

PLANT§ : Crambe maritima, Honkenya peploides, ANNUAL VEGETATION OF DRIFT LINES Leymus arenarius (17.31}, Lathyrus japonicus DEFINITION: Formations of annuals or, particularly (17.32}, Crithmum maritimum (17.33). in Mediterranean, representatives of annuals and perennials, occupying accumulations of drift GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Coasts of the Baltic, the Kattegat and the baelts (17.31- Baltic sea kale material and gravel rich in nitrogenous organic communities : Atlantic, matter (Cakiletea maritimae p.). Elymo-Crambetum}, North Sea, Irish Sea and Channel coasts of the PLANrS : Cakile maritima, Salsola Ialli, Atriplex spp. United Kingdom, and, very locally, the Channel (particularly A. glabriuscula}, Polygonum spp., coast of France (17.32 - Channel sea kale Euphorbia peplis, Mertensia maritima, Elymus communities : Lathyro-Crambetum), Brittany, and repens, Potentilla anserina, and, particularly in the Cotentin peninsula (17.33- Atlantic sea kale Mediterranean formations, Glaucium flavum, communities: Crithmo-Crambetum). Matthiola sinuata, M. tricuspidata, Euphorbia Corresponding categories of the Nordic paralias, Eryngium maritimum. vegetation types: 17.31- "4112 Crambe maritima­

GEQGRAfHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Denmark, France, Elytrigia repens-typ", "4113 Achillea millefolium­ Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Angelica archangelica-typ". Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. Corresponding category in the United Kingdom Corresponding category in the United Kingdom National Vegetation Classification: "SOl Rumex National Vegetation Classification : "SD2 crispus-Glaucium flavum shingle beach Honkenya peploides-Cakile maritima strandline community". community" and "SD3 Matricaria maritima­ REFERENCES : • Cramer, W. (1993).- Dry coastal Galium aparine shingle beach community". ecosystems of the northern Baltic sea. In : van der Corresponding categories of the Nordic Maarel, E. (ed.) Ecosystems of the world 2A. Dry vegetation types : "4213 Elytrigia repens-typ", coastal ecosystems, polar regions and Europe. Elsevier, "4214 Atriplex spp.-Polygonum aviculare-typ" and Amsterdam, pp. 95-107. • Sneddon, P. & Randall, "4215 Cakile maritima-typ". R.E. (1993).- Coastal vegetated shingle structures of The corresponding association in Azores is Great Britain : main report. Peterborough, Joint Caliketum edentulae Conrad. Nature Conservation Committee. REFERENCF$: Olsson, H. (1974).- Studies on South Swedish sand vegetation. Acta phytogeogr. suec. 60. 18.21 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts 17.3 Perennial vegetation of stony banks NATURA 2000 code : 1230 NATURA 2000 code : 1220 PAL.CLASS.: 18.21 PAL.CLASS. : 17.3 VEGETATED SEA CLIFFS OF THE ATLANTIC AND BALTIC COASTS PERENNIAL VEGETATION OF STONY BANKS DEFINWON : Perennial vegetation of the upper DEFINIDQN : Vegetated cliffs exhibit a complex beaches of great shingle banks, formed by pc-tttem of variation reflecting the degree of Crambe maritima, Honkenya peploides and other 1naritime exposure, geology and geomor-

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phology, biogeographical provenance and Call una vulgaris-Scilla verna heath", "H8 Call una pattern of human management. Typically, on the vulgaris-Ulex gallii heath". most exposed cliffs there is a zonation from Corresponding category of the Nordic crevice and ledge communities of the steepest vegetation types : "4111 Matricaria maritima­ slopes beside the sea (Crithmo-Armerietalia, Gehu Silene uniflora-typ". 1964) through to closed maritime grasslands on REFERENCES : • Englund, B. (1942).- Die Pflanzen­ upper cliff slopes, cliff tops and cliff ledges verteilung auf den Meeresufern von Gotland. where there is deeper accumulation of soils Acta Bot. Fenn. 32: 1-282. (Silenion maritimae, Malloch 1973). Further inland and on more sheltered cliffs, these grade into a complex assemblage of maritime and 18.22 Vegetated sea cliffs of the paramaritime types of heath, calcareous Mediterranean coasts (with grassland, acid grassland, therophyte, tall herb, endemic Limonium spp.) scrub and wind-pruned woodland vegetation, NATURA 2000 code : 1240 each enriched by floristic elements characteristic PAL.CLASS.: 18.22 of coastal habitats. On soft coasts with much active movement, complex assemblages of VEGETATED SEA CLIFFS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN maritime and non-maritime vegetation occur. COASTS (WITII ENDEMIC LIMONIUM SPP.) PLANTs : Crithmum maritimum, Armeria maritima, DEFJNITIQN : Vegetated cliffs and rocky shores of the Limonium spp., Brassica oleracea, Silene maritima, Mediterranean, of the Mediterraneo-temperate Cochlearia officinalis, Plantago maritima, Festuca eastern Atlantic (south-western Iberia) and of the rubra ssp. pruinosa, Daucus spp., Matricaria Black Sea. Crithmo-Limonietalia. maritima, Asplenium marinum, Spergularia PLANT$ : Crithmum maritimum, Plantago subulata, rupicola, Inula crithmoides, Sedum anglicum, Silene sedoides, Sedum litoreum, Limonium spp., Rhodiola rosea, Lavatera arborea, Scilla verna. Armeria spp., Euphorbia spp., Daucus spp., GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Denmark, France, Asteriscus maritimus. Many Limonium species, in Finland, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, particular, are endemic of extremely local Sweden, United Kingdom. occurrence. Corresponding category in the United Kingdom GEOGBAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, National Vegetation Classification : "MC1 Portugal, Spain. Crithmum maritimum-Spergularia rupicola maritime rock crevice", "MC2 Armeria maritima-Ligusticum scoticum maritime rock crevice community", 18.23 Vegetated sea cliffs of the ''MC3 Rhodiola rosea-Armeria maritima maritime Macaronesian coasts cliff ledge community", "MC4 Brassica oleracea (flora endemic to these coasts) maritime cliff ledge", "MCS Armeria maritima­ NATURA 2000 code : 1250 Cerastium diffusum maritime therophyte PAL.CLASS. : 18.23 and 18.24 community", "MC6 A triplex hastata-Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima seabird cliff community", "MC7 VEGETATED SEA CLIFFS OF niE MACARONESIAN Stellaria media-Rumex acetosa seabird cliff COASTS (Winl ENDEMIC FLORA) community", "MC8 Festuca rubra-Armeria DEEINmON : Aerohaline communities of the sea­ maritima maritime grassland", "MC9 Festuca cliffs of the Canaries and Madeira (Frankenio­ rubra-Holcus lanatus maritime grassland", "MC10 Astidamietalia latifoliae) ; communities of the sea­ Festuca rubra-Plantago spp. maritime grassland", cliffs of the Azores (Festucion petraeae) dominated ''M11 Festuca rubra-Daucus carota ssp. gummifer by the endemic Festuca petraea. maritime grassland", "M12 Festuca rubra­ Hyacinthoides non-scripta maritime grassland", PLANTS : 18.23 - Crithmum maritimum, Astydamia "H6 Erica vagans-Ulex europaeus heath", "H7 latifolia, Schizogyna sericea, Andryala glutinosa,

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Plantago coronopus, Tolpis fruticosa, Aizoon 15.12 - Mediterranean halo-nitrophilous pioneer canariense, Campylanthus salsoloides, Limonium communities (Frankenion pulverulentae) pectinatum, Frankenia ericifolia, Reichardia ligulata, formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals Argyranthemum frutescens, Lotus spp., Asplenium (Frankenia pulverulenta, Suaeda splendens, Salsola marinum. 18.24- Festuca petraea, Plantago coronopus, soda, Cressa cretica, Parapholis incurva, P. strigosa, Daucus carota ssp. azorica, Azorina vidalii, Euphorbia Hordeum marinum, Sphenopus divaricatus) azorica, Lotus subbiflorus, Polypogon maritimus, colonising salt muds of the Mediterranean Asplenium marinum, Frankenia spp. region, susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying ; they are mostly characteristic of GEQGRAPHIChL DISTRIBUTION : Portugal (Madeira, the Iberian peninsula, with irradiations notably Azores), Spain (Canary islands). in the Camargue, Italy, and on the Atlantic coast of France . •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15.13 - Atlantic sea-pearlwort communities ATLANTIC AND CONTINENTAL SALT (Saginion maritimae) : formations of annual MARSHES AND SALT MEADOWS pioneers occupying sands subject to variable salinity and humidity, on the coasts, in the dunal 15.11 Salicomia and other annuals systems and in the saltmarshes of the Atlantic, colonising mud and sand the North Sea and the Baltic. They are usually NATURA 2000 code : 1310 limited to small surfaces and best developed in PAL.CLASS. : 15.1 the zone of contact between dune and saltmarsh. Corresponding category in the United Kingdom SAUCORNIA AND OTIIER ANNUALS National Vegetation Classification : 11SM7 COLONISING MUD AND SAND Arthrocnemum perenne stands", 11SM8 Annual DEFINITION : Formations composed mostly or Salicornia saltmarsh", 11 SM9 Suaeda maritima predominantly of annuals, in particular Chenopo­ saltmarsh" and 11SM27 Ephemeral saltmarsh diaceae of the genus Salicornia or grasses, vegetation with Sa gina maritima". colonising periodically inundated muds and Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation sands of marine or interior salt marshes. Thero­ types : 15.11 - 114233 Salicornia strictissima-typ",

Salicornietea, Frankenietea pulverulentae, Saginetea "4252 Salicornia europaea-typ", II4253 Spergularia maritimae. salina-typ".

PLANTS : 15.11 - Salicornia spp., Microcnemum REFERENCES : • Ericson, L. & Wallentinus, H.-G. coralloides, Suaeda maritima; 15.12 - Frankenia (1979).- Sea-shore vegetation around the Gulf of pulverulenta, Suaeda splendens, Salsola soda, Cressa Bothnia. Guide for the International Society for cretica, Parapholis incurva, P. strigosa, Hordeum Vegetation Science, July-August 1977. Wahlen­ marinum, Sphenopus divaricatus ; 15.13 - Sagina bergia, 5: 1-142. maritima, S. nodosa, Cochlearia danica, Gentiana littorale, Bupleurum tenuissimum. 15.12 Spartina swards (Spartinion) GEQGRAPHICAL DISIRIBWION : Belgium, Denmark, NATURA 2000 code : 1320 France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, PAL.CLASS.: 15.2 Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. SPARTINA SWARDS (SPARTINION MARITIMI) DEFINITION : Perennial pioneer grasslands of coastal 15.11 - Glasswort swards (Thero-Salicornietalia) : salt muds, formed by Spartina or similar grasses. annual glasswort (Salicornia spp., Microcnemum When selecting sites, preference should be given coralloides), seablite (Suaeda maritima), or to those areas supporting rare or local Spartina. sometimes salwort (Salsola spp.) formations colonising periodically inundated muds of fh~ : 15.21 - Spartina maritima, S. alternijlora ; coastal saltmarshes and inland salt-basins. 15.22- Spartina densiflora.

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GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Belgium, Denmark, tripolium var. discoides saltmarsh", "SM12 Rayed France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Nether­ Aster tripolium saltmarsh", "SM13 Puccinellia lands, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom. maritima-Triglochin maritima saltmarsh", "SM14 The following sub-types are included : Halimione portulacoides saltmarsh", "SM15 Juncus maritimus-Triglochim maritima saltmarsh", "SM16 15.21 - Flat-leaved cordgrass swards : perennial Festuca rubra saltmarsh community", "SM17 pioneer grasslands of coastal salt muds, Artemisia maritima community", "SM18 Juncus dominated by flat-leaved Spartina maritima, S. maritimus community", "SM19 Blysmus rufus townsendii, S. anglica, S. altemiflora. saltmarsh community" and "SM20 Eleocharis 15.22 - Rush-leaved cordgrass swards : perennial uniglumis community". pioneer grasslands of southern Iberian coastal Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation salt muds, dominated by the junciform-leaved types : 15.32 - "4231 Puccinellia maritima-typ", Spartina densiflora. 15.33 - "422 bvre landstrandens vegetation". Corresponding category in the United Kingdom REFERENcFS : • Burd, F. (1989).- The saltmarsh suroey National Vegetation Classification : "SM4 of Great Britain. Peterborough, Nature Conser­ saltmarsh" and "SM5 Spartina maritima Spartina vancy Council. Research and survey in nature altemiflora saltmarsh". conservation, no. 17. • Johansson, D., Ekstam, U. & Forshed, N. (1986).- Havstrandiingar. LTs forslag, Stockholm, 96 pp. 15.13 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia) NATURA 2000 code : 1330 15.14 * Continental salt meadows PAL.CLASS. : 15.3 (Puccinellietalia distantis) NATURA 2000 code : 1340 ATLANTIC SALT MEADOWS PAL.CLASS.: 15.4 (GLAUCO-PUCCINELLIETALIA MARITIMAE)

DEFINITION : Salt meadows of Baltic, North Sea, * INLAND SALT MEADOWS English Channel and Atlantic shores. Aster tripo­ DEFINITION :Non-coastal natural salt basins made up lium can be present or abundant in most of different habitat types consisting of zones of subdivisions. seepage of saline water, running or stagnant PLANTs : 15.31 - Puccinellia maritima ; 15.32 - Halimione saline water, with typical halophilous vegetation portulacoides, Halimione pedunculata, Aster tripolium ; and of reed beds at the edge of brackish waters. 15.33 - Armeria maritima, Glaux maritima, Plantago Artificial or partly artificial sites should only be maritima, Frankenia laevis, Artemisia maritima, considered here in specific cases where they Festuca rubra, Agrostis stolonifera, Juncus gerardii, harbour a species listed in Annex II of the Carex extensa, Blysmus rufus, Eleocharis spp. ; 15.34 - Directive, or where there are no remammg Spergularia marina, Puccinellia distans, P. fasciculata, natural (primary) examples of the habitat at regional or national level. P. retroflexa, P. maritima, Triglochin maritima, Potentilla anserina, Halimione portulacoides; 15.35- PLANIS : Aster tripolium, Atriplex hastata, Elymus Elymus pycnanthus (= Agropyron pun gens) or E. atherica (= E. pungens, E. pycnanthus), Halimione repens; 15.36 - Atriplex littoralis, A. hastata, Beta pedunculata, Juncus gerardii, Plantago maritima, maritima, Matricaria maritima. Puccinellia distans, Salicornia spp., Spergularia salina, Suaeda maritima, Triglochin maritima. GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. United kingdom. Corresponding category in the United Kingdom Corresponding category in the United Kingdom National Vegetation Classification : "SM10 National Vegetation Classification : "SM23 Transitional low-marsh vegetation", "SM11 Aster Spergularia marina-Puccinellietalia distans commu-

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nity". Corresponding category of the German 15.58 - medium-tall funcus subulatus beds, often Biotoptypen : "350301 natumahe Salzrasen des forming facies with Arthrocnemum scrubs. Binnenlandes", "2206 Salz- oder Solquelle", GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIQN : France, Greece, Italy, "230405 Salzbach", "230602 salzhaltiges stehendes Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom. Gewasser (Binnenlandsalzstellen)". Corresponding category in the United Kingdom COMMENTS : Brackish-water reed beds, salt springs, National Vegetation Classification : "SM15 - Salicornia swards and, less frequently, small salt funcus maritimus-Triglochin maritima saltmarsh" water courses . and "SM18 Juncus maritimus saltmarsh".

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15.16 Mediterranean and thermo­ Atlantic halophilous scrubs MEDITERRANEAN AND (Arthrocnemetalia fructicosae) THERMO-ATLANTIC SALTMARSHES NATURA 2000 code : 1420 AND SALT MEADOWS PAL.CLASS. : 15.6

15.15 Mediterranean salt meadows MEDITERRANEAN AND THERMo-ATLANTIC (Juncetalia maritimi) HALOPHILOUS SCRUBS (SARCOCORNETEA FRUTICOSI) NATURA 2000 code : 1410 DEFINITION : Perennial vegetation of marine saline PAL.CLASS. : 15.5 muds (schorre) mainly composed of scrubs, essentially with a Mediterranean-Atlantic distri­ MEDITERRANEAN SALT MEADOWS (JUNCETALIA MARITIMI) bution (Salicornia, Limonium vulgare, Suaeda and Atriplex communities) and belonging to the DEFINITION : Various mediterranean communities Sarcocornetea fruticosi class. of the funcetalia maritimi. The different associations are described under point (3) with PLANIS : Halimione portulacoides, Inula critmoides, their plant species. Suaeda vera and shrubby Sarcocornia. Vegetation of low topographic level PLANIS : 15.51 - tall rush saltmarshes dominated by (Sarcocornetea) : Sarcocornia perennis, S. alpini, S. funcus maritimus and/ or J. acutus, Carex extensa, fruticosa, Arthrocnemum macrostachym (= A. Aster tripolium, Plantago cornuti, Scorzonera glaucum), Halocnemum strobilaceum. parviflora ; 15.52 - short rush, sedge and clover Vegetation of high topographic level saltmarshes Uuncion maritimi : Hordeum nodosum, (Limonietalia confusi) : Limonium virgatum, L. H. maritimum, Trifolium squamosum) and humid diffusum, L. ferulaceum, L. densissimum, L. meadows behind the littoral, rich in annual plant girardianum, L. bellidifolium, L. gmelinii, Aeluropus species and in Fabacea (Trifolion squamosi : Trifolium litoralis, Aster tripolum, Limoniastrum monopeta­ squamosum, T. michelianum, Alopecurus bulbosus, lum, Artemisia gallica. Carex divisa, Ranunculus ophioglossifolius, *Linum maritimum); 15.53 - mediterranean halo­ GEOGRAPHICAL PISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, psammophile meadows (Plantaginion crassifoliae : Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom. Plantago crassifolia, Blackstonia imperfoliata, Corresponding category in the United Kingdom Centaurium tenuiflorum, Orchis coriophora ssp. National Vegetation Classification : "SM 21 Suaeda fragans ; 15.54 - Iberian salt meadows (Puccinellion vera-Limonium binervosum saltmarsh community", fasciculatae : Puccinellia fasciculata, Aeluropus 11SM25 Sueda vera saltmarsh community" and littoralis, funcus gerardii); 15.55 - halophilous "SM7 Arthrocnemum perenne stands". marshes along the coast and the coastal lagoons (Puccinellion festuciformis : Puccinellia festuciformis); 15.57 - humid halophilous moors with the shrubby stratum dominated by Artemisia coerulescens (Agropyro-Artemision coerulescentis);

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Suaedion braunblanquetii (continental Iberian 15.17 Iberia halo-nitrophilous scrubs peninsula), Arthrocnemion glauci. Limonietalia : (Pegano-Salsoletea) Limonion catalaunico-viciosoi (Aragon), Lygeo­ NATURA 2000 code : 1430 PAL.CLASS. : 15.72 Limonion furfuracei (SE Iberian peninsula), Lygeo­ Lepidion cardamines (Castilla-La-Mancha). Thero­

HALD-NITROPHILOUS SCRUBS (PEGAN0-5ALSOLETEA) Salicomietalia: Microcnemion coralloidis (continen­ tal Iberian peninsula), Salicornion patulae. DEFINITION : Halo-nitrophilous scrubs (matorrals) Saginetalia maritimae : Frankenion pulverulentae, belonging to the Pegano-Salsoletea class, typical of Thero-Suaedion. dry soils under arid climates, sometimes including taller, denser brushes. They are REFERENCES : • Rivas-Martinez, S. (1991). Sintaxo­ characteristic of the eastern Iberian peninsula. nomia de la classe Thero-Salicomietea en Europa occidental. Ecol. Medit., (Marseille) 16 : 359-364. PLANIS : Peganum harmala, Artemisia herba-alba, Lycium intricatum, Capparis ovata, Salsola vermiculata, S. genistoides, S. oppositifolia, Suaeda 15.19 * Gypsum steppes pruinosa, Atriplex halimus, A. glauca, Camphorosma (Gypsophiletalia) monspeliaca, Haloxylum articulatum. NATURA 2000 code : 1520 PAL.CLASS. : 15.9 GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBtiTION : France (Corsica), Italy

(Sicily, Sardinia), Spain, Portugal. *IBERIAN GYPSUM VEGETATION (GYPSOPHILETALIA) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• DEFINmoN : Garrigues occupying gypsum-rich soils of the Iberian peninsula, usually very open and SALT AND GYPSUM floristically characterised by the presence of CONTINENTAL STEPPES numerous gypsophilous species, among which Gypsophila struthium, G. hispanica, Centaurea hyssopifolia, Teucrium libanitis, Ononis tridentata, 15.18 * Salt steppes (Limonietalia) Lepidium subulatum, Herniaria fruticosa, Reseda NATURA 2000 code : 1510 PAL.CLASS. : 15.8 stricta, Helianthemum squamatum. They are often rich in thymes (Thymus), germanders (Teucrium),

* MEDITERRANEAN SALT STEPPES (LIMONIETALIA) rockroses (Helianthemum), composites (Centaurea, ]urinea, Santolina, Frankenia). Characteristic DEFINITION : Associations rich in perennial, rosette­ syntaxa are Lepidion subulati, Gypsophilion forming (Limonium spp.) or esparto grass hispanicae and Thymo-Teucrion verticillati. (Lygeum spartum), occupying, along Mediterra­ nean coasts and on the fringes of Iberian salt PLANIS: Centaurea hyssopifolia, Gypsophila hispanica, basins, soils temporarily permeated (though not G. struthium, Helianthemum squamatum, Hemiaria inundated) by saline water and subject to fruticosa, Lepidium subulatum, Ononis tridentata, extreme summer drying, with formation of salt Reseda stricta, Teucrium libanitis. efflorescence. Characteristic syntaxa are Limo­ GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Iberian peninsula. nietalia, Arthrocnemetalia, Thero-Salicomietalia and Typical sites in the central Meseta and eastern Saginetalia maritimae. Andalusia (Lepidion subulati), Ebro basin and PLANTS : Halopeplis amplexicaulis, Hymenolobus upper Turia (Gypsophilion hispanicae), Alicante procumbens, *Limonium spp., Lygeum spartum, and Murcia (Thymo-Teucrion verticillati). Microcnemion coralloides, Salicomia patula, Senecio auricula, Sphenopus divaricatus.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Mediterranean coasts and Iberian peninsula. The following syntaxa correspond to regional varieties of this habitat type ; Arthrocnemetalia :

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Camphorosma annua, Plantago tenuiflora, Juncus 15.A1 * Pannonic salt steppes and salt gerardii, Plantago maritima, Cyperus pannonicus, marshes Pholiurus pannonicus. NATURA 2000 code : 1530 PAL.CLASS. : lS.Al ANIMALS : Molluscs - *Helicopsis striata austriaca; insects : *Callimorpha quadripunctaria, #Lycaena * PANNONIC SALT STEPPES AND SALTMARSHES dispar; mammals : + Microtus oeconomus mehelyi, DEFINITION : Salt steppes, salt pans, saltmarshes and #Spermophilus citellus; birds : Botaurus stellatus, shallow salt lakes, which are highly influenced Platalea leucorodia, Porzana parva, Ixobrychus by pannonic climate with extreme temperatures minutus, Acrocephalus. melanopogon, Aythya nyroca, and aridity in summer. The enrichment of salt in Ardea purpurea, Panuius biarmicus.

the soil is due to high evaporation of ground GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria (eastern part). water during Summer. These habitat types are Most important sites are Lake Neusiedl and partly of natural origin and partly under distinct Seewinkel, a few sites in 'Weinviertel'. influence of cattle grazing. The halophytic vegetation consists of plant REfERENCE$ : • Mucina, L., Grabherr, G., Ellmauer, T. (1993).- Die Pflanzengesellschaften Osterreichs, communities on dry saltpans and steppes, Teill. • Soo, R. (1957).- Systematische Obersicht humid salt meadows and annual plant pannonischer Pflanzengesellschaften, Acta Bot. communities of periodically flooded salt lakes Acad. Sci. Hung., Budapest, 3 : 317-373. with typical zonation. • Wendelberger, G. (1954).- Steppen, Trocken­ PLANT$: Artemisia santonicum, Suaeda corniculata, S. rasen und Walder des pannonischen Raumes. pannonica, Lepidium crassifolium, Puccinellia Angew. Pflanzensoziol., Wien, Festschrift peisonis, Aster tripolium, Salicornia prostata, Aichinger : 573-634.

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•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• SEA DUNES OF THE ATLANTIC, NORTH SEA 16.212 Shifting dunes along the shoreline AND BALTIC COASTS with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes) NATURA 2000 code : 2120 16.211 Embryonic shifting dunes PAL.CLASS.: 16.212 NATURA 2000 code : 2110 PAL.CLASS. : 16.211 SHimNG DUNES ALONG THE SHOREUNE WITH AMMOPHILA ARENARIA (WHITE DUNES)

EMBRYONIC SHimNG DUNES DEFINITION : Mobile dunes forming the seaward DEFINITION : Formations of the coasts of the cordon or cordons of dune systems of the coasts Atlantic, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and the of the North Sea, the Baltic, and the Atlantic Mediterranean, representing the first stages of (16.2121), the Mediterranean (16.2122) and the dune construction, constituted by ripples or Canary Islands (16.2123). Ammophilion arenariae, raised sand surfaces of the upper beach or by a Z ygophyllion fontanesii. seaward fringe at the foot of the tall dunes. PLANIS : 16.2121- Ammophila arenaria, Eryngium maritimum, Euphorbia paralias, Calystegia soldanella, PLANTS : 16.2111 - Elymus farctus (Agropyron Otanthus maritimus, Leymus arenarius ; 16.2122 - junceum), Leymus arenarius, Honkenya peploides; Ammophila arenaria, Echinophora spinosa, Eryngium 16.2112 - Sporobolus pungens, Euphorbia peplis, maritimum, Euphorbia paralias, Cutandia maritima, Otanthus maritimus, Medicago marina, Anthemis Medicago marina, Anthemis maritima ; 16.2123 - maritima, A. tomentosa, Eryngium maritimum, Zygophyllum fontanesii, Euphorbia paralias, Pancratium maritimum. Polycarpaea nivea, Cyperus capitatus, Ononis natrix, GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Belgium, Denmark, *Convolvulus caput-medusae, Polygonum maritimum, *Androcymbium psammophilum. Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, United GEQGRAPHICAL PISTRIBUTION : Belgium, Denmark, Kingdom. Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Corresponding category in the United Kingdom Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, United National Vegetation Classification : "SD4 Elymus Kingdom. farctus ssp. boreali-atlanticus foredune community". Corresponding category in the United Kingdom 11 Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation National Vegetation Classification : SD6 types : 16.2111 - "4121 Elytrigia juncea-typ". Ammophila arenaria mobile dune community". Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation REfERENCES : • Pettersson, B. (1965).- Maritime types : 16.2121 - ''4131 Ammophila arenaria-Leymus sands. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., 50: 105-110. arenarius-typ".

------interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- - Coastal sand dunes and continental dunes

REFERENCES : • Willers, T. (1988).- Die Vegetation 2135 (16.225) - Atlantic dune (Mesobromion) der finnischen Kiistendiinen. Norden, 6 : 41-88. grasslands : various sandy coastal sites characterised by herbaceous vegetation in the form of calcicole mesoxerocline grasslands, poor 16.221 to 16.227 *Fixed dunes with herbaceous in nitrogen, corresponding to the communities of vegetation (grey dunes) Mesobromion found by the sea (penetration of NATURA 2000 code : 2130 aero haline species); dunal grasslands composed PAL.CLASS. : 16.221 to 16.227 of species characteristic of dry calcareous grasslands (34.32). * FIXED COASTAL DUNES WITII 2136 (16.226)- Atlantic dune thermophile fringes: HERBACEOUS VEGETATION Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei : Galio maritimi­ DEFINITION : Fixed dunes, stabilised and colonised Geranion sanguinei, Geranium sanguineum by more or less closed perennial grasslands and formations (34.4) incorporated within grey dune abundant carpets of lichens and mosses, from systems of the British Isles and Brittany, on the Atlantic coasts (and the English Channel) neutro basic soils rich in calcium and poor in between the Straits of Gibraltar and Cap Blanc nitrogen. Nez, and the shores of the North Sea and the 2137 (16.227) -Dune fine-grass annual communities : Baltic. In the case of the thermo-Atlantic coast, it sparse pioneer formations (35.2, 35.3) of fine is logical to include Euphorbio Helichrysion (code grasses rich in spring-blooming therophytes 16.222 - thermo Atlantic as far as Brittany), characteristic of oligotrophic soils (nitrogen poor Crucianellion maritimae (code 16.223 - Strait of sand or very superficial soils, or on xerocline to Gibraltar as far as the southern Atlantic near xerophile rocks) (Thero-Airion p., Nardo-Galion Cape Prior in Galicia). saxatile p., Thberarion guttatae p.) 2131 {16.221) - Northern grey dunes : fixed dunes PLANIS: Aira spp., Anacamptis pyramidalis, Bromus of the Baltic, North Sea, Channel and northern hordeaceus, Carex arenaria, Cerastium spp., Atlantic, with grass communities and vegetation Corynephorus canescens, Erodium glutinosum, E. from Galio-Koelerion albescentis (Koelerion lebelii, Galium verum, Gentiana campestris, G. albescentis), Corynephorion canescentis p., Sileno cruciata, Koeleria spp., Milium scabrum, Myosotis conicae-Cerastion semidecandri. ramosissima, Ononis repens, Phleum arenarium, 2132 (16.222) - Biscay grey dunes (Euphorbio­ Polygala vulgaris var. dunensis, Silene conica, S. Helichrysion stoechadis) : dunes on stabilised otites, Trifolium scabrum, Tuberaria guttata, Viola humus soil infiltrated by dwarf bushes, of curtisii, V. rupestris var. arenaria. Mosses - Tortula Brittany and the coast of the Bay of Biscay, with ruraliformis ; lichens - Cladonia spp. Helichrysum stoechas, Artemisia campestris and Ephedra distachya. GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Atlantic coasts (plus 2133 (16.223) - Thermo-Atlantic grey dunes the English Channel), shores of the North Sea (Crucianellion maritimae) suffrutescent and the Baltic. communities on more or less stabilised soils low The vegetation may be a closed cover of in humus of the thermo-Atlantic coasts of grassland, sparse annual grassland on sand or Galicia, Portugal and south-western Spain (as far dominated by mosses and lichen ; the content of as the Strait of Gibraltar), with Crucianella limestone (Ca2+) may vary greatly and is maritima and Pancratium maritimum. generally diminishing with age and succession (16.224) - Greek fixed dunes : Greek formations on towards brown dune systems (dune heathland). various sandy sites on the coast with Euphorbia Corresponding category in the United Kingdom terracina and Silene nicaeensis or Ephedra distachya National Vegetation Classification : 16.221 -"SD12 and Silene subconica. This habitat type does not Carex arenaria-Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris occur on the Atlantic coast ; therefore it should grassland", "SD8 Festuca rubra-Galium verum only be considered under category 'Sea dunes of fixed dune grassland", "SD7 Ammophila arenaria­ the Mediterranean coast', page 22. Festuca rubra semi-fixed dune community" and

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"SDll Carex arenaria-Cornicularia aculeata dune 16.23 * Decalcified fixed dunes with community". 16.226- "SD9b Ammophila arenaria­ Empetrum nigrum Arrhenatherum elatius dune grassland Geranium NATURA 2000 code: 2140 sanguineum sub-community". 16.227- most likely, PAL.CLASS. : 16.23 certain sub-communities of the type "SD7 Ammophila arenaria-Festuca rubra semi-fixed dune * DECALCIFIED FIXED DUNES WITH EMPETRUM NIGRUM community" and "SDll Carex arenaria-Cornicularia aculeata dune community". DEFINITION : Decalcified dunes colonised by Corresponding category of the German Empetrum nigrum heaths, of the German, Danish, Biotoptypen : "1003 Diinenrasen (Graudiine)", Scottish, Finnish, Swedish and Dutch (Friesian) "1003a Diinenpionierrasen mit einjahr. Vegetation coasts. Syntaxa associated to this habitat type : Empetrion nigri, Calluno Genistion pilosae p., (Thero-Airion)", "1003b Di.inenrasen mit Ericion tetralicis p. geschlossener Narbe u. i.iberwieg. ausdauernden The term "fixed" should be taken to mean the Arten (Graudiine)". opposite of "shifting". Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation types : "4141 Corynephorus canescens-typ" and PLANTS : Carex arenaria, Empetrum nigrum, Genista "4142 Festuca rubra-Hieracium umbellatum-typ". tinctoria, Pyrola rotundifolia.

COMMENTS : There is a transition towards GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands (mainly in Fresland, on communities of Mesobromion (34.31 - 34) in the the islets of Wadden Zee), Sweden, United following cases : old mesophile grasslands of Kingdom (Scotland). dune slacks and inner dunes (Anthyllido Even if the habitat described under (2) does not Thesietum), frequently in mosaic with commu­ exist in France, a psychrophilic coastal association nities of Salix repens and particularly developed of the Boulonnais may be attached : Carici on the west face of the dunes; grasslands with trinervis-Callunetum vulgaris de Foucault & Gehu Himantoglossum hircinum of the dunes in the De 78 belonging to the Empetrion nigri (Bocher 43) Haan area. Schubert 60 (Ulicetalia minoris, Calluno-Ulicetea). Dune scrubs (16.25) and humid dune slacks Corresponding category in the United Kingdom (16.3) with distinct vegetation form closely knit National Vegetation Classification : "H11b complexes with grey dunes devoid of ligneous Calluna vulgaris-Carex arenaria heath community, vegetation. Empetrum nigrum ssp. nigrum sub-community". In Germany highly endangered coastal REFERENCES : • Andersson, D. (1950).- The Scanian Empetrum nigrum heathland on the Geest are sand vegetation- a survey. Bot. Not., 1950 : 145- included. Corresponding category of the 172. • Curtis, T.G.F. (1991).- The flora and German Biotoptypen : "100401 Krahenbeer­ vegetation of sand dunes in Ireland. In: A Guide Heide der Kiisten". to the Sand Dunes of Ireland (M.B. Quigley, Ed.). Corresponding category of the Nordic 42-46. European Union for Dune Conservation vegetation types : "4143 Calluna vulgaris­ and Coastal Management. • Dargie, .T.C.D. Empetrum nigrum-Carex arenaria-typ". (1993).- Sand dune vegetation survey of Great COMMENTS : Humid dune slacks (16.3), grey dunes Britain. Part II Scotland. JNCC, Peterborough. (16.22), wooded dunes (16.22, 16.25). • Doody, J.P. (1991).- Sand Dune Inventory of REFERENCES : • M.C. Manus, D. (1988).- Plant Europe. JNCC, Peterborough and EUCC. • Rivas­ community dynamics on sand dunes at Murlough Martinez, S.; LOUSA, M., Diaz, T.E., National Nature Reserve, Dundrum, Co. Down, Fernandez-Gonzalez, F. & Costa, J.C. (1990).- La Northern Ireland. M. Phil. Thesis, University of vegetaci6n del sur de Portugal (Sado, Alentejo y Ulster. • Olsson, H. (1993).- Dry coastal Algarve). Itinera Geobot., 3: 5-126. ecosystems of southern Sweden. In : van der

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Maarel, E. (ed.) Ecosystems of the world 2A. Dry 16.26 Dunes with Salix arenaria coastal ecosystems, polar regions and Europe. NATURA 2000 code: 2170 Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 131-143. PAL.CLASS.: 16.26

16.24 * En-atlantic decalcified fixed DUNES WITH SALIX REPENS SSP. ARGENTEA(19) dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea) (SALICION ARENARIAE) NATURA 2000 code: 2150 DEFINITION : Salix repens communities (Salicion PAL.CLASS.: 16.24 arenariae), colonising wet dune slacks. Following the lowering of the ground water table or * ATLANTIC DECALCIFIED FIXED DUNES accumulation of drift sand, these communities ( CALLUNO-ULICETEA) may develop into mesophilous communities as DEFINmON : Decalcified dunes of France, Belgium the Pyrolo-Salicetum (with Pyrola rotundifolia, and Britain, colonised by heaths of the alliances Viola canina, Monotropa hypopitys) or, into Calluno-Genistion or Ulicion minoris, and of Iberia, xerophilous Salix communities (with Carlina colonised by heaths of the alliance Ericion vulgaris, Thalictrum minus) or into Salix repens umbellatae. communities with Mesobromion elements. PLANTS: Calluna vulgaris, Carex arenaria, C. trinervis, PLANTS : Salix repens ssp. argentea (i.e. Salix arenaria). Erica ciliaris, E. cinerea, E. scoparia, Festuca vasconcensis, Pseudoarrhenatherum longifolium GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Belgium, Denmark, (Arrhenatherum thorei), Ulex australis. France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Belgium, France, Corresponding category in the United Kingdom British islands and Iberian peninsula. National Vegetation Classification : "SD16 Salix Corresponding category in the United Kingdom repens-Holcus lanatus dune slack". National Vegetation Classification : "H11a Corresponding category of the German Calluna vulgaris-Carex arenaria heath-Erica cinerea Biotoptypen : "1006b Kriechweiden-Teppiche sub-community" and "H11c Calluna vulgaris­ der Diinen". Carex arenaria species poor sub-community" and "H1d Calluna vulgaris-Festuca ovina heath Carex COMMENTS: This habitat forms mosaics with other arenaria sub-community". dune slack vegetation containing Salix arenaria but which is rich in bryophytes and referable to CoMMENTS : Pioneer phase of this habitat : the Caricion davallianae (16.33), as well as mosaics decalcified fixed dunes colonised by Corynephorus with dune grasslands and with thickets with canescens and Cladonia spp. (64.1 x 35.2). Rosa pimpinellifolia. This habitat is often invaded by Hippophae rhamnoides and Ligustrum vulgare. 16.25 Dunes with Hippophae rhamnoides REFERENCES : • Anon. (1977).- A study of the NATURA 2000 code : 2160 Raven, Co. Wexford. An Foras Forbartha/Forest PAL.CLASS. : 16.251 and Wildlife Service, Dublin. • Cotton, J. (1974).­ Pyrola rotundifolia L. in Co. Wexford (H12). Ir. DUNES WITII HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES Nat. J., 18 : 44-46. • Olsson, H. (1993).- Dry DEFINITION : Sea-buckthorn formations of forest coastal ecosystems of southern Sweden. In : van colonisation in both dry and humid dune der Maarel, E. (ed.) Ecosystems of the world 2A. depressions, mostly in Denmark, Germany, the Dry coastal ecosystems, polar regions and Europe. Netherlands, Belgium, Britain and Ireland. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 131-143. PLANTS: Hippophae rhamnoides. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, United Kingdom. (19lSa/ix arenaria is synonymous with Salix repens ssp. argentea

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16.29 Wooded dunes of the Atlantic coast 16.31 to 16.35 Humid dune slacks NATURA 2000 code : 2180 NATURA 2000 code : 2190 PAL.CLASS. : 16.29 PAL.CLASS. : 16.3 = 16.31 to 16.35

WOODED DUNES OF TilE AnANTIC, HUMID DUNE SLACKS CONTINENTAL AND BOREAL REGION DEFINITION : Humid depressions of the dunal DEFINmoN : Natural or semi-natural forests (long systems. Humid dune-slacks are extremely rich established) of the Atlantic, Continental and and specialised habitats very threatened by the Boreal region coastal dunes with a well developed lowering of water tables. woodland structure and an assemblage of characteristic woodland species. It corresponds to GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Belgium, Denmark, oak groves and beech-oak groves with birch Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, (Quercion robori-petraeae) on acid soils, as well as Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United forests of the Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae order. Kingdom. Pioneer stages are open forests with Betula spp. Corresponding category in the United Kingdom and Crataegus monogyna, mixed forests with National Vegetation Classification : "SD13 Salix Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Ulmus minor and repens-Bryum pseudotriquetrum dune slack Acer pseudoplatanus or, in wet dune slacks, pioneer community", "SD14 Salix repens-Campylium forests with Salix alba which develop into humid stellatum dune slack community", "SD15 Salix mixed forests or marsh forests. On southern repens-Calliergon cuspidatum dune slack atlantic coasts, it mainly corresponds to mixed community", "SD16 Salix repens-Holcus lanatus Pinus pinaster-Quercus ilex forests, forests of dune slack community" and "SD17 Potentilla Quercus suber and Quercus robur or forest stage anserina-Carex nigra dune slack community". with Quercus robur or Quercus pubescens. On The following sub-types are included : northern Baltic coasts also pioneer forests of Alnus 2191 (16.31) - Dune-slack pools (Charetum spp. or Pinus sylvestris. tomentosae, Elodeetum canadense, Hippuridetum vulgaris, Hottonietum palustris, Potametum PLANTS : Species are highly varied and depend on pectinati) : fresh-water aquatic communities (cf. local site conditions 22.4) of permanent dune-slack water bodies. GEOGRAfWCAL DISJRIBUTION : Belgium, Denmark, 2192 (16.32) -Dune-slack pioneer swards auncenion Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, bufonii p. : Gentiano-Erythraeetum littoralis, Spain, Sweden. Hydrocotylo-Baldellion) : pioneer formations of Corresponding category of the German humid sands and dune pool fringes, on soils Biotoptypen : "430804 Buchenbuschwald (auf with low salinity. Ostseediinen)", "430801 Traubeneichen-Hain­ 2193 (16.33) - Dune-slack fens : calcareous and, buchenwald (kiistennah, gischtbeeinfluf.St, F02)", occasionally, acidic fen formations (cf. 54.2, 54.4, "43080501 Eichen-Trockenwald lalkarmer in particular 54.21, 54.2H, 54.49), often invaded Standorte (kiistennah, gischtbeeinfluf.St, F02)", by creeping willow, occupying the wettest parts "440202 trockener Sandkiefernwald (kiistennah, of dune-slacks. gischtbeeinfluf.St, F02)". 2194 (16.34) - Dune-slack grasslands : humid grasslands and rushbeds (see 37.31, 37.4) of COMMENTS : This habitat type include semi-natural forests with a typical undergrowth, sponta­ dune-slacks, also often with creeping willows neously developed from old plantations. These (Salix rosmarinifolia, S. arenaria). forests are generally associated with dune scrubs 2195 (16.35)- Dune-slack reedbeds, sedgebeds and (preforest stades-16.25), dune moors, grey dunes canebeds : reedbeds, tall-sedge communities and (16.22) and wet dune slacks (16.3). canebeds (cf. 53.1, 53.2, 53.3) of dune-slacks. REFERENCES : • Kielland-Lund J. (1967).- Zur REFEKENCES : Olsson, H. (1993).- Dry coastal Systematik der Kiefernwalder Fennoscandiensis. ecosystems of southern Sweden. In : van der Mitt. Flor.-Soz. Arbeitsgem.N.F., 11/12: 127-141. Maarel, E. (ed.) Ecosystems of the world 2A. Dry

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coastal ecosystems, polar regions and Europe. • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 131-143. SEA DUNES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COAST

1A Machairs (* in Ireland) NATURA 2000 code : 21AO 16.223 Crucianellion maritimae PAL.CLASS. : 1A fixed beach dunes NATURA 2000 code : 2210 PAL.CLASS. : 16.223 MACHAIRS (*IN IRELAND) DEFINITION : Complex habitat comprised of a sandy CRUCIANELLION MARITIMA£ FIXED BEACH DUNES coastal plain resulting partially from grazing and/ or rotational cultivation, in an oceanic DEFINITION : Fixed dunes of the western and central location with a cool, moist climate. The wind Mediterranean, of the Adriatic, of the Ionian Sea blown sand has a significant percentage of shell and North Africa with Crucianella maritima, derived material, forming a lime rich soil with Pancratium maritimum. pH values normally greater than 7. Vegetation is PLANT$ Crucianella maritima, Pancratium herbaceous, with a low frequency of sand maritimum. binding species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, PLANIS : Cochlearia scotica, Dactylorhiza fuchsii ssp. Spain. hebridensis, Euphrasia marshallii, Festuca rubra, Galium verum, Lotus corniculatus, Plantago 16.224 Dunes with Euphorbia terracina lanceolata, Poa pratensis, Trifolium repens. NATURA 2000 code : 2220 PAL.CLASS.: 16.224 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Ireland and United Kingdom. Only the machairs present in Ireland are priority, where they are found principally DUNES WITH EUPHORBIA 1ERRACINA between Galway Bay and Malin Head (Co. DEfiNITION : Coastal dune grassland communities Donegal). of -the Aegean and Levantine Sea, with, among others, Euphorbia terracina, Silene nicaeensis, COMMENTS : Lakes (ponds and small lakes in Ephedra distachya and Silene subconica. Scotland) of widely varying salinity, pH and chemical composition, transitions to saltmarsh PLANTS : _Euphorbia terracina, Ephedra distachya, and blanket bog are associated habitats. In the Silene nicaeensis, S. subconica. United Kingdom, twelve different types of GEOGRAPHICAL PISIRIBUIION : Greece. vegetation under the National Vegetation Classification can be identified. 16.228 Malcolmietalia dune grasslands REEEBENCES : • Bassett, A. & Curtis, T.G.F. (1985).­ NATURA 2000 code : 2230 The nature and occurrence of sand-dune machair in PAL.CLASS.: 16.228 Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 85B : 1 - 20. • Curtis, T.G.F. (1991).- The flora and MALCOLMIETALIA DUNE GRASSLANDS vegetation of sand dunes in Ireland. In: A Guide DEFINITION : Associations with many small annuals to the Sand Dunes of Ireland (M.B. Quigley, Ed.). and often abundant ephemeral spring bloom, 42-46. European Union for Dune Conservation with Malcolmia lacera, M. ramosissima, Evax and Coastal Management. • Ritchie, W. (1975).­ astericiflora, E. lusitanica, Anthyllis hamosa, Linaria The meaning and definition of machair. Transactions redunculata, of deep sands in dry interdunal of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 42 : 431- depressions of the Mediterranean coasts of 440. Iberia, southern France, Italy and of the Atlantic

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coasts of southern Iberia. They are dunal and the communities of J. phoenicea ssp. lycia in representatives of 35.4. Rieges woods in Camargue.

PLANTs : Malcolmia lacera, M. ramosissima, Evax CQMMENIS : In the Mediterranean and Atlantic astericiflora, E. lusitanica, Anthyllis hamosa, Linaria coasts of the Iberian peninsula this habitat type is pedunculata. associated with dune scrubs of Corema album (Rubio-Coremion albi) and substitution matorral GEOGRAPIDCAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, of the Halimium halimifolium dune scrubs Portugal, Spain. (S tauracan tha-Halimietalia).

REFEBENCES : • Franco, A.J. (1986).- Juniperus L. 16.229 Brachypodietalia dune grasslands In : Flora Iberica, 1 : 181 - 188. Madrid. • Rivas­ with annuals Martlnez, S., Lousi, M., Diaz, T.E., Femandez­ NATURA 2000 code : 2240 Gonzalez, F. & Costa, J.C. (1990).- La vegetaci6n PAL.CLASS. : 16.229 del sur de Portugal (Sado, Alentejo y Algarve). Itinera Geobot., 3 : 5- 26. • Rivas-Martlnez, S., BRACHYPODIETALIA DUNE Wildpret, W. & Perez de Paz, P.L. (1993).- Datos GRASSLANDS WllH ANNUALS sobre Juniperus phoenicea aggr. (Cupressaceae). DEFINITION : Dunal formations of 34.5 - Mediterra­ Itinera Geobot., 7 : 509 - 512. nean xeric grasslands (Thero-Brachypodietea) : Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean xerophile, mostly open, short-grass perennial grasslands 16.28 Dune sclerophyllous scrubs rich in therophytes ; therophyte communities of (Cisto-Lavenduletalia) oligotrophic soils on base-rich, often calcareous NATURA 2000 code : 2260 PAL.CLASS. : 16.28 substrates.

PLANTS: Brachypodium spp. DUNE SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUBS (CISTO-LAVENDULETALIA) GEQGRAPIDCAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain. DEFINITION : Sclerophyllous or lauriphyllus scrubs established on dunes of the Mediterranean and 16.27 * Dune juniper thickets (Juniperus spp.) Warm-Temperate Humid regions. Codes of 32 NATURA 2000 code : 2250 may be used in addition to 16.28 to precise the PAL.CLASS.: 16.27 and 64.613 habitat.

GEQGRAPHICAL PISIRIBUTIQN : France, Greece, Italy, * COASTAL DUNES WllH JUNIPERS (JUNIPERUS SPP.) Portugal, Spain. DEfiNmoN: Juniper formations Uuniperus turbinata ssp. turbinata (= ]. lycia, ]. phoenicea ssp. lycia), ]. macrocarpa, J. navicularis (= ]. transtagana, J. 16.29 x 42.8 * Wooded dunes with Pinus pinea oxycedrus ssp. transtagana), ]. communis] of and/or Pinus pinaster Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastal dune NATURA 2000 code : 2270 PAL.CLASS. : 16.29 X 42.8 slacks and slopes (Juniperion lyciae). Juniperus communis formations of calcareous Jutland dunes. * WOODED DUNES WllH PINUS PINEA PLANTS : Juniperus turbinata ssp. turbinata, ]. AND/OR PINUS PINASTER macrocarpa, ]. navicularis, J. communis,]. oxycedrus. DEFINWON : Coastal dunes colonised by Mediterra­ GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Mediterranean coasts, nean and Atlantic thermophilous pines, Iberian peninsula, Denmark and United corresponding to the substitution facies or in Kingdom. some stations climax formations of evergreen This habitat type includes the communities of ]. oak of artificial origin ( Quercetalia ilicis or communis from the calcareous dunes of Jutland Ceratonio-Rhamnetalia ).

------Interpretation Mtmual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- - Coastal sand dunes and continental dunes

PLANT$ : Pinus pinea, P. pinaster, P. halepensis, 64.1 x 31.227 Dry sand heaths with Calluna and ssp. Juniperus macrocarpa, f. turbinata turbinata. Empetrum nigrum GEQGRAPIOCAL DISTRIBUTION : Greece, southern and NATURA 2000 code : 2320 western Iberian peninsula, southern France, Italy. PAL.CLASS. : 64.1 X 31.227 Long-established plantations of these pines, DRY SAND HEATHS WITH within their natural area of occurrence, and with CALLUNA AND EMPETRUM NIGRUM an undergrowth basically similar to that of DEFINITION : Coastal non-dunal Calluna vulgaris paraclimacic formations, are included in this and Empetrum nigrum heaths of the North Sea habitat type. and the Baltic, formed on quartzic sands originating in redeposited and reworked glacial •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• drift and outwash. CONTINENTAL DUNES, OLD PLANT$ : Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum nigrum. AND DECALCIFIED GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden. 64.1 x 31.223 Dry sand heaths with Calluna Corresponding category of the Nordic vegeta­ and Genista tion types : "4143 Calluna vulgaris-Empetrum NATURA 2000 code : 2310 nigrum-Carex arenaria-typ". PAL.CLASS. : 64.1 X 31.223 REFERENCE$ : • Maimer, N. (1965).- The south­ DRY SAND HEATHS WITH CALLUNA AND GENISTA western dwarf shrub heaths. Acta Phytogeogr. DEFINTTION : Dunes of the North Sea and Baltic Suec., 50 : 123-130. plains, formed of quartzic sands originating in - redeposited and reworked glacial drift and 64.1 x 35.2 Open grassland with Corynephorus outwash. They are highly siliceous in the and Agrostis of continental dunes Netherlands, northern Belgium and north­ NATURA 2000 code : 2330 western Germany, progressively slightly less PAL.CLASS.: (64.11 or 64.12} x 35.2 oligotrophic and with a more continental cortege in north-eastern Germany, Poland and eastern OPEN GRASSLAND WITH CORYNEPHORUS AND AGROSTIS OF CONTINENTAL DUNES Baltic plain. The dune systems, particularly the large ones, harbour a unique ensemble of DEFINITION : Open formations found on inland interacting communities and harbour many dunes with dry siliceous soils, of Atlantic, sub­ specialised and restricted organisms. They have Atlantic and Mediterraneo-montane distribu­ considerably regressed and the remaining tion, often species-poor and with a strong examples are fragile and often threatened. representation of annuals. It includes formations Vegetation is dominated by heaths with Calluna of unstable Germano-Baltic fluvio-glacial inland and Genista. sands with Corynephorus canescens, Carex arenaria, Spergula morisonii, Teesdalia nudicaulis and carpets PLANTS : Calluna vulgaris, Genista anglica, G. pilosa. of fruticose lichens (Cladonia, Cetraria) (64.11) and GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Belgium, Denmark, other grasslands of more stabilised Germano­ France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden. Baltic fluvio-glacial inland dune systems with Corresponding category of the Nordic vegeta­ Agrostis spp. and Corynephorus canescens or other tion types : "5114 Genista spp.-Calluna vulgaris­ acidophilous grasses (64.12). typ", 115115 Calluna vulgaris-typ". PLANTS : 64.11 - Corynephorus canescens, Carex REFEBENCFS : • Maimer, N. (1965).- The south­ arenaria, Spergula morisonii, Teesdalia nudicaulis, western dwarf shrub heaths. Acta Phytogeogr. Cladonia, Cetraria; 64.12 - Agrostis spp., Coryne­ Suec., 50 : 123-130. phorus canescens.

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GEQGBAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, therophytes, open and closed swards. Only these Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, habitat complexes should be considered under Sweden, United Kingdom. this title. For steppes and meadow-steppes on Corresponding category in the United Kingdom stabilised sand or sandy soils, without being National Vegetation Classification : "SDll Carex associated with dune complexes, see habitat 6260 arenaria-Cornicularia aculeata dune community (34.A1). p.p." and "SD12 Carex arenaria-Festuca ovina­ PLANIS : Cladonia convoluta, C. furcata, Corynephorus Agrostis capillaris grassland p. p". canescens, Thymus serpyllum, Viola tricolor ssp. Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation tricolor, Cerastium semidecandrum, Spergularia types: "4141 Corynephorus canescens-typ". morisonii, Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii, Bassia REFERENCES : • Olsson, H. (1974).- Studies on South laniflora, Cynodon dactylon.

Swedish sand vegetation. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria {at Drosing an 60: 1-170. derMarch). This habitat is found in the Pannonic plain and 64.71 * Pannonic inland dunes neighbouring basins, Marchfeld, extensive areas NATURA 2000 code : 2340 in the Slovakian part of the Marchfeld. PAL.CLASS.: 64.71 Syntaxa for Austria : Thymo angustifolii­ Corynephoretum canescentis (fragmentary in disturbed sites). * PANNONIC INLAND DUNES CQMMENJS : Habitat complexes with a variety of DEFINITION : Inland dunes of the Pannonic plain particular plant communities and microsites. and of neighbouring basis. In former days widely distributed as a result of hay harvesting REFERENCES : • Mucina, L., Grabherr, G., Ellmauer, and grazing. Good examples exist in mosaics of T. (1993).- Die Pflanzengesellschaften Osterreichs. different habitats with open sand, dune lichen Teil1. Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer, communities, pioneer swards with many Jena. Stuttgart. New York. pp 578.

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- Freshwater habitats

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• dortmanna-typ". In Boreal region, especially on STANDING WATER glacio fluvial soil and with usually dense isoetid vegetation, sparse reeds, elodeid vegetation and 22.11 x 22.31 Oligotrophic waters containing varying beds of submerged bryophytes. very few minerals of Atlantic sandy plains with amphibious CoMMENTs : This habitat is found in association vegetation : Lobelia, Littorella and with heath (31.1) and Nanocyperion (22.32) Isoetes communities. NATURA 2000 code : 3110 In France and Ireland this habitat occurs, in PAL.CLASS. : 22.11 X 22.31 particular, in heathland of sandy plains on OLIGOTROPHIC WATERS CONTAINING podzols, where the water table occurs on the VERY FEW MINERALS OF SANDY PLAINS surface (LIITORELLETALIA UNIFLORAE) REFERENCES: • Makirinta, U. (1978).- Die Pflanzen­ DEFINITION : Shallow oligotrophic waters with few minerals and bases poor, with an aquatic to soziologische Gliederung der Wasservegetation im amphibious low perennial vegetation belonging See Kukkia, Sudfinnland. Acta Univ. Ouluensis Ser. to the Littorelletalia uniflorae order, on A. Scientiae Rerum Naturalium Nr. 75, biologica oligotrophic soils of lake and pond banks Nr.S. • Thunmark, S. (1931).- Der See Fiolen (sometimes on peaty soils). This vegetation und seine Vegetation. Acta Phytogeogr. Suecica, IT : consists of one or more zones, dominated by 1-198. Littorella, Lobelia dortmana or Isoetes, although not all zones may not be found at a given site. 22.11 x 22.34 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of West PLANIS : Isoetes lacustris, I. echinospora, Littorella Mediterranean sandy plains with uniflora, Lobelia dortmanna, Deschampsia setacea, Isoetes Subularia aquatica, ]uncus bulbosus, Pilularia NATURA 2000 code : 3120 globulifera, #Luronium natans, Potamogeton PAL.CLASS.: 22.11 X 22.34 polygonifolius ; in the Boreal region also Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Drepanocladus spp., 0LIG01HROPHIC WATERS CONTAINING VERY FEW Warnstorfia spp. and Fontinalis spp. MINERALS GENERALLY ON SANDY SOILS OF 1HE WEST MEDITERRANEAN, WITH lSOETES GEQGRAPHICAL QISTRIBUTION : Belgium, Denmark, DEFINITION : Dwarf amphibious vegetation of Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, oligotrophic waters with few minerals, mostly Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United on sandy soils of the Mediterranean region and Kingdom. some irradiations in the thermo-Atlantic sector, Corresponding category of the German and belonging to the Isoeto-Nano-]uncetea. Short Biotoptypen : "24020201 kalkarmer, oligotropher grasslands of temporary ponds (the priority See des Tief- und Hiigellands", "24020301 habitat type 22.34 of Annex I) is a particular kalkarmes, oligotrophes, sich selbst iiberlassenes subtype (temporary and very shallow waters). Abbaugewasser". Corresponding category of the Nordic PLANT$ : High level - Isoetes velata, I. setacea, Pilularia vegetation types: "6413 Lobelia dortmanna-Isoetes minuta, #Marsilea strigosa ; low level- Isoetes histrix, spp. typ", "6414 Littorella uniflora-Lobelia I. durieui, Serapias spp. (Serapion).

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GEoGRAPHICAL DISIRIBUDON : France, Greece, Italy, 11240306 meso- bis eutrophes, sich selbst Portugal, Spain. iiberlassenes Abbaugewasser (mit Zwergbinsen­ fluren -wechselnass-, P143)". Corresponding category of the Nordic 22.11 x (22.31 and 22.32) Oligotrophic waters in media-European and perialpine vegetation types: 116411 Eleocharis acicularis-typ", area with amphibious vegetation : 116412 Ranunculus reptans-Subularia aquatica-typ". Littorella or Isoetes or annual vegetation onexposed banks Corresponding association in Azores is Isoetetum (Nanocyperetalia) azorica Liip. NATURA 2000 code : 3130 CQMMENTS : This habitat type could also develop in PAL.CLASS.: 22.12 x (22.31 and 22.32) wet dune slacks (see 16.32, included in Annex I). In the Atlantic region, such lakes can shelter 0UG01ROPHIC TO MESO'IROPHIC STANDING WATERS OF PLAINS TO SUBALPINE LEVELS OF THE glacial relict species, e.g. fish such as Selvelinus CONTINENTAL AND ALPINE REGION AND MOUNTAIN alpinus. Zones with a variable hydrological AREAS OF OTHER REGIONS, WITH VEGETATION system, periodically lacking vegetation due to BELONGING TO LIITORELLETEA UNIFLORAE AND/OR tramping, should not be included. TO lSOETO-NANOJUNCETEA REFERENCES: • Jenssen, S. (1979).- Classification of DEFINIDON : 3131 (22.12 X 22.31) : aquatic to lakes in southern Sweden on the basis of their amphibious short perennial vegetation, oligotro­ macrophyte composition by means of phic to mesotrophic, of lake, pond and pool multivariate methods. Vegetatio, 39: 129-146. banks and water-land interfaces belonging to the Littorelletalia uniflorae order. 22.12 x 22.44 Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters 3132 (22.12 x 22.32) : amphibious short annual with benthic vegetation of Chara vegetation, pioneer of land interface zones of formations lakes, pools and ponds with nutrient poor soils, NATURA 2000 code : 3140 or which grows during periodic drying of these PAL.CLASS.: (22.12 or 22.15) x 22.44 standing waters: Isoeto-Nanojuncetea class. These two units could grow together in close HARD OLIGQ-MESOTROPHIC WATERS WITH BENTHIC VEGETATION OF CHARA FORMATIONS association or individually. Characteristic plant species are generally small size ephemerophytes. DEEINmQN : Lakes and pools with waters fairly rich in dissolved bases (pH often 6-7) (21.12) or with PLANT$: 22.12 x 22.31: Littorella uniflora, #Luronium mostly blue to greenish, very clear, waters poor natans, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Pilularia (to moderate) in nutrients, base-rich (pH often globulifera, funcus bulbosus ssp. bulbosus, > 7.5) (21.15). The bottom of these unpolluted Eleocharis acicularis, Sparganium minimum. 22.12 X water bodies are covered with charophyte, Chara 22.32 : #Lindernia procumbens, Elatine spp., and Nitella, algal carpets. In the Boreal region Eleocharis ovata, Juncus tenageia, Cyperus fuscus, this habitat type includes small calcareous-rich C.flavescens, C.michelianus, Limosella aquatica, oligo-mesotrophic gyttja pools with dense Chara Schoenoplectus supinus, Scirpus setaceus, Juncus (dominating species is C. strigosa) carpets, often bufonius, Centaurium pulchellum, Centunculus surrounded by various eutrophic fens and pine minimus, Cicendia filiformis. bogs. PLANIS : Chara spp., Nitella spp. GEQGRAPHJCAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, GEQGEAPHICAL PISIRIBUTIQN : Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom (particularly in high Sweden, United Kingdom. altitude lakes). Corresponding category of the German Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation Biotoptypen : 11240301 mesotropher See (Bleisee) types : 11633 Langskottsvegetation med kran­ (mit Zwergbinsenfluren -wechselnass-, P143)", salger", "6421 Littorella uniflora-Chara spp. -typ".

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REFERENCES : • Lundh, A. (1951).- Studies on the generally on peaty soils in bogs or in heaths with vegetation and hydrochemistry of Scanian lakes. natural evolution toward bogs. pH is often low, 3 lll. Distribution of macrophytes and some algal to 6. Plant communities belong to the Utricula­ groups. Bot. Not. Suppl., 3 (1): 1-138. • Rintanen, rietalia order. T. (1982). Botanical lake types in Finnish PLANIS : Utricularia minor, Rhynchospora alba, R. Lappland. Ann. Bot. Fennici, 19: 247-274. fusca, Sparganium minimum, species of Sphagnum genus. In the Boreal region also Nuphar lutea, N. 22.13 Natural eutrophic lakes with Magno­ potamion or Hydrocharition - pumila, Carex lasiocarpa, C. rostrata, Nymphaea type vegetation candida, Drepanocladus spp., Warnstorfia tricho­ NATURA 2000 code : 3150 phylla, W. procera. PAL.CLASS. : 22.13 x (22.41 or 22.421) ANIMALS: Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies).

N ATIJRAL EUTROPHIC LAKES WITH MA.GNOPOTAMION GEOGRAPffiCAL DISTRIBUTIQN : Austria, Belgium (High OR HYDROCHARITION- TYPE VEGETATION Ardennes in particular), Denmark, Finland, DEFINITIQN : Lakes and ponds with mostly dirty grey Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, to blue-green, more or less turbid, waters, Netherlands (e.g. reserve "de Groote Peel"), particularly rich in dissolved bases (pH usually Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom. > 7), with free-floating surface communities of the Corresponding category of the German Hydrocharition or, in deep, open waters, with Biotoptypen : 240101 natiirliches, distrophes associations of large pondweeds (Magnopotamion). Gewasser (z. B. Kolk, Moorauge, Randlagg). PLANIS : Hydrocharition - Lemna spp., Spirodela spp., Corresponding category of the Nordic 11 11 Wolffia spp., Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, Stratiotes vegetation types : 6211 Nuphar-typ", 652 aloides, Utricularia australis, U. vulgaris, Vattenmossvegetation". #Aldrovanda vesiculosa, ferns (Azolla), liverworts (Riccia spp., Ricciocarpus spp.) ; Magnopotamion - Potamogeton lucens, P. praelongus, P. zizii, P. 22.34 * Mediterranean temporary ponds perfoliatus. NATURA 2000 code : 3170 PAL.CLASS.: 22.34 GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, * MEDITERRANEAN TEMPORARY PONDS Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, DEFIN1TION: Very shallow temporary ponds (a few Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. centimetres) which exist only in winter or late Corresponding category of the Nordic spring, with flora mainly composed of vegetation types : "632 Potamogeton spp.­ Mediterranean therophytic and geophytic species huvudtyp", "6511 Lemna minor-Spirodela belonging to the alliances Isoetion, Nanocyperion polyrrhiza-typ". flavescentis, Preslion cervinae, Agrostion salmanticae, REfERENcES : • Dahl, E., Kalliola, R., Marker, E. & Heleochloion and Lythrion tribracteati. Persson, (1971).- Nordisk vegetationsklassi­ A. PLANT$ : Agrostis pourretii, Centaurium spicatum, ficering for kartUiggning. In : IBP i Norden 7. Chaetopogon fasciculatus, Cicendia filiformis, Crypsis Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, pp. 3-12. aculeata, C. alopecuroides, C. schoenoides, Cyperus jlavescens, C. fuscus, C. michelianus, Damasonium 22.14 Dystrophic lakes alisma, Elatine macropoda, Eryngium corniculatum, E. NATURA 2000 code : 3160 galioides, Exaculum pusillum, Fimbristylis PAL.CLASS. : 22.14 bisumbellata, Glinus lotoides, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Illecebrum verticillatum, #Isoetes NATIJRAL DYSTROPHIC LAKES AND PONDS boryana, I. delilei, I. duriei, I. heldreichii, I. histrix, #I. DEFINII10N: Natural lakes and ponds with brown malinverniana, I. velata, ]uncus buffonius, ]. capitatus, tinted water due to peat and humic acids, ]. pygmaeus, ]. tenageia, Lythrum castellanum, *L.

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jlexuosum, L. tribracteatum, #Marsilea batardae, #M. Thesis, Trinity College, Dublin. • Coxon, C.E. strigosa, Mentha cervina, Ranunculus dichotomijlorus, (1987).- The spatial distribution of turloughs. R. laterijlorus, Serapias lingua, S. neglecta, S. Irish Geography, 20 : 11-23. • Goodwillie, R. vomeracea. (1992).- Turloughs over 10 ha: vegetation survey and evaluation. A report for the National Parks GEOGRAPWCAL DISIRIBUTIQN : France, Greece, Italy, and Wildlife Service of the Office of Public Works Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom. (unpublished). • Macgowran, B. (1985).­ Corresponding association in Azores is Phytosociological and ecological studies on turloughs Anthemido-Menthetum pulegii Liip., with in the west of Ireland. Ph.D. Thesis, National Anthemis nobilis, Mentha pulegium, ]uncus University of Ireland, Dublin. • Praeger, R.L. bulbosos, Hypericum humifusum, Scirpus setacea, (1932).- The flora of turloughs : a preliminary Peplis portula, Isoetes azorica. note. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 41B : 37-45. • Sykora, K.V. (1982).- Lolio-Potentillion Communities in Ireland. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, * Turloughs (Ireland) 31 (3) : 185 - 199. NATURA 2000 code : 3180 PAL.CLASS. : 22.5

* TURLOUGHS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• DEFINIIJON : Temporary lakes principally filled by RUNNING WATER subterranean waters and particular to karstic limestone areas in Ireland. Most flood in the Sections of water courses with natural or semi­ natural dynamics (minor, average and major beds) autumn and then dry up between April and July. where the water quality shows no significant However, some may flood at any time of the year deterioration after heavy rainfall and dry out again in a few days ; others, close to the sea, may be affected by the tide in summer. These lakes fill and empty at 24.221 and Alpine rivers and the herbaceous particular places. The soils are quite variable, 24.222 vegetation along their banks including limestone bedrock, marls, peat, clay and NATURA 2000 code : 3220 humus, while aquatic conditions range from ultra PAL.CLASS. : 24.221 and 24.222 oligotrophic to eutrophic. The vegetation mainly ALPINE RIVERS AND TilE HERBACEOUS belongs to the alliance Lolio-Potentillion anserinae VEGETATION ALONG TIIEIR BANKS Tx. 1947, but also Caricion davallianae Klika 1934. DEFINITION : 3221 (24.221) - Open assemblages of PLANTS : Cinclidotus fontinaloides, Fontinalis herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, antipyretica (Bryophyta). rich in alpine species, colonising gravel beds of streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow ANIMALs: Tanymastix stagnalis (wet phase) and the regime, formed in northern boreal and lower beetles Agonum lugens, A. livens, Badister Arctic mountains, hills and sometimes lowlands, meridionalis, Blethisa multipunctata and Pelophila as well as in the alpine and subalpine zones of borealis (dry phase)(20). higher, glaciated, mountains of more southern GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION At present, only regions, sometimes with abyssal stations at considered in Ireland. lower altitudes (Epilobion Jleischeri p.).

REfERENcFs : • Coxon, C.E. (1986).- A study of the 3222 (24.222) - Open or closed assemblages of hydrology and geomorphology of turloughs. Ph.D. herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, colonising, within the montane or sub-montane levels, gravel beds of streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime, born in high <20> The animals listed should not be regarded as characteristic in any strict sense ; both fauna and flora of turloughs are mountains (Epilobion fleischeri p., Calamagrostion characteristic of intermittently flooded zones. pseudophragmitis ).

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PLANrS : 24.221 - Astragalus sempervirens, Dryas 24.224 Alpine rivers and their ligneous octopetala, Epilobium fleischeri, Gypsophila repens, vegetation with Salix elaeagnos Rhacomitrium canescens, Rumex cutatus, Saxifraga NATURA 2000 code : 3240 aizoides, S. bryoides, S. caerulea, Trifolium palescens ; PAL.CLASS.: 24.224 X 44.112 24.222 - Chondrilla chondrilloides, Calamagrostis pseudophragmites, Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, ALPINE RIVERS AND THEIR LIGNEOUS Gypsophila repens, Dryas octopetala, Aethionema VEGETATION WITH SALIX ELAEAGNOS saxatile, Epilobium dodonaei, Erigeron acris, DEFINITION : Thickets or woods of, among others, Leontodon berinii, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Salix spp., Hippophae rhamnoides, Alnus spp., Euphorbia cypartsstas, Fumana procumbens, Betula spp., on stream gravels of mountain and Agrostis gigantea, Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. northern boreal streams with an alpine, summer­ alpestris, Campanula cochleariifolia, Hieracium high, flow regime. Formations of Salix elaeagnos, piloselloides, Calamagrostis pseudophragmites, Salix purpurea ssp. gracilis, Salix daphnoides, Salix Conyza canadensis, Pritzelago alpina, and seedlings nigricans and Hippophae rhamnoides of higher of Salix elaeagnos, Salix purpurea, Salix daphnoides gravel shoals in Alpine and peri-Alpine valleys, and Myricaria germanica. with outposts in and around the Carpathians and the Dinarids. GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden. PLANIS: Salix elaeagnos, Salix purpurea ssp. gracilis, Corresponding category of the Nordic Salix daphnoides, Salix nigricans and Hippophae vegetation types : "7211 Calamagrostis stricta­ rhamnoides. Lotus corniculatus-Oxyria digyna-typ", "7214 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, France, Racomitrium canescens-Oxyria digyna -typ", "7222 Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain. Eriophorum scheuchzeri -typ", "7223 Calamagrostis stricta -typ" and "7224 Carex aquatilis-Equisetum 24.225 Constantly flowing Mediterranean fluviatile -typ". river with Glaucium flavum NATURA 2000 code : 3250 24.223 Alpine rivers and their ligneous PAL.CLASS.: 24.225 vegetation with Myricaria germanica NATURA 2000 code : 3230 CONSTANTLY FLOWING MEDITERRANEAN RIVERS WITH GLAUCIUM FLAVUM PAL.CLASS.: 24.223 X 44.111 DEFINDJON : Communities colonising gravel deposits ALPINE RIVERS AND TIIEIR LIGNEOUS VEGETATION of rivers with a Mediterranean, summer-low, flow WITH MYRICARIA GERMANICA regime, with formations of the Glaucion flavi. DEFlNITION : Communities of low shrubby pioneers PLANIS : Myricaria germanica, Erucastrum nasturtii­ invading the herbaceous formations of 24.221 folium, Glaucium flavum, Oenothera biennis. and 24.222 on gravel deposits rich in fine silt, of mountain and northern boreal streams with an GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, alpine, summer-high, flow regime. Myricaria Spain. germanica and Salix spp. are characteristic (Salici­ Myricarietum ). 24.4 Floating vegetation of Ranunculus PLANJS : Myricaria germanica, Salix elaeagnos, Salix of plain, submountainous rivers purpurea ssp. gracilis, Salix daphnoides, Salix NATURA 2000 code : 3260 nigricans. PAL.CLASS. : 24.4

GEQGRAPHICAL DISIRWUTION : Austria, Finland, WATER COURSES OF PLAIN TO MONTANE LEVELS France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden. WITH THE RANtlNCUUON FLUITANTIS AND Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation CALUTRICHO-BATRACHION VEGETATION types : "7212 Myricaria germanica-typ". DEFINITION : Water courses of plain to montane

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levels, with submerged or floating vegetation of corresponding sites look like muddy banks Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion without any vegetation (late development in the (low water level during Summer) or aquatic year). If the conditions are not favourable, this mosses. vegetation has a weak development or could be PLANTs : Ranunculus saniculifolius, R. trichophyllus, completely absent. R. fluitans, R. peltatus, R. penicillatus ssp. PLANTS : Chenopodium rubrum, Bidens frondosa, penicillatus, R. penicillatus ssp. pseudofluitantis, R. Xanthium sp., Polygonum lapathifolium. aquatilis, Myriophyllum spp., Callitriche spp., Sium erectum, Zannichellia palustris, Potamogeton spp., GEQGMPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, Fontinalis antipyretica. France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, Corresponding category of the German Bioto­ Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, ptypen : "230605 zeitweilig trockenfallende Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Schlammflache an fliefSenden Gewassem Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. (krautreich, P026)", "230605 zeitweilig trocken­ Corresponding category of the German fallende SchlammfHiche an flieBenden Gewassem Biotoptypen : "23010101 naturnahes, kalkreiches (krautreich, P026)". Epi-/Metarhithral", "23010201 naturnahes, kalkarmes Epi-/Metarhithral", "23010301 CoMMENTS : This habitat is found in close association naturnahes, kalkreiches Hyporhithral", "23010401 with dense populations of the Bidens genus or of naturnahes, kalkarmes Hyporhithral", "23020101 neophitic species. In order to support the naturnahes Epipotamal", "23010201 naturnahes conservation of these communities, with a late or Metapotamal", "23010301 natumahes Hypo­ irregular annual development, it is important to potamal" (mit flutenden Macrophyten, P138). take into account bank widths of 50 to 100 m and Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation even parts without vegetation (24.51). types : "6621 Myriophyllum alternijlorum-Potamo­ geton alpinus-Fontinalis antipyretica-typ". 24.53 Constantly flowing Mediterranean CoMMENTS : This habitat is sometimes associated rivers : Paspalo-Agrostidion and with Butomus umbellatus bank communities. It is hanging curtains of Salix and important to take this point into account in the Populus alba process of site selection. NATURA 2000 code : 3280 REFERENCES : • Sjors, H. (1967).- Nordisk viixt­ PAL.CLASS. : 24.53 geografi. 2 uppl. Svenska Bokforlaget Bonniers, Stockholm, 240 pp. CONSTANTLY FLOWING MEDITERRANEAN RIVERS WITH PASPALO-AGROSTIDION SPEOES AND HANGING CURTAINS OF SALIX AND POPULUS ALBA

24.52 Chenopodietum rubri of DEFJNmON : Nitrophilous annual and perennial submountainous rivers grass and sedge formations of the alluvial banks NATURA 2000 code : 3270 of great Mediterranean rivers, with Paspalum PAL.CLASS. : 24.52 paspaloides, P. vagina tum, Polypogon viridis (= Agrostis semiverticillata), Cyperus fuscus, and MUDDY RIVER BANKS WITH CHENOPODION RUBRI P.P. hanging curtains of Salix and Populus alba. AND BIDENTION P.P. VEGETATION PLANTS : Paspalum paspaloides, P. vaginatum, DEFINITION : Muddy river banks of plain to Polypogon viridis (= Agrostis semiverticillata), submontane levels, with annual pioneer Cyperus fuscus, Salix spp., Populus alba. nitrophilous vegetation of the Chenopodion rubri p.p. and the Bidention p.p. alliances. During the GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, spring and at the beginning of the summer, Portugal, Spain.

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They correspond to the rivers type 24.53, but with Intermittently flowing the particularity of an interrupted flow and a dry Mediterranean rivers bed during a part of the year. The bed of the river NATURA 2000 code : 3290 can be completely dry or left with some pools. PAL.CLASS. : 24.16 and 24.53 PLANTS : Polygonum amphibium, Ranunculus fluitans, INTERMIITENTLY FLOWING MEDITERRANEAN RIVERS Potamogeton natans, P. nodosus, P. pectinatus.

DEFJNIDON : Intermittently flowing Mediterranean GEQGRAPHICAL DISTR!BUTIQN : France, Greece, Italy, rivers with the Paspalo-Agrostidion communities. Spain, Portugal.

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PLANTS : Centaurea uliginosa, Erica ciliaris, E. 31.11 Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix mackaiana, E. tetralix, Euphorbia polygaliphylla, NATURA 2000 code : 4010 Genista anglica, G. carpetana, G. micrantha, PAL.CLASS. : 31.11 Sphagnum spp., Ulex minor var. lusitanicus. GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France (common in NORI'HERN ATLANTIC WET HEATIIS Sologne and in Brittany), Portugal, Spain, United WITII ERICA TETRALIX Kingdom (rare and confined to the south of DEFJNITION : Humid, peaty or semi-peaty heaths, England). other than blanket bogs, of the Atlantic and sub­ Corresponding category in the United Kingdom Atlantic domains. National Vegetation Classification : "H3 Ulex PLANTs : Erica tetralix. minor-Agrostis heath", "H4 Ulex galli-Agrostis heath" and "M16 Erica tetralix-Sphagnum GEQGBAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Belgium, Denmark, compactum" where these contain Erica ciliaris. France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. Corresponding category in the United Kingdom 31.2 Dry heaths (all subtypes) (21) National Vegetation Classification : "M14 NATURA 2000 code : 4030 Schoenus nigricans-Narthecium ossifragum heath PAL.CLASS. : 31.2 p.p.", ''M15 Scirpus cespitosus-Narthecium ossifra­

gum mire", "M16 Erica tetralix-Sphagnum compac­ EUROPEAN DRY HEATIIS tum wet heath" and "H5 Erica vagans-Schoenus DEFINWON : Mesophile or xerophile heaths on nigricans heath". siliceous, podsolic soils in moist Atlantic and sub­ Corresponding category of the Nordic vegeta­ Atlantic climates of plains and low mountains of tion types : "5121 Erica tetralix-typ". Western, Central and Northern Europe. PLANT$ : 31.21 - Vaccinium spp., Calluna vulgaris ; 31.12 * Southern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix 31.22 - Calluna vulgaris, Genista anglica, G. NATURA 2000 code : 4020 germanica, G. pilosa, accompanied by Empetrum PAL.CLASS. : 31.12 nigrum or Vaccinium spp. ; 31.23 - Ulex maritimus, U. gallii, Erica cinerea, E. mackaiana, E. vagans ; * TEMPERATE AnANTIC WET HEATIIS WITII ERICA 31.24 - Erica umbellata, E. aragonensis, E. cinerea, E. CIUARIS AND ERICA TETRAUX andevalensis, Cistus salvifolius, Calluna vulgaris; 31.25 - Erica cinerea. DEFINITION : Hygrophilous heaths of areas with a temperate oceanic climate, on semi-peaty or GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, dried-out soils, with surface minerals in the case Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, of peaty soils (hydromor), with vegetation of the Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, alliances Genistion micrantho-anglicae and Ulicion Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. minoris: Ulici minoris-Ericetum ciliaris, Ulici gallii­ Ericetum mackaianae, Ulici minoris-Ericetum <21>In the Official Journal this habitat type is listed as priority (,.); tetralicis (Schwickerath 33 Tuxen 37}, Cirsio after checking the Commission proposal and the working documents of the European Council, it was confirmed that 'Dry .filipenduli-Ericetum ciliaris. h~aths (all subtypes)' IS NOT a priority habitat type.

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Corresponding category in the United Kingdom p., Ericenion aragonensis ; Ulicion maritimae p. ; National Vegetation Classification ; "H1 Calluna Genistion micrantho-anglicae p. vulgaris-Festuca ovina heath", "H2 Calluna vulgaris­ Aquitanian heaths with rock-roses. Iberian Ulex minor heath", "H3 Ulex minor-Agrostis curtisii heaths with numerous species of heathers heath", "H4 Ulex gallii-Agrostis curtisii heath", (notably Erica umbellata, E. aragonensis) and "H7 Call una vulgaris-Scilla verna heath", "HS brooms, rock-roses and often Daboecia. When Calluna vulgaris-Ulex gallii heath", "H9 Calluna the rock-roses and other Mediterranean vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa heath", "H10 Call una shrubs become dominant they should be vulgaris-Erica cinerea heath", "H12 Call una classified under sclerophyllous scrubs (32). vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus heaths", "H16 Call una 31.25 Boreo-Atlantic Erica cinerea heaths. vulgaris-Arctostaphylos uva-ursi heath", "H18 Vaccinium myrtillus- Deschampsia flexuosa heath" and "H21 Calluna vulgaris- Vaccinium myrtillus­ 31.234 *Dry coastal heaths with Erica Sphagnum capillifolium heath". vagans and Ulex maritimus Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation NATURA 2000 code : 4040 types: "5111 Rhacomitrium lanuginosum-Empetrum PAL.CLASS. : 31.234 hermaphroditum-typ", "5113 Call una vulgaris­ Empetrum nigrum-Vaccinium vitis-idea-typ", "5115 * DRY AnANTIC COASTAL HEArnS Wirn ERICA VAGANS Calluna vulgaris-typ", "5116 Vaccinium myrtillus­ Calluna vulgaris-typ", "5117 Calluna vulgaris­ DEFINITION : Coastal heaths of temperate areas with Hieracium pilosella-typ", "5131 Deschampsia Erica vagans and Ulex europaeus on well-drained flexuosa-Galium saxatile-typ", "5132 Agrostis soil, other than cushiony maritime formations. capillaris-Galium saxatile-typ". PLANTS: Erica vagans, Ulex europaeus. The following sub-types are included : GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : British isles (Lizard 31.21 Sub-montane Vaccinium-Calluna heaths. District of Cornwall) and France (coasts of the Calluno-Genistion pilosae p. (Vaccinion vitis­ Channel and Brittany to the Landes). idaeae p.) : Vaccinio myrtilli-Callunetum s.l. Corresponding category in the United Kingdom i.a.Heaths rich in Vaccinium spp., usually with National Vegetation Classification : "H6 Erica Calluna vulgaris, of the northern and western vagans-Ulex europaeus heath". British Isles, the Hercynian ranges and the The presence of Ulex europaeus is not obligatory. lower levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica. 31.3 * Endemic macaronesian 31.22 Sub-Atlantic Calluna-Genista heaths. Calluno­ dry heaths Genistion pilosae p. NATURA 2000 code : 4050 Low Calluna heaths often rich in Genista, PAL.CLASS. : 31.3 mostly of the Germano-Baltic lowlands. Similar formations occurring in British * ENDEMIC MACARONESIAN HEArnS upland areas, montane zones of high DEFINWON : Ericaceous formations (low and mountains of the western Mediterranean medium-tall stages) of the Atlantic isles. Andryalo­ basin and high rainfall Adriatic influenced Ericetalia : Fayo-Ericion arboreae, Telino-Adenocarpion areas are most conveniently listed here. foliolosae (Canary); Calluno-Ulicetalia : Daboecion 31.23 Atlantic Erica-Ulex heaths. Ulicenion minoris; azoricae, Ericetum azoricae, Daphno-Ericetum azoricae Daboecenion cantabricae p.; Ulicion maritimae p. (Azores). Heaths rich in gorse (Ulex) of the Atlantic PLANIS : Adenocarpus foliolosus, Calluna vulgaris, margins. C1tamaecytisus proliferus ssp. proliferus, #Cistus 31.24 lbero-Atlantic Erica-Ulex-Cistus heaths. dzinamadensis, Cletura arborea, Daboecia azorica, Daboecenion cantabricae p.; Ericenion umbellatae Erica arborea, E. maderensis, E. platycodon, #E.

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scoparia ssp. azorica, Ilex canariensis, Juniperus France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, brevifolia, Laurus azorica, Luzula purpureo-splendens, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. Lysimachia azorica, Myrica faya, Pteridium aquilinum, Corresponding category in the United Kingdom Teline canarienis, T. splendens, T. stenopetala, Thymus National Vegetation Classification : "H13 Calluna caespititius, Vaccinium cilindraceum. vulgaris-Cladonia arbuscula heath", "H14 Calluna vulgaris-Racomitrium lanuginosum heath", "HIS GEQGRAfHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Canary, Azores and Calluna vulgaris-juniperus communis ssp. nana Madeira Islands. heath", "H17 Call una vulgaris Arctostaphylos CoMMENTs: Macaronesian Laurel forests (45.6) and alpin us heath", "Hl9 Vaccinium myrtillus-Cladonia Canarian heath forests (49.9) are tall forest-like arbuscula heath", "H20 Vaccinium myrtillus­ formations associated with this habitat type. Racomitrium lanuginosum heath" and "H22 Vaccinium myrtillus-Rubus chamaemorus heath". REFERENCFS : • Rivas-Martinez, S., Wildpret, W ., Corresponding category of the Nordic Arco, M.; Rodriguez, 0.; Perez de Paz, P.L., vegetation types : "11 Snofria vindhedar", "121 Garda Gallo, A., Acebes, J.R., Diaz, T.E. & Hedvegetation pa fattigt underlag", "122 Femandez-Gonzalez, F. (1993).- Las comuni­ Hedvegetation pa rikt/kalkrikt underlag", "1311 dades vegetales de la isla de Tenerife (Islas Cassiope hypnoides-Salix herbacea typ", "1321 Salix Canarias). Itinera Geobot., 7: 169-374. polaris typ". The following sub-types are included : 31.4 Alpine and subalpine heaths 31.41 Alpide dwarf ericoid wind heaths. Loiseleurio­ NA1URA 2000 code : 4060 PAL.CLASS. : 31.4 Vaccinion. Very low, single-stratum, carpets of trailing

ALPINE AND BOREAL HEATHS azalea, Loiseleuria procumbens, prostate Vaccinium spp. or other prostate ericoid DEFINmON : Small, dwarf or prostrate shrub shrublets, accompanied by lichen, of high formations of the alpine and sub-alpine zones of windswept, mostly snowfree, localities in the the mountains of Eurasia dominated by alpine belt of the high mountains of the ericaceous species, Dryas octopetala, dwarf Alpine system. junipers, brooms or greenweeds ; Dryas heaths of the British Isles and Scandinavia. 31.42 Acidocline alpenrose heaths. Rhododendro­ Vaccinion. PLANT$ : 31.41 - Loiseleuria procumbens, Vaccinium Rhododendron spp.-dominated heaths of acid spp. ; 31.42 - Rhododendron ferrugineum ; 31.44 - podsols in the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium uliginosum ; Dinarids, the Carpathians, the Balkan Range, 31.45 - Juniperus nana, Loiseleuria procumbens, the Pontic Range, the Caucasus and the Empetrum hermaphroditum, Arctostaphylos uva­ Himalayan system, often with Vaccinium spp., ursi, Arctostaphylos alpina ; in Fennoscandia also sometimes with dwarf pines. Betula nana, Cassiope tetragona, Comus suecica, Juniperus communis, Phyllodoce caerulea, Vaccinium 31.43 Mountain dwarf juniper scrub. ]uniperion myrtillus and Cladonia alpestris ; 31.47 - nanae, Pino-Juniperion sabinae p., Pino-Cytision Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos alpina ; purgantis p. 31.48 - Rhododendron hirsutum, Rhododendron Usually dense formations of prostrate intermedium, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus and junipers of the higher levels of southern Erica herbacea; 31.49 - Dryas octopetala; 31.4A - Palaearctic mountains. Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum s.l., 31.44 High mountain Empetrum-Vaccinium heaths. Vaccinium vitis-idaea ; 31.4B - Genista radiata, G. Empetro-Vaccinietum uliginosi. holopetala, G. hassertiana, Chamaecytisus eriocarpus, Dwarf heaths dominated by Empetrum C. absinthioides. hermaphroditum, Vaccinium uliginosum, with GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Austria, Finland, Arctostaphylos alpina, Vaccinium myrtillus,

Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- Temperate heath and scrub

Vaccinium vitis-idaea and lycopodes (Huperzia Forest substitution heaths, treeline fringe selago, Diphasiastrum alpinum), mosses (Barbi­ formations and alpine heaths or mats of lophozia lycopodioides, Hylocomium splendens, calcareous soils in the Alps and the Dinarides, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhythidiadelphus trique­ with Rhododendron hirsutum, Rhododendron trus) and lichens (Cetraria islandica, Cladonia intermedium, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus and arbuscula, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia Erica herbacea, often accompanied by Clematis stellaris, Cladonia gracilis, Peltigera aphthosa) of alpina, Daphne striata, Daphne mezereum, the sub-alpine belt of the Alps, the Globularia cordifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Central Massif, Rhododendron hirsutum and, mostly in the the Jura, the Northern Apennines, characte­ Austrian Alps, Erica herbacea are the most ristic of relatively windswept, snow-free frequent dominants ; other shrubs can locally stations, in frost-exposure situations that are, play that role. Arctostaphylos spp.-dominated however, less extreme than those prevailing facies have, however, been included in 31.47. where communities of 31.41 dominate. 31.49 Mountain avens mats Unlike the formations of 31.41, those of 31.44 Dwarf heaths formed by mats of the woody are clearly two-layered. Dryas octopetala in high Palaearctic mountains, 31.45 Boreo-alpine heaths in boreal regions and in isolated Atlantic Alpine heaths of the highlands and islands of coastal outposts. Scotland, alpine and lowland boreal heaths of 31.4A High mountain dwarf bilberry heaths Iceland, alpine heaths of boreal mountains, in Vaccinium-dominated dwarf heaths of the sub­ particular of the mountains of Scandinavia, of alpine belt of southern mountains, in the Urals, of the mountains of Siberia, alpine particular, of the northern and central heaths of Far Eastern mountains at, or just Apennines, the Balkan Range, the Helenides, south of, the limits of the boreal zone, with the Pontic Range and the Caucasus, with Juniperus nana, Loiseleuria procumbens, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum s.l., Empetrum hermaphroditum, Arctostaphylos uva­ Vaccinium vitis-idaea and, locally, Empetrum ursi, Arctostaphylos alpina and elements of nigrum. They are richer in grassland species Alpine flora. than the communities of 31.44 and often take (31.46 Bruckenthalia heaths only outside the the appearance of alpine grassland with dwarf European Union.) shrubs. Vaccinium myrtillus also plays a much more dominant role, in lieu of Vaccinium 31.47 Alpide bearberry heaths. Mugo-Rhodoretum uliginosum and Empetrum hermaphroditum. hirsuti p., funiperion nanae p., i.a. Mats of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi or Arctostaphylos 31.4B High mountain greenweed heaths alpina of the alpine, sub-alpine and locally, Low Genista spp. or Chamaecytisus spp. heaths montane, belts of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the of the sub-alpine, low alpine or montane belts northern and central Apennines, the Dinarids, of high southern nemoral mountains, in the Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the particular of the southern Alps, the Rhodopides (south to the Slavianka-Orvilos, Apennines, the Dinarides, the southern the Menikion, the Pangeon, the Falakron and Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso­ the Rhodopi), the Moeso-Macedonian Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides, the mountains (including Athos ), the Pelagonides northern Pindus, the Rhodopides, the (south to the Greek Macedonian border ranges Thessalian mountains. Tzena, Pinovon and Kajmakchalan) and REFERENCES : • Haapasaari, M. (1988).- The Olympus, in the Thessalian mountains, mostly oligotrophic heath vegetation of northern Fenno­ on calcareous substrates. scandia and its zonation. Acta Bot. Fennica, 135: 31.48 Hairy alpenrose-erica heaths. Mugo-Rhodo­ 1-219. • Oksanen, L. & Virtanen, R. (1995).­ retum hirsuti p. Topographic, altitudinal and regional patterns in

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continental and suboceanic heath vegetation of 31.7 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths northern Fennoscandia. Acta Bot. Fennica, 153 : with gorse 1-80. NATURA 2000 code : 4090 PAL.CLASS. : 31.7 31.5 * Scrub with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum ENDEMIC ORo-MEDITERRANEAN HEA1HS W11H GORSE (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti) DEFINITION : Primary cushion heaths of the high, dry NATURA 2000 code : 4070 mountains of the Mediterranean and Irano­ PAL.CLASS.: 31.5 Turanian regions, with low, cushion-forming, often spiny shrubs, such as Acantholimon, * BUSHES W11H PINUS MUGO AND RHODODENDRON HIRSUTUM Astragalus, Erinacea, Vella, Bupleurum, Ptilotrichum, (MUGO-RHODODENDRETUM HIRSUTI). Genista, Echinospartum, Anthyllis and various composites and labiates ; secondary, zoogenic DEFINnlON : Ligneous dwarf formations with Pinus cushion heaths of the same regions, either mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum ranging from downslope extensions of the high-altitude heath (Erica herbacea) to open forest, on neutro­ formations, and dominated by the same species, basic and often calcareous soils of the sub-Alpine or specifically montane or steppic, often Genista­ level (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti). dominated in the Mediterranean region. Excluded PLANTs : Pinus mugo, Rhododendron chamaecistus, R. are cushion-heaths of thermo-Mediterranean hirsutum. lowlands (33) and of deserts and semideserts (7). PLANIS : 31.71 - 31.72 - GEQGMPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Alps (Austria, France, Echinospartum horridum; Echinospartum lusitanicum ssp. barnadesii, E. Germany, Italy) and Apennines. ibericum ssp. pulviniformis ; 31.73 - Erinacea Corresponding category of the German anthyllis, Vella spinosa, Astragalus sempervirens ssp. Biotoptypen: "6905 Alpenrosengebiisch", "6904 nevadensis, A. granatensis ssp. granatensis (A. Latschengebiisch". boissieri), Ptilotrichum spinosum, Bupleurum spinosum, Genista baetica; 31.74- Erinacea anthyllis, 31.622 Sub-Arctic willow scrub Vella spinosa, Andryala agardhii, Convolvulus NATURA 2000 code : 4080 boissieri, Hippocrepis squamata ssp. eriocarpa, PAL.CLASS. : 31.622 Pterocephalus spathulatus, Thymus granatensis ; 31.75 -Astragalus sirinicus ssp. genargenteus, Rosa SUB-ARCTIC WILLOW SCRUB seraphini, Anthyllis hermanniae, Thymus herba­ barona, Cerastium boissieri, Genista salzmannii, G. DEFINITION : Subarctic willow formations of the corsica, Berberis aetnensis, Prunus prostrata, Daphne Highlands of Scotland, of the mountains of oleoides; 31.76- Astragalus granatensis ssp. siculus, Iceland and of the mountains of Scandinavia Berberis aetnensis, Juniperus hemisphaerica, Genista (often along brooks), European Russia, Siberia, aetnensis, Adenocarpus bivonae, Viola aethnensis; northern China, Korea and Japan. 31.77 - Astragalus granatensis ssp. nebrodensis, A. PLANJS : Salix lapponum, S. lanata, S. arbuscula, S. parnassi ssp. calabrus, A. sirinicus ssp. sirinicus, myrsinites, S. glauca. Genista cupanii, G. sylvestris ssp. dalmatica; 31.78- Astragalus angustifolius; 31.79- Astragalus creticus GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Finland, Sweden, ssp. rumelicus, A. parnassi, A. angustifolius; 31.7A - United Kingdom. Astragalus angustifolius, Minuartia stellata; 31.78 - Corresponding category in the United Kingdom Astragalus creticus ssp. creticus, A. angustifolius, National Vegetation Classification : "W20 Salix Chamaecytisus creticus; 31.7C -Astragalus creticus lapponum-Luzula sylvatica scrub". var. samius, A. pilodes, A. trojanus var. chius, A. Corresponding category of the Nordic parnassi, A. p. var. samothracius, A. monachorum; vegetation types : "127 Videvegetation". 31.70 - Genista acanthoclada; 31.7E - Astragalus

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- - Temperate heath and scrub

semperuirens ssp. sempervirens, A. s. ssp. muticus, A. 31.76 Mount Etna hedgehog-heaths. Astragaletum s. ssp. cephalonicus; 31.7F - Spartocytisus siculi supranubius, Adenocarpus viscosus var. spartioides. Lava-colonising formations with cushions of Astragalus granatensis ssp. siculus, Berberis GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, aetnensis, Juniperus hemisphaerica, Genista Portugal, Spain. The following sub-types are aetnensis, Adenocarpus bivonae, Viola aethnensis. included: 31.77 Madonie and Apennine hedgehog-heaths 31.71 Pyrenean hedgehog-heaths. Junipero-Geniste- Hedgehog-heaths formed by Astragalus spp. or tum horridae. Genista spp., of the mountains of the southern Echinospartum horridum formations of dry Italian peninsula and Sicily, except Etna. slopes of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the southern Pyrenees ; accompanying the 31.78 Helleno-Balk.anic sylvatic Astragalus hedge­ dense, spiny cushions are Juniperus hog-heaths hemisphaerica, Buxus sempervirens, Ononis Hedgehog-heaths occupying situations fruticosa, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. crassi­ peripheral to the main range of the alti- and folia and Pinus sylvestris. oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heath commu­ nities of high Hellenic mountains (31.79 and 31.72 Cordilleran hedgehog-heaths. Cytiso 31.7 A), mostly dominated by Astragalus oromediterranei-Echinospartetum barnadesii, angustifolius, characteristic, in particular, of Echinosparto pulviniformis-Cytisetum oromedi­ zoogenous clearings within the forest belt of terranei, Teucrii salviastri-Echinospartetum southern Greek mountains and of regions of pulviniformis, Genisto hystricis-Echinospartetum irradiation of Mediterranean communities lusitanici. within the hills and mountains of the Moesian Formations of the Cordillera Central and zone. adjacent areas dominated by diverse forms of Echinospartum. 31.79 Hellenic oro-Mediterranean hedgehog­ heaths. Daphno-Festucetea : Eryngio-Bromion p. 31.73 Nevadan hedgehog-heaths. Erinacetalia p., Hedgehog-heaths developed on relatively Lavandulo-Genistion boissieri p. humus-rich rendziniform soils at or above Highly developed hedgehog formations of treeline, in the 1700-2200 m altitudinal range the Sierra Nevada with Erinacea anthyllis, Vella of high Greek mountains ; hedgehog-heath spinosa, Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis, facies of associated grasslands; similar, A. granatensis ssp. granatensis (A. boissien), impoverished formations descending into the Ptilotrichum spinosum, Bupleurum spinosum, forest belts of the same mountains, with the Genista baetica. Associated dwarf suffrutescent exception of those of the Peloponnese, where formations of high slopes and crests. they are replaced by distinctive formations, 31.74 Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heaths listed under 31.78. Oro-Mediterranean and montane hedgehog­ 31.7A Hellenic alti-Mediterranean hedgehog­ heaths of other Iberian ranges and of southern heaths. Daphno-Festucetea: Astragalo-Seslerion France. Shrubby formations of the high mountains of 31.75 Cyrno-Sardian hedgehog-heaths. Carici­ the Peloponnese, of the southern mainland Genistetalia (Carlinetalia macrocephalae) Greek mountains and of the Thessalian Expanses of small, compact bushes with Olympus system, colonising the altitudinal Astragalus sirinicus ssp. genargenteus, Rosa range immediately above that occupied by seraphini, Anthyllis hermanniae, Thymus herba­ the communities of 31.79, as well as stony barona, Cerastium boissieri, Genista salzmannii, slopes with shallow soil, loose screes and G. corsica, Berberis aetnensis, Prunus prostrata humus-deficient soils within the main 1700- and Daphne oleoides, of Sardinian and Corsican 2200 m range of these communities. Included mountains. are true spiny hedgehog-heaths, cushiony

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hedgehog-heaths of calcareous mountains formations of dwarf suffrutescents and bush­ of Aegean islands and Mount Athos. dominated facies of stripped grasslands. Astragalus angustifolius, Acantholimon 31.70 Southern Hellenic Genista acanthoclada androsaceum, Astragalus lacteus, Convolvulus hedgehog-heaths cochlearis, Rindera graeca, Aster alpinus, Formations dominated by hemispherical Globularia stygia, Minuartia stellata, Erysimum shrubs of Genista acanthoclada of the middle pusillum, Thymus teucrioides, Alyssum kionae, levels (about 800-1200 m) of mountains and Paronychia kapela, Thymus hirsutus, Anthyllis plateaux of the Peloponnese. aurea, Achillea ageratifolia, Sideritis scardica, 31.7E Astragalus sempervirens hedgehog-heaths Linum flavum, Thymus boissieri, Sesleria Astragalus sempervirens ssp. sempervirens, ssp. caerulans are characteristic. muticus, ssp. cephalonicus formations of the 31.7B Cretan hedgehog-heaths. Saturejetea spinosae southern Alps, the eastern Pyrenees, Iberia, Hedgehog-heaths of high mountains of the Apennines and Greece, transitional Crete, in the 1500-2500 m altitudinal range, between the alpine and sub-alpine heaths of with Astragalus creticus ssp. creticus, A. angustifolius, Acantholimon androsaceum, 31.4 and the true Mediterranean hedgehog­ Atraphaxis billardieri, Berberis cretica, heaths of 31.7. Chamaecytisus creticus, Daphne oleoides, 31.7F Canarian cushion-heaths. Spartocytision Prunus prostrata, Euphorbia acanthothamnos, Verbascum spinosum, Sideritis syriaca, Satureja nubigeni spinosa, Asperula idaea, Rhamnus prunifolius, Open formations dominated by broom-like Pimpinella tragium, Acinos alpinus. plants of the montane zone (above 1900 m) of 31.7C Aegean summital hedgehog-heaths the Canary Islands, with many endemic Isolated, endemic-rich, mostly summital species.

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- Sclerophyllous scrub (matorral)

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• CQMMENJ'S : Succession phase of calcareous SUB-MEDITERRANEAN AND TEMPERATE grasslands toward mixed deciduous forests, for example with Quercus pubescens or continental 31.82 Stable Buxus semperoirens formations pine forests with Pinus sylvestris (the word on calcareous rock slopes (Berberidion p.) "stable" concerns those formations which are NATURA 2000 code : 5110 practically at climax stage, but on very superficial PAL.CLASS. : 31.82 soils where natural succession towards forest can not take place). STABLE XER01liERMOPHILOUS FORMATIONS These communities are associated with W11ll Buxus SEMPERVIRENS ON ROCK SLOPES calcareous grasslands, mixed oak or (BERBERIDION P.P.) Quercus pubescens groves, beech groves rich in orchid DEFINmoN : Stable xerothermophilous and calcico­ species or with Pinus nigra and Pinus leucodermis lous scrubs dominated by Buxus sempervirens, of (e.g. in Greece). hill and montane levels. These formations correspond to xerothermophilous Buxus thickets 31.842 Mountain Genista purgans formations with their fringe associations of the Geranion NATURA 2000 code : SUO sanguinei alliance on calcareous or siliceous PAL.CLASS. : 31.842 substratum. They also constitute the natural

woodland edge of calcareous dry forests rich MOUNTAIN CYTISUS PURGANS FORMATIONS with Buxus. DEFINITION : Cytisus purgans-dominated formations In the euro-siberian region, the more open of higher levels (upper montane, subalpine, oro­ formations are rich in submediterranean plant Mediterranean) of south-western European species. mountains, on superficial soils, often associated Syntaxa : Berberidion p.p., Amelanchiero-Buxion with dwarf juniper scrubs (31.43) or hedgehog­ heaths (31.7), and physiognomically reminiscent PLANIS: Buxus sempervirens, Prunus spinosa, Prunus of the latter. Pino-Cytision purgantis p., Genistion mahaleb, Comus mas, Crataegus spp., Berberis polygaliphyllae p. vulgaris, Ligustrum vulgare, Viburnum lantana, Amelanchier ova lis, Geranium sanguineum, Dictam­ PLANIS : Cytisus (Genista) purgans. nus albus. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Spain. GEQGRAfHICAL DISIRIBliTJON : Belgium (Meuse and Vli'Oin valley), France, Germany (Moselle valley, 31.88 Juniperus communis formations on limit of the distribution area), Greece, Italy, calcareous heaths or grasslands (22) Luxembourg {Ahn, Pellembierg, Moselle), Spain, NATURA 2000 code : 5130 United Kingdom (one post-glacial refugium site of PAL.CLASS.: 31.88 Buxus in southern England). Corresponding JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS FORMATIONS ON HEATHS category of the German Biotoptypen : 11410103 OR CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS Gebiisch trocken-warmer Standorte (Berberitzen-, Felsenmispel-, Felsenbirnen-, Sanddorngebiisch ~?".) The title in the french version is correct. The title must be etc) (mit Buxus sempervirens, P036b). corrected in the english and the gennan version.

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DEFlNITION : Formations with Juniperus communis of 31.89 * Cistus palhinhae formations on plain to montane levels. They mainly correspond maritime wet heaths (Junipero­ to phytodynamic succession of the following Cistetum palhinhae) types of vegetation : NATURA 2000 code : 5140 PAL.CLASS. : 32.2B a) generally, mesophilous or xerophilous calcareous and nutrient poor grasslands, grazed * CISTUS PALHINHAE FORMATIONS ON or let lie fallow, of the Festuco-Brometea and MARITIME WET HEATHS Elyno-Sesleretea. DEFINmON : Low brush and garrigue formations of b) more rarely, heathlands of the Call uno vulgaris­ the dolomitic tableland, karsts, sands and Ulicetea minoris (31.2). terra-rosas of the vicinity of Cape San Vicente (Portugal), rich in endemics (Ulicetum erinacei, PLANI'S : Juniperus communis, Crataegus spp., Rosa Genisto triacanthi-Cistetum palhinhae). spp., Prunus spinosa. PLANIS : #Biscutela vicentina, #Cistus palhinhae, For a) typical species of the Festuco-Brometea and Genista hirsuta ssp. algarbiensis, G. triacanthus, Elyno-Sesleretea. Juniperus turbinata, Serratula monardii var. For b) Call una vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, algarbiensis, Sideritis arborescens ssp. lusitanica, Empetrum nigrum, Erica tetralix, Deschampsia Teucrium vincentinum, Ulex erinaceus. flexuosa, Nardus stricta. GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : South-western Portu­ GEQGRAPHICAL DISIRIBliTION : Austria, Belgium, gal (Cabo Sardao to Ponta de Almadena). Denmark, Germany, Greece, France, Ireland, REFERENCES : • Rivas-Martinez, S., Lousi, M.; Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Sweden, Diaz, T.E., Femandez-Gonzalez, F. & Costa, J.C. United Kingdom. (1990).- La vegetaci6n del sur de Portugal (Sado, Corresponding category in the United Kingdom Alentejo y Algarve). Itinera Geobot., 3 : 5 - 126. National Vegetation Classification : "W19 - Juniperus communis ssp. communis-Oxalis • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • acetosella woodland" and juniper rich facies of "W21 - Crataegus monogyna-Hedera helix scrub". MEDITERRANEAN ARBORESCENT MATORRAL Corresponding category of the German Biotop­ typen : "340201 submediterrane Halbtrocken­ 32.131 to 32.135 Juniper formations rasen auf karbonatischem Boden (mit Wach­ NATURA 2000 code : 5210 oldergebiischen, P036a)", "340203 subkontinen­ PAL.CLASS. : 32.131 to 32.136 tale Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden MEDITERRANEAN JUNIPER MATORRALS (mit Wacholdergebiischen, P036a)", "4003 Heiden DEFINITION : Mediterranean and sub-Mediter­ auf sandigen Boden (Calluna-Heiden) (mit ranean evergreen sclerophyllous bush and scrub Wacholdergebiischen, P036a)". organized around arborescent junipers. Mixed Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation dominance can be indicated by combination of types : "5115e Juniperus communis-Calluna vulagaris codes. variant". PLANTS : Juniperus oxycedrus, J. phoenicea, J. REFERENcEs: • Rejmanek, M. & Rosen, E. (1988).­ foetidissima, J. excelsa, J. communis, J. drupacea, J. The effects of colonizing shrubs auniperus thurifera. communis and Potentilla fruticosa) on species GEOGRAPHICAL DISIRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, richness in the grasslands of Stora Alvaret, Oland Portugal, Spain. (Sweden). Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., 76 : 67-72. The following sub-types are included :

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- Ill 1996- - Sclerophyllous scrub

5211 (32.131) Juniperus oxycedrus arborescent edapho-xero-psammophile vegetation series matorral (Periplocion angustifoliae : Ziziphetum loti, Zizipho­ Arborescent matorral dominated by Juniperus Maytenetum europaei, Mayteno-Periplocetum ). oxycedrus s.l. PLANIS : Asparagus albus, Calicotome intermedia, 5212 (32.132) Juniperus phoenicea arborescent Chamaerops humilis, Maytenus senegalensis ssp. matorral europaeus, Periploca laevigata ssp. angustifolia, Arborescent matorral dominated by Juniperus Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis, Rhamnus oleoides phoenicea s.l. ssp. angustifolia, Withania frutescens, Zyziphus lotus.

5213 (32.133) Juniperus excelsa and J. Joetidissima GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIQN : South-western Spain arborescent matorrals (from Mar Menor-Murcia to cabo Sacratif­ Arborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia Granada). and the Near East, dominated by Juniperus REFERENCES : • Alcaraz, F., Diaz, T.E., Rivas­ excelsa or J. Joetidissima. Martinez, S. & Sanchez Gomez, P. (1989).­ 5214 (32.134) Juniperus communis arborescent Datos sobre la vegetaci6n del sureste de Espafta: matorral provincia biogeografica Murciano-Almeriense. Mediterranean formations dominated by Itinera Geobot., 2 : 1 - 133. • Peinado, M., Acaraz, Juniperus communis. F. & Martinez Parras, J.M. (1992).- Vegetation of South-eastern Spain. Flora et Vegetatio Mundi., 10 : 5215 (32.135) Juniperus drupacea arborescent matorral 1-487. Formations derived from 42.A5 (23), limited to the Peloponnese and Asia Minor. 32.18 * Matorral with Laurus nobilis NATURA 2000 code : 5230 5216 (32.136) Juniperus thurifera arborescent PAL.CLASS. : 32.18 matorral Formations derived from 42.A2 (24). * MATORRAL WITH LAURUS NOBILIS DEFINITION : Humid arborescent matorral with tall 32.17 * Matorral with Zyziphus laurel (Laurus nobilis). NATURA 2000 code : 5220 PLANT$ : Arbutus unedo, Ceratonia siliqua, Fraxinus PAL.CLASS.: 32.17 ornus, Laurus nobilis, Olea europaea var. sylvestris, Phillyrea latifolia, Quercus ilex, Rubia peregrina ssp. * MATORRAL WITH Z'YZIPHUS longifolia, Smilax aspera var. altissima, Viburnum DEFINITIQN : Pre-desert deciduous brush of tinus. Periploca laevigata, Lycium intricatum, Asparagus stipularis, A. albus, Withania frutescens with tall GEOGRAPHICAL DI5TRIBUTIQN : Greece, Italy (particu­ Zyziphus lotus, confined to the arid Iberian larly developed in certain localities of Sardinia, South-west under a xerophytic thermo­ Sicily and Campania), Spain. Mediterranean bio-climate; corresponds to the The syntaxa of the Spanish types are : Quercetea mature phase or climax of climatophile and ilicis, Querco-Oleion sylvestris : Viburno tini­ Fraxinetum orni lauretosum nobilis (southern <23> 42.AS - Syrian juniper woods : Juniperus drupacea woods of mountains of Valencia) ; Quercion ilicis : Lauro­ the northern slopes of Mount Parnon and of the Karlik mountain in Thrace, Greece. Part of the formation takes the Quercetum ilicis facies of Laurus nobilis (from the appearance of an arborescent matorral, listed under 32.135. Asturias to the Basque Country). <24> 42.A2 - Spanish juniper woods (Juniperion thuriferae) : Forest formations dominated by Juniperus thuriferae of Spain, southern France and Corsica and North Africa. Many communities may be better described as arborescent matorrals, and listed under 32.136; geographical divisions can nevertheless be retained by appending the suffixes of 42.A2 to 32.136.

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•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 32.22 to 32.26 All types THERMO-MEDITERRANEAN AND NATURA 2000 code : 5330 PAL.CLASS.: 32.22 to 32.26 PRE-STEPPE BRUSH

THERMo-MEDITERRANEAN AND PRE-DESERT SCRUB 32.216 Laurel thickets DEFINITION: Shrub formations characteristic of the NATURA 2000 code : 5310 thermo-Mediterranean zone. Included here are PAL.CLASS. : 32.216 those formations, for the most part indifferent to the siliceous or calcareous nature of the substrate,

LAUREL THICKETS that reach their greatest extension or optimal development in the thermo-Mediterranean zone. DEFINITION : Lower facies of Laurus nobilis thickets Also included are the numerous, strongly described under 32.18 code in the Annex I, characterised, thermophile formations endemic generally of humid or fresh stations. to the south of the Iberian peninsula, mostly thermo-Mediterranean but sometimes meso­ PLANI'S : Laurus nobilis. Mediterranean ; in their great local diversity they GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Greece (Lauro-Querce­ are a western counterpart of, and sometimes tum ilicis and Orno-Quercetum ilicis lauretosum), approach in appearance, the mostly eastern France (a Var association : Lauro-Quercetum Mediterranean phryganas, which, however, on account of their strong structural singularity, are pubescentis), Italy. listed separately under 33.

PLANT$ : 32.22 - Euphorbia dendroides ; 32.23 - 32.217 Low formations of euphorbia close Ampelodesmos mauritanica; 32.24 - Chamaerops to cliffs humilis ; 32.25 - Ziziphus lotus, Maytenus NATURA 2000 code : 5320 senegalensis var. europaeus, Periploca laevigata ssp. PAL.CLASS. : 32.217 angustifolia, Salsola webbii, Sideretis foetens, Ulex argentatus ssp. erinaceus, Genista umbellata; 32.26 LOW FORMATIONS OF EUPHORBIA CLOSE TO CLIFFS - Lygos sphaerocarpa, L. monosperma, L. raetam ssp. gussonei, Genista cinerea ssp. speciosa, G. valentina, DEFINITION : Low formations of Helichrysum (H. G. spartioides ssp. retamoides, G. s. ssp. pseudo­ italicum ssp. microphyllum, H. italicum ssp. retamoides, G. haenseleri, G. ramosissima, G. italicum) with spurges (Euphorbia pithyusa, i.a.), ephedroides, G. dorycnifolia, Cytisus aeolicus. Pistacia lentiscus, Camphorosma monspeliaca, Artemisia densiflora or Thymelaea passerina, T. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, hirsuta, T. tartonraira of the immediate vicinity of Portugal, Spain. sea cliffs, forming the transition between cliff The following sub-types are included : vegetation or clifftop phryganas and thermo­ 5331 (32.22) Tree-spurge formations Mediterranean brushes ; they are particularly Stands of Euphorbia dendroides, remarkable characteristic of the large Mediterranean islands. tertiary relict of Macaronesian origin ; they occur as a facies of the thermo-Mediterranean PLANrS : Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum, H. brushes of the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, italicum ssp. italicum, Euphorbia pithyusa, Pistacia Sicily, Isles Eolie, Egadi, Pelagi, Pantelleria, lentiscus, Camphorosma monspeliaca, Artemisia Crete, and, very locally, of those of the coasts of densiflora, Thymelaea passerina, T. hirsuta, T. northern Catalonia, south-eastern France, tartonraira. peninsular Italy and its islands, central Greece, notably on slopes facing the gulf of Corinth, GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, the Peloponnese, the Aegean archipelagos, and Portugal, Spain. enclaves of the Mediterranean periphery of

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- Sclerophyllous scrub

Anatolia and the Levant. Particularly gypsum scrubs (15.93}, much of the natural and extensive and robust stands occur in Sicily, semi-natural vegetation of the arid zone of Sardinia and Crete where they may extend to south-eastern Spain (Almeria, Murcia, relatively high altitudes. Very local formations Alicante}, a highly distinctive region of unique in Mediterranean North Africa occupy the climatological, biological and landscape steep rocky slopes of some coastal capes and character within Europe, extremely rich in isolated inland sites (Ichkeul). African and endemic species. Several of the most remarkable formations remain in only a 5332 (32.23) Diss-dominated garrigues few undisturbed localities and are gravely at Garrigues invaded and dominated by the risk (25). Similar formations occur in the upper high tussocks of Ampelodesmos mauritanica ; arid (Mediterranean arid) zone of North Africa. typically thermo-Mediterranean, they also Outposts of these communities also exist in occur extensively in the meso-Mediterranean Sicily, the Egadi islands, the Pelagie islands, zone. They are most prevalent on the Malta and Pantelleria. Tyrrhenian coast of central and southern Italy, in Sicily, in the Mediterranean zone and the 5335 (32.26) Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields less arid parts of the Sahara-Mediterranean (retamares) transition zone of North Africa. West Mediterranean formations dominated by retamas (Lygos spp.) or by large, non-spiny 5333 (32.24) Palmetto brush thermo-Mediterranean brooms of genera Chamaerops humilis - dominated formations ; Cytisus and Genista, limited to the Iberian other thermo-Mediterranean brushes or peninsula, the Balearics, Mediterranean garrigues rich in the physiognomically North Africa, Sicily and its associated islands, important palmetto can be identified by a the Cilento coast of Campania. combination of this code and that of the other appropriate subdivision of 32.2. Palmetto brushes are best represented in the coastal •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• areas of south-western, southern and eastern PHRYGANA (26) Iberia, the Balearics, Sicily and its satellite islands and Mediterranean North Africa, with more sporadic occurrences in the Guadalquivir 33.1 Astragalo-Plantaginetum basin, Sardinia, and the Tyrrhenian coasts and subulatae phrygana islands of peninsular Italy. NATURA 2000 code : 5410 PAL.CLASS.: 33.1 5334 (32.25) Mediterranean pre-desert scrub.

Periplocion angustifoliae, Anthyllidetalia ASTRAGALO-PLANTAGINE1UM SUBULATAE PHRYGANA terniflorae. DEFINITION : Rare, extremely local and isolated, Shrub formations constituting, with the halo­ cushion-forming thermo-Mediterranean sclero­ nitrophilous scrubs (15.724) and the localised phyllous associations of clifftops and adjacent areas dispersed along the coasts of Provence, <25>Communities dominated by hummocks of very tall stands of Lotus tree Zyziphius lotus, are included in the Annex I priority Cap Corse, the Straits of Bonifacio, Catalonia habitat 'Matorral with Zyziphius' (32.17). · (Cabo de Creus) and extreme south-western 26 < > Cushion-forming thermo-Mediterranean sclerophyllous Portugal (Cabo de Sao Vicente), characterised by formations, often thorny and summer deciduous. They are best developed in the eastern Mediterranean, where they may the presence of Astragalus massiliensis or Anthyllis occupy considerable surfaces in coastal areas and occasionally hermanniae, variously accompanied by Thymelaea inland. They also include a few rare, relict associations of the west Mediterranean, mostly characteristic of the edge of hirsuta, Helichrysum italicum, Plantago subulatum, seashores and of maritime cliffs, where they constitute an often Armeria ruscinonensis. narrow belt between the cliff communities and thermo­ Mediterranean brushes, incorporating, in addition to PLANTS : Anthyllis hermanniae, Thymelaea hirsuta, characteristic, often endemic or very rare, hemispherical cushion-forming species, an admixture of species belonging to I Idichrysum italicum, Plantago subulatum, Armeria these two vegetation complexes. ntscinonensis.

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GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBVTION France, Italy italicum ssp. microphyllum, Genista acanthoclada. (Sardinia), Portugal, Spain. • Hypericum phryganas (33.5) - extremely rare, local colonies of hemispherical shrubs of 33.3 Sarcopoterium spinosum phrygana Hypericum aegyptiacum forming open phryganas NATURA 2000 code : 5420 on calcareous rocks by the sea in the Ionian PAL.CLASS. : 33.3 islands, western Crete, Sardinia and Lampedusa. • Italian Sarcopoterium phryganas (33.6) - very local, SARCOPOTERIUM SPINOSUM PHRYGANA impoverished Sarcopoterium spinosum formations DEFINITION : Low, thorny formations of hemi­ of Capo St. Ella (southern Sardinian coast) and of spherical shrubs of the coastal thermo­ the Gulf of Taranto (Puglia, Calabria). Mediterranean zone of Aegean islands, of • Sardinian Genista acanthoclada phrygana (33.7) - mainland Greece and the Ionian islands, of coastal very local Genista acanthoclada ssp. sardoa-domi­ Anatolia, much more widespread and diverse nated communities of north-western Sardinia. than the western Mediterranean formations. • Balearic clifftop phryganas (33.8) - formations of PLANTs: Sarcopoterium spinosum, Centaurea spinosa, the coasts of Mallorca and Minon:::a dominated by Satureja thymbra, Thymus capitatus, Genista the cushion-forming Balearic endemics Launaea acanthoclada, Anthyllis hermanniae, Euphorbia cervicornis, Astragalus balearicus, *Centaurea acanthothamnos, Stachys spinosa, Ballota pseudo­ balearica, Anthyllis fulgurans, A. hermanniae ssp. dictamnus, Ballota acetabulosa, Erica manipuliflora, hystrix, Teucrium subspinosum. Rhamnus oleoides, Lithospermum hispidulum, • Cyrno-Sardian Genista phryganas (33.9) - thermo­ Fumana arabica, Fumana thymifolia, Cistus creticus, Mediterranean formations of headlands and Cistus parviflorus, Cistus salvifolius, Pistacia peninsulas of Corsica and Sardinia dominated lentiscus, Teucrium brevifolium, Teucrium divarica­ by cushion-forming spiny Genista corsica or G. tum, Teucrium polium, Calicotome villosa, Microme­ morisii. These endemic species participate in the ria graeca, Micromeria juliana, Micromeria nervosa, constitution of hedgehog-heaths (31.75) as well Salvia triloba, Ononis spinosa, Helichrysum italicum as in that of the coastal formations listed here, ssp. microphyllum, Helichrysum italicum ssp. which assume an evident phrygana appearance ; italicum, Phagnalion graecum. they may also enter in the composition of mid­ elevation formations of less distinctive GEQGRAPHJCAL DISTRIBUTION : Greece, Italy. appearance which can be listed under 32.482. • Pantelleria phrygana (33.A) - coastal formation of 33.4 Cretan formations (Euphorbio-verbascion) hemispherical shrubs with the Pantelleria NATURA 2000 code : 5430 endemics Helichrysum saxatile ssp. errerae and PAL.CLASS. : 33.4 to 33.A Matthiola pulchella, vicariant of the west Mediter­ ranean, Balearic and Sardinian clifftop phryganas. CRETAN, SARDINIAN, ITALIAN AND BALEARIC PLANIS: 33.4- Euphorbia acanthothamnos, Verbascum PHRYGANA (EUPHORBIO-VERBASCION) spinosum, Berberis cretica, Phlomis cretica, Satureja DEFINIDON : Cushion-forming thermo-Mediter­ biroi, Sideritis syriaca, Hypericum empetrifolia, ranean sclerophyllous formations, often thorny Origanum microphyllum, Micromeria juliana, and summer deciduous. The following sub­ Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum, Genista types are included : acanthoclada ; 33.5 - Hypericum aegyptiacum ; 33.6 - • Mid-elevation phryganas of Crete (33.4) - varied Sarcopoterium spinosum; 33.7- Genista acanthoclada formations of supra- and oro- Mediterranean ssp. sardoa; 33.8 - Launaea cervicornis, Astragalus levels of Crete resulting from the broad contact balearicus, *Centaurea balearica, Anthyllis fulgurans, between phryganas and hedgehog-heaths (32.7), A. hermanniae ssp. hystrix, Teucrium subspinosum ; with Euphorbia acanthothamnos, Verbascum spina­ 33.9- Genista corsica, G. morisii; 33.A- Helichrysum sum, Berberis cretica, Phlomis cretica, Satureja biroi, saxatile ssp. errerae, Matthiola pulchella. Sideritis syriaca, Hypericum empetrifolia, Origanum microphyllum, Micromeria juliana, Helichrysum GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Greece, Italy, Spain.

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•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 34.12 "'Xeric sand calcareous grasslands NATURAL GRASSLANDS (Koelerion glaucae) NATURA 2000 code : 6120 34.11 "' Karstic calcareous grasslands PAL.CLASS.: 34.12 (Alysso-Sedion albi)

NATURA 2000 code : 6110 "' XERIC SAND CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS PAL.CLASS. : 34.11 (KOELERION GLAUCAE) DEfiNIDON : Dry, frequently open grasslands on "' RUPICOLOUS CALCAREOUS OR BASOPHILIC GRASSLANDS (ALYSSO-SEDION ALBI) more or less calciferous sand with a DEFINITION : Open xerothermophile pioneer commu­ subcontinental centre of distribution (Koelerion nities on superficial calcareous or soils rich in glaucae, Sileno conicae-Cerastion semidecandri, bases (basic volcanic substrates), dominated by Sedo-Cerastion p.). annuals and succulents of the Alysso alyssoidis­ PLANIS : Allium schoenoprasum, Alyssum montanum Sedion albi Oberdorfer & Miiller in Milller 61. ssp. gemelinii, Astragalus arenarius, Cardaminopsis Similar communities may develop on artificial substrates ; these should not be taken into arenosa, Carex ligerica, Carex praecox, Dianthus account. deltoides, Euphorbia seguieriana, Festuca psammo­ phila, Gypsophila fastigiata, Helichrysum arenarium, PLANTs: Alyssum alyssoides, Arabis recta, Cerastium Herniaria glabra, Koelerion glauca, Petrorhagia spp., Hornungia petraea, ]ovibarba spp., Poa prolifera, Sedum reflexum, Silene chlorantha. badensis, Saxifraga tridactylites, Sedum spp., Sempervivum spp., Teucrium botrys. GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, GEOGMPHJCAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain, Netherlands, Sweden (eastern Skc\ne, Oland). Sweden. Corresponding category of the German Corresponding category of the German Biotoptypen : "340403 ausdauemder Sand­ Biotoptypen : "320101 natiirlicher Karbonatfels trockenrasen mit geschlossener N arbe". (Kalk, Dolomit) (liickige Vegetation, P002)". Corresponding category of the Nordic Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation types : "5141 Koeleria glauca-typ". vegetation types : Asplenium ruta-muraria­ Asplenium trichomanes-Homalothecium sericeum­ CQMMENJS : This habitat type occurs in association variant of "Sedum album-Tortella spp.-typ". with non coastal dune complexes.

CoMMENIS : In some regions of Belgium and REFERENCES: • Olsson, H. (1974).-Studies on South Germany this habitat is very closely linked with Swedish sand vegetation. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., Xerobromion and Mesobromion associations. 60: 1-170.

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facing slopes (ubacs) and depressions in the 34.2 Calaminarian grasslands Pyrenees with Arnica montana, Ranunculus NATURA 2000 code : 6130 PAL.CLASS. : 34.2, 36.44 pyrenaeus, Selinum pyrenaeum, Trifolium alpinum, Campanula barbata, Gentiana punctata, Leucorchis

CALAMINARIAN GRASSLANDS albida, Phyteuma betonicifolium. (VIOLETALIA CALAMINARIAE) PLANIS: Festuca eskia. DEFINITION : Generally open natural or semi­ GE

metals. The threatened endemic taxa are SILICEOUS ALPINE AND BOREAL GRASSLANDS generally absent from the pioneer vegetation of DEFINITION : Boreo-alpine formations of the higher younger terrils. This pioneer vegetation is not summits of the boreal mountains of northern considered to be a priority. Finland and Sweden, of Scotland, northern PLANTs : Viola calaminaria and metallophyte races of England and northern Wales, with ]uncus Thlaspi caerulescens, Armeria maritima, Minuartia trifidus, Carex bigelowii, mosses and lichens. verna, Silene vulgaris, Festuca ophioliticola, Cochleria alpina sensu lato. PLANIS : ]uncus trifidus, Carex bigelowii, Cassiope tetragona. GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Belgium (around Kelmis and Moresnet), France, Germany (Sachsen GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Finland, Sweden, and Eiffel e.g.), Ireland, Italy, United Kingdom United Kingdom. (including sites of serpentine soils in Scotland). Corresponding category in the United Kingdom Corresponding category of the German National Vegetation Classification : "U7 Nardus Biotoptypen : "3405a natiirliche und halbnatiir­ stricta-Carex bigelowii grass heath", "US Carex liche Schwermetallrasen". bigelowii-Polytrichum alpinum sedge heath", "U9 Corresponding category in the United Kingdom ]uncus trifidus-Racomitrium lanuginosum rush­ National Vegetation Classification : "OV37 heath", "U10 Carex bigelowii-Racomitrium lanu­ Festuca ovina-Minuartia verna community". ginosum moss heath", "U11 Polytrichum sexan­ gulare-Kiaeria starkei snow-bed", "Ul2 Salix CoMMENTs: Seminatural sites are to be taken into herbacea-Racomitrium lanuginosum snow-bed" and account mainly if natural sites are very rare or "U14 Alchemilla alpina-Sibbaldia procumbens dwarf­ absent from a region or, if these sites shelter herb community". characteristic or outstanding plant species. REfERENcES : • Oksanen, L. & Vtrtanen, R. (1995).­ REfERENcES : • Birse E.L. (1982).- Plant communities Topographic, altitudinal and regional pattern in on serpentine in Scotland. Vegetatio, 49: 141-162. suboceanic and continental heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia. Acta Bot. Fenn., 153 : 1-80.

36.314 Siliceous Pyrenean grassland with 36.36 Siliceous Festuca indigesta Festuca eskia Iberian grasslands NATURA 2000 code : 6140 NATURA 2000 code : 6160 PAL.CLASS. : 36.314 PAL.CLASS. : 36.361

SILICEOUS PYRENEAN FESTUCA ESKIA GRASSLANDS ORO-IBERIAN FESTUCA INDIGESTA GRASSLANDS DEFINITION : Subalpine and lower alpine closed I )EFJNITION : Thermophile, open, stripped and mesophile Festuca eskia grasslands of north- garland fescue grasslands of siliceous upper

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slopes and summits of the high Mediterranean Paronychia polygonifolia, Bellardiochloa violacea, mountains of the Iberian peninsula, locally Phleum brachysrachyum, Geum montanum, extending into the Euro-Siberian domain in the Sibbaldia procumbens, Veronica alpina; 36.38 - subalpine level of the Cantabrian mountains Festuca violacea ssp. macrathera, Trifolium thalii. (Festucetalia indigestae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, France, PLANTS: Festuca indigesta. Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUIJQN : Spain. Corresponding category in the United Kingdom National Vegetation Classification : "CG12 Festuca ovina-Alchemilla alpina-Silene acaulis 36.41 to 36.45 Alpine calcareous grasslands (27) dwarf-herb heath", "CG13 Dryas octopetala-Carex NATURA 2000 code : 6170 PAL.CLASS. : 36.41 to 36.43, 36.37, 36.38 flacca heath", "CG14 Dryas octopetala-Silene acaulis ledge community".

ALPINE AND SUBALPINE CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation types : "123 Lagortvegetation pa DEFINITION : Alpine and subalpine grasslands of rikt/kalkrikt underlag". base-rich soils of the western Alpids (Western The following habitat types are included : and Central European ranges) and, very locally, of their satellite Jurassian, Hercynian and 6171 (36.41) Closed calciphile alpine grasslands Caledonian ranges, with Dryas octopetala, Mesophile, mostly closed, vigorous, often Gentiana nivalis, Gentiana campestris, Alchemilla grazed or mowed, grasslands on deep soils of hoppeana, Alchemilla conjuncta, Alchemilla the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the flabellata, Anthyllis vulneraria, Astragalus alpinus, Alps, the Pyrenees, the mountains of the Aster alpinus, Draba aizoides, Globularia nudicaulis, Balkan peninsula, and, locally, of the Helianthemum nummularium ssp. grandiflorum, Apennines and the Jura. Helianthemum oelandicum ssp. alpestre, Pulsatilla 6172 (36.42) Wind edge naked-rush swards alpina ssp. alpina, Phyteuma orbiculare, Astrantia Meso-xerophile, relatively closed and major, Polygala alpestris (37.41 to 37.43). Also unsculptured swards of Kobresia myosuroides included the grasslands of the subalpine (oro­ (Elyna myosuroides) forming on deep, fine soils Mediterranean) and alpine levels of the highest of protruding ridges and edges exposed to mountains of Corsica (36.37), and the Mesophile, strong winds in the alpine and nivallevels of closed, short turfs of the subalpine and alpine the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the levels of the southern and central Apennines, Cantabrian Mountains, Scandinavian developed locally above treeline, on calcareous mountains and, very locally, the Abruzzi and substrates (36.38). the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, with PLANJS : 36.41 to 36.43 - Dryas octopetala, Gentiana Oxytropis jacquinii (Oxytropis montana), nivalis, Gentiana campestris, Alchemilla hoppeana, Oxytropis pyrenaica, Oxytropis carinthiaca, Alchemilla conjuncta, Alchemilla flabellata, Anthyllis Oxytropis foucaudii, Oxytropis halleri, vulneraria, Astragalus alpinus, Aster alpinus, Draba Antennaria carpatica, Dryas octopetala, Draba aizoides, Globularia nudicaulis, Helianthemum carinthiaca, Draba siliquosa, Draba fladnizensis, nummularium ssp. grandiflorum, Helianthemum Draba aizoides, Gentiana tenella, Erigeron oelandicum ssp. alpestre, Pulsatilla alpina ssp. uniflorus, Dianthus glacialis, Dianthus alpina, Phyteuma orbiculare, Astrantia major, monspessulanus ssp. sternbergii, Potentilla nivea, Polygala alpestris ; 36.37 - Plantago subulata ssp. Saussurea alpina, Geranium argenteum, Sesleria insularis, Sagina pilifera, Armeria multiceps, sphaerocephala, Carex atrata, Carex brevicollis, Carex foetida, Carex capillaris, Carex nigra, Carex curvula ssp. rosae and Carex rupestris.

2 Scandinavian Kobresia grasslands with Carex ( 7) 36.4 - Alpine and subalpine caldphilous grasslands (Elyno­ Seslerietea) ruprestis are included.

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6173 (36.43) Calciphilous stepped and garland •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• grasslands SEMI-NATURAL DRY GRASSLANDS AND Xero-thermophile, open, sculptured, stepped SCRUBLAND FACIES or garland grasslands of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the mountains of the Balkan peninsula and the Mediterranean 34.31 to Semi-natural dry grasslands and mountains, with very local outposts in the Jura. 34.34 scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (36.44) Alpine heavy metal communities : (* important orchid sites) included in habitat 6130 'Calaminarian NATURA 2000 code : 6210 grasslands (Violetalia calaminariae)', see page 47. PAL.CLASS.: 34.31 to 34.34 36.37 Oro-Corsican grasslands Grasslands of the subalpine (oro­ SEMI-NATURAL DRY GRASSLANDS AND SCRUBLAND Mediterranean) and alpine levels of the FAOES ON CALCAREOUS SUBSTRATES (FESTUCO­ BROMETAUA) (* IMPORTANT ORCHID SITES) highest mountains of Corsica. DEFINITION: Dry to semi-dry calcareous grasslands 36.38 Oro-Apennine closed grasslands of the Festuco-Brometea. This habitat is formed on Mesophile, closed, short turfs of the subalpine the one hand by steppic or subcontinental and alpine levels of the southern and central grasslands (Festucetalia valesiacae) and, on the Apennines, developed locally above treeline, other, by the grasslands of more oceanic and sub­ on calcareous substrates. Mediterranean regions (Brometalia erectz) ; in the REFERENCES : • Bringer, K.-G. (1961).- Den latter case, a distinction is made between primary lagalpina Dryas-hedens differentiering och Xerobromion grasslands and secondary (semi­ standortsekologi inom Tornetrask-omradet. 1-2. natural) Mesobromion grasslands with Bromus Sven. Bot. Tidskr., 55 : 349-375, 551-584. erectus ; the latter are characterised by their rich orchid flora. Abandonment results in thermophile brushwood with an intermediate stage of thermophile fringe vegetation (Trifolio-Geranietea ). 36.5 Macaronesian mountain By important orchid sites one should understand grasslands the sites that are important on the basis of one or NATURA 2000 code : 6180 more of the following three criteria : PAL.CLASS. : 38.5 (a) the site hosts a rich suite of orchid species (b) the site hosts an important population of at MA.CARONESIAN MESOPHILE GRASSLANDS least one orchid species considered not very DEFINITION : Secondary grasslands of the highest common on the national territory levels of the Atlantic islands. (c) the site hosts one or several orchid species considered to be rare, very rare or exceptional PLANTS : Holcus rigidus, Festuca jubata, Desclulmpsia on the national territory. foliosa, Ranunculus cortusifolius, Rumex azorica, PLANrS : Mesobrqmion - Anthyllis vulneraria, Arabis Cardamine caldeirarum, Dryopteris azorica, D. hirsuta, Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromus inermis, crispifolia, Euphrasia grandiflora, Lactuca Campanula glomerata, Carex caryophyllea, Carlina watsoniana, Senecio malvifolius, Tolpis azorica, Bellis vulgaris, Centaurea scabiosa, Dianthus carthusia­ azorica, Sanicula azorica, Ammi spp. norum, Eryngium campestre, Koeleria pyramidata, Leontodon hispidus, Medicago sativa ssp. falcata, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Canary Islands, Azores, Madeira. Ophrys apifera, 0. insectifera, Orchis mascula, 0. militaris, 0. morio, 0. purpurea, 0. ustulata, 0. mascula, Polygala comosa, Primula veris, Sanguisorba minor, Scabiosa columbaria, Veronica prostrata, V. teucrium. Xerobromion - Bromus erectus, Fumana procumbens, Globularia elongata, Hippocrepis comosa.

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Festucetalia valesiacae : Adonis vernalis, Euphorbia Boden, beweidet Mahweide", "34020303 sub­ seguierana, Festuca valesiaca, Silene otites, Stipa kontinentaler Halbtrockenrasen auf karbona­ capillata, S. joannis. tischem Boden, brachgefallen", 113403 natiirlicher Steppenrasen (kontinental, auf tiefgriindigem ANIMALS : Papilio machaon, Iphiclides podalirius Boden)". (Lepidoptera); Libelloides spp., Mantis religiosa Corresponding category of the Nordic (Neuroptera). vegetation types : Avenula pratensis-Artemisia GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : All the European oelandica-variant of "5213 Avenula pratensis­ Union. Fragaria viridis-Filipendula vulgaris-typ" Corresponding category in the United Kingdom COMMENTS : Often in association with scrubland National Vegetation Classification: "CG1 Festuca and thermophile forests and with dry pioneer ovina-Carlina vulgaris grassland", "CG2 Festuca Sedum meadows (Sedo-Scleranthea). ovina-Avenula pratensis grassland", "CG3 Bromus erectus grassland", CG4 Brachypodium pinna tum REFERENCES : • Albertsson, N. (1950).- Das grosse grassland", "CG5 Bromus erectus-Brachypodium siidliche Alvar der lnsel Oland. Eine Pflanzen­ pinnatum grassland", I/CG6 Avenula pubescens soziologische Ubersicht. Sven. Bot. Tidskr., 44 : grassland", " CG7 Festuca ovina-Hieracium pilosella­ 269-331. Thymus praecox/pulegioides grassland", 11CG8 Sesleria albicans-Scabiosa columbaria grassland", 34.31 * Sub-continental steppic "CG9 Sesleria albicans-Galium sterneri grassland". grasslands In France the following sub-types are found : NATURA 2000 code : 6240 6211 (34.31)- Subcontinental (Euro-Siberian and PAL.CLASS.: 34.315 eastern) grasslands of the inner Alps stretching * SUB-PANNONIC STEPPIC GRASSLANDS perhaps to Alsace (Stipo capillatae-Festucenea valesiacae Gaultier 89 prov.) ; 6212 (34.32) - Sub­ DEFINWQN : Steppic grasslands, dominated by Atlantic xerocline calcicolous grasslands tussock-grasses, chamaephytes and perennials of [Mesobromenalia erecti Royer 87 (IX 212 : the alliance Festucion vallesiacae and related Brometalia erecti Br-Bl. 36)]; 6213 (34.33) - Sub­ syntaxa. These xerotherme communities are Atlantic xerophile calcicolous grasslands developed on southern exposed slopes with AC­ (Xerobromenalia erecti Royer 87) ; 6214 (34.34) - soils on rocky substrate and on clay-sandy sedi­ Central European calcareo-siliceous grasslands mentation layers enriched with gravels. They are generally established on hyperxerothermophile partially of natural, partially of anthropogenic sands, partly denuded (Koelerio macranthae­ origin. Phleion phloeidis) Korneck 74 (Koelerio macranthae­ PLANIS : Festuca vallesiaca, Allium flavum, Gagea Phleenalia phloeidis) (Korneck 74) Royer 87. pusilla, Hesperis tristis, Iris pumila, Ranunculus Corresponding category of the German illyricus, Teucrium chamaedrys, Medicago minima, Biotoptypen : "340101 submediterraner Trocken­ Globularia cordifolia, Helianthemum canum, Poa rasen auf karbonatischem Unterground", badensis, Scorzonera austriaca, Potentilla arenaria, "34020301 subkontinentaler Halbtrockenrasen Seseli hippomarathrum, Alyssum alyssoides, auf karbonatischem Boden, gemaht", 1134020102 Artemisia austriaca, Chrysopogon gryllus, submediterraner Halbtrockenrasen auf Astragalus austriacus, A. excapus, A. onobrychis, karbonatischem Boden, beweidet Mahweide", Oxytropis pilosa, Daphne cneorum, Iris humilis ssp. "34020103 submediterraner Halbtrockenrasen arenaria, Carex humilis, Festuca rupicola, Stipa auf karbonatischem Boden, brachgefallen", capillata, S. joannis, Botriochloa ischaemum. "340103 subkontinentaler Trockenrasen auf karbonatischem Untergrund", 1134020101 sub­ GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria (most mediterraner Halbtrockenrasen auf karbona­ in1portant sites : south slopes of the Leitha tischem Boden, gemaht", "34020302 subkonti­ mountains, Hainburger mountains, mountains nentaler Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem uf the Waschberg range).

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Syntaxa for Austria : Astragalo austriaci-Festucetum 34.91 * Pannonic steppes sulcatae, Ranunculo illyrici-Festucetum valesiacae, NATURA 2000 code : 6250 Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae, Poa­ PAL.CLASS. : 34.91 Festucetum valesiacae, Stipo joannis-Avenastretum besseri, Teucrio botryos-Andropogonetum ischaemi. * PANNONIC LOESS STEPPIC GRASSLANDS Xerophillous grasslands of Ponto-Pannonic DEFINITION : Grassland communities of the affinities of the hills of the western, northern and Pannonic region, rich in perennial grasses and south-western periphery of the Pannonic basin herbs on loess deposits. Originally expanding and of the Hungarian Central Range. over large areas, nowadays restricted to specific land forms like loess ridges formed by fluviatile REFERENCES: • Mucina, L., Grabherr, G., Ellmauer, erosion and accumulation. T. (1993).- Die Pflanzengesellschaften Osterreichs. Teill. Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer, PLANT$: Artyemisia pontica, Astragalus vesicarius, A. Jena. Stuttgart. New York. pp 578. austriacus, A. onobrychis, Crambe tataria, Nonea pulla, Salvia nemorosa, Ornithogalum pannonicum, 34.5 * Pseudo-steppe with grasses and Agropyron pectinatum, Phlomis tuberosa, Bromus annuals (Thero-Brachypodietea) inermis, Festuca rupicola, Falcaria vulgaris, NATURA 2000 code : 6220 Peucedanum alsaticum, Elymus hispidus, Chamae­ PAL.CLASS. : 34.5 cytisus supinus, Achillea pannonica.

* PSEUDQ-STEPPE WllH GRASSES AND ANNUALS GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria (only a few (THERO-BRACHYPODIETEA) sites in the Weinviertel). DEFINITION : Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean Syntaxa for Austria : Astragalo excapi-Crambetum xerophile, mostly open, short-grass annual tatarici. grasslands rich in therophytes ; therophyte This habitat is found from the Pannonic life zone communities of oligotrophic soils on base-rich, to the steppes of South Russia and Ukraine. often calcareous substrates. Perennial REFERENCF$ : • Mucina, L., Grabherr, G., Ellmauer, communities- Thero-Brachypodietea, Thero-Brachy­ T. (1993).- Die Pflanzengesellschaften Osterreichs, podietalia : Thero-Brachypodion. Poetea bulbosae : Teil1. Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer, Astragalo-Poion bulbosae (basiphile}, Trifolio­ Jena. Stuttgart. New York. pp 578. Periballion (silicolous). Annual communities - Tuberarietea guttatae Br.-Bl. 1952 em. Rivas­ Martinez 1978, Trachynietalia distachyae Rivas­ 34.A1 * Pannonic sand steppes Martfnez 1978 : Trachynion distachyae (calciphile}, NATURA 2000 code: 6260 Sedo-Ctenopsion (gypsophile), Omphalodion com­ PAL.CLASS.: 34.A1 mutatae (dolomitic and silico-basiphile). PLANTS: Bracllypodium distachyum, B. retusum. * PANNONIC SAND STEPPES GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Spain, southern DEFINITION : Formations dominated by medium or France, Greece, Italy, Portugal. tall perennial tuft-forming grasses or In France a distinction can be made between: (a) suffrutescents, with lacunar ground cover, annual herbaceous vegetation of dry, initial, low­ together with their associated therophyte nitrogen soils ranging from neutro-basic to communities developed on mobile or fixed calcareous : Stipo capensis-Brachypodietea dista­ sands (alluvial sands, subfossile dune systems) chyae (Br-Bl. 47) Brullo 85 ; (b) vegetation of more within the range of the Pannonic steppes (34.91), or less closed grasslands on deep, nitrocline and thus in the Pannonic basin and the areas of xerocline soil: Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis (Br-Bl. preponderant influence of its communities. 31) Molinier 34. In Italy this habitat mainly exists in the South PLANJS : Festuca vaginata, Helychrysum arenarium, and on the islands (Thero-Brachypodietea, Poetea Dianthus serotinus, Gypsophila fastigiata, G. bulbosae, Lygeo-Stipetea). paniculata, Koeleria glauca, Alyssum montanum ssp.

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- - Natural and semi-natural grassland formations

gmelinii, Bassia laniflora, Centaurea scabiosa ssp. maculata, Lathyrus montanus, Leontodon helveticus, sadleriana, C. jacea _ssp. angustifolia, Erysimum Leucorchis albida, Meum athamanticum, Nardus diffusum, Stipa capillata, S. pulcherrima, Cynodon stricta, Pedicularis sylvatica, Platanthera bifolia, dactylon, Festuca pseudovina. Polygala vulgaris, Potentilla aurea, P. erecta, Veronica officinalis, Viola canina. ANIMAL$ : Insects - Gampsocleis glabra, Myrmeleotet­ trix antennatus, *Callimorpha quadripunctaria, Cletis ANIMALS : Miramella alpina. maculosa, Zygaena laeta, Z. punctum, Scythris kasyi. GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Alps, Pyrenees, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria (in the Apennines, Jura, Hercynian ranges, Netherlands, Marchfeld, Seewinkel, pioneer habitats scattered British Isles, Iberia peninsula, Luxembourg, throughout the fringe of the pannonic life zone). Finland, Sweden. Syntaxa for Austria : Festucetum vaginatae, The habitat sub-types belonging to the Nardion Brometum tectorum, Equisetetum ramosissimi, alliance shows a strong regional differentiation : Potentillo arenariae-Festucetum pseudovinae. Alps and Pyrenees - Geo-montani-Nardetum, This habitat is found in the Pannonic plain and Black Forest - Leontodonto-Nardetum, Harz - adjacent areas (puszta). Pulsatilla micranthae-Nardetum, Bayerischer Wald - Lycopodio-Nardetum. REFERENCES : • Mucina, L., Grabherr, G., Ellmauer, This habitat covers the most species-rich sites of T. (1993).- Die Pflanzengesellschaften Osterreichs, the types "CG10 Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris­ Tell 1. Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer, Thymus praecox" and "CG11 Festuca ovina­ Jena. Stuttgart. New York. pp 578. Agrostis capillaris-Alchemilla alpina grass heath" in the United Kingdom National Vegetation Classification. Corresponding category of the 35.1 *Species-rich Nardus grasslands, German Biotoptypen : "34060101 gemahter on siliceous substrates in mountain areas (and submountain Borstgrasrasen der planaren his submontanen areas, in continental Europe) Stufe", "34060102 beweideter Borstgrasrasen der NATURA 2000 code : 6230 planaren his submontanen Stufe (incl. PAL.CLASS. : 35.1, 36.31 Mahweide)", "34060103 brachgefallener Borst­ grasrasen der planaren his submontanen Stufe", * SPECIES-RICH NARDUS GRASSLANDS, ON SILICEOUS "34060201 gemahter Borstgrasrasen der SUBSTRATES IN MOUNTAIN AREAS (AND montanen his hochmontanen Stufe", "34060202 SUBMOUNTAIN AREAS, IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE) beweideter Borstgrasrasen der montanen his DEFINWON : Closed, dry or mesophile, perennial hochmontanen Stufe (incl. Mahweide)", Nardus grasslands occupying siliceous soils in "34060203 brachgefallener Borstgrasrasen der Atlantic or sub-Atlantic or boreal lowland, hill montanen bis hochmontanen Stufe". and montane regions of middle and northern Corresponding category of the Nordic Europe and western Iberia. Vegetation highly vegetation types : "5133 Nardus stricta-typ" and varied, but the variation is characterised by "5233a Carex nigra-Carex panicea-Nardus stricta­ continuity. Nardetalia: 35.1-Violo-Nardion (Nardo­ variant". · Galion saxatilis, Violion caninae); 36.31- Nardion. REFERENCES: Sjors, H. (1967).- Nordisk viixtgeografi. By species-rich sites one should understand the 2 uppl. Svenska Bokforlaget Bonniers, sites with a high number of species. In general, the Stockholm, 240 pp. habitats which have become irreversibly degraded through overgrazing should be excluded.

PLANTS : Antennaria dioica, Arnica montana, Campanula barbata, Carex ericetorum, C. pallescens, C. panicea, Festuca ovina, Galium saxatile, Gentiana pneumonanthe, Hypericum maculatum, Hypochoeris

-1996 II -Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats ------Natural and semi-natural grassland formations

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• species (Eu-molinion). The soil is sometimes SCLEROPHILLOUS GRAZED FORESTS peaty with a summer drying. (DEHESAS) - 37.312 : on more acid soils of the funco-Molinion Uuncion acutiflori) except species-poor meadows 32.11 Sclerophillous grazed forests or on degraded peaty soils. (dehesas) with Quercus suber and I or Quercus ilex PLANTS: 37.311- Molinia coerulea, Dianthus superbus, NATIJRA 2000 code : 6310 Selinum carvifolia, Cirsium tuberosum, Colchicum PAL.CLASS. : 32.11 X 91.2 autumnale, Inula salicina, Silaum silaus, Sanguisorba officinalis, Serratula tinctoria, Tetragonolobus SCLEROPHILLOUS GRAZED FORESTS (DEHESAS) maritimus; 37.312 - Viola persiciflora, V. palustris, Wim EVERGREEN OAKS Galium uliginosum, Cirsium dissectum, Crepis DEFINmQN : A characteristic landscape of the paludosa, Luzula multiflora, funcus conglomeratus, south-western quadrant of the Iberian peninsula Ophioglossum vulgatum, Inula britannica, Lotus in which crops, pasture land or Meso­ uliginosus, Dianthus deltoides, Potentilla erecta, P. Mediterranean arborescent matorral, in juxta­ anglica, Carex pallescens. position or rotation, are shaded by a fairly closed to very open canopy of native evergreen ·oaks GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, (Quercus suber, Q. ilex, Q. rotundifolia, Q. coccifera). Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, It is an important habitat of raptors, including Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, the threatened Iberian endemic eagle Aquila Sweden, United Kingdom. adalberti, of the crane Grus grus, of large insects Corresponding category in the United Kingdom and their predators and of the endangered felid National Vegetation Classification : "M26 - *Lynx pardinus. Molinia caerulea-Crepis paludosa fen meadow" and "M24 - Molinia caerula-Cirisum dissectum fen PLANIS : Quercus suber, Q. ilex, Q. rotundifolia, Q. meadow type" ("M23- Juncus effusus/acutiflorus­ coccifera. Galium palustre rush pasture" and 11M25 - Molinia GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIQN : France, Greece, Italy, caerulea-Potentilla erecta mire" are excluded). Portugal, Spain. Corresponding category of the German Biotoptypen : 1135020102 Pfeifengraswiese auf •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• kalkreichen Standort" . Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation SEMI-NATURAL TALL-HERB types : "5233 Carex nigra-Carex panicea-Molinea HUMID MEADOWS caerulea-typ", 115234 Carex flacca-Primula Jarinosa­ 37.31 Molinia meadows on chalk and Orchis spp.-typ" and "5235 Molinia caerulea-typ". clay (Eu-Molinion) COMMENTS : In some regions, these grasslands are NATURA 2000 code : 6410 in close contact with Nardetalia communities. For PAL.CLASS. : 37.31 the Molinia meadows of river valleys, a transition toward Cnidion dubii alliance is observed. MOLINIA MEADOWS ON CALCAREOUS, PEATY OR CLAYEY-SILT-LADEN SOILS (MOLINION CAERULEAE) REFERENCES: Ekstam, U., Aronsson, N. & Forshed, DEFJNIDON : Molinia meadows of plain to montane N. (1988).- Angar. Om naturliga slattermarker i levels, on more or less wet nutrient poor soils angslandskapet. LTs forlag, Stockholm, 209 pp. (nitrogen, phosphorus). They stem from extensive management, sometimes with a mowing late in the year or, they correspond to a deteriorated stage of draining peat bogs. Two subtypes are considered : - 37.311 : on neutro-alkaline to calcareous soils with a fluctuating water table, relatively rich in

------· Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- Natural and semi-natural grassland formations

PLANIS : 37.7 - Glechoma hederacea, Epilobium 37.4 Mediterranean tall-herb and rush meadows (Molinio-Holoschoenion) hirsutum, Senecio fluviatilis, Filipendula ulmaria, NATURA 2000 code : 6420 Angelica archangelica, Petasites hybridus, Cirsium PAL.CLASS. : 37.4 oleraceum, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Aegopodium podagraria, Alliaria petiolata, Geranium robertianum, MEDITERRANEAN TALL HUMID GRASSLANDS Silene dioica, Lamium album, Lysimachia punctata, (MOLINIO-HOLOSCHOENION) Lythrum salicaria, Crepis paludosa ; 37.8 - Aconitum DEFINITION : Mediterranean humid grasslands of tall lycoctonum (A. vulparia), A. napellus, Geranium grasses and rushes, widespread in the entire sylvaticum, Trollius europaeus, Adenostyles alliariae, Mediterranean basin, extending along the coasts Peucedanum ostruthium, Cicerbita alpina, Digitalis of the Black Sea, in particular in dunal systems, grandiflora, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Cirsium north to the Dobrogea and the Danube Delta, in helenioides. valleys of the Balkan peninsula north to the Banat. .GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, PLANIS : Scirpus holoschoenus (Holoschoenus vulgaris), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Agrostis stolonifera, A. reuteri, Galium debile, Molinia Luxembourg, Netherlands (also in salt caerulea, Briza minor, Melica cupanii, Cyperus meadows), Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. longus, Linum tenue, Trifolium resupinatum, Corresponding category in the United Kingdom Schoenus nigricans, Peucedanum hispanicum, Carex National Vegetation Classification: "U17- Luzula mairii, ]uncus maritimus, ]. acutus, Asteriscus sylvatica-Geum rivale tall herb community". aquaticus, Hypericum tomentosum, H. tetrapterum, Corresponding category of the German Inula viscosa, Oenanthe pimpinelloides, 0. lachenalii, Biotoptypen : "390101 krautiger Ufersaum an Eupatorium cannabinum, Prunella vulgaris, Pulicaria besonnten Gewassern", "39050101 feuchter dysenterica, Tetragonolobus maritimus, Orchis Staudensaum der planaren his submontanen laxiflora, Dactylorhiza elata, Succisa pratensis, Stufe", "390102 krautiger Ufersaum an Sonchus maritimus ssp. aquatilis, Silaum silaus, beschatteten Gewasern (z.B. mit Cardamine amara, Sanguisorba officinalis, Serratula tinctoria, Genista Bitteres Schaumkraut)", "35020203 nahrstoffrei­ tinctoria, Cirsium monspessulanum, C. pyrenaicum, che, Feucht- bzw. NaBgriinlandbrache der Senecio doria, Dorycnium rectum, Erica terminalis, planaren his submontanen Stufe", "35020303 Euphorbia pubescens, Lysimachia ephemerum. nahrstoffreiche, Feucht- bzw. NaBgriinlandbrache GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: France, Greece, Italy, der planaren his hochmontanen Stufe", "39050201 Portugal, Spain. montane his hochmontane Hochstaudenflur", "39050202 montane his hochmontane Hochgrasflur (Calamagrostion arundinaceae )", 37.7 and 37.8 Eutrophic tall herbs "6701 subalpine bzw. alpine Hochstaudenflur NATURA 2000 code : 6430 (Alpen)". PAL.CLASS. : 37.7 and 37.8 Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation types : "126 Hogortangsvegetation". HYDROPHILOUS TALL HERB FRINGE COMMUNITIES OF PLAINS AND OF TilE MONTANE TO ALPINE LEVELS COMMENTS : Similar communities to 37.8, with a weak development, occur at lower altitude along DEFINITION : 6431 (37.7) - Wet and nitrophilous tall rivers and forest borders (in Wallonia -Belgium for herb edge communities, along water courses and example). Nitrophilous edge communities woodland borders belonging to the Glechometalia comprising only basal, common species in the hederaceae and the Convolvuletalia sepium orders region have no conservation priority. These tall (Senecion fluviatilis, Aegopodion podagrariae, herb communities could also develop in wet Convolvulion sepium, Filipendulion). meadows, let lie fallow, without any cutting. Large 6432 (37.8) - Hygrophilous perennial tall herb areas of wet meadows let lie fallow and neophyte

communities of montane to alpine levels of t ummunities with Helianthus tuberosus, Impatiens the Betulo-Adenostyletea class. g!andulifera, should not be taken into account.

-1996 II -Interpretation Manual of European Union Habit~ts ------Natural and semi-natural grassland formations _

REFERENcFs : • Dahl, E. (1987).- Alpine-subalpine submontane levels, belonging to the Arrhena­ plant communities of South Scandinavia. therion and the Brachypodio-Centaureion nemoralis Phytocoenologia, 15 : 455-484. • Larsson, A. (1976).­ alliances. These extensive grasslands are rich in Den sydsvenska fuktangen. Vegetation, dynamic flowers and are not reaped before flowering of the och skotsel. Medd. Avd. Ekol. Bot. Lund 31. grasses and than only one or two times per year.

PLANIS : Arrhenatherum elatius, Trisetum flavescens ssp. Cnidion venosae meadows liable to flooding flavescens, Pimpinella major, Centaurea jacea, Crepis NATURA 2000 code : 6440 biennis, Knautia arvensis, Tragopogon pratensis, PAL.CLASS. : 37.23 Daucus carota, Leucanthemum vulgare, Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis, Campanula patula, ALLUVIAL MEADOWS OF RIVER VALLEYS OF THE Leontodon hispidus, L. nudicaulis, Linum bienne, CNIDION DUBII ALUANCE Oenanthe pimpinelloides, Rhinanthus lanceolatus, DEFINIDON : Alluvial meadows with natural Malva moschata, Serapias cordigera. dynamic of flooding belonging to the Cnidion dubii alliance, under continental to GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, subcontinental climatic conditions. Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, PLANTS : Cnidium dubium (C. venosum), Viola Sweden, United Kingdom. persicifolia, Scutellaria hastifolia, Allium angulosum Corresponding category in the United Kingdom Oenanthe lachenalii, Gratifolia officinalis, Carex National Vegetation Classification : "MG4 - praecox var. suzae, ]uncus atratus, Lythrum Alopecurus pratensis-Sanguisorba officinalis gras­ virgatum. sland". Corresponding category of the German GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, France, Biotoptypen : "34070101 artenreiche, frische Germany. Mahwiese der planaren bis submontanen Stufe", Corresponding category of the German "34070102 artenreiche, frische Weide der planaren Biotoptypen : "35020201 narrstoffreiche, extensive bis submontanen Stufe (incl. Mahweide)". Feucht- bzw. Nagwiese der planaren bis Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation submontanen Stufe", "35020202 narrstoffreiche, types : "5223 Leucanthemum vulgare-typ". extensive Feucht- bzw. N~wiese der planaren bis COMMENTS : Wet to dry sub-types occur. If submontanen Stufe (incl. Mahweide)", "350204 management practices become intensive with Flutrasen". important fertiliser supply, the species diversity COMMENTS : It is a transition habitat between wet rapidly declines. and dry meadows and which cover small areas. REFERENCES : • Buffa, G., Marchiori, S., Sburlino, This point has to taken into account for the site G. (1988-1989).- Contributo alia conoscenza dei selection. prati e prato-pascoli della Bassa Valsugana •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (Trento). Not. Fltosoc., 24 : 125-134. • Ekstam, U, MESOPHILE GRASSLANDS Aronsson, N. & Forshed, N. (1988).- Angar. Om naturliga slattermarker i iingslandskapet. LTs forlag, 38.2 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecums Stockholm, 209 pp. • Pedrotti, F. (1963).- I prati pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis) falciabili della Val di Sole (Trentino occidentale). NATURA 2000 code : 6510 St. Trent. Sc. Nat., 40 (1): 3-122. PAL.CLASS. : 38.2

EXTENSIVE HAY MEADOWS OF THE PLAIN TO SUBMONTANE LEVELS (ARRHENATHERION, BRACHYPODIO-CENTAUREION NEMORAUS) DEFINmoN : Species-rich hay meadows on little to moderately fertilised soils of the plain to

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- Natural and semi-natural grassland formations

Campanula glomerata, Salvia pratensis, Centaurea 38.3 Mountain hay meadows (British types with Geranium sylvaticum) nemoralis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Crocus NATURA 2000 code : 6520 albiflorus, Geranium phaeum, G. sylvaticum, PAL.CLASS. : 38.31 Narcissus poeticus, Malva moschata, Valeriana repens, Trollius europaeus, Pimpinella major, Muscari MOUNTAIN HAY MEADOWS botryoides, Lilium bulbiferum, Thlaspi caerulescens, DEFINITION : Species-rich mesophile hay meadows of Viola tricolor ssp. subalpina, Phyteuma halleri, P. the montane and sub-alpine levels (mostly above orbiculare, Primula elatior, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, 600 metres) usually dominated by Trisetum Alchemilla spp., Cirsium heterophylum. flavescens and with Heracleum sphondylium, Viola GEOGRAPHICAL QISIRIBUIION : Austria, Finland, comuta, Astrantia major, Carum caroi, Crepis mollis, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, C. pyrenaica, Bistorta major, (Polygonum bistorta}, United Kingdom. Silene dioica, S. vulgaris, Campanula glomerata, British types with Geranium sylvaticum. Salvia pratensis, Centaurea nemoralis, Anthoxanthum Corresponding category in the United Kingdom odoratum, Crocus albiflorus, Geranium phaeum, G. sylvaticum, Narcissus poeticus, Malva moschata, National Vegetation Classification : "MG3 Valeriana repens, Trollius europaeus, Pimpinella Anthoxanthum odoratum-Geranium sylvaticum major, Muscari botryoides, Lilium bulbiferum, Thlaspi grassland". caerulescens, Viola tricolor ssp. subalpina, Phyteuma Corresponding category of the Nordic halleri, P. orbiculare, Primula elatior, Chaerophyllum vegetation types : "5224 Geranium sylvaticum­ hirsutum and many others. typ", "5225 Festuca ovina-Bistorta vivipara-typ" and "5226 Festuca rubra-Bistorta vivipara-typ". PLANIS : Trisetum flavescens and with Heracleum sphondylium, Viola cornuta, Astrantia major, Carum REFERENCES: • Sjors, H. (1967).- Nordisk viixtgeografi. caroi, Crepis mollis, C. pyrenaica, Bistorta major 2 uppl. Svenska Bokforlaget Bonniers, Stockholm, (Polygonum bistorta}, Silene dioica, S. vulgaris, 240pp.

-1996 II -Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats Raised bogs and mires and fens

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ANIMAt.s : Dragonflies - Leucorrhinia dubia, Aeshna subartica, A. caerulea, A. juncea, Somatochlora arctica, SPHAGNUM ACID BOGS S. alpestris. Butterflies - Colias palaeno, Boloria aquilonaris, Coenonympha tullia, Vacciniina optilete, 51.1 * Active raised bogs Hypenodes turfosalis, Eugraphe subrosea. Spiders - NATURA 2000 code : 7110 Pardosa sphagnicola, Glyphesis cottonae. Ants - PAL.CLASS.: 51.1 Formica transkaucassia. Cricket/Grasshopper -

* AcnVE RAISED BOGS Metrioptera brachyptera, Stethophyma grossum.

DEFINITION : Acid bogs, ombrotrophic, poor in GEQGRAPHJCAL DISIRIBUTIQN : Austria, Belgium, mineral nutrients, sustained mainly by Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, rainwater, with a water level generally higher Ireland, Netherlands, Spain (Pyrenees and than the surrounding water table, with perennial Cantabrian mountains), Sweden, United vegetation dominated by colourful Sphagna Kingdom. hummocks allowing for the growth of the bog Variations can occur depending on local climatic (Erico-Sphagnetalia magellanici, Scheuchzerietalia and geomorphological conditions. In Belgium, palustris p., Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris p., this habitat is only present in High Ardennes ; a Caricetalia fuscae p.). Typically, pools may be typical site is the Fagne Walloon. present in western United Kingdom, Ireland, Corresponding category in the United Kingdom

11 Finland and Sweden. The term I/ active" must be National Vegetation Classification : M1 taken to mean still supporting a significant area Sphagnum auricula tum bog pool community", of vegetation that is normally peat forming, but "M3 Eriophorum angustifolium bog pool bogs where active peat formation is temporarily community", "M18 Erica tetralix-Sphagum at a standstill, such as after a fire or during a papillosum raised and blanket mire", "M20a natural climatic cycle e.g., a period of drought, Eriophorum vaginatum blanket and mixed mire - are also included. species poor sub community". Corresponding category of the German Biotoptypen : "360101 PLANTs : Erico-Sphagnetalia magellanici- Andromeda Hochmoor der planaren bis submontanen polifolia, Carex pauciflora, Cladonia spp., Drosera Stufe", "360102 Hochmoor der montanen bis rotundifolia, Eriophorum vaginatum, Odontoschisma hochmontanen Stufe". sphagni, Sphagnum magellanicum, S. imbricatum, S. Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation fuscum, Vaccinium oxycoccos ; in the Boreal region types : "312 Ristuvvegetation", "313 Fastmatte­ also Betula nana, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Calluna vegetation", "314 Mjukmatte-och losbotten­ vulgaris, Ledum palustre and Sphagnum vegetation" and "311 Skogmossvegetation" when angustifolium. Scheuchzerietalia palustris p., comprising a part of the mire complexe. Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris p., Caricetalia fuscae p. - Carex fusca, C. limosa, Drosera anglica, D. COMMENTS : In order to support the conservation of intermedin, Eriophon1m gracile, Rhynchospora alba, R. this ecosystem over its geographic range and its fusca, Scheuchzeria palustris, Utricularia intermedia, genetic diversity, marginal areas of lower quality U. minor, U. ochroleuca ; in the Boreal region also as a result of damage or degradation which abut Sphagnum balticum and S. majus. active raised bogs may need to be included,

------Iuterpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- - Raised bogs and mires and fens ------

protected and, where practicable, regenerated. management, there is a reasonable expectation of There are very few intact or near-intact raised re-establishing vegetation with peat-forming bogs in Europe, except in Finland and Sweden capability within 30 years. Sites unlikely to where active raised bogs are predominant mire qualify as SACs are those that consist largely of complex type in hemiboreal and southern boreal bare peat, that are dominated by agricultural regions. grasses or other crops, or where components of bog vegetation have been eradicated by closed REfERENCES : • Curtis, (in press).- The raised bogs J.R. canopy woodlands. of Ireland : their ecology, status and conservation. Government Publications, Dublin. • Eurola, S., GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, Hicks, S. &: Kaakinen, E. (1984).- Key to Finnish Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Mire Types. • Moore, J.J. (1968).- A classification Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, United of the bogs and wet heaths of northern Europe Kingdom. (Oxycocco-Sphagnetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943). In : ,REFERENCES : • MALMER, N. (1965).- The southern Pjlanzensoziologische Systematik. Bericht uber das mires. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., 50: 149-158. internationale Symposium in Stolzenau/Weser 1964 der Internationale Vereinigung fUr Vegetationskunde 52.1 and 52.2 Blanket bog ( * active only) (R. Tuxen, Ed.). Junk, Den Haag. 306-320. • Nature NATURA 2000 code : 7130 Conservation Council (1989).- Guidelines for the PAL.CLASS.: 52.1 and 52.2 selection of biological SSSI' s. Nature Conservation Council, Peterborough. • Oswald, H. (1923).- Die BLANKET BOG(* ACTIVE ONLY) Vegetation des Hochmoores Komosse. Sv. DEFINITION : Extensive bog communities or Viixtsociol. Siillsk. Handl., 1 : 1-436. • Schouten, landscapes on flat or sloping ground with poor M.C.G. (1984).- Some aspects of the ecogeographical surface drainage, in oceanic climates with heavy gradient in Irish ombrotrophic bogs. Peat Congress, rainfall, characteristic of western and northern Dublin. 1:414-432. • Tuxen, R., Miyawaki, A.&: Britain and Ireland. In spite of some lateral water Fujiwara, K. (1972).- Eine erweiterte Gliederung flow, blanket bogs are mostly ombrotrophic. der Oxycocco-Sphagnetea. In : Grundfragen und They often cover extensive areas with local Methoden in der Pjlanzensoziologie. (R Tuxen, Ed.). topographic features supporting distinct Junk, Den Haag. 500 - 520. communities [Erico-Sphagnetalia magellanici : Pleurozio purpureae-Ericetum tetralicis, Vaccinio­ Ericetum tetralicis p. ; Scheuchzerietalia palustris p., 51.2 Degraded raised bogs (still Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris p., Caricetalia capable of natural regeneration) fuscae p.]. Sphagna play an important role in all NATURA 2000 code : 7120 of them but the cyperaceous component is PAL.CLASS. : 51.2 greater than in raised bogs. The term "active" must be taken to mean still DEGRADED RAISED BOGS (STILL CAPABLE OF NATURAL REGENERATION) supporting a significant area of vegetation that is , normally peat forming. DEFINITION : These are raised bogs where there has been disruption (usually anthropogenic) to the PLANTS : 52.1- Calluna vulgaris, Campylopus natural hydrology of the peat body, leading to atrovirens, Carex panicea, Drosera rotundifolia, Erica surface desiccation and/ or species change or tetralix, Eriophorum vaginatum, Molinia caerulea, loss. Vegetation on these sites usually contains Myrica gale, Narthecium ossifragum, Pedicularis species typical of active raised bog as the main sylvatica, Pinguicula lusitanica, Pleurozia purpurea, component, but the relative abundance of Polygala serpyllifolia, Potentilla erecta, Racomitrium individual species is different. Sites judged to be languginosum, Rhynchospora alba, Schoenus still capable of natural regeneration will include nigricans, Scirpus cespitosus, Sphagnum pulchrum, , those areas where the hydrology can be repaired .~, strictum, S. compactum, S. auriculatum. 52.2 - and where, with appropriate rehabilitation Calluna vulgaris, Diplophyllum albicans, Drosera

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rotundifolia, Empetrum nigrum, Erica tetralix, nale Symposium in Stolzenau/Weser 1964 der Eriophorum vaginatum, Mylia taylorii, Narthecium Internationale Vereinigung fii.r Vegetationskunde (R ossifragum, Rubus chamaemorus, Scirpus cespitosus, Tuxen, Ed.). Junk, Den Haag. 306 - 320. • Nature Vaccinium myrtillis. Conservation Council (1989).- Guidelines for the selection of biological SSSI's. Nature Conservation ANIMALs : Pluvialis apricaria, Calidris alpina. Council, Peterborough. • Tuxen, R., Miyawaki, A. GEQGRAPHJCAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Ireland, & Fujiwara, K. (1972).- Eine erweiterte Gliede­ Sweden, United Kingdom. rung der Oxycocco-Sphagnetea. In : Grundfragen Sub-types of the British Isles: 7131 (52.1)- Hyper­ und Methoden in der Pflanzensoziologie. (R. Atlantic blanket bogs of the western coastlands of Tuxen, Ed.). Junk, Den Haag. 500 - 520. Ireland, western Scotland and its islands, Cumbria, Northern Wales ; bogs locally dominated by sphagna (Sphagnum auriculatum, S. 54.5 llansition mires and quaking bogs magellanicum, S. compactum, S. papillosum, S. NATURA 2000 code : 7140 nemoreum, S. rubellum, S. tenellum, S. subnitens), or, PAL.CLASS. : 54.5 particularly in parts of western Ireland, TRANSITION MIRES AND QUAKING BOGS mucilaginous algal deposits (Zygogonium). 7132 (52.2) - Blanket bogs of high ground, hills and DEFINJ]JQN : Peat-forming communities developed mountains in Scotland, Ireland, Western England at the oligotrophic to mesotrophic water and Wales. Corresponding category in the surfaces, with characteristics intermediate United Kingdom National Vegetation Classifi­ between soligenous and ombrogenous types. cation : "M1 Sphagnum auriculatum bog pool They present a large and diverse range of plant community", "M15 Scirpus cespitosus-Erica tetralix communities. In large peaty systems, the most wet heath", "M17 Scirpus cespitosus-Eriophorum prominent communities are swaying swards, vaginatum blanket mire", "M18 Erica tetralix­ floating carpets or quaking mires formed by Sphagnum papillosum raised and blanket mire", medium-sized or small sedges, associated with "M19 Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum sphagnum or brown mosses. They are generally blanket mire", "M20 Eriophorum vagina tum accompanied by aquatic and amphibious blanket mire". communities. In the Boreal region this habitat type includes minerotrophic fens that are not CoMMENTS: In the United Kingdom discrete areas part of a larger mire complex, open swamps and of raised bog and blanket bog may occur in some small fens in the transition zone between water districts, showing their characteristic differences. (lakes, ponds) and mineral soil. In many other areas, however, peatlands which These mires and bogs belong to the may have begun as raised bog have became Scheuchzerietalia palustris order (oligotrophic merged in a general expanse of blanket bog, floating carpets among others) and to the losing their distinctive marginal features. Within Caricetalia fuscae order (quaking communities). these blanket bogs, there are other peat-forming Oligotrophic water-land interfaces with Carex systems which, strictly speaking, form part of rostrata are included. various biotopes of aquatic and amphibious PLANT$ : Eriophorum gracile, Carex chordorrhiza, zones, fens and moorland. Carex lasiocarpa, Carex diandra, Carex rostrata, REFERENCES : • Doyle, G.J. & Moore, J.J. (1980).­ Carex limosa, Scheuchzeria palustris, Hammarbya Westem blanket bog (Pleurozio purpureae­ paludosa, #Liparis loeselii, Rhynchospora alba, R. Ericetum tetralicis) in Ireland and Great Britain. fusca, Menyanthes trifoliata, Epilobium palustre, Colloques Phytosociologiques. VII : 213 - 223. Pedicularis palustris, Sphagnum sp., S. papillosum, • Moore, J.J. (1968).- A classification of the bogs S. angustifolium, S. subsecundun, S. fimbriatum, S. and wet heaths of northern Europe (Oxycocco­ riparium, S. cuspidatum, Calliergon giganteum, Sphagnetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943). In : Pflanzen­ Drepanocladus revolvens, Scorpidium scorpioides, soziologische Systematik. Bericht uber das internatio- Campylium stellatum, Aneura pinguis.

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- - Raised boss and mires and fens

GEQGRAPHICAL rnsmmUTIQN : Austria, Belgium, rotundifolia, Lycopodiella inundata, forming on Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, stripped areas of blanket bogs or raised bogs, but Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, United also on naturally seep- or frost-eroded areas of Kingdom. wet heaths and bogs, in flushes and in the Corresponding category in the United Kingdom fluctuation zone of oligotrophic pools with National Vegetation Classification: "M4- Carex sandy, slightly peaty substratum. These rostrata-Sphagnum recurvum mire", "M5 - Carex communities are similar, and closely related, to rostrata-Sphagnum squarrosum mire", "MB - Carex those of shallow bog hollows (51.122) and of rostrata-Sphagnum warnstofii mire", "M9 Carex transition mires (54.57). rostrata-Calliergon cuspidatum/giganteum", "S27 - PLANTS : Rhynchospora alba, R. fusca, Drosera Carex rostrata-Potentilla palustris fen". intermedia, D. rotundifolia, Lycopodiella inundata. Corresponding category of the German Biotoptypen "360201 Obergangs- oder GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, Zwischenmoor der planaren bis submontanen Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Stufe", "360202 Ubergangs- oder Zwischenmoor Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom. der montanen bis hoch.montanen Stufe". Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• types : "312 Ristuvvegetation", "32 Fattigkarr­ vegetation (except 321)", "314 Mjukmatte-och CALCAREOUS FENS lOsbottenvecetation pa oppna mossar", "3321 Trichophorum caespitosum-Molinia caerulea­ Splw.f"um spp.-Drepanocladus spp.-typ", "3323 53.3 * Calcareous fens with Cladium C.rtx nigra-Drepanocladus exannulatus-Calliergon mariscus and Carex davalliana spp.-typ", "Trichophorum caespitosum-Drepano­ NATURA 2000 code : 7210 cllulus reoolvens-variant of 3323", "3331 Carex spp.­ PAL.CLASS. : 53.3 Sphagnum spp.- Drepanocladus spp.-typ", "Carex * CALCAREOUS FENS WITH CLADIUM MARISCUS AND spp.-Sphtrpum fallax-subsecundum-variant of SPEOES OF THE CARICION DAVALLIANAE 3331 ", ''3333 Potentilla palustris-Carex spp.­ DEFINIDON : Cladium mariscus beds of the emergent­ S,W.JYUDII spp.- Drepanoclluius exannulatus-typ", plant zones of lakes, fallow lands or succession "334:1 Olrex stpp.-Phragmites-Iris pseudacorus­ stage of extensively farmed wet meadows in Sphqnum-typ". contact with the vegetation of the Caricion CCIOif1j'I'5 : Amphibious communities (22.3), fens davallianae or other Phragmition species [Cladietum (54.2 et 54:.4), bogs (51.1-2) or humid grasslands marisci (Allorge 1922) Zobrist 1935]. (37.2-3). PLANJS: Cladium mariscus, #Kostelezkia pentacarpos. REfEIENCES : • Du Rietz, G. E. (1949).- Huvuden­ GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : All the European heter och huvudgranser i svensk myrvegetation. Union, except Denmark and Greece. Sven. Bot. Tidskr., 43:274-309. Corresponding category in the United Kingdom National Vegetation Classification : "52 Cladie­ tum marisci", "S24 Peucedano-Phragmitetum 54.6 Depressions on peat substrates (Rhynchosporion) australis", "S25 Phragmites australis-Eupatorium NA1URA 2000 code : 7150 cannabin urn fen", ''M9 Carex rostrata- Calliergon PAL.CLASS. : 54.6 spp. mire", "M13 Schoen us nigricans-Juncus subnodulosus mire", "M14 Schoenus nigricans­ DEPRESSIONS ON PEAT SUBSTRATES Narthecium ossifragum mire", "M24 Molinia (RHYNCHOSPORTON) caerulea-Cirsium dissectum fen meadow", "SD14 DEfiNIDON : Highly constant pioneer communities Salix repens-Campylium stellatum dune slack" and of humid exposed peat or, sometimes, sand, with "SO 15 Salix repens-Calliergon cuspidatum dune Rhynchospora alba, R. fusca, Drosera intermedia, D. slack".

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Corresponding category of the German Sumpfquelle", 11220302 kalkreiche Sturzquelle", Biotoptypen : "3804 Schneidenrohricht". "220402 kalkreiche, temporare Sicker- und Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation Stumpfquelle", 11220502 kalkreiche, temporare types : 113441a Cladium mariscus-variant". Sturzquelle". Corresponding category of the Nordic COMMENTS : In contact with calcareous fens (54.2), vegetation types : "3521 Philonotis-typ" and but also with acid fens, extensive wet meadows, "3522 Cratoneuron-typ". other reed beds and large sedge communities. CoMMENTS : Can form complexes with transition REFERENCFS : • Sterner, R. (1926).- Olands viixtviirld. mires, fens, chasmophytic communities of cold Sodra Kalmar Ian III. Hjalmar Appeltoffts and humid environments and heaths and Bokhandel, Kalmar, 237 pp. calcareous grassland (Festuco-Brometalia ). In order to preserve this habitat of very limited 54.12 *Petrifying springs with tufa expanse in the field, it is essential to preserve its formation (Cratoneurion) surroundings and the whole hydrological NATURA 2000 code : 7220 system concerned. PAL.CLASS.: 54.12 REFERENCES : • Maimer, N. (1971) .- Forslag till riktlinjer for en enhetlig klassificering av myr­ * PETRIFYING SPRINGS WITH TUFA FORMATION (CRATONEURION) vegetation i Norden. In : IBP i Norden 7. DEFINWQN : Hard water springs with active Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, pp. 45-58. formation of travertine or tufa. These formations are found in such diverse environments as forests or open countryside. They are generally 54.2 Alkaline fens small (point or linear formations) and dominated NATURA 2000 code: 7230 by bryophytes (Cratoneurion commutati). PAL.CLASS. : 54.2

PLANTs : Arabis soyeri, Cochlearia pyrenaica (in sites ALKALINE FENS with heavy metals), Pinguicula vulgaris, Saxifraga DEFINITION : Wetlands mostly or largely occupied by aizoides. Mosses Catoscopium nigritum, peat- or tufa-producing small sedge and brown Cratoneuron commutatum, C. commutatum var. moss communities developed on soils falcatum, C. filicinum, Eucladium verticillatum, permanently waterlogged, with a soligenous or Gymnostomum recuroirostrum. In the Boreal region topogenous base-rich, often calcareous water also Carex appropinquata, Epilobium davuricum, supply, and with the water table at, or slightly Juncus triglumis, Drepanocladus vernicosus, above or below, the substratum. Peat formation, Philonotis calcarea, Scorpidium revolvens, S. cossoni, when it occurs, is infra-aquatic. Calciphile small Cratoneuron decipiens, Bryum pseudotriquetum. sedges and other Cyperaceae usually dominate GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, the mire communities, which belong to the Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Caricion davallianae, characterised by a usually Luxembourg, Sweden, United Kingdom. prominent "brown moss" carpet formed by Typical sites in: Lorraine (Belgium), The Burren, Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus intermedius, D. Ben Bulben, North Mayo and Pollardstown Fen revolvens, Cratoneuron commutatum, Acrocladium (Ireland). cuspidatum, Ctenidium molluscum, Fissidens Corresponding category in the United Kingdom adianth~ides, Bryum pseudotriquetrum and others, a National Vegetation Classification : "M37 grasslike growth of Schoenus nigricans, S. Cratoneuron commutatum-Festuca rubra spring ferrugineus, Eriophorum latifolium, Carex davalliana, community" and "M38 Cratoneuron commutatum­ C. flava, C. lepidocarpa, C. hostiana, C. panicea, Carex nigra spring community". /uncus subnodulosus, Scirpus cespitosus, Eleocharis Corresponding category of the German quinquejlora, and a very rich herbaceous flora Biotoptypen : 11220102 kalkreiche Sicker- und including Tofieldia calyculata, Dactylorhiza

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- - Raised bogs and mires and fens

incarnata, D. traunsteineri, D. traunsteinerioides, D. Corresponding category of the Nordic russowii, D. majalis ssp. brevifolia, D. cruenta, vegetation types: 34 Rikldirrvegetation-typ, "352 # Liparis loeselii, Herminium monorchis, Epipactis Rik kallkarrvegetation". palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris, Pedicularis sceptrum­ REFEKENCES : • Sjors, H. (1948).- Myrvegetation i carolinum, Primula farinosa, Swertia perennis. Wet Bergslagen. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., 21: 1-299. grasslands (Molinietalia caerulaea, 37), tall sedge beds (Magnocaricion, 53.2), reed formations (Phragmition, 53.1), fen sedge beds (Cladietum 54.3 * Alpine pioneer formations of mariscae, 53.3), may form part of the fen system, Caricion bicoloris-atrofuscae with communities related to transition mires NATURA 2000 code : 7240 (54.5, 54.6) and amphibious or aquatic vegetation PAL.CLASS.: 54.3 (22.3, 22.4) or spring communities (54.1) * ALPINE PIONEER FORMATIONS OF developing in depressions. The sub-units below, CARICION BICOLORIS-ATROFUSCAE which can, alone or in combination, and together DEFINIDON : Alpine, peri-Alpine and northern with codes selected from the categories just British communities colonising neutral to mentioned, precise the composition of the fen, are slightly acid gravely, sandy, stony, sometimes understood to include the mire communities somewhat argilous or peaty substrates soaked by sensu stricto (Caricion davallianae), their transition cold water, in moraines and on edges of springs, to the Molinion, and assemblages that, although rivulets, glacial torrents of the alpine or sub­ they may be phytosociologically referable to alpine levels, or on alluvial sands of pure, cold, alkaline Molinion associations, contain a large slow-flowing rivers and calm backwaters. The representation of the Caricion davallianae species permanent or continue soil frost during a long listed, in addition to being integrated in the fen period is essential for the existence of this habitat system ; this somewhat parallels the definition of type. Low vegetation composed principally of an integrated class Molinio-Caricetalia davallianae species of Carex and Juncus (Caricion bicoloris­ in Rameau et al., 1989. Outside of rich fen atrofuscae ). systems, fen communities can occur on small surfaces in dune slack systems (16.3), in transition PLANIS : Carex atrofusca, C. bicolor, C. maritima, C. mires (54.5), in wet grasslands (37), on tufa cones microglochin, C. vaginata, funcus alpinoarticulatus, (54.121) and in a few other situations. The codes f. arcticus, f. castaneus, f. triglumis, Kobresia below can be used, in conjunction with the simpliciuscula, Typha lugdunensis, T. minima, T. principal code relevant, to signal their presence. shuttleworthii, Tofieldia pusilla. Rich fens are exceptionally endowed with ANIMAL?: #Vertigo geyeri, #V. genesii. spectacular, specialised, strictly restricted species. They are among the habitats that have undergone GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Alps, Finland, the most serious decline. They are essentially Sweden, Scotland and Upper Teesdale. extinct in several regions and gravely endangered Corresponding category of the German in most. A very few large systems remain, in Biotoptypen: "6402 Alpine Scwemmboden mit particular in pre-Alpine Bavaria, in the Italian pre­ niedriger Vegetation". Alps, in collinar and montane eastern France, in Corresponding category of the Nordic north-eastern Germany, in the coastal marshes of vegetation types : "3422 Carex atrofusca­ northern France, in eastern and northern England, Drepanocladus revolvens-typ" and "3423 Carex in Wales, in Ireland, and in Finland and Sweden. saxatilis-Drepanocladus revolvens-typ".

PLANJS : Schoenus nigricans, S. ferrugineus, Carex CoMMENTS : Associated with humid meadows spp., Eriophorum latifolium, Cinclidium stygium, managed extensively, but also with communities Tomentypnum nitens. of Caricion davallianae. GEQGRAPHICAL DISIRIBUJJON : All the European REFERENCES : • Persson, A. (1965).- Mountain Union, except Luxembourg and Portugal. mires. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., 50 : 249-256.

-1996 II -Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats ------Raised bogs and mires and fens _ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• REFERENCES : • Eurola, S., Hicks, S. & Kaakinen, E. AAPAMIRES (1984).- Key to Finnish mire types. In : Moore, P.O. (ed). European mires, 11-117. Academic Press, 54.8 * Aapa mires London. • Ruuhijarvi, R. (1983).- The Finnish NATURA 2000 code : 7310 mire types and their regional distribution. In : PAL.CLASS. : 54.8 Gore, A.J.P. (ed.). Ecosystems of the world. 4B. Mires: Swamp, bog,fen and moor. Regional studies, * AAPAMIRES 47-97. Elsevier, Amsterdam. DEFINmQN : Mire complexes in southern, middle and northern boreal zones characterised by minerotrophic fen vegetation in the central parts 54.9 * Paisa mires of the complexes. Hydrotopographical mire-units NATURA 2000 code : 7320 are : mixed mires, string-fens, flark-fens, unraised PAL.CLASS. : 54.9 Sphagum fuscum-bogs, unpatterned topogenous or soligenous lawn-, carpet or mud-bottom fens. * PALSA MIRES Poor Sphagum fens are the most common DEFINITION : Mire complexes in the northern boreal, vegetation types whilst brown moss fens can be orohemiarctic and alpine regions, where the common in some regions. In prealpine areas in climate is slightly continental and the mean Sweden and in hill regions of Kainuu and annual temperature is below -1 o. The mires are Kuusamo in eastern Finland, sloping fens (> 5 mainly minerotrophic, excluding the palsas, grades) are typical variants of aapa mires. They which are peat mounds with sporadic occur rarely also in the Suomenselka water divide permafrost. The palsas are usually 2-4 metres region in western Finland as well in Lapland. In high, but up to 7 metres high palsas have been the mire margins, pine mires and spruce swamps found in Finland and Sweden. and mires on thin peat of different types PLANTS : Eriophorum russeolum, Carex rotundata, C. dominate. In some limited areas with calcareous saxatilis, Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum, bedrock rich fens dominate in the complexes. Ledum palustre, Betula nana, Vaccinium PLANIS : Chamaedaphne calyculata, Empetrum nigrum microcarpum. Mosses : Dicranum elongatum. (s. lato), Betula nana, Thricophorum cespitosum, Lichens: Ochrolechia spp., Cladonia spp., Cladina Eriophorum vaginatum, E. russeolum, Carex spp. rostrata, C. lasiocarpa, C. rotundata, C. chordorriza, GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Northern most C. livida, Scheuchzeria palustris, Molinia caerulea, Finland and Sweden. Rubus chamaemorus, Saxifraga hirculus, Paisa mires also occur in northern Norway and Dactylorhiza incarnata. Mosses : Sphagnum in the Kola peninsula. There are a few paisa papillosum, S. jensenii, S. lindbergii, S. majus, S. mires in the Dovre mountains in middle Norway, aongstroemii, S. subsecundum, S. subfulvum, S. but they seem to be declining due to climatic pulchrum, Wamstorfia exannulata (Drepanocladus change. exannulatus), Limprichtia revolvens (Drepanocladus revolvens), Drepanocladus (s.lato) spp., Scorpidium REFERENCES : • Eurola, S., Hicks, S. & Kaakinen, E. scorpioides. (1984).- Key to Finnish mire types. In : Moore, P.O. (ed). European mires, 11-117. Academic ANIMALS : Butterflies - Pyrgus centaureae, Erebia Press, London. • Ruuhijarvi, R. (1983).- The disa ; moths : Syngrapha diasema, Apamea maillardi, Finnish mire types and their regional Nola karelica, Hypoxyxtis pluviaria. distribution. In : Gore, A.J.P. (ed.). Ecosystems of GEQGRAPmcAL QISTRIBUTIQN : Finland, Sweden. the world. 4B. Mires : Swamp, bog, fen and moor. Aapa mires are also common in Russian Karelia ; Regional studies, 47-97. Elsevier, Amsterdam. further to the east, under more continental climatic conditions, they are mostly replaced by ombrotrophic bogs.

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•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Cryptogramma crispa-Athyrium distentifolium snow SCREE bed". Corresponding category of the German Biotoptypen : "6304 Silikatschutthalde der Alpen". 61.1 Siliceous scree Corresponding category of the Nordic NATURA 2000 code : 8110 vegetation types : "1251a Cryptogramma crispa­ PAL.CLASS. : 61.1 variant", "7141 Veronica fruticans -typ" and "7142 Veronica fruticans-funiperus communis -typ". SILICEOUS SCREE OF THE MONTANE TO SNOW LEVELS (ANDROSACETALIA ALPINAE AND COMMENTS : This habitat is generally in close GALEOPSIETALIA LADANI) association with the chasmophytic vegetation on DEFINfOON : This habitat consist of : siliceous rocky slopes (62.2). In Ireland and the a) communities of siliceous scree of the superior United Kingdom, sites sheltering rare arctic­ montane level to the snow level, growing on alpine plants (post glacial remnants) have a high 11 more or less moving cryoclastic systems" with conservation value. variable granulometry and belonging to the Androsacetalia alpinae order. REFERENCES : • Bringer, K.-G. (1965).- Plant cover b) vegetation of the montane level of the west and of the alpine regions. Chionophobous plant centre of Europe growing on screes sometimes of communities. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., 50:257-262. artificial origin (extraction of materials). It consist of alpine communities often rich in bryophytes, lichens and sometimes in ferns (Cryptogramma 61.2 Eutric scree NATURA 2000 code : PAL.CLASS. : 61.2 crispa), belonging to the Galeopsietalia order. 8120

PLANIS : a) Androsacetalia alpinae : Androsacae alpina, CALCAREOUS AND CALCSHIST SCREES OF THE Achillea nana, Oxyria .digyna, Geum reptans, MONTANE TO ALPINE LEVELS Saxifraga bryoides, Ranunculus glacialis, Linaria (1Hz.ASPIETEA ROTUNDIFOUI) alpina, Cerastium uniflorum, Doronicum clusii, D. DEFINITION : Calcareous, calcshist or marl screes of grandiflorum, Poa laxa, Viola valderia, Luzula the montane to alpine levels under cold climate, alpinopilosa, Cryptogramma crispa ; b) Galeopsietalia with the associations respectively of Drabion ladani : Galeopsis ladanum ssp. ladanum, hoppeanae, Thlaspion rotundifolii and Petasition Anarrhinum bellidiflorum, Cryptogramma crispa, paradoxi. Athyrium alpestre. PLANIS : Drabion hoppeanae (calcschist screes) : Draba GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium hoppeana, Artemisia genipi, Campanula cenisia, (habitat of high conservation priority, present in Saxifraga biflora, Herniaria alpina, Trisetum spicatum the Ardennes, Warche valley e.g.), Finland, ssp. ovatipaniculatum; Thlaspion rotundifolii France, Germany, Greece, Ireland (e.g. the "Stieve (calcareous scree): Thlaspi rotundifolium, Hutchin­ League" site, Co. Donegal), Italy, Luxembourg, sia alpina, Papaver rhaeticum, Galium villarsi, Sweden, United Kingdom. Corresponding Berardia subacaulis, Viola cenisia, Arabis alpina; category in the United Kingdom National Petasition paradoxi (marl screes) : Petasites Vegetation Classification : "U21 Cryptogramma paradoxus, Gypsophila repens, Valeriana montana, crispa-Deschampsia flexuosa community" and "U18 Leontodon hyoseroides.

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GEQGMPHICAL QISTRIBUTION : Austria, France, pyrenaicum, Minuartia cerastiifolia, Saxifraga Germany, Ireland (Ben Bulben), Italy, Spain, praetermissa, S. aizoides, Epilobium anagallidifolium, Sweden, United Kingdom. Veronica alpina, Taraxacum alpinum, Crepis Corresponding category in the United Kingdom pygmaea ; 64.35 - Linaria filicaulis, Arabis cantabrica, National Vegetation Classification : 110V38 - Iberis lereschiana, Ranunculus pamassifolius ssp. Gymnocarpium robertianum-Arrhenatherum elatius favargeri, Crepis pygmaea, Iberis aperta, Rumex community". scutatus, Epilobium anagallidifolium, Doronicum Corresponding category of the German grandiflorum ssp. braunblanquetii, Campanula Biotoptypen: "6302 Kalkschutthalde der Alpen". arvatica, Saxifraga praetermissa, Arabis cantabrica, Corresponding category of the Nordic Ranunculus alpestris ssp. leroyi, Salix breviserrata, vegetation types: "7143 Arenaria norvegica-typ". Galium pyrenaicum; 61.38 - Linaria saxatilis, L. alpina, Digitalis purpurea var. carpetana, Senecio CQMMENIS : In Ireland and United Kingdom, pyrenaicus ssp. carpetanus, Rumex suffruticosus, preference should be given to sites sheltering Santolina oblongifolia, Conopodium butinioides, rare arctic-alpine plants (post glacial remnants). Reseda gredensis; 61.39 - Senecio toumefortii var. REfERENCE$ : • Bringer, K.-G. (1965).- Plant cover granatensis, Digitalis purpurea var. nevadensis, of the alpine regions. Chionophobous plant Cirsium gregarium, Solidago virgaurea var. alpestris, communities. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec.,SO: 257-262. Holcus caespitosus, Crepis oporinoides, Eryngium glaciale, Linaria aeruginea var. nevadensis, Viola crassiuscula, Linaria glacialis, Rhynchosinapis 61.3 Western Mediterranean and cheiranthos ssp. nevadensis, Ranunculus glacialis, R. alpine thermophilous scree pamassifolius, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Papaver NATURA 2000 code: 8130 suaveolens, Holcus caespitosus, Crepis oporinoides. PAL.CLASS. : 61.3 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, France, Italy,

WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND Portugal, Spain. THERMOPHILOUS SCREE The following sub-types are included : DEFINITION : Screes of warm exposures in the Alps 61.31 Peri-Alpine thermophilous screes. Stipion and the Pyrenees, of calcareous substrates in the calamagrostidis, Leontodontion hyoseroidis. Pyrenees, of Mediterranean mountains, hills and Mostly coarse, unstabilized, sunny calcareous lowlands and, locally, of warm, sunny middle screes of the montane and sub-alpine levels of European upland or lowland sites. The the Alps and of the uplands and lowlands of vegetation belongs to the Androsacetalia alpinae western and central middle Europe. p., Thlaspietalia rotundifolii p., Stipetalia calama­ 61.32 Proven~al screes. Pimpinello-Gouffeion. grostis and Polystichetalia lonchitis orders. Screes of Mediterranean southern France, with Gouffeia arenarioides, Ptychotis PLANTs : 61.31 - Achnatherum calamagrostis, Galeopsis heterophylla, Linaria supina, Centranthus ruber, angustifolia, Gymnocarpium robertianum, Lentodon Crucianella latifolia. hyoseroides, Sisymbrium supinum, Linaria supina; 61.33 Pyreneo-Alpine thermo-siliceous screes. 61.32- Gouffeia arenarioides, Ptychotis heterophylla, Senecion leucophyllae, Taraxacion pyrenaici. Centranthus ruber, Crucianella latifolia; 61.33 - Siliceous screes of warm slopes of the sub­ Senecio leucophyllus, Taraxacum pyrenaicum, alpine level of the Alps and of the alpine and Xatartia scabra, Armeria alpina; 61.34 - Iberis sub-alpine levels of the Pyrenees, usually spathulata, Papaver suaveolens, Galium composed largely of big stones or boulders, cometerhizon, Plantago monosperma, Viola with Senecio leucophyllus, Taraxacum lapeyrousiana, Campanula jaubertiana, Crepis pyrenaicum, Galeopsis pyrenaica, Xatartia scabra, pygmaea, Doronicum grandiflorum, Campanula Armeria alpina. cochleariaefolia, Carduus carlinoides, Galium 61.34 Pyrenean calcareous screes. Iberidion cespitosum, Festuca glacialis, Androsace ciliata, spathulatae. Saxifraga oppositifolia, Hutchinsia alpina, Galium Calcareous screes of the Pyrenees.

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61.35 Oro-Cantabrian calcareous screes. Linarion GEQGRAPHICAL DISIRIBUJJON : Greece. filicaulis, Saxifragion praetermissae. The following sub-types are included : Basiphile screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica. 61.41 Greek limestone screes. Drypion spinosae 61.36 Oro-Cantabrian siliceous screes. Linarion (Silenion caesiae). filicaulis p., Linario-Senecion carpetani p. Formations of the higher mountains of Greece Siliceous screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica ; (Pindus, Olympus, Parnassus, Giona, floristically rich formations of the "dark" Taygetos, Kilini), with Drypis spinosa, screes of the Cordillera are related to those of Ranunculus brevifolius, Senecio thapsoides, 61.351, though somewhat intermediate Aethionema saxatile. towards 61.38; other more species-poor ones, 61.42 Greek serpentine screes. Campanulion characterised by Trisetum hispidum and Rumex hawkinsonianae. suffruticosus, belong to the latter. Less widespread formations restricted to 61.37 Iberian fern screes. Dryopteridion oreadis, serpentines of the Pindus, with Campanula Dryopteridion submontanae. hawkinsoniana, Arenaria serpentini, Cardamine Fern-dominated chaotic, boulder fields of glauca, Viola magellensis, Alyssum scardicum, siliceous and calcareous Iberian mountains. Silene haussknechtii. 61.38 Carpetano-lberian siliceous screes. Linario­ Senecion carpetani. Screes of the Cordillera Central, the Iberian 61.5 Media-European siliceous scree Range, the Leonese mountains, with Linaria NATURA 2000 code : 8150 saxatilis, L. alpina, Digitalis purpurea var. PAL.CLASS. : 61.12 carpetana, Senecio pyrenaicus ssp. carpetanus, Rumex suffruticosus, Santolina oblongifolia, NORTHERN UPLAND SILICEOUS SCREES Conopodium butinioides, Reseda gredensis. DEFINDlON : Siliceous screes of hills of western and 61.39 Nevadan siliceous screes. Holcion caespitosae. central Europe, with Epilobium collinum, Galeopsis Siliceous screes of the high levels of the Sierra segetum, Senecio viscosus, Anarrhinum bellidifolium, Nevada, very rich in endemics. Cryptogramma crispa. Upland siliceous screes, 61.3A Southern Iberian calcareous screes. often resulting from quarry activity, and colonised Platycapno-Iberidion granatensis, Scrophularion by very impoverished forms of the Alpine sciaphilae. communities, usually rich in mosses, lichens and Screes of the calcareous Baetic mountains of sometimes ferns, notably Cryptogramma crispa, are southern and south-eastern Iberia. included, but should not be taken into account. 61.3B Central Mediterranean screes Screes of the Italian peninsula and of the large PLANTS : Epilobium collinum, Galeopsis segetum, Mediterranean islands. Senecio viscosus, Anarrhinum bellidifolium, Cryptogramma crispa GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIQN Austria, France, 61.4 Balkan scree Germany, Luxembourg. NATURA 2000 code : 8140 PAL.CLASS. : 61.4 61.6 *Media-European calcareous scree NATURA 2000 code : 8160 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SCREES PAL.CLASS. : 61.313 DEFJNWON : Screes of the high Greek mountains

with vegetation of the Drypetalia spinosae order. * CALCAREOUS SCREE OF HILL AND MONTANE LEVELS PLANTS : 61.41 - Drypis spinosa, Ranunculus DEFJNmON : Calcareous or marly screes of the hill brevifolius, Senecio thapsoides, Aethionema saxatile; and montane levels extending into mountainous 61.42 - Campanula hawkinsoniana, Arenaria regions (subalpine and alpine), often in dry, serpentini, Cardamine glauca, Viola magellensis, warm stations in associations with Stipetalia Alyssum scardicum, Silene haussknechtii. cnlamagrostis.

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PLANT$ : Achnatherum calamagrostis, Dryopteris stelligerum, Erodium petraeum ; Mesotherm robertiana (= Gymnocarpium robertianum), Galeopsis shady fern groups of the supra-Mediterranean angustifolia, Petasites paradoxus, Rumex scutatus. level (Polypodion australis) : Polypodium cambricum ssp. australe, Saxifraga corbariensis, GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, France, #Asplenium jahandiezii, Asplenium sagitta tum, southern Germany, Italy, Luxembourg. Pteris cretica, Asplenium trichomanes ssp. Calcareous screes of the Paris Basin, and more inexpectans. precisely the calcareous fine screes of the 8212 (62.12) - Central Pyrenean communities thermo-medio European plains irradiating into (Saxifragion mediae) Asperula hirta, the lower valley of the Seine (Leontodontion + Androsace cylindrica, Asplenium celtibericum, hyoseroidis) may be included here. Saxifraga media, S. longifolia, S. aretioides, Corresponding category of the German Potentilla alchimilloides, P. nivalis, Ramonda Biotoptypen : "320401 natiirliche Schutthalde myconi, Ptilotrichum pyrenaicum. aus Karbonatgestein". 8213 (62.13)- Liguro-Apennine cliffs communities This habitat type should be clearly distinguished (Saxifragion lingulatae) : Saxifraga callosae ssp. from 61.3 - Westem Medite"anean and alpine Ungulata, Primula marginata, P. allionii, thermophilous screes, a non-priority Annex I Phyteuma cordatum, Ballota frutescens, Potentilla habitat type. saxifraga, Silene campanula, Phyteuma charmelii. 8214 {62.14) - Southern Italian communities •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (Dianthion rupicolae) : #Dianthus rupicola, Antirrhinum siculum, Cymbalaria pubescens, CHASMOPHYTIC VEGETATION Scabiosa limonifolia. ON ROCKY SLOPES 8215 (62.15) and 62.1B- Euro-Siberian communities and Mediterranean communities of the supra 62.1 and 62.1A Calcareous subtypes to oro-Mediterranean levels (Potentilletalia NATURA 2000 code : 8210 caulescentis) : PAL.CLASS. : 62.1 • shady communities : Cystopteris fragilis, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium viride. CHASMOPHYI'IC VEGETATION OF • xerophilous communities : Ceterach CALCAREOUS ROCKY SLOPES officinarum, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Draba DEFINITION : Vegetation of fissures of limestone aizoides, Kernera saxatilis, Biscutella laevigata. cliffs, in the mediterranean region and in the • alpine level communities : Androsace euro-siberian plain to alpine levels, belonging helvetica, Minuartia rupestris, Draba tomentosa. essentially to the Potentilletalia caulescentis and • Centre and Southern Italian communities Asplenietalia glandulosi orders. Two levels may be (Saxifragion australis) : Saxifraga australis, identified : a) thermo- and meso-Mediterranean Potentilla nebrodensis, Campanula tanfanii, (Onosmetalia frutescentis) with Campanula Trisetum bertolonii. versicolor, C. rupestris, Inula attica, I. mixta, 8216 (62.16), 8217 (62.17), 8218 (62.18), 8219 (62.19) Odontites luskii ; b) montane- oro-Mediterranean and 821A (62.1A)- Greek and Southern Italian (Potentilletalia speciosae, including Silenion calcareous cliff communities (Campanulion aurticulatae, Galion degenii and Ramondion versicoloris, Cirsietalia chamaepeucis, Silenion nathaliae). This habitat type presents a great auriculatae, Ramondion nathaliae). regional diversity, with many endemic plant 62.1C - Boreal communities with Asplenium species (indicated under point 3). viride, Woodsia glabella.

PLANTS: GEQGMPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium 8211 (62.11)- Western Mediterranean communities (Meuse valley e.g.- 62.152 essentially), Finland, (Asplenion petrarchae) : Asplenium petrarchae, France (included the Corsican subtypes of the Asplenium trichomanes ssp. pachyrachis, Brassicion insularis (62.11) and the Arenarion Cheilanthes acrostica, Melica minuta, Hieracium bertolonii (62.15), Denmark, Germany, Greece,

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Ireland, Italy (included Sicily}, Luxembourg, Saxicolous communities of the plain to hill levels Portugal, Sweden, Spain, United Kingdom. under Middle European climate (Asplenion Corresponding category of the German septentrionalis) and communities of the plain Biotoptypen : "320101 natiirlicher Karbonatfels level under oceanic climate (Asplenion billotii­ (Kalk, Dolomit)". Umbilicarion rupestre : 62.29 is included) : Corresponding category of the Nordic Asplenium septentrionale, A. adiantum-nigrum, A. vegetation types : "712 Klippvegetation pa rika/ billotii, A. foreziense, A. onopteris. - Hercynian kalkbergarter". serpentine cliffs (Asplenion cuneifolii) :Asplenium cuneifolium, A. alternifolium, A. adulterinum. COMMENTS : This habitat constitutes mosaics with 62.22 - high altitude siliceous cliff vegetation of Xerobrometea communities (34.1, 34.31-34.34}, Iberian mountains : - Central Iberian screes (61) and limestone pavements (62.4). mountains (Saxifragion willkommianae) : Saxi­ In Ireland and the United Kingdom : sites fraga willkommiana, S. orogredensis, Murbeckiella sheltering relict arctic-alpine flora and important boryi;- Sierra Nevada (Saxifragion nevadensis): bryophyte and/ or lichen assemblages. Saxifraga ·nevadensis. REfERENCES : • Brulos., Marceno C. (1979).­ 62.23 - South-western Alpine siliceous cliff Dianthion rupicolae nouvelle alliance sud­ vegetation (Saxifragion pedemontanae): Saxifraga Tyrienne des Asplenietalia glandulosi. Doc. pedemontana, #S. florulenta, Galium tendae, Phytosoc., N.S. 6 : 131-146. • Biondi, E., Balleli Sempervivum montanum ssp. burnatii, Jovibarba (1982).- La vegetation des gorges calcaires des allionii. Apennins de l' Ombrie et des Marches. Guide­ 62.24 - Cyrno-Sardian siliceous montane cliff itineraire Exc. Int. Phytosoc. en Italie centrale (2- vegetation (Potentillion crassinerviae) : Potentilla 11/7/1982) : 189-201. • Karlsson, L. (1973).­ crassinervia, Armeria leucocephala, Silene Autecology of cliff and scree plants in Sarek requientii, Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cervicornis. National Park, northern Sweden. Viixtekol. Stud., 62.25 - Northern Greek siliceous cliff vegetation 4: 1-203. • Soyrinki, N. & Saari, V. (1980).- Die (Silenion lerchenfeldianae): Silene lerchenfeldiana. Flora von Oulanka Nationalpark, Nordfinnland. 62.26 - see 62.21 Acta Flor. Fennica 154. 62.27- Western Iberian siliceous cliff vegetation of the submontane level (Cheilanthion hispanicae) : Cheilanthes hispanica, C. tinaei. 62.2 Silicicolous sub-types 62.28 - Proven~o-lberian siliceous cliff vegetation on NATURA 2000 code : 8220 rock faces rich in basic silicates (basalts and PAL.CLASS.: 62.2 peridots), of the thermo to meso-Mediter­ ranean levels (Phagnalo saxatilis-Cheilanthion CHASMOPHYTIC VEGETATION ON maderensis) : Cheilanthes maderensis, C. SILICEOUS ROCKY SLOPES marantae, C. vellaea, Asplenium balearicum. DEFIN1IJON : Vegetation of fissures of siliceous 62.29 : see 62.21. inland cliffs, which presents many regional sub­ 62.2A- Boreal siliceous cliffs (rapakivi cliffs). types, described under 'plants'. GEQGRAPHICAL DISIRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, PLANT$ : 62.21 - Alpine siliceous cliff vegetation Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, (Pyrenees and Alps) and of Hercynian system Portugal, Luxembourg, Spain, Sweden, United and its periphery (Androsacion vandellii) : Kingdom. Androsace vandellii, Saxifraga retusa ssp. retusa, S. Corresponding category of the German Biotop­ aspera, Phyteuma scheuchzeri, Primula hirsuta, typen : "320102 nati.irlicher Silikatfels (ohne Eritrichium nanum ; Communities of montane Serpentinit)", "320103 natiirlicher Serpentinitfels". level of Pyrenees and Cevennes (Asarinion Corresponding category of the Nordic procumbentis : includes 62.26) : Asarina vegetation types : "711 Klippvegetation pa procumbens, Dianthus graniticus, Saxifraga fattiga bergarter", "713 Klippvegetation pa continentalis, S. prostii, Anarrhinum bellidifolium; serpentinbergarte~

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CoMMENTS : This habitat type is found in close vegetation types : partly "711 Klippvegetation pa association with siliceous scree (61.1) and fattiga bergarter" and "5211 Sedum spp.-Viola pioneer grassland (62.3). tricolor-A ira praecox-typ". In Ireland and the United Kingdom : sites CoMMENIS : This habitat is associated with the 62.2 sheltering relict arctic-alpine flora and important type, and corresponds to the vegetation bryophyte and/ or lichen assemblages. colonising siliceous rocks. The vegetation REEERENCES: • }alas, J. (1961).- Regionale Ziige in colonising calcareous rocks is included under der Felsenvegetation und flora Ostfenno­ 34.11 "Karstic calcareous grasslands (Alysso­ scandiens. Arch. Soc. Vanamo, 16 Suppl. : 38-49. Sedion albi)" and 62.4 "Limestone pavements" • Kallio, P. (1954).- Ziige aus der flora un specific for Ireland, the United Kingdom and vegetation der rapakivifelsen im sudostlichen Sweden. teil des rapakivigebietes von Laitila in REFERENCES : • Hallberg, H. P. & lvarsson, R. Siidwestfinnland. Ann. Univ. Turkuensis, A XVII: (1965).- Vegetation of coastal BohusHin. Acta 1-64. Phytogeogr. Suec., 50: 111-122.

62.3 Pioneer vegetation on rock surfaces 62.4 * Limestone pavements NATURA 2000 code : 8230 NATURA 2000 code : 8240 PAL.CLASS. : 62.42 PAL.CLASS. : 62.3

PIONEER VEGETATION ON SILICEOUS ROCK * LIMESTONE PAVEMENTS SURFACES(SEDO-SCLE~ION, SEDO ALBI-VERONICION DILLENII) DEFINmoN : Regular blocks of limestone known as DEFINITION : Pioneer communities of the Sedo­ "dints" with loose flags separated by a network Scleranthion or the Sedo albi-Veronicion dillenii of vertical fissures known as "grykes" or alliances, colonising superficial soils of siliceous "shattered pavements", containing more loose rock surfaces. limestone rubble. The rock surface is almost As a consequence of drying, this open vegetation devoid of overlying soils (considerably less than is characterised by mosses, lichens and 50 °/o cover) except for some patches of shallow Crassulacea. skeletal or loessic soils, although more extensive areas of deeper soil occasionally occur ; PLANTs : Sedo-Scleranthion : Sempervivum arachno­ sometimes there is encroachment of peat. This ideum, Sempervivum montanum, Sedum annuum, morphology offers a variety of microclimates Silene rupestris, Veronica Jruticans; Sedo albi­ allowing the establishment of complex Veronicion dillenii : Veronica verna, Veronica dillenii, vegetation consisting of a mosaic of different Gagea bohemica, Gagea saxatiles, Riccia ciliifera; communities. The fissures provide a cold humid plant species belonging to the two syntaxa : microclimate where shade-tolerant vascular Allium montanum, Sedum acre, Sedum album, plants such as Geranium robertianum and Ceterach Sedum reflexum, Sedum sexangulare, Scleranthus officinale occur, as well as formations of perennis, Rumex acetosella. herbaceous species typical of calcareous Mosses : Polytrichum piliferum, Ceratodon ~oodland ; the small pockets of soil are occupied purpureus. by communities of Mesobromion (e.g. Seslerio­ GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, Mesobromenion); heath and scrub also occur (e.g. Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Corylo-Fraxinetum). Apart from the species rich Portugal, Spain, Sweden. areas of scrub (generally Prunetalia spinosae), the Corresponding category of the German ecosystem is maintained by grazing in some Biotoptypen : "320102 natiirlicher Silikatfels regions ; this, combined with severe winds, (ohne Serpentinit) (liickige Vegetation, P002)". means that isolated shrubs can only survive in Corresponding category of the Nordic prostrate growth form (e.g. Dryas octopetala); at

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ungrazed sites, marginal areas of Geranium vegetation und Mikroklima der Karstspalten des sanguineum occur. Grossen Alvars auf Oland, Schweden. Unpubl. In Sweden, limestone blocks are larger and diploma work, Miinchen. • ,Etherington, J.R. cracks are smaller. The species composition (1981).- Limestone heaths in south-west Britain : their reflects a more continental, dryer and cooler soils and the maintenance of their calcicole-calcifuge climate. The pavements are mostly exposed with mixtures. • Kelly, D. & Kirby, E.N. (1982).- Irish scattered cushions of bryophytes, more seldom native woodlands over limestone. f. Life Sci. R. covered by a thin layer of soil. The surface is Dubl. Soc., 3:181-198. • 0' Sullivan, A.M. (1982).­ covered by Sedum album, Cerastium pumilum, C. The lowland grasslands of Ireland. J. Life Sci. R. semidecandrum, lichens (Aspicilia calcarea, Tham­ Dubl. Soc., 3: 131-142. • Ward, S.D. & Evans, D.F. nolia vermicularis, Verrucaria nigrescens) and (1976).- Conservation assessment of British bryophytes (Tortella tortuosa, Grimmia pulvinata). limestone pavements based upon floristic criteria. The vegetation in the cracks contains Gymno­ Biological Conservation, 9 : 217-233. carpium robertianum, Asplenium ruta-muraria, A. trichomanes ssp. quadrivalens and, occasionally, bushes of Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Cotoneaster spp., Rosa spp. OTHER ROCKY HABITATS PLANTS : Britain and Ireland - Asplenium spp., Ceterach officinale, Cystopteris fragilis, Dryas 65 Caves not open to the public octopetala, Dryopteris villarii, Epipactis atrorubens, NATURA 2000 code : 8310 Gentiana verna, Polygonatum odoratum, Ribes PAL.CLASS.: 65 spicatum. Sweden - Sedum album, Cerastium pumilum, C. semidecandrum, Aspicilia calcarea, CAVES NOT OPEN TO THE PUBLIC Thamnolia vermicularis, Verrucaria nigrescens, DEFINITION : Caves not open to the public, Tortella tortuosa, Grimmia pulvinata, Gymno­ including their water areas and flows, hosting carpium robertianum, Asplenium ruta-muraria, A. specialised or high endemic species, or that are trichomanes ssp. quadrivalens. of paramount importance for the conservation of Annex II species (e.g. bats, amphibians). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Ireland, United Kingdom, Sweden (Oland and Gotland). PLANIS: Mosses only (e.g. Schistostega pennata) and Some sites in Ireland host an open Taxus­ algal carpets at the entry of caves. funiperus scrub of major interest ; certain arctic ANIMAl$ : Very specialised and highly endemic alpine species such as Gentiana verna and Dryas cavernicolous fauna. It includes underground octopetala are characteristic and in The Burren, relic forms of a fauna which has been diversified these species occur with Atlantic-Mediterranean outside. This fauna is mainly composed of species such as Neotinea maculata. invertebrates which exclusively live in caves and Very locally in the United Kingdom, ancient underground waters. The cavemicolous woodland containing Tilia cordata occurs which is terrestrial invertebrates are mainly coleoptera, of great conservation importance. Corresponding belonging to the Bathysciinae and Trechinae category in the United Kingdom National families in particular, which are carnivorous and Vegetation Classification : "W8 Fraxinus excelsior­ have a very limited distribution. Cavernicolous Acer campestre-Mercurialis perennis woodland" and aquatic invertebrates constitute a highly endemic "W9 Fraxinus excelsior-Sorbus aucuparia-Mercurialis fauna, dominated by crustaceans (Isopoda, perennis woodland". Corresponding category of Amphipoda, Syncarida, Copepoda) and include the Nordic vegetation types : "5151b Asplenium many living fossils. Aquatic molluscs, belonging ruta-muraria-Asplenium trichomanes-Homalothecium to the Hydrobiidae family are also found. sericeum-variant" variant of "5151 Sedum album­ With regard to vertebrates, caves constitute Tortella spp. typ". l1ibemation sites for most European bat species, REFERENCES : • Bobe, B. (1991).- Gefosspflanzen- among which many are threatened (see Annex II).

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Several species can live together in the same cave. Teide, colonised by, besides communities Caves also shelter some VE~ry rare amphibious related to ones covered in other sections, species like #Proteus anguinus and several lichens (e.g. Stereocaulon vesubianum) and species of the #Speleomantes genus. invertebrates. 66.4 Volcanic ash and lapilli fields GEQGRAPHJCAL DJSTRIBUDQN : All of European Union, except Finland (only severely impoverished 66.5 Lava tubes examples found in Northemt Europe). Caves formed by hollow basaltic tubes Corresponding category of the German resulting from the cooling of the surface of Biotoptypen : "3101 natiirliche Hohlen und lava flows whose molten interior continued to Balmen", "310201 Balme (Halbhohle) bzw. flow. The very large tube created by the Eingangsbereich mit TageslichteinfluB", "310202 volcano La Corona of Lanzarote harbours natiirliche Hohle (Bereiche ohne TageslichteifluB). unique communities of invertebrates, in particular, the decapode crustacean REFERENCES : • De Broyer C.- Vers la conservation Munidopsis polymorpha, endemic to that integree des habitats souterrains. Naturopa, locality, and several crustaceans of the genus nouvelles de l' environnement, 94-5 : 1-4. Speleonectes. 66.6 Fumaroles Orifices in volcanic areas through which Fields of lava and natural excavations escape hot gases and vapours. Their very NATURA 2000 code : 8320 extreme environment is colonised by pauci­ PAL.CLASS.: 66.1 to 66.6 specific but highly distinct communities.

FIELDS OF LAVA AND NATURAL EXCAVATIONS DEFINITION : Sites and products of recent volcanic Submerged or partially activity harbouring distinct biological submerged sea caves NATURA 2000 code : 8330 communities. PAL.CLASS.: 12.7, 11.26, 11.294 PLANTS : Viola cheiranthifolia, Silene nocteolens, Argyranthemum teneriffae; lichens : Stereocaulon SUBMERGED OR PARTIALLY SUBMERGED SEA CAVES vesubianum. DEFJNITION : Caves situated under the sea or ANIMALS : Crustaceans Munidopsis polymorpha, opened to it, at least at high tide, including Speleonectes spp. partially submerged sea caves. Their bottom and sides harbour communities of marine GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, invertebrates and algae. Portugal, Spain. The following sub-types are included : GEQGKAPHICAL PISIRIBUTION : Denmark, France, 66.1 Teide violet community. Violetea cheiranthi­ Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, foliae. Sweden, United Kingdom. Very open formation of the summit of the Teide volcano of Tenerife, above (2700) 3000 metres, with Viola cheiranthifolia and a few Permanent glaciers individuals of Silene nocteolens and Argy­ NATURA 2000 code : 8340 ranthemum teneriffae. PAL.CLASS. : 63.2 and 63.3 • 66.2 Etna summital communities Communities of Mount Etna, above the limit PERMANENT GLAOERS of hedgehog heaths. DEFINmoN : Rock and true glaciers. 66.3 Barren lava fields Almost bare lava formations of other GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, France, volcanoes, and of lower altitudes on Etna and Germany, Sweden.

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- Forests

(Sub) natural woodland vegetation comprising native species forming forests of tall trees, with typical undergrowth, and meeting the following criteria : rare or residual, and I or hosting species of Community interest<2B)

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Because of the important role of fire, burned forest areas, and their young succession stages, BOREAL FORESTS have been naturally common in the boreal region. Nowadays they are extremely rare 42.C • Western taiga because of the efficient fire protection and NATURA 2000 code : 9010 forestry. Natural recently burned forest areas are PAL.CLASS. : 41.B8, 41.C3, 41.05, 42.C very important habitats to many endangered species. Typical for natural burned areas is the "' NATURAL OLD BOREAL AND HEMIBOREAL FORESTS great amount of dead burned wood and the DEFINDJON : Natural old forests as well as those varying amount of living trees which greatly young forest stages naturally developing after conditions the regeneration of the forest. fire. Natural old forests represent climax or late The character of the forests vary with the succession stages with slight human impact or different boreal zones (hemi-, southern, middle, without any human impact. Present natural old northern) and different site types. forests are only minor remnants of those The following sub-types are distinguished, originally occurring in Fennoscandia. With according to the main tree species and site type intensive forestry, which is carried out variation: practically throughout the countries, the main • natural old spruce forests features of natural old forests disappear, i.e. the • natural old pine forests considerable amount of dead and rotten wood, • natural old mixed forests the great variation in tree age and length and • natural old trivial deciduous forests species composition, the trees from previous • recently burnt areas generations, the more stable microclimate. Old • younger forests naturally developed natural forests are habitats of many threatened after fire species, especially bryophytes, lichens, fungi, and invertebrates (mostly beetles). Some of the PLANJS : Pine forests - Pinus sylvestris, Vaccinium present old natural forests have human impact, vitis-idaea, Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum nigrum, but in spite of that they maintain many Pleurozium schreberi, Cladonia spp. ; spruce and characteristics of the natural forests. mixed forests- Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Betula spp., Vaccinium myrtillus, Deschampsia flexuosa, <28>For forest habitat types the following additional criteria were accepted by the Scientific Working Group (21-22 June 1993): Maianthenum bifolium, Oxalis acetosella, THentalis - forests of native species ; europea, Dicranum spp., Pleurozum schreberi, - forests with a high degree of naturalness ; - forests of tall trees and high forest ; Hylocomium splendens ; deciduous forests - Betula - presence of old and dead trees ; spp., Populus tremula, Deschampsia flexuosa, - forests with a substantial area ; - forests having benefited from continuous sustainable Vaccinium myrtillus, Agrostis capillaris, Equisetum management over a significant period. sylvaticum.

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Lichens- Evernia divaricata, Lobaria pulmonaria. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Fungi- Amylocystis lapponica, Gloiodon strigosum, FORESTS OF TEMPERATE EUROPE Fomitopsis populicola, Skeletocutis odora, S. stellae, Phlebia centrifuga, Haploporus odorus, Aporpium 41.11 Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests cargae, Gelatoporia pannocincata, Phellinus NATURA 2000 code : 9110 populicola. PAL.CLASS. : 41.11

ANIMALS : Mammals - *Pteromys volans, Myopus LUZULO-FAGETUM BEECH FORESTS schisticolor, Sorex minutus; birds - Picoides DEFINITION : Fagus sylvatica and, in higher tridactylus, Perisoreus infaustus, Dendrocopos mountains, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba or Fagus leucotos, D. minor; beetles- Tragosoma depsarium, sylvatica-Abies alba-Picea abies forests developed Pytho kolwensis, P. abieticola, #Cucujus on acid soils of the medio-European domain of cinnaberinus, Peltis grossa, *Osmoderma eremita. central and northern Central Europe, with Luzula GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Finland, Sweden. luzuloides, Polytrichum formosum and often Originally natural old forests were found in the Deschampsia flexuosa, Calamagrostis villosa, whole boreal and hemiboreal zones, except in Vaccinium myrtillus, Pteridium aquilinum. the oro-hemiarctic treeless zone. In Finland .PLANIS : Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba, Picea abies, nowadays most of the natural old forests are Luzula luzuloides, Polytrichum formosum and often found in eastern and northern parts, in southern Deschampsia flexuosa, Calamagrostis villosa, and western parts of the country only remnants Vaccinium myrtillus, Pteridium aquilinum. of these forests remain. In Sweden most of the old natural forests are in the north and only some GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, of them in the south. France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden. REFERENCES: • Kalela, A. (1961).- Waldvegetations­ Corresponding category of the Nordic zonen Finnlands und ihre klimatischen vegetation types : "2221 Fagus sylvatica-Descham­ paralelltypen. Arch. Soc. zool. bot. fenn. Vanamo, 16 psia flexuosa- Vaccinium myrtillus-typ" Suppl. : 65-83. • Kalliola, R. (1973).- Suomen kas The following sub-types are included : vimaantiede. Wsoy, Porvoo. 308 pp. • Kielland­ 41.111 Medio-European collinar woodrush beech Lund, J. (1967).- Zur systematik der Iconifers, and generally with an admixture of and middle boreal forests of Finland. Ann. Bot. Quercus petraea, or in some cases Quercus robur, Fennici, 31 : 77-92. • Pahlsson, L. et al. (1995).­ in the canopy. Vegetationstyper I Norden. Nordiska Ministerradet 41.112 Medio-European montane woodrush beech Tema Nord 1994 : 665 pp. • Tanninen, T., forests Storrank, B., Haugen, 1., Moller, P.F., Lofgren, Acidophilous forests of Fagus sylvatica, Fagus R., Thorsteinsson, I. & Ragnarsson, H. (1994).­ sylvatica and Abies alba or Fagus sylvatica, Abies Naturskogar i Norden. Nord 1994: 7. • Virkkala, alba and Picea abies of the montane and high­ R., Alanko, T., Laine, T. & Tiainen, J. (1993).­ montane levels of the greater Hercynian Population contraction of the white-backed ranges, from the Vosges and the Black Forest woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos in Finland as to the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Jura, the a consequence of habitat alteration. Biological Alps, the Carpathians and the Bavarian Conservation, 66: 47-53. Plateau.

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REFEBENCES : • Lindgren, L. (1970).- Beech forest CoMMENTS : Oak may dominate in some of these vegetation in Sweden - a survey. Bot. Notiser, forests due to the coppice-with-standards regime 123 : 401-421. of the past centuries. If the intensity of the management decreases beech and also Ilex often regenerate spontaneously. 41.12 Beech forests with Ilex and Taxus, rich in epiphytes (Ilici-Fagion) NATURA 2000 code : 9120 41.13 Aspemlo-Fagetum beech forests PAL.CLASS. : 41.12 NATURA 2000 code : 9130 PAL.CLASS. : 41.13

ATLANTIC ACIDOPHILOUS BEECH FORESTS WITH lLEX AND SOMETIMES ALSO TAXUS IN THE SHRUB LAYER ASPERULO-FAGETUM BEECH FORESTS ( QUERCION ROBORI-PETRAEAE OR lUCI-FAGENION) ;DEFINITION : Fagus sylvatica and, in higher DEFIN010N : Beech forests with Ilex, growing on acid mountains, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba or Fagus soils, of the plain to montane levels under humid sylvatica-Abies alba-Picea abies forests developed on Atlantic climate. The acid substrate corresponds neutral or near-neutral soils, with mild humus to alterations of acid rocks or to silt with silex (mull), of the medio-European and Atlantic more or less degraded or, to old alluvial deposits. domains of Western Europe and of central and The soils are of acid brown type, leaching or with northern Central Europe, characterised by a an evolution towards podsol type. The humus is strong representation of species belonging to the of moder to dysmoder type. These beech forests ecological groups of Anemone nemorosa, of present different varieties : Lamiastrum (Lamium) galeobdolon, of Galium a) subatlantic beech-oak forests of the plains and odoratum and Melica uniflora and, in mountains, hill levels with Ilex aquifolium various Dentaria spp., forming a richer and more b) hyper-Atlantic beech-oak forests of the plains abundant herb layer than in the forests of 41.11 and hill levels with Ilex and Taxus, rich in and 41.12. epiphytes c) pure beech forests or acidophilous beech-fir PLANIS : Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba, Picea abies, forests of the montane level, with Ilex aquifolium Anemone nemorosa, Lamiastrum (Lamium) in the field layer. galeobdolon, Galium odoratum, Melica uniflora, Dentaria spp. PLANTS : Ilex aquifolium, Taxus baccata, Ruscus aculeatus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Hieracium GEQGMPHICAL PISIRIBUIION : Austria, Belgium, sabaudum, H. umbellatum, Pteridium aquilinum, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Vaccinium myrtillus, Lonicera periclymenum, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom. Melampyrum pratense, Teucrium scorodonia, Holcus Corresponding category in the United Kingdom moll is. National Vegetation Classification : "W12 Fagus sylvatica-Mercurialis perennis woodland p.p." and GEQGMPHICAL DISTRIBUIJON : a) : along the west "W14 Fagus sylvatica-Rubus fruticosus woodland European coast, from Denmark to Normandy p.p.". with some irradiations in the Morvan ; b) southern Corresponding category of the Nordic British Isles and Brittany; c) Pyrenees, Cantabric vegetation types : "2222 Fagus sylvatica­ mountains, Massif Central and Morvan. Lamiastrum galeobdolon-Melica uniflora-typ" and Correspondence in the national classification of "2223 Fagus sylvatica-Mercurialis perennis-Allium the United Kingdom : "W14 Fagus sylvatica­ ursinum-typ". Rubus fruticosus woodland" and "W15 Fagus The following sub-types are included : sylvatica-Deschampsia flexuosa woodland p.p.". 41.131 Medio-European collinar neutrophilous Corresponding category of the German beech forests. Biotoptypen : "43070502 bodensaurer Buchen­ Neutrocline or basicline Fagus sylvatica and wald der planaren Stufe". Fagus sylvatica-Quercus petraea-Quercus robur

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forests of hills, low mountains and plateaux of Bohemian Quadrangle, and, very locally, the the Hercynian arc and its peripheral regions, Carpathians. The herb layer is similar to that of of the Jura, Lorraine, the Paris basin, the forests of 41.13 or locally of 41.11 and contain Burgundy, the Alpine piedmont, the elements of the adjacent open grasslands. Carpathians and a few localities of the North PLANIS: Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Rumex Sea-Baltic plain. arifolius. 41.132 Atlantic neutrophile beech forests Atlantic beech and bee~ch-oak forests with .GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Austria, France, Hyacinthoides non-scri,pta, of southern Germany, Italy. England, the Boulonnais, Picardy, the Oise, Lys and Schelde basins. 41.133 Medio-European montane neutrophilous 41.16 Calcareous beech forests beech forests (Cephalanthero-Fagion) Neutrophile forests of Fagus sylvatica, Fagus NATURA 2000 code : 9150 sylvatica and Abies albal' Fagus sylvatica and PAL.CLASS. : 41.16 Picea abies, or Fagus sylioatica, Abies alba and Picea abies of the montane and high-montane MEDia-EUROPEAN LIMESTONE BEECH FORESTS levels of the Jura, the northern and eastern (CEPHALANTHERO-FAGION) Alps, the western Carpathians and the great DEFINITION : Xero-thermophile Fagus sylvatica Hercynian ranges. forests developed on calcareous, often 41.134 Bohemian lime-beech forests superficial, soils, usually of steep slopes, of the Fagus sylvatica or Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba medio-European and Atlantic domaines of forests rich in Tilia spp., of the Bohemian Western Europe and of central and northern basin. Central Europe, with a generally abundant herb 41.135 Pannonic neutrophilme beech forests and shrub undergrowth, characterized by sedges Neutrophilous beech forests of medio­ (Carex digitata, Carex flacca, Carex montana, Carex European affinities of the hills of the alba}, grasses (Sesleria albicans, Brachypodium Pannonic plain and its western periphery. pinnatum}, orchids (Cephalanthera spp., Neottia REFERENCES : • Bergendorff, C., Larsson, A. & nidus-avis, Epipactis leptochila, Epipactis Nihlgard, B. (1979).- Sydliga liivskogsbestdnd i microphylla) and thermophile species, Sverige. Statens naturvardlsverk. Rapport. SNV transgressive of the Quercetalia pubescenti­ PM 1278, Solna, 68 pp. petraeae. The bush-layer includes several calcicolous species (Ligustrum vulgare, Berberis vulgaris) and Buxus sempervirens can dominate. 41.15 Subalpine beech woods with Acer PLANTS : Fagus sylvatica, Carex digitata, C. flacca, C. and Rumex arifolius montana, C. alba, Sesleria albicans, Brachypodium NATURA 2000 code : 9140 PAL.CLASS. : 41.15 pinnatum, Cephalanthera spp., Neottia nidus-avis, Epipactis leptochila, Epipactis microphylla, Buxus sempervirens. MEDIO-EUROPEAN SUBAl.PINE BEECH WOODS (Wim ACER AND RUJWEX ARIFOLIUS) GEQGRAPHICAL DISTR1BUTIQN : Austria, Belgium, DEFINIDON : Fagus sylv,rtica woods usually Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Luxemburg, composed of low, low-branching trees, with Spain, Sweden. much sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus}, situated Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation near the tree limit, mostly in low mountains with types : "2223 Fagus sylvatica-Mercurialis perennis­ oceanic climate of Western Europe and of central Allium ursinum -typ". and northern Central Europe, in particular the The following sub-types are included : Vosges, Black Forest, Rhon, Jura, outer Alps, 4 L161 Middle European dry-slope limestone beech Central Massif, Pyrenees, the mountains of the forests

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Middle European sedge and orchid beech types : "2223 Fagus sylvatica-Mercurialis perennis­ woods of slopes with reduced water Allium ursinum-typ". availability. CQMMENTS : Not to be confused with forests of 41.162 North-western Iberian xerophile beech Quercus robur arising from the management of woods beech-oak forests as coppice or coppice-with­ Fagus sylvatica forests of relatively low standards on well drained soils. precipitation zones of the southern ranges of the Pais Vasco and of superficially dry REFERENCES : • Diekmann, M. (1994).- Decidious calcareous soils of the Cordillera Cantabrica, forest vegetation in Boreo-nemoral Scandinavia. with Brachypodium pinnatum ssp. rupestre, Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., 80: 1-112. Sesleria argentea ssp. hispanica, Carex brevicollis, Carex ornithopoda, Carex semperoirens, Carex 41.26 Galio-Carpinetum oak-hornbeam caudata, Cephalanthera damasonium, C. longifolia, forests Epipactis helleborine, Epipactis microphylla, NATURA 2000 code : 9170 Neottia nidus-avis. PAL.CLASS. : 41.261

GAUO-CARPINE1UM OAK-HORNBEAM FORESTS 41.24 Stellario-Carpinetum oak-hornbeam forests DEFINITION : Quercus petraea-Carpinus betulus forests NATURA 2000 code : 9160 of regions with sub-continental climate within PAL.CLASS.: 41.24 the central European range of Fagus sylvatica, such as the Upper Rhine plain, the rain shadows SUB-ATLANTIC AND MEDIQ-EUROPEAN OAK OR of the Harz, Rhon and Spessart, the Swabian­ OAK-HORNBEAM FORESTS (CARPINION BETUU) Franconian basin, the Bavarian plateau and DEFINmQN : Forests of Quercus robur (or Quercus Thuringe, the Austrian northern pre-Alps and robur and Quercus petraea) on hydromorphic soils the Wienerwald, the Polish central lowlands and or soils with high water table (bottoms of val­ adjacent hills of Silesia, Great Poland and leys, depressions or in the vicinity of riparian Kujawy, dominated by Quercus petraea and with forests). The substrate corresponds to silts, Sorbus torminalis, Sorbus domestica, Acer campestre, clayey and silt-laden colluvions, as well as to silt­ Ligustrum vulgare, Convallaria majalis, Carex laden alterations or to siliceous rocks with a high montana, Carex umbrosa, Festuca heterophylla. degree of saturation. Forests of Quercus robur or PLANIS : Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus, Sorbus natural mixed forests composed of Quercus robur, torminalis, S. domestica, Acer campestre, Ligustrum Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus and Tilia cordata. vulgare, Convallaria majalis, Carex montana, C. Endymion non-scriptus is absent or rare. umbrosa, Festuca heterophylla. PLANIS : Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Acer GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Denmark, campestre, Tilia cordata, Stellaria holostea, Carex France, Germany, Sweden. brizoides, Poa chaixii, Potentilla sterilis, Dactylis Corresponding category of the Nordic polygama, Ranunculus nemorosus, Galium vegetation types : "2224 Carpinus betulus-typ". sylvaticum.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, 41.2B * Pannonic oak-hornbeam forests Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain (one site along NATURA 2000 code : 91GO the Bidasoa river), France, Italy, Luxembourg, PAL.CLASS. : 41.2B, 41.266, 41.267 Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom. Corresponding category of the German * PANNONIC OAK-HORNBEAM FORESTS Biotoptypen : ''430703 Stieleichen-Hainbuchen­ wald feuchter bis frischer Standorte". DEFlNITIQN : Forests with Quercus petraea and Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation Carpinus betulus, on different soil types (on

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calcareous but also on siliceous substrate), forests), generally dominated by limes (Tilia shrub- and herb layer are dominated by cordata, T. platyphyllos) - sub-alliance Tilio­ subcontinental and submediterranean plant Acerenion. species (Carici pilosae-Carpinetum, Primulo veris­ The habitat types belonging to the Carpinion Carpinetum, Fraxino pannonici-Carpinetum). They should not be included here. occur in shady, humid valleys and slopes, PLANTS : Lunario-Acerenion - Acer pseudoplatanus, particularly on deep soils but also on hill tops Actaea spicata, Fraxinus excelsior, Helleborus viridis, with shallow, oligotrophic substrates. These Lunaria rediviva, Taxus baccata, Ulmus glabra. Tilio­ habitats are confined to the eastern parts of Acerenion - Carpinus betulus, Corylus avellana, Austria with pannonic climate and have their Quercus sp., Sesleria varia, Tilia cordata, T. main distribution in Slovakia (Karpaten), and platyphyllos. Tschechien (Bohemia and Moravia). GEQGRAPHICAL piSTRIBUTIQN : Austria, Belgium PLANIS : Carex pilosa, Euphorbia amigdaloides, (Wallonie), Finland, France (Lorraine, Jura, Symphytum tuberosum, Dentaria bulbifera, Glechoma Bourgogne ), Germany, Italy, Luxemburg, hirsuta, Festuca heterophylla, Carpinus betulus, Netherlands (Savelbos and Schone Grub), Spain Quercus petrae, Q. robur, Tilia cordata, Evonymus (region cantabro-pirenaica), Sweden, United verrucosa, Acer campestre, Sorbus torminalis, Galium Kingdom. sylvaticum, Viola mirabilis, Gagea spathacea. Corresponding category in the United Kingdom GEQGRAPWCAL DISIRIBUIION : Eastern Austria. National Vegetation Classification: "W8 Fraxinus excelsior-Acer campestre-Mercurialis perennis CQMMENTS : These habitats may form a transition woodland" and "W9 Fraxinus excelsior-Sorbus towards xerophile oak woods (Quercus petraeae­ aucuparia-Mercurialis perennis woodland". cerris forests and Quercus pubescens woods). Corresponding category of the German REFERENcFS : • Mucina, L., Grabherr, G., Wallnofer, Biotoptypen "430604 Sommerlinden­ S. (1993).- Die Pflanzengesellschaften Osterreichs. Begulmen-Blockschuttwald", "430603 Ahorn­ Teil Ill, S. 199. • Neuhausl u. Neuhauslova­ Linden-Hangschuttwald (warmere Standorte)", Novotna (1968).- Qbersicht der Carpinion­ "430602 Eschen-Ahorn-Schlucht- bzw. Gesellschaften der Tschechoslowakei. Hangwald (fleucht-kiihle Standorte)", "430601 Sommerlinden-Hainbuchen-Schuttwald". Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation types : "2233 Ulmus glabra -typ", 41.4 * Tilio-Acerion ravine forests "2235 Tilia cordata -typ" and "2236 Quercus robur­ NA1URA 2000 code : 9180 PAL.CLASS. : 41.4 Ulmus glabra-Tilia cordata-typ". In Boreal region corresponding species-poor communities often with Anemone nemorosa, Corydalis spp., Primula *TILio-ACERION FORESTS OF SLOPES, SCREES AND RAVINES veris. DEFINITION : Mixed forests of secondary species (Acer COMMENTS : Slight changes in the conditions of the pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus glabra, substrate (especially "consolidated" substrate) Tilia cordata) of coarse scree, abrupt rocky slopes or or humidity produce a transition towards beech coarse colluvions of slopes, particularly on forests (Cephalanthero Fagenion, Luzulo Fagenion) calcareous, but also on siliceous, substrates (Tilio­ or towards thermophile oak forests. Acerion Kiika 55). A distinction can be made REFERENCES : • Bergendorff, C., Larsson, A. & between one grouping which is typical of cool and Nihlgard, B. (1979).- Sydliga lOvskogsbestdnd i humid environments (hygroscopic and shade Sverige. Statens naturvdrdsverk. Rapport. SNV PM tolerant forests}, generally dominated by the 1278, Solna, 68 pp. sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) - sub­ alliance Lunario-Acerenion, and another which is typical of dry, warm screes (xerothermophile

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41.51 Old acidophilous oak woods with 41.53 Old oak woods with Ilex and Quercus robur on sandy plains B lechnum in the British Isles NATURA 2000 code : 9190 NATURA 2000 code : 91AO PAL.CLASS. : 41.51 and 41.54 PAL.CLASS. : 41.53

OLD AODOPHILOUS OAK WOODS W11H OLD SESSILE OAK WOODS WITH lLEX AND QUERCUS ROBUR ON SANDY PLAINS BLECHNUM IN THE BRITISH ISLES DEFINITION : 41.51 - Acidophilous forests of the DEFINITION : Acidophilous Quercus petraea woods of Baltic-North Sea plain, composed of Quercus Britain and Ireland, with low, low-branched, robur, Betula pendula and Betula pubescens, often trees, with many ferns, mosses, lichens and mixed with Sorbus aucuparia and Populus tremula, evergreen bushes. on very oligotrophic, often sandy (or moraine) PLANT$ : Quercus petraea, !lex aquifolium, Blechnum and podsolized or hydromorphic soils ; the bush ssp. layer, poorly developed, includes Frangula alnus ; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Ireland, United the herb layer is formed by Deschampsia jlexuosa Kingdom. and other grasses and herbs of acid soils Corresponding category in the United Kingdom (sometimes includes Molinia caerulea}, and is often National Vegetation Classification : "W10 Quercus invaded by bracken. Forests of this type often spp.-Pteridium aquilinum-Rubus fruticosus wood­ prevail in the northern European plain, from land p.p.", "Wll Quercus petraea-Betula pubescens­ Jutland to Flanders ; they occupy more limited Oxalis acetosella woodland p.p." and "W17 Quercus edaphic enclaves in the Ardennes and the middle petraea-Betula pubescens-Dicranum majus woodland and upper Rhenish ranges, in north-western p.p.". France, Normandy, Brittany, the Paris basin, the The following sub-types are included : Morvan, Great Britain, Sweden and southwestern 41.531 Irish sessile oak woods Finland. East of the Elbe, in the Baltic lowlands, Quercus petraea woods of Ireland, particulary they are represented, east to Mecklenburg, by rich in evergreen bushes, including Arbutus stands transitional, to a greater or lesser extent, to unedo. 41.58. Syntaxa : Querco-Betuletum, Molino­ 41.532 British sessile oak woods Quercetum, Trientalo-Quercetim roboris. Acidophilous Quercus petraea woods of 41.54- Forests of Quercus robur and, sporadically western Britain, mostly found in Scotland, Quercus pyrenaica or hybrids, on podzols of Wales, Northern England and South Western southwestern France, with an herb layer England. constituted by the group of Deschampsia flexuosa, with Molinia caerulea and Peucedanum gallicum. 41.7374 * Pannonian white-oak woods Syntaxa : Peucedano-Quercetum roboris. NATURA 2000 code : 91HO PAL.CLASS. : 41.7374 PLANTS : Quercus robur, Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Sorbus aucuparia, Populus tremula. * PANNONIAN WHITE-OAK WOODS GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Belgium, Denmark, DEFINITION : Xerophyle oak woods dominated by Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Quercus pubescens on extreme dry, southern Sweden, United Kingdom. exposed locations on shallow, calcareous soils. Corresponding category of the Nordic Because of these extreme site conditions, the vegetation types : "2231 Quercus petraea/robur­ woods are often fragmentary and low-growing, Melampyrum pratense-Deschampsia jlexuosa-typ" sometimes only shrubby. The herb layer is rich in and "2232 Quercus robur-Melica spp.-typ". species and often contains xerotherme species from dry grasslands or forest fringes. The center REfERENCES : • Riihling, A. & Tyler, G. (1986).­ of distribution is in the southern parts of Eastern Vegetation i sydsvenska ekskogar-en regional Europe (Hungary, southern Slovakia, eastern jamforelse. Sven. Bot. Tidskr., 80: 133-143. Austria).

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PLANTs: Quercus pubescens, Q. cerris, Fraxinus ornus, 41.86 Fraxinus angustifolia woods Sorbus domestica, S. torminalis, Colutea arborescens, NATURA 2000 code : 91BO Comus mas, Pyrus pyraster, Arabis pauciflora, A. PAL.CLASS. : 41.86 turrita, Buglossoides purpurcaerulea, Campanula bononiensis, Carex michelii, Euphorbia polychroma, THERMOPHILOUS FRAXINUS ANGUSTIFOUA WOODS Lactuca quercina, Limodorum abortivum, Milittis melissophylum, Orchis purpurea, Potentilla alba, P. DEFJNWON : Non-alluvial, non-ravine formations micrantha, Pulmunaria mollis ssp. mollis, Tanacetum dominated by Fraxinus angustifolia, often mixed corymbosum, Viola suavis, Euphorbia angulata. with Quercus pubescens or Q. pyrenaica.

GE(X;RAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria (eastern and PLANIS : Fraxinus angustifolia. south-eastern parts with summerwarm climate). GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Italy, Portugal, Spain. COMMENI'S: White-oak woods often form mosaics The following sub-types are included : with dry grasslands. 41.861 Sicilian narrow-leaved ash woods Fraxinus angustifolia woods of western Sicily. 41.7A * Euro-Siberian steppe oak 41.8621berian narrow-leaved ash woods woods Fraxinus angustifolia woods of the Iberian NATURA 2000 code : 9110 peninsula. PAL.CLASS.: 41.7A

* EURo-SIBERIAN STEPPE OAK WOODS 42.51 * Caledonian forest DEFINITION : Xero-thermophile oak woods of the NATURA 2000 code : 91CO plains of south-eastern Europe. The climate is PAL.CLASS. : 42.51 very continental, with high changes of

temperature. The substrate consists of 'Loss' * CALEDONIAN FOREST (Tschernosem soils). Quercus robur, Quercus cerris and Quercus pubescens dominate in the treelayer DEFJNWON : Relict, indigenous pine forests of Pinus of this habitat type, which is rich in continental sylvestris var. scotica, endemic in the central and stepic vegetation elements and geophytes of the north eastern Grampians and the northern and Aceri tatarici-Quercion Z6lyomi 1957. The center western Highlands of Scotland and associated of distribution lies in southern Russia and the Betula and Juniperus woodlands of northern Ukraine, and reaches to the western distribution character within this area. They are mostly open limit in eastern parts of Austria. and have a ground layer rich in ericaceous species and bryophytes, in particular PLANTs : Quercus cerris, Q. pubescens, Q. robur, Q. Hylocomium splendens, and often harbouring petraea, Acer campestre, Sorbus torminalis, Comus abundant Deschampsia flexuosa, Goodyera repens, sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, Euonymus Listera cordata, Corallorhiza trifida, Linnaea borealis, verrucosa, Ligustrum vulgare, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus Trientalis europaea, Pyrola minor, Moneses uniflora, pyraster, Rhamnus cathartica, Ulmus minor, Orthilia secunda. The dominant trees are : Sorbus Buglossoides purpurocaerulea, Carex michelii, Dactylis aucuparia, Betula pubescens, B. pendula, Juniperus polygama, Geum urbanum, Lathryrus niger, Polygo­ communis, Ilex aquifolium, Populus tremula. natum latifolium, Pulmonaria mollis spp. mollis, PLANIS : Corallorhiza trifida, Deschampsia flexuosa, Tanacetum corymbosum, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria. Goodyera repens, Linnaea borealis, Listera cordata, GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Lower Austria Moneses uniflora, Orthilia secunda, Pinus sylvestris (Burgenland). var. scotica, Pyrola minor, Trientalis europaea. Bryophytes : Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium COMMENTS : This habitat type, which formed the schreberi. natural vegetation of south-eastern Europe, is today very fragmented. In Austria they are often GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Central and north­ degraded by invasion of Robinia. eastern Grampians of Scotland. Corresponding

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category in the United Kingdom National 9102 (44.A2)- Scots pine mire woods Vegetation Classification : the majority of 9103 (44.A3)- Mountain pine bog woods Caledonian forests belong to "W18 Pinus 9104 (44.A4) - Mire spruce woods sylvestris-Hylocomium splendens woodland" ; In most of the Irish sites, these forests represent sub however, not all of these forests are semi-natural. types of raised bogs, generally degraded and Stands dominated by Juniperus belong to the invaded by commercial forestry species ; however, category "W19 Juniperus communis ssp. those stands dominated by Betula pubescens or Pinus communis-Oxalis acetosella woodland". sylvestris may be of interest. In Greece, formations with Pinus sylvestris are confined to the northern mountains, where forests of Picea abies on a 44.A1 to 44.A4 Bog woodland * sphagnum rich ground layer also occur. NATURA 2000 code : 9100 Corresponding category in the United Kingdom PAL.CLASS. : 44.A1 to 44.A4 National Vegetation Classification : "W4 Betula pubescens-Molinia caerulea woodland". Correspon­ * BOG WOODLAND ding category of the German Biotoptypen : "430101 DEF1NfTION : Coniferous and broad-leaved forests on Birken-Moorwald", "440104 Latschen-Moorwald", a humid to wet peaty substrate, with the water "440101 Fichten-Moorwald", "440103 Spirken­ level permanently high and even higher than the Moorwald","440102 Waldkiefern-Moorwald". surrounding water table. The water is always very Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation poor in nutrients (raised bogs and acid fens). types : "311 Skogsmossevegetation", "321 Skogs­ These communities are generally dominated by och krattkarrvegetation". Betula pubescens, Frangula alnus, Pinus sylvestris, COMMENI'S : Forests on the edge of upland bogs or Pinus rotundata and Picea abies, with species transition mires may form a transition towards specific to bogland or, more generally, to swamp forests (Alnetea glutinosa, Alno-Ulmion oligotrophic environments, such as Vaccinium pp.). spp., Sphagnum spp., Carex spp. [Vaccinio-Piceetea : Piceo-Vaccinienion uliginosi (Betulion pubescentis, REFERENCES : • Oierssen, B. & Oierssen, K. (1982).­ Ledo-Pinion) i.a.]. In the Boreal region, also spruce Kiefemreiche Phytocoenosen oligotropher Moore swamp woods, which are minerotrophic mire im mittleren und nordwestlichen Europa. sites along margins of different mire complexes, as Uberlegungen zur Problematik ihrer Zuordnung well as in separate strips in valleys and along zu hoheren syn systematischen Einheiten. In : brooks. Dierschke, H. (ed.) Struktur und Dynamic von Wiildern. Ber. Intern. Symp. IVV 1982, pp. 299-331. PLANTS : Agrostis canina, Betula pubescens, B. carpatica, Carex canescens, C. echinata, C. nigra, C. rostrata, Frangula alnus, Juncus acutiflorus, Molinia 44.3 *Residual alluvial forests (Alnion glutinoso-incanae) caerulea, Trientalis europaea, Picea abies, Pinus NATURA 2000 code : 91EO rotundata, P. sylvestris, Sphagnum spp., Vaccinium PAL.CLASS.: 44.3,44.2 and 44.13 oxycoccus, V. uliginosum, Viola palustris ; in spruce swamp woods also : Carex disperma, C. tenuiflora, Diplazium sibiricum, Hylocomium umbratum and * MIXED ASH-ALDER ALLUVIAL FORESTS OF TEMPERATE AND BOREAL EUROPE Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus. (ALNO-PADION, ALNION INCANAE, SAUCION ALBAE) GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium, DEFINmQN : Riparian forests of Fraxinus excelsior Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, and Alnus glutinosa, of temperate and Boreal Luxemburg, Netherlands, Sweden, United Europe lowland and hill watercourses (44.3 : Kingdom. Alno-Padion); riparian woods of Alnus incanae of Typical sites in: Wallone and German Fagne. montane and sub-montane rivers of the Alps and The following sub-types are included : the northern Apennines (44.2: Alnion incanae); 9101 (44.A1)- Sphagnum birch woods c1rborescent galleries of tall Salix alba, S. fragilis

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and Populus nigra, along medio-European "43040402 Weichholzauenwald ohne Ober­ lowland, hill or sub-montane rivers (44.13 : flutung", "430403 Schwarzerlenwald (an FlieBge­ Salicion albae). All types occur on heavy soils wassern)", "430402 Eschenwald (an FlieBge­

(generally rich in alluvial deposits) periodically wassern)" I "430401 Grauerlenauenwald (montan, inundated by the annual rise of the river (or Alpenvorland, Alpen)". Corresponding category brook) level, but otherwise well-drained and of the Nordic vegetation types : "2234 Fraxinus aerated during low-water. The herbaceous layer excelsior-typ" and "224 Alskog". invariably includes many large species CQMMENIS : Most of these forests are in contact with (Filipendula ulmaria, Angelica sylvestris, Cardamine humid meadows or ravine forests (Tilio-Acerion). spp., Rumex sanguineus, Carex spp., Cirsium A succession towards Carpinion (Primulo­ oleraceum) and various vernal geophytes can Carpinetum) can be observed. occur, such as Ranunculus ficaria, Anemone nemorosa, A. ranunculoides, Corydalis solida. REFERENCES : • Brunet, J. (1991).- Vegetation i SkAnes alm- och askskogar. Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 85 : PLANTs : Tree layer - Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incanae, 377-384. Fraxinus excelsior; Populus nigra, Salix alba, S. fragilis; Betula pubescens, Ulmus glabra; herb 44.4 Mixed oak-elm-ash forests layer - Angelica sylvestris, Cardamine amara, C. NATURA 2000 code : 91FO pratensis, Carex acutiformis, C. pendula, C. remota, PAL.CLASS. : 44.4 C. strigosa, C. sylvatica, Cirsium oleraceum,

Equisetum telmateia, Equisetum spp., Filipendula RIPARIAN MIXED FORESTS OF QUERCUS ROBUR, ulmaria, Geranium sylvaticum, Geum rivale, ULMUS LAEVIS AND ULMUS MINOR, FRAXINUS Lycopus europaeus, Lysimachia nemorum, Rumex EXELSIOR OR FRAXINUS ANGUS71FOLIA, ALONG sanguineus, Stellaria nemorum, Urtica dioica. THE GREAT RIVERS OF THE ATLANTIC AND MIDDLE· EUROPEAN PROVINCES (ULMENION MINORIS) GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRmUTION : All the European DEF1NmON : Forests of hardwood trees of the major Union except the Mediterranean biogeographi­ part of the river bed, liable to flooding during cal region. regular rising of water level or, of low areas This habitat includes several sub-types : ash-alder liable to flooding following the raising of the woods of springs and their rivers (44.31 Carici water table. These forests develop on recent remotae-Fraxinetum); ash-alder woods of fast­ alluvial deposits. The soil may be well drained flowing rivers (44.32 Stellario-Alnetum glutinosae); between rising or remain wet. Following the ash-alder woods of slow-flowing rivers (44.33 hydric regime, the woody dominated species Pruno-Fraxinetum, Ulmo-Fraxinetum); montane belong to Fraxinus, Ulmus or Quercus genus. The grey alder galleries (44.21 Calamagrosti variae­ undergrowth is well developed. Alnetum incanae Moor 58) ; sub-montane grey alder galleries (44.22 Equiseto hyemalis-Alnetum PLANT$ : Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis, U. minor, U. incanae Moor 58) ; white willow gallery forests glabra, Fraxinus excelsior, Fraxinus angustifolia, Populus nigra, P. canescens, P. tremula, Alnus (44.13 Salicion albae). The Spanish types belong to glutinosa, Prunus padus, Humulus lupulus, Vitis the alliance Osmundo-Alnion (Cantabric atlantic vinifera ssp. sylvestris, Tamus communis, Hedera and southeast Iberia peninsula). helix, Phalaris arundinacea, Corydalis solida, Gagea Corresponding category in the United Kingdom lutea, Ribes rubrum. National Vegetation Classification : "W5 Alnus glutinosa-Carex paniculata woodland", "W6 Alnus GEQGRAPHICAL DISIRIBUTION : Austria, Belgium glutinosa-Urtica dioica woodland" and "W7 Alnus (some threatened fragments), Germany, Greece glutinosa-Fraxinus excelsior-Lysimachia nemorum (with Quercus pedunculiflora, Periploca graeca, woodland". etc.), France, Italy (in the alluvial plain of the Po), Corresponding category of the German Netherlands (some residual areas), Sweden. Biotoptypen : "43040401 Weichholzauenwald mit Corresponding category of the German weitgehend ungertorter Oberflutungsdynamik", Biotoptypen : "43040501 Hartholzauenwald mit

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weitehend ungestorter Oberflutungsdynamik", DEFINITION : Beech forests of the hill level of Italian "43040502 Hartholzauenwald ohne Oberflutung". mountains south of parallel 42, on sites colder Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation than those of 41.181, highly fragmented and types : "2223 Ulmus glabra-typ", "2236 Quercus harbouring many endemics, with Abies alba and robur-Ulmus glabra-Tilia cordata typ". Abies nebrodensis (Geranio nodosi-Fagion, Geranio striati-Fagion ). COMMENTS : These forests form mosaics with pioneer or stable forests of soft wood trees, in PLANIS : Abies alba, *A. nebrodensis, Fagus sylvatica. low areas of the river bed ; they may develop GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Apennine and Sicily. also from alluvial forests of hard wood trees. Relict beech forests of the Madonie, Nebrodi This habitat type often occurs in conjunction and, very locally, the monti Peloritani, with Ilex with alder-ash woodlands (44.3). aquifolium, Daphne laureola, Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa (41.186); isolated beech •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• forests of Mount Etna, at the southern limit of the range of the species (41.187). MEDITERRANEAN DECIDUOUS FORESTS

41.6 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods 41.181 * Apennine beech forests with with Quercus robur and Quercus Taxus and Ilex pyrenaica NATURA 2000 code : 9210 NATURA 2000 code : 9230 PAL.CLASS.: 41.181,41.185 and 41.186 PAL.CLASS. : 41.6

* APENNINE BEECH FORESTS WITII TAXUS AND lLEX GALiao-PORTUGUESE OAK WOODS WITH DEFINITION : Thermophilous beech forests of the QUERCUS ROBUR AND QUERCUS PYRENAICA Italian mountains south of parallel 42, highly DEFINTilQN : Quercus pyrenaica -dominated forests fragmented and harbouring many endemics, of the Iberian peninsula and, locally, south­ with Taxus baccata and flex aquifolium (Geranio western France (Quercion robori-pyrenaicae). nodosi-Fagion, Geranio striati-Fagion). PLANIS : Quercus pyrenaica, Q. robur. PLANIS : Fagus sylvaticus, Ilex aquifolium, Taxus baccata. GEOGRAPHICAL DISIRIBUTIQN : France, Portugal, Spain. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUIIQN :.Apennine and Sicily. The following sub-types are included : This habitat type includes : Monte Gargano Foresta 41.161 Central Iberian Quercus pyrenaica forests Umbra, rich in Taxus baccata (41.181); silicicolous Supra- and sometimes meso-Mediterranean beech forests of the Aspromonte range of Quercus pyrenaica forests of western Iberia, the Calabria with Taxus baccata, Populus tremula, Leonese interior, the Cordillera Central, the Sorbus aucuparia and Betula pendula (41.185); Iberian Range, the Montes de Toledo and the Relict beech forests of the Madonie, Nebrodi Sierra Morena. and, very locally, the monti Peloritani, with llex 41.62 Cantabrian Quercus pyrenaica forests aquifolium, Daphne laureola, Crataegus monogyna Melampyro pratense-Quercetum pyrenaicae, and Prunus spinosa (41.186). Linario triornithophorae-Quercetum pyrenaicae Quercus pyrenaica formations of media­ 41.184 * Apennine beech forests with European character, of the collinar and Abies alba and beech forests with Abies nebrodensis montane levels of the Cantabrian chain and NATURA 2000 code : 9220 its satellite ranges west to the Sierra de Picos PAL.CLASS. : 41.186 and 41.187 de Ancares in Galicia, characteristic of areas with comparatively low precipitation, in the * APENNINE BEECH FORESTS WITII ABIES ALBA AND rain shadow of the coastward ranges or the BEECH FORESTS WITH ABIES NEBRODENSIS interior oro-Cantabrian hills.

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41.63 Maestrazgan Quercus pyrenaica forests wilkommii-Quercetum fagineae, Daphno Cephalanthero rubrae-Quercetum pyrenaicae latifoliae-Aceretum granatensis, Fraxino orni­ Quercus pyrenaica forests of the sub­ Quercetum fagineae Mediterranean siliceous enclaves of the Xero-mesophile Quercus faginea formations of Maestrazgo and eastern Catalonian ranges, slopes and plateaux of middle elevations of reduced to a very few relicts in the Penagolosa the Spanish Meseta and associated ranges. and Prades massifs. 41.772 Portuguese Quercus faginea forests 41.64 Baetic Quercus pyrenaica forests Arisaro-Quercetum fagineae Adenocarpo decorticantis- Quercetum pyrenaicae Humid, epiphyte-clad, dense, relict Quercus Quercus pyrenaica forests of siliceous supra­ Jaginea forests of Portugal, restricted to a very Mediterranean areas with sub-humid climate few isolated localities. of the western Sierra Nevada, the Sierra de 41.773 Andalusian Quercus canariensis forests Alfacar, the northern flanks of the Sierra de Rusco hypophylli-Quercetum canariensis Cazulas and the Sierra Tejeda ; in more humid Humid and hyper-humid, luxuriant Quercus locations Fraxinus angustifolius and Acer canariensis forests of the sierras of extreme granatense accompany Q. pyrenaica. southern Spain, limited to the Aljibe and a 41.65 French Quercus pyrenaica forests very few localities in the Serrania de Ronda. Betulo-Quercetum pyrenaica i. a. 41.774 Catalonian Quercus canariensis stands Quercus pyrenaica forests of south-western Carici depressae-Quercetum canariensis France north to the Sologne where they Formations of Catalonia rich in Quercus constitute relatively extensive formations on canariensis. poor soils, with Betula pendula, Lonicera 41.775 Balearic Quercus faginea woods periclymenum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Holcus Aceri-Quercetum fagineae p. mollis, Molinia caerulea, Teucrium scorodonia. Relict formations of Mallorca dominated by, or rich in, Quercus faginea.

41.77 Quercus faginea woods (Iberian Peninsula) 41.85 Quercus trojana woods NATURA 2000 code : 9240 (Italy and Greece) PAL.CLASS. : 41.77 NATURA 2000 code : 9250 PAL.CLASS. : 41.78

QUERCUS FAGINEA WOODS (IBERIAN PENINSULA) DEFINITION: Iberian and North African forests and QUERCUS TROJANA WOODS (ITALY AND GREECE) woods dominated by Quercus faginea, Quercus DEFINITION : Supra-Mediterranean, and occasio­ canariensis or Quercus afares. The humid nally meso-Mediterranean woods dominated by formations of south-western Iberia (41.772 and the semi-deciduous Quercus trojana or its allies 41.773) are forest types of unique character in (Quercetum trojanae). Europe and of extreme biological importance ; PLANT$: Quercus trojana. also highly distinctive and vulnerable are the North African communities (41.776) and the GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Greece, Italy. Baetic formations listed under 41.7714 and The following sub-types are included : 41.7715. 41.781 Helleno-Balkanic Trojan oak woods Usually low formations dominated by PLANTS: Quercus faginea, Q. canariensis. Quercus trojana, often with junipers or maples, GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRmUTIQN : Portugal, Spain. of Macedonia, Thrace and Thessaly, north to The following sub-types are included : Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania and the 41.771 Spanish Quercus faginea forests Vardar valley of Paeonia. Spiraeo obovatae-Quercetum fagineae, Cephalan­ 41.782 Apulian Trojan oak woods thero longifoliae-Quercetum fagineae, Violo Relict woods, sometimes of considerable

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height, of Quercus trojana and Q. pubescens, PLANTS : Fagus sylvatica, Quercus frainetto. often with an admixture of Q. ilex and its GEcx:;RAPHICAL DISIRIBUTION: Greece, Italy. associated vegetation (Murge: e.g. bosco delle Pianelle, foresta Gaglione). 42.A1 Cypress forests (Acero-Cupression) NATURA 2000 code : 9290 41.9 Chesbtut woods PAL.CLASS. : 42.A1 NATURA 2000 code : 9260 PAL.CLASS. : 41.9 CYPRESS FORESTS (ACERO-CUPRESSION)

CHESTNUT WOODS DEFINITION : Montane forests of the Mediterranean basin, of the Elburz and of the Sahara dominated DEFINITION : Supra-Mediterranean and sub­ by Cupressus sempervirens, Cupressus atlantica or Mediterranean Castanea sativa-dominated forests Cupressus dupreziana (Acero-Cupression). and old established plantations with semi­ natural undergrowth. PLANTS: Cupressus sempervirens. PLANIS : Castanea sativa. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Greece. GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Austria, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain. 44.17 Salix alba and Populus alba galleries NATURA 2000 code : 92AO 41.1A x 42.17 Hellenic beech forests with PAL.CLASS.: 44.141 and 44.6 Abies borisii-regis NATURA 2000 code : 9270 SAUX ALBA AND POPULUS ALBA GALLERIES PAL.CLASS.: 41.1A DEFINITION : Riparian forests of the Mediterranean HELLENIC BEECH FORESTS WITH ABIES BORISH-REGIS basin dominated by Salix alba, Salix fragilis or their relatives (44.141). DEFINITION : Fagus sylvatica forests of the Pindus Mediterranean and Central Eurasian multi­ north to the Smolikas and the Grammos, and of layered riverine forests with Populus spp., Ulmus the Chassia, Olympus and Ossa groups, with spp., Salix spp., Alnus spp., Acer spp., Tamarix reduced medio-European character and high spp., Juglans regia, lianas. Tall poplars, Populus endemism, characterised by the presence of Abies alba, Populus caspica, Populus euphratica (Populus borisii-regis, Doronicum caucasicum, Galium diversifolia), are usually dominant in height; they laconicum, Lathyrus venetus, Helleborus cyclophyllus may be absent or sparse in some associations (Fagion hellenicum). which are then dominated by species of the PLANIS : Fagus sylvatica, Abies borisii-regis. genera listed above (44.6).

GE~RAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Greece. PLANIS : Salix alba, Populus alba. GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: France, Greece, Italy, 41.1B Quercus frainetto woods Portugal, Spain. NATURA 2000 code : 9280 PAL.CLASS. : 41.1B 44.52 Riparian formations on QUERCUS FRAINEITO WOODS intermittent Mediterranean water DEFINITION : Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca courses with Rhododendron forests, more thermophile than those of 41.19 ponticum, Salix and others NATURA 2000 code : 92BO and 41.1A, occurring in the transition zone PAL.CLASS. : 44.52 and 44.54 between the supra-Mediterranean and montane levels of Thrace and Macedonia, characterised RIPARIAN FORMATIONS ON INTERMITTENT by the presence of numerous species of the MEDITERRANEAN WATER COURSES WITH Quercion frainetto. ~110DODENDRON PONTICUM, SALIX AND OTHERS

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DEFINITION : Highly remarkable, relict thermo- and throughout the mainland and archipelagos, meso-Mediterranean alder galleries of deep, colonising poorly stabilised alluvions of large steep-sided valleys of the sierras of the Campo rivers, gravel or boulder deposits of de Gibraltar and of southern Portugal, with permanent or temporary torrents, spring Rhododendron ponticum ssp. baeticum, Frangula basins, and particularly, the bottom of steep, alnus ssp. baetica, Arisarum proboscideum and a shady gorges, where they constitute species­ rich fern community including Pteris incompleta, rich communities. The accompanying flora Diplazium cauda tum, #Culcita macrocarpa (44.52). may include Salix alba, S. elaeagnos, S. Relict Betula parvibracteata riparian galleries purpurea, Alnus glutinosa, Cercis siliquastrum, limited to two stations of the Montes de Toledo Celtis australis, Populus alba, P. nigra, Juglans (Cordillera Oretana), one in the Sierra de Rio Frio regia, Fraxinus ornus, Alnus glutinosa, Crataegus where a unique gallery of about 20 km in length monogyna, Comus sanguinea, Ruscus aculeatus, survives, the other at the spring of the Estena. Vitex agnus-castus, Nerium oleander, Rubus The dominant species, a11 extremely narrow spp., Rosa sempervirens, Hedera helix, Clematis endemic, is accompanied by Myrica gale, vitalba, Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris, Ranunculus Frangula alnus, Salix atrocinerea, Galium ficaria, Anemone blanda, Aristolochia rotunda,. broterianum, Scilla ramburei (44.54). Saponaria officinalis, Symphytum bulbosum, PLANTS : Rhododendron ponticum ssp. baeticum, Hypericum hircinum, Calamintha grandiflora, Frangula alnus ssp. baetica, Arisarum proboscideum, Melissa officinalis, Helleborus cyclophyllus, Betula parvibracteata. Cyclamen hederifolium, C. repandum, C. creticum, Galanthus nivalis ssp. reginae-olgae, GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Portugal, Spain. Dracunculus vulgaris, Arum italicum, Biarum COMMENI'S : The Rhododendron-alder galleries are tenuifolium, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Dactylis often in contact with humid to hyper-humid glomerata and may be rich in mosses, lichens Quercus canariensis forests (41.773) and with Salix and ferns, among which Pteridium aquilinum pedicellata formations (44.1271). is often abundant. Various associations have been described, reflecting regional and ecological variation in the composition of the 44.7 Oriental plane woods undergrowth. The plane tree galleries are (Platanion orientalis) particularly well represented along the Ionian NATURA 2000 code : 92CO coast and in the Pindus ; other important local PAL.CLASS. : 44.71 and 44.72 complexes exist in Macedonia, in Thrace, ORIENTAL PLANE AND SWEET GUM WOODS around the Olympus massif, in the Pelion, in (PLATANION ORIENTAUS) the Peloponnese, particularly in the Taygetos, DEFINITION : Forests and woods, for the most part where luxuriant gorge forests reach 1300 m, in riparian, dominated by Platanus orientalis Euboea and in Crete ; local, distinctive, (oriental plane) or Liquidambar orientalis (sweet representatives occur in other Aegean islands, gum), belonging to the Platanion orientalis such as Rhodes, Samos, Samothrace, Thasos. alliance. Restriction to gorges is increasingly pronounced towards the south. PLANIS : Platanus orientalis, Liquidambar orientalis. 44.712 Hellenic slope plane woods GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Greece, Italy. Platanus orientalis woods on colluvions, The following sub-types are included : detritus cones, ravine sides or other poorly 44.71 Oriental plane woods (Platanion orientalis) stabilised substrates, of Greece. Forests of Platanus orientalis. 44.713 Sicilian plane tree canyons 44.711 Helleno-Balkanic riparian plane forests Relict Platanus orientalis-dominated or -rich Platanus orientalis gallery forests of Greek and galleries of the Cassabile, the Anapo, the southern Balkanic watercourses, temporary Irminio and the Carbo rivers, in the lblei range rivers and gorges ; they are distributed of south-eastern Sicily, of the gorge of the

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Sirmeto, in the vicinity of the Nebrodi. Some PLANT$ : Nerium oleander, Vitex agnus-castus, Tamarix of these formations, in particular, in the gorges spp., Securinega tinctoria, Prunus lusitanica, of the Cassabile and of the Anapo, are true Viburnum tinus. plane tree woods. Others, such as on the GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, Sirmeto, are Populus alba, Fraxinus angustifolia, Portugal, Spain. Salix spp. formations with Platanus orientalis ; The following habitat types are included : as they grade into each other, and because of 44.81 Oleander, chaste tree and tamarix galleries the very isolated occurrence, and great Nerio-Tamaricetea biogeographical and historical interest of Thickets and galleries of Nerium oleander, Vitex Platanus orientalis in Sicily, they are all listed agnus-castus or Tamarix spp. here. Plane tree woods have had a much 44.811 Oleander galleries greater extension in Sicily and probably in Nerion oleandri p. Calabria. A large forest has, in particular, Nerium oleander cordons and screens, often existed on the Alcantara, where the species is with Tamarix spp., Vitex agnus-castus, Dittrichia now extinct. viscosa, Saccharum ravennae, Arundo donax, 44.72 Sweet gum woods Rubus ulmifolius, most typical of temporary Riverine forests dominated by the Tertiary water courses, but also lining small and relict Liquidambar orientalis, with very limited sometimes large rivers, marking springs and range in south Asia Minor and Rhodes. areas of high water table in southern and 44.721 Rhodian sweet gum woods eastern Iberia, very locally in eastern Provence, Liquidambar orientalis gallery forest of the Liguria and Corsica (Saint-Florent), in Petaloudhes Valley, on Rhodes, with poorly southern Italy, Sardinia and Sicily, in southern developed undergrowth and a ground layer and western Greece, the Aegean and Ionian dominated by Adiantum capillus-veneris in archipelagos, Crete, the eastern Mediterranean, damp areas. This forest constitutes the only North Africa and Mesopotamia. They are European formation of this species and particularly abundant in the south and east of harbours the unique, concentrated Iberia, in Sicily and in the Aegean and eastern aggregation of Jersey Tiger Moths, Panaxia Mediterranean region and in North Africa. quadripunctaria. 44.812 Chaste tree thickets Nerion oleandri p. : Vinco majoris-Viticetum agni-casti i.a. 44.8 Thermo-Mediterranean riparian galleries (Nerio-Tamariceteae) and Vitex agnus-castus formations of temporary south-west Iberian Peninsula water courses and other humid sites within, riparian galleries (Securinegion mostly, the thermo-Mediterranean zone. They tinctoriae) occur, though uncommonly, in the Mediterra­ NATURA 2000 code : 9200 nean south and east of Spain and in the PAL.CLASS.: 44.81 to 44.84 Balearics ; they are local and rare in eastern Provence, the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy, Puglia, SOuntERN RIPARIAN GALLERIES AND 1HICKETS the gulf of Taranto, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. (NERIO-TAMARICE'IEA AND SECURINEGION TINCTORIAE) They are frequent in Greece, particularly along DEFINDJQN : Tamarisk, oleander, chaste tree galleries the Ionian coasts, where they can constitute and thickets and similar low ligneous formations dense thickets, uncommon again in the Aegean of permanent or temporary streams and wetlands archipelagos and Crete. They extend to the of the thermo-Mediterranean zone and south­ southern Balkans, Crimea, Mediterranean Asia western Iberia, and of the most hygromorphic Minor and North Africa. locations within the Saharo-Mediterranean and 44.813 Mediterraneo-Macaronesian tamarisk Saharo-Sindian zones. thickets The formations with Tamarix africana should not Formations, mostly of Mediterranean and be taken into account. thermo-Atlantic coasts and lowlands,

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dominated by Tamarix spp. 45.1 Olea and Ceratonia forests 44.82 South-western Iberian tamujares NATURA 2000 code : 9320 Securinegion tinctoriae : Pyro bourgaeanae­ PAL.CLASS. : 45.1 Securinegetum tinctoriae

Low, spiny, almost monospecific fringes OLEA AND CERATONIA FORESTS formed by the lbero-African shrubby spurge DEFINITION : Thermo-Mediterranean or thermo­ Securinega tinctoria on the outer edge of Canarian woodland dominated by arborescent temporary or permanent water courses of great seasonal amplitude in the south-western Olea europaea ssp. sylvestris, Ceratonia siliqua, quadrant of the Iberian peninsula (Montes de Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis or, in the Toledo, Sierra Morena, Extremadura, south­ Canary Islands, by Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis western Andalusia, southern Portugal). and Pistacia atlantica. Most formations will be Among the few associated plants, are the listed as arborescent matorral (35.12), but a few lianas Bryonia cretica, Tamus communis and the stands may have a sufficiently tall, closed endemic Clematis campaniflora. Pyrus bourga­ canopy to qualify for this unit. neana may transgress from neighbouring PLANIS : Olea europaea ssp. sylvestris, Ceratonia communities. siliqua, Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis, Olea 44.83 Oretanian lauriphyllous galleries europaea ssp. cerasiformis, Pistacia atlantica. Viburno tini-Prunetum lusitanicae Supra- and upper meso-Mediterranean GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, riparian galleries of the Montes de Toledo Portugal, Spain. (Cordillera Oretana), constituted by the The following sub-types are included : lauriphyllous Prunus lusitanica and Viburnum 45.11 Wild olive woodland tinus ; they line water courses on the inner Olea europaea ssp. sylvestris - dominated edge of alder galleries of 44.551 and 44.552, formations. A climax olive forest, with which they sometimes entirely replace. Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus exists on 44.84 Oretanian bog-myrtle willow scrub the north flank of Djebel Ichkeul in northern Frangulo-Myricaetum galeae Tunisia. Elsewhere, the communities most Tall scrub of Montes de Toledo streams, with resembling olive forest are found in southern Frangula alnus, Salix atrocinerea, S. salvifolia Andalusia (Tamo communis-Oleetum sylvestris : and Myrica gale. extinct ?), in Menorca (Prasio majoris-Oleetum sylvestris), Sardinia, Sicily, Calabria, Crete. 45.12 Carob woodland •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Ceratonia siliqua - dominated formations, often MEDITERRANEAN with Olea europaea ssp. sylvestris and Pistacia SCLEROPHYLLOUSFORESTS lentiscus. The most developed examples, some truly forest-like, are to be found in Tunisia, on 41.7C Cretan Quercus brachyphylla the slopes of the Djebel, where they constitute forests carob-dominated facies of the wild olive NATURA 2000 code : 9310 woodlands (45.11), in Mallorca (Cneoro PAL.CLASS. : 41.735 tricocci-Ceratonietum siliquae), in eastern Sardinia, in south-eastern Sicily, in Puglia, in AEGEAN QUERCUS BRACHYPHYLLA WOODS Crete. DEFJNmON : Stands of Quercus brachyphylla, often 45.13 Canarian olive woodland associated with Quercus macrolepis or Q. ilex, of Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis and Pistacia the Peloponnese and Crete. atlantica formations of the Canary Islands. PLANTs : Quercus brachyphylla. GEQGRAPHICAL DIS1RIBUTION : Greece.

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The following sub-types are included : 45.2 Quercus suber forests 45.31 Meso-Mediterranean holm-oak forests NATURA 2000 code : 9330 PAL.CLASS. : 45.2 Rich meso-Mediterranean formations, penetra­ ting locally, mostly in ravines, into the thermo­ QUERCUS SUBER FORESTS Mediterranean zone. They are often degraded DEFINITION : West-Mediterranean silicicolous to arborescent matorral (32.11 ), and some of the forests dominated by Quercus suber, usually types listed below no longer exist in the fully more thermophile and hygrophile than 45.3. developed forest state relevant to category 45 ; they have nevertheless been included, both to PLANTS : Quercus suber. provide appropriate codes for use in 32.11, and GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : France, Italy, because restoration may be possible. Portugal, Spain. 45.32 Supra-Mediterranean holm-oak forests The following sub-types are included : Formations of the supra-Mediterranean 45.21 Tyrrhenian cork-oak forests levels, often mixed with deciduous oaks, Acer Quercion suberis spp. or Ostrya carpinifolia. Mostly meso-Mediterranean Quercus suber 45.33 Aquitanian holm-oak woodland forests of Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, France Isolated Quercus ilex-dominated stands and north-eastern Spain. They are most often occurring as a facies of dunal pine-holm oak degraded to arborescent matorral (32.11). forests. 45.22 South-western Iberian cork-oak forests 45.34 Quercus rotundifolia woodland Quercion fagineo-suberis Iberian forest communities formed by Q. Quercus suber forests, often with Q. faginea or rotundifolia. Generally, even in mature state, less Q. canariensis, of the south-western quadrant tall, less luxuriant and drier than the fully of the Iberian peninsula. developed forests that can be constituted by the 45.23 North-western Iberian cork-oak forests closely related Q. ilex, they are, moreover, most Very local, exiguous Quercus suber enclaves in often degraded into open woodland or even the Q. pyrenaica forest area of the valleys of the arborescent matorral. Species characteristic of Sil and of the Mino (Galicia). the undergrowth are Arbutus unedo, Phillyrea 45.24 Aquitanian cork-oak woodland angustifolia, Rhamnus alaternus, Pistacia Isolated Q. suber-dominated stands occurring terebinthus, Rubia peregrina, fasminum fruticans, either as a facies of dunal pine-cork oak Smilax aspera, Lonicera etrusca, L. implexa. forests or in a very limited area of the eastern Landes. 45.5 Quercus macrolepis forests NATURA 2000 code : 9350 45.3 Quercus ilex forests (29) PAL.CLASS. : 41.79 NATURA 2000 code : 9340 PAL.CLASS. : 45.3 QUERCUS MACROLEPIS FORESTS DEFINITION : Woods dominated by the semi­ QUERCUS ILEX AND QUERCUS ROTIINDIFOLIA FORESTS deciduous Quercus macrolepis, often fairly open, of the mostly meso-Mediterranean zone of DEFINITION : Forests dominated by Quercus ilex or Greece, Albania, western Asia, and, very locally, Q. rotundifolia, often, but not necessarily, southern Italy. calcicolous. PLANTS: Quercus macrolepis. PLANTS : Quercus ilex, Q. rotundifolia. GEQGRAPHICAL DISIRIBUTIQN : Greece, Italy. GEQGRAPHICAL PISTRIBUTION : France, Greece, Italy, The following sub-types are included: Portugal, Spain. 41.791 Hellenic valonia oak woods Quercus macrolepis formations of continental 29 C > and Quercus rotundifolia. Greece and its archipelagos, as well as of

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adjacent Albania ; well developed forests S. canariensis, S. divaricata, Sonchus fruticosus, exist, in particular, in the Ionian islands and Tamus edulis, Teline maderensis (=Cytisus on Lesbos ; more modified, grove-like, stands, maderensis), Vaccinium cylindraceum, V. padifolium, exist on the maritime slopes of the low Viburnum tinus ssp. subcordatum, Visnea mocanera. mountains bordering the gulf of Arta and in ANIMALS : Columba bollei, C. junionae, C. trocaz, western Etolia, in the north-western Fringilla coelebs ssp. ombriosa, F. teydea, F. t. ssp. Peloponnese, in Thessaly, in Attica, in Thrace. polatzeki. 41.792 Apulian valonia oak woods Relict Quercus macrolepis formations of Salento GEQGRAPHJCAL DISTRIBUTION : Canary, Azores and (Tricase). Madeira Islands. This habitat type includes : 9361 - lauriphyllous forests of the Azores (45.61 45.61 to 45.63 * Macaronesian laurel forests Ericetalia azorica p.), where the humid forests (Laurus, Ocotea) of the coastal areas (Myrico-Pittosporietum NATURA 2000 code : 9360 undulati p.) have been totally or almost totally PAL.CLASS. : 45.61 to 45.63 degraded, largely invaded by the introduced Australian Pittosporum undulatum ; a better * MACARONESIAN LAUREL FORESTS representation survives of the hyper-humid (LAuRus, OcoTEA) forests (Culcito-Juniperion brevifoliae p.) of DEFINITION : Humid to hyper-humid, mist-bound, higher elevations ; luxuriant, evergreen, lauriphyllous forests of the 9362 -lauriphyllous forests of Madeira (45.62 Pruno­ cloud belt of the Macaronesian islands, Lauretalia azorica) still occupying a relatively extremely rich in floral and faunal species, large surface, of the order of 10,000 ha; among which many are restricted to these 9363- lauriphyllous forests of the Canary Islands communities (Pruno-Lauretalia). Genera such as (45.63 Ixantho-Laurion azoricae); the laurel Picconia, Semele, Gesnouinia, Lactucosonchus, forests of each island harbour a distinctive set Ixanthus are entirely endemic to these of endemic plants and animals, as exemplified communities, while others, such as Isoplexis, by the species of the composite genus Visnea and Phyllis, reach in them their maximum Pericallis, the well-marked races of the development ; in addition, each of the chaffinch Fringilla coelebs or the carabid fauna. formations of the various archipelagos harbours distinctive endemic species. 45.7 * Palm groves of Phoenix PLANTS : Apollonias barbujana, Ardisia bahamensis, NATURA 2000 code : 9370 Asparagus fallax, Canarina canariensis, Carex PAL.CLASS. : 45.7 canariensis, C. eregrina, Clethra arborea, Convolvulus canariensis, Cryptotaenia elegans, Erica arborea, Euphorbia melifera, #E. stygiana, #Frangula * PALM GROVES OF PHOENIX azorica, Geranium canariensis, Heberdenia excelsa, DEFINITION: Woods, often riparian, formed by the Hedera canariensis, Ilex canariensis, I. perado ssp. two endemic palm trees of the Community, azorica, I. perado ssp. perado, Isolexis canariensis, Phoenix theophrasti of Crete, and Phoenix Ixanthus viscosus, Juniperus brevifolia, Laurus canariensis of the Canary Islands. azorica, Myrica faya, Ocotea foetens, Persea indica, PLANT$ : Phoenix canariensis, #Phoenix theophrasti. #Picconia azorica, P. excelsa, *Pittosporum coriaceum, Pleiomeris canariensis (=Myrsine GEOGRAPHICAL DISIRIBUTIQN : Crete and Canary canariensis), Prunuslusitanica, #P. l. ssp. azorica, P. Islands. l. ssp. hixa, Rubia peregrina, Rubus bollei, Ruscus The palm groves of Crete are restricted to damp streptophyllus, Sambucus lanceolata, *S. palmensis, sandy coastal valleys ; they include the extensive Semele androgyna, Senecio auritus (=S. maderensis), forest of Vai, where the luxuriant palm growth is Sideretis canariensis, S. macrostachys, Smilax aspera, accompanied by a thick shrubby undergrowth

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rich of Nerium oleander, and about four other PLANIS: Picea abies, Vaccinium spp. smaller coastal groves, notably on the south GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Austria, France, coast of the prefectorate of Rethimnon. The Germany, Greece, Italy. Canarian palm groves are mostly characteristic The following sub-types are included of the bottom of barrancos and of alluvial soils, 9411 (42.21) Alpine and Carpathian sub-alpine below 600 metres ; particularly representative spruce forests. Piceetum subalpinum. examples are found at Fragata, Maspalomas and Picea abies forests of the lower sub-alpine Barranco de Tirajana in the Gran Canary, Valle level, and of anomalous stations in the Gran Rey in La Gomera, Masca in Teneriffe and montane level, of the outer, intermediate and Brena Alta in La Palma. inner Alps ; in the latter, they are often in continuity with the montane spruce forests of 45.8 Forests of Ilex aquifolium 42.22. The spruces are often stunted or NATURA 2000 code : 9380 PAL.CLASS. : 45.8 columnar ; they are accompanied by an undergrowth of decidedly sub-alpine FORESTS OF lLEX AQUIFOLIUM affinities. Picea abies forests of the lower sub­ DEFINITION Communities dominated by alpine level of the Carpathians. arborescent Ilex aquifolium, relict of various 9412 (42.22) Inner range montane spruce forests. forests with a field layer rich in Ilex and Piceetum montanum. sometimes with Taxus (42.A7), of the supra­ Picea abies forests of the montane level of the Mediterranean level on various substrates. These inner Alps, characteristic of regions woods correspond to the senescence stage of a climatically unfavourable to both beech and forest with a undergrowth with Taxus and !lex fir. Analogous Picea abies forests of the (belonging among others to the Ilici-Quercetum montane and collinar levels of the inner basin ilicis), after the fading of the tree layer. They of the Slovakian Carpathians subjected to a generally form patches inside or outside forests. climate of high continentality. 9413 (42.23) Hercynian sub-alpine spruce forests GEOORAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Greece, north-west of Sub-alpine Picea abies forests of high Spain, France (Corsica, Cevennes, Sainte­ Hercynian ranges(30). Baume), Italy (Sardinia), north and central Portugal. 42.31 and 42.32 Alpine forests with larch and Pinus cembra •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• NATURA 2000 code : 9420 ALPINE AND SUBALPINE PAL.CLASS.: 42.31 and 42.32 CONIFEROUS FORESTS ALPINE LARCH-AROLLA FORESTS 42.21 to 42.23 Acidophilous forests DEFINITION : Forests of the sub-alpine and (Vaccinio-Piceetea) sometimes montane levels of the Alps and the NATURA 2000 code : 9410 Carpathians, dominated by Larix decidua or Pinus PAL.CLASS.: 42.21 to 42.23 cembra ; the two species may form either pure or mixed stands, and may be associated with Picea AaDOPHILOUS SPRUCE FORESTS (VACCINIO-PICEETEA) abies or, in the western Alps, Pinus uncinata. DEFINmON : Sub-alpine and alpine conifer forests of PLANIS : Larix decidua, Pinus cembra. the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarids, the GEOGMPHICAL QISTRIBUTION : Austria, France, Balkan Range, the Rhodopes, the Apennines, the Germany. Jura and the Hercynian ranges (dominated by Picea abies), of the Pontic Range (dominated by Picea orientalis), and of the Caucasus (dominated 301 by Picea omorika). < B

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The following sub-types are included : GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Alps, Jura and 9421 (42.31) Eastern Alpine siliceous larch and Pyrenees. arolla forests. Larici-Cembretum. Two major types : 42.41 - mountain pine forests of Sub-alpine Larix decidua, Pinus cembra, or Larix the western outer Alps, the Jura and Pyrenean decidua-Pinus cembra forests of the eastern and ubacs, developed on siliceous or decalcified soils central Alps, mostly of the inner ranges, of the subalpine level with a predominately usually on siliceous substrates, with an often ericaceous undergrowth comprising Rhododendron species-poor undergrowth compr1smg ferrugineum (Rhododendro-Vaccinion p.); 42.42 - Vaccinium myrtillus, Rhododendron ferrugineum, xerocline mountain pine forests of the inner Alps, Calamagrostis villosa, Luzula albida. of the western outer Alps and the Jura, and of 9422 (42.32) Eastern Alpine calcicolous larch and Pyrenean adrets, accompanied by a shrubby arolla forests. Laricetum, Larici-Cembretum undergrowth in which Rhododendron ferrugineum rhododendretosum hirsuti. is absent or rare Uunipero-Pinion p., Erico-Pinion p.) Sub-alpine and montane Larix decidua, Larix Corresponding category of the German decidua - Picea abies, Pinus cembra or Larix Biotoptypen : "7002 Schneeheide-IPollino, of the Alps, the Jura, the Pyrenees and the Sila, Aspromonte). Iberian mountains ; on limestone, gypsum or siliceous substrate in a cool or thermophile PLANT$ : Abies alba. situation depending on the region. Sometimes GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Southern Apennines mixed with Pinus sylvestris, more rarely with (Molise, Basilicata, Calabria). Larix-Pinus cembra. PLANIS : Arctostaphylos alpina, A. uva-ursi, Astrantia minor, Calluna vulgaris, Coronilla vaginalis, 42.19 Abies pinsapo forests Cotoneaster integerrimus, Crepis alpestris, Daphne NATURA 2000 code : 9520 striata, Deschampsia flexuosa, Dryas octopetala, PAL.CLASS. : 42.19 Erica herbacea, Homogyna alpina, Huperzia selago, Juniperus hemisphaerica, ]. nana, Lycopodium ABIES PINSAPO FORESTS annotinum, Pinus uncinata, Polygala chamaebuxus, DEFINIIION : Forests and stands of the endemic Abies Rhamnus saxatilis, Rhododendron ferrugineum, pinsapo of the supra-meso-Mediterranean level of Rhododendron hirsutum, Thesium rostratum, Andalucia. Calcicolous forests and stands limited Vaccinium myrtillus, V. uliginosum. to the Serrania de Ronda and associated ranges

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I ( -- Foresm------

(42.191); ultra basic serpentine outcroppings of 42.8 Mediterranean pine forests with the Sierra de Bermeja and isolated stands of endemic Mesogean pines, associated ranges (42.192). including Pinus mugo and Pinus leucodennis PLANTs: Abies pinsapo. NATURA 2000 code: 9540 GEOGRAPHJCAL DISTRIBUTION: Andalucia (Spain). PAL.CLASS. : 42.8

MEDITERRANEAN PINE FORESTS Willi 42.61 to 42.66 * Mediterranean pine forests with ENDEMIC MESOGEAN PINES endemic black pines DEFINWON : Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic NATURA 2000 code : 9530 woods of thermophilous pines, mostly appearing PAL.CLASS.: 42.61 to 42.66 as substitution or paraclimactic stages of forests of the Quercetalia ilicis or Ceratonio-Rhamnetalia. *(SUB) MEDITERRANEAN PINE FORESTS Long-established plantations of these pines, Willi ENDEMIC BLACK PINES within their natural area of occurrence, and with DEFINI110N : Forests of the montane-Mediterranean an undergrowth basically similar to that of level, on dolomitic substrate (high tolerance to paraclimactic formations, are included. magnesium), dominated by pines of the Pinus nigra group, often with a dense structure. .PLANTS : Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica, Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster (= Pinus mesogeensis), Pinus pinea, PLANTS : Pinus laricio, Pinus nigra, Pinus pallasiana, Pinus halepensis, Pinus brutia, Pinus mugo, Pinus Pinus salzmannii. leucodermis. ANIMALS : Sitta whiteheadi. GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUJJON : France, Greece, Italy, GEOGMPHICAL DISIRIBUTIQN : Alps, Apennines, Portugal, Spain. Corsica, Spain, Greece and Sicily. The following sub-types are included : Sub-types and typical sites of this habitat are : 42.81 Maritime pine forests 9531 (42.61) Alpino-Apennine Pinus nigra forests­ Forests and plantations of Pinus pinaster ssp. Pinus nigra s.s. forests of the eastern Italian, atlantica of south-western France and the Austrian and Slovenian Alps and of the western Iberian peninsula. Apennines; 42.82 Mesogean pine forests 9532 (42.62) Western Balkanic Pinus nigra forests­ Forests of Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster (=Pinus Pinus nigra ssp. nigra of the Dinarides, the mesogeensis) of the western Mediterranean, Pelagonides ; Pinus dalmatica forests of the mostly in siliceous meso-Mediterranean, Dalmatian coastal areas ; upper meso-Mediterranean and supra­ 9533 (42.63) Salzmann's pine forests - Pinus Mediterranean situations of Spain, Corsica, salzmannii forests of Spain (Pyrenees, northern south-eastern France, north-western Italy, Iberian Range, sierra de Gredos, serrania de Sardinia and Pantelleria. Cuenca, Maestrazgo, sierras de Cazorla, 42.8211berian mesogean pine forests Segura and Alcaraz, calcareous periphery of Pinus pinaster forests of the Iberian peninsula, the Sierra Nevada) and the Causses; appearing mostly as substitution commu­ 9534 (42.64) Corsican laricio pine forests - Pinus nities of Quercus rotundifolia, Q. pyrenaica or, laricio forests of the mountains of Corsica locally, Q. suber, Q. faginea woodlands. (1000 to 1800 m) on granitic soils ; 42.822 Corbieres mesogean pine forests 9535 (42.65) Calabrian laricio pine forests - Pinus Isolated Pinus pinaster - dominated woods of laricio var. calabrica forests of the Sila (Sila the Corbieres. Greca, Sila Grande, Sila Piccola}, the 42.823 Franco-Italian mesogean pine forests Aspromonte and Etna ; Pinus pinaster forests of siliceous lower meso­ 9536 (42.66) Pallas's pine forests- montane forests Mediterranean areas of Provence, of marls of Pinus pallasiana of Greece and the Balkan and limestones of the upper meso­ peninsula. Mediterranean level of the Maritime Alps and

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the Ligurian Alps, and of mostly siliceous or 42.836 Sicilian stone pine forests clayey soils of the hills of Liguria and Tuscany. Pinus pinea formations of the Monti Peloritani, 42.824 Corsican mesogean pine forests north-western Sicily, of probable native origin. Pinetum pinastri, Erico-Arbutetum p., Galio­ 42.837 Peninsular Italian stone pine forests Pinetum p. Large, ancient, Pinus pinea plantations of the Pinus pinaster-dominated forests of the meso­ Tyrennian, and locally, Adriatic coasts of the and supra-Mediterranean levels of Corsica, Italian peninsula, in Liguria, Toscany, Latium, mostly on granitic substrates; they are very Campania, Emilia-Romana (Ravenna) and developed, accompanied by a maquis-like Friuli-Venetia Giulia (Grado). understory, in the meso-Mediterranean zone, 42.838 Greek stone pine forests mostly at its upper tier; they occur locally Pinus pinea woods of the littoral and coastal within the supra-Mediterranean zone, on hills of the Peloponnese, Chalcidice, Crete and adrets and at lower altitudes, as facies of Aegean islands, rather local but probably in laricio pine forests. part, at least, spontaneous ; a splendid 42.825 Sardinian mesogean pine forests example exists, in particular, on Skiathos. Pinus pinaster formations on granitic 42.84 Aleppo pine forests substrates of northern Sardinia, with Arbutus Woods of Pinus halepensis, a frequent colonist unedo, Quercus ilex, Rosmarinus officinalis, Erica of thermo- and calcicolous meso-Mediterra­ arborea, Genista corsica, Lavandula stoechas, nean scrubs. The distinction between Rubia peregrina, Calicotome spinosa, Pistacia spontaneous forests and long-established lentiscus, Teucrium marum. formations of artificial origin is often difficult. 42.826 Pantellerian mesogean pine forests The latter are thus included here, while Pinus pinaster woods of Pantelleria. recent, obviously artificial groves are not. 42.83 Stone pine forests 42.84llberian Aleppo pine forests Mediterranean forests and old naturalised Pinus halepensis forests of Spain, considered plantations of Pinus pinea. Antique native for at least two-thirds of their introduction in many areas makes the considerable expanse; they are mostly distinction between spontaneous forests and restricted to eastern regions on the long-established formations of artificial origin Mediterranean slope of the Catalonian often difficult. These are thus included here, mountains, the Maestrazgo, the pre-Baetic while recent, obviously artificial groves are ranges of the upper Guadalquivir basin, the not. southern Andalusian mountains; they 42.831 Iberian stone pine forests penetrate farther inland in the Ebro basin and Pinus pinea forests of the Iberian peninsula, around the headwaters of the Tagus and where they reach their greatest development. Guadalquivir systems. 42.832 Balearic stone pine woods 42.842 Balearic Aleppo pine forests Pinus pinea formations of the Balearic Islands, Pinus halepensis formations of the Balearics, native only on lbiza and Formentera. present and probably native on all the major 42.833 Provence stone pine woods islands. Pinus pinea formations of Provence, possibly 42.843 Provenc;o-Ligurian Aleppo pine forests spontaneous on coastal sands and in the Mostly lower meso-Mediterranean Pinus Maures area. halepensis forests of Provence and of the lower 42.834 Corsican stone pine woods slopes and coastlines of the Maritime and Pinus pinea formations of the littoral of Ligurian Alps, extensive and undoubtedly Corsica, some of which may be of natural native. origin, in particular on old dunes of the east 42.844 Corsican Aleppo pine woods coast. Rare and local Pinus halepensis woods of the 42.835 Sardinian stone pine forests Corsican coasts, some, at least, possibly Pinus pinea formations of Sardinia. natural.

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42.845 Sardinian Aleppo pine woods Samos, in particular in the Ambelos range, the Pinus halepensis formations of Sardinia, where Kerki mountains, the southern hills and the certainly native woods occur on Isola di San north-eastern peninsula. Pietro and the Sulcis coast of Iglesiente. 42.854 Aegean pine woods of Chios 42.846 Sicilian Aleppo pine woods Remnant forests of Chios with a composition Pinus halepensis formations of Sicily and and stratification similar to those of the forests peripheral islands (Egadi, Lampedusa, ofSamos. Pantelleria). 42.855 Aegean pine forests of Thasos 42.847 Peninsular Italian Aleppo pine forests Broad Pinus brutia belt on the lower reaches of Pinus halepensis formations of the Italian Thasos, up to about 400 to 500 metres, mixed peninsula; extensive, probably at least with Pinus pallasiana in the higher areas. partially native ones are individualised in the 42.856 Aegean pine woods of Samothrace subdivisions below. Mostly sparse Pinus brutia formations of the 42.848 Greek Aleppo pine forests lowlands of Samothrace. Pinus halepensis formations of Greece, where 42.857 Aegean pine forests of Rhodes the species is relatively widespread, Remnant Pinus brutia forests of Rhodes, still particularly in Attica, Thessaly, the coasts of represented by some relatively natural the Peloponnese and of central continental formations with rich scrub undergrowth. Greece, the Ionian islands, Chalcidici, the 42.858 Aegean pine forests of Karpathos northern Sporades, Euboea and Skiros. Fairly extensive Pinus brutia forests of 42.85 Aegean pine forests Karpathos, distributed, in particular, in the Pinus brutia forests of Crete and eastern northern coastal area, the southern interior Aegean islands. Eastern vicariants of Aleppo and the middle elevation of Kali Limni. pine forests (42.84), they comprise, however, 42.859 Aegean pine forests of the Dodecanese taller, more luxuriant, and often extensive, Pinus brutia formations of the islands of Simi, formations. Disjunct formations of this pine or Kos, Leros and Ikaria. of related species, described from Crimea and the Caucasian region (Pinus pityusa, Pinus stankewiczii, Pinus eldarica) have been 42.9 Macaronesian pine forests (endemic) included. NATURA 2000 code : 9550 42.851 Aegean pine forests of Crete PAL.CLASS. : 42.9 Pinus brutia-dominated forests of Crete and its

satellite islands Gavdos and Gaidaronisi, pure CANARIAN ENDEMIC PINE FORESTS or mixed with Cupressus sempervirens; they are widespread in particular in the White DEFINDJON : Forests of endemic Pinus canariensis, of Mountains, the Psiloriti range, the Dikti range the dry montane level at around 800 to 2000 metres (locally down to 500 and up to 2500 and, locally, in the Sitia mountains and the metres) in Tenerife, La Palma, Gran Canaria and Asterousia mountains. Hierro, with Chamaecytisus proliferus, Adenocarpus 42.852 Aegean pine forests of Lesbos foliolosus, Cistus symphytifolius, Lotus campylocladus, Extensive Pinus brutia forests of Lesbos, L. hillebrandii, L. spartioides, Daphne gnidium, occupying Mount Olympus and surrounding Juniperus cedrus, Micromeria spp.; these forests, of hills in the south-eastern quadrant of the which well-preserved examples have become island, as well as parts of the Kuratsonas rare, are the only habitat of Fringilla teydea, range in the north-west ; these forests harbour Dendrocopos major canariensis and D. m. thanneri. the only European population of the nuthatch Sitta krueperi and the most significant one of PLANT$ : Pinus canariensis, Chamaecytisus proliferus, the orchid Comperia comperiana. Adenocarpus foliolosus, Cistus symphytifolius, Lotus 42.853 Aegean pine forests of Samos c.1mpylocladus, L. hillebrandii, L. spartioides, Daphne Pinus brutia forests covering large expanses of ~ nidium, Juniperus cedrus, Micromeria spp.

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GEQGRAPHJCAL DISIRJBUJJON : Canary islands. matorrals (32.13 and 31.3) should not be The following sub-types are included : included. 42.91 Canary pine-rockrose forests PLANIS : Juniperus brevifolia, J. cedrus, ]. drupacea, ]. Climax Pinus canariensis forests within the excelsa, J. foetidissima, ]. oxycedrus, J. phoenicea, ]. main zone of altitudinal occurrence, with an thurifera. undergrowth characterised and often dominated by Cistus symphytifolius and GEOGRAPHICAL DISIRIBVIlON : Greece, Spain, France, comprising Chamaecytisus proliferus, Lotus Azores. campylocladus, L. hillebrandii, L. spartioides, Sub-types and typical sites of this habitat are : Juniperus cedrus, Bystropogon origanifolius, 9561 (42.A2} Spanish juniper woods Uuniperon Argyranthemum adauctum. thuriferae) - forest formations dominated by 42.92 Canary pine-dry scrub forests Juniperus thuriferae of Spain (calcareous Formations of dry, south-facing slopes in the substrates in the supra-Mediterranean levels of lower part of the Pinus canariensis belt, the Iberian Range and neighbouring plateaux, transitional towards juniper formations and often with Pinus sylvestris, P. salzmannii, their degradation scrubs, with an Juniperus hemisphaerica and Berberis hispanica ; undergrowth often formed by Cistus enclaves on the periphery of and within the monspeliensis, Euphorbia obtusifolia ssp. regis­ Sierra de Guadarrama, occurring both on rare jubae, Salvia canariensis, Micromeria hyssopifolia, local limestone deposits and in a few siliceous Echium aculeatum. stations ; dry, warm, rocky, calcareous southern 42.93 Canary pine-heath forests slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, between Formations of humid, fogbound north- and the Rio Pisuerga and the Rio Luna, with north-west-facing slopes in the lower reaches Juniperus nana, ]. sabina, Berberis vulgaris ssp. of the Pinus canariensis belt, with an abundance cantabrica, Rhamnus alpinus, Viburnum lantana ; of Erica arborea and Myrica faya, and gypsiferous soils of the Ebro basin, with occasionally with Ilex canariensis and Arbutus Rhamnus lycioides ; clay soils of the Campo de canariensis ; epiphytic lichens are abundant, as Montiel; Sierra Taibilla}, southern France are dense carpets of mosses, in particular, (Montagne de Rie) ; warm calcareous supra­ Hypnum cupressiforme. These woods are the Mediterranean slopes of the south-western main habitat of Regulus teneriffae. Alps, in Drome, Hautes-Alpes and Alpes-de­ 42.94 Canary pine-broom woods Haute-Provence, between 700 and 1200 Formations of the highest altitudes of the metres ; warm calcareous supra-Mediterranean belt, invaded by species of Pinus canariensis slopes of the !sere valley, in the western Alps, the supra-Canarian level, in particular between 300 and 500 metres ; valleys in the Adenocarpus viscosus. interior of Corsica -Pinnera, Rudda, Pruniccia­ 42.95 Canary pine-juniper woods sometimes mixed with Pinus laricio; Junipero cedri-Pinetum canariensis 9562 (42.A3) Grecian juniper woods Uuniperetum Pinus canariensis and Juniperus cedrus excelsae) - forest formations dominated by formations of steep, rocky slopes of high Juniperus excelsa, of the Ostryo-Carpinion zone altitudes of Tenerife and La Palma. of the mountains of northern Greece (up to 900-lOOOm, around lake Prespa); 42.A2 to 42.A5 * Endemic Mediterranean forests 9563 (42.A4) Stinking juniper woods - forest and 42.A8 with Junipems spp. NATURA 2000 code : 9560 formations dominated by Juniperus PAL.CLASS. : 42.A2 to 42.A5 and 42.A8 foetidissima on adrets of the upper supra­ Mediterranean level in Greece ; * ENDEMIC MEDITERRANEAN FORESTS 9564 (42.A5} Syrian juniper woods - Juniperus WITH JUNIPERUS SPP. drupacea woods of the northern slopes of DEFINITION : Medium altitude forest formations Mount Parnon, Greece ; dominated by Juniperus spp. The arborescent 9565 (42.A8) Macaronesian juniper woods -

------Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- -- Foresur------

Juniperus cedrus formations of the high layered stands of beech-yew ; residual Taxus altitudes in Tenerife, La Palma, Gomera, Gran stand with disappearance of the tall species, both Canaria, restricted to steep rocky slopes; above and in the proximity of Taxus. Juniperus phoenicea formations of Tenerife, La PLANTS: Buxus sempervirens, Ilex aquifolium, Mercu­ Palma, Hierro, Gran Canaria, La Gomera rialis perennis, Sorbus aria, Taxus baccata. (Maytenio-Juniperion phoeniceae p.); endemic Juniperus brevifolia formations of the Azores GEQGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : Corsica, Sardinia, auniperion brevifoliae p.). Ireland, United Kingdom. Habitat sub-types included : COMMENTS : The arborescent matorrals of Juniperus 9581 (42.A71) British yew woods (31)- Taxus baccata thurifera (32.136), Juniperus excelsa and J. woods with Sorbus aria or Mercurialis perennis foetidissima (32.133), Juniperus drupacea (32.135) of dry valleys and scarps of the Chalk of and the ericoid-dominated facies of the south-east England, very locally of the Macaronesian Juniperus formations (31.3) are Durham Magnesium limestone, Morecambe generally associated in the field, but they should Bay and elsewhere. They also occur in the not be included in this habitat type. forest of Muckross (Killarney, Ireland). Corresponding category in the United Kingdom National Vegetation Classification: 42.A6 * Tetraclinis articulata forests (Andalusia) "W13 Taxus baccata woodland" ; NATURA 2000 code : 9570 9582 (42.A72) Corsican yew woods- Formations of PAL.CLASS.: 42.A6 Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Buxus sempervirens restricted to cool, montane areas * TETRACLIMS ARTICULATA FORESTS (MURCIA) in the Tenda range, the San Pedrone range DEFINmON : Xero-thermophile forests of Arbor­ and the Cap Corse mountains ; vitae (Tetraclinis articulata), restricted to extreme 9583 (42.A73) Sardinian yew woods- Taxus baccata south-eastern Spain (Periplocion angustifoliae : and Ilex aquifolium woods of the Catena del Arisaro-Tetraclinidetum articulatae, Mayteno­ Marghine and the Mount Limbara system. In Periplocetum angustifoliae). the north and centre of Portugal there are Taxus baccata relicts, sometimes in small isolated PLANTS : Asparagus albus, A. stipularis, Arisarum formations (Serras do Geres and Estrela), that vulgare, Brachypodium retusum, Chamaerops may be included in this habitat type. humilis, Lavandula dentata, Lithodora fruticosa, Periploca laevigata, Rhamnus lycioides, Tetraclinis articulata, Teucrium carthaginense, Thymus glandulosus.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION : South-eastern Spain.

42.A71 to 42.A73 * Taxus baccata woods NATURA 2000 code : 9580 PAL.CLASS.: 42.A71 to 42.A73

* TAXUS BACCATA WOODS DEFINWON : Woods dominated by Taxus baccata, often with llex aquifolium, of very local occurrence. This habitat type may have two origins : senescent phase of a beech wood or 31 beech-fir wood, made up of clusters of < J 'I h"' code 42.A71 British formations are not in the right place Taxus in Annex I, since these formations belong to the 'Forests of after the fall of the tall species, surrounded by temperate Europe'

-1996 IJ -Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats ------Contributions from the national experts

BELGIUM interes comunitario con presencia en Espana". Enero 1993. 11 pp. Hermy, M. : "Annex I of the Habitat Directive Rivas Martinez, S. : Comentarios y propuestas de 92/43/EEC : comments with respect to Flanders, ampliaci6n o enmiendas al "Proyecto de Manual Wallonia and Belgium". February 1993. 37 pp. tecnico de interpretaci6n de los tipos de habitats prioritarios des Anexo I de la Directiva 92/43/CEE". DENMARK Noviembre 1993.19 pp. The experts supplied a detailed scientific article on marine columns caused by leaking gases in FRANCE shallow waters. Julve, P., Bardat, J. et Rameau, J.C. : "Remarques et premieres contributions fram;aises I'explication des GERMANY a unites retenues dans l'Annexe I de la Directive Ssymank, A.: "FFH-Richtlinie, Anhang I. Definitions Habitats". Octobre 1992. 7 pp. vorschliige und Ergiinzungen". Oktober 1992. 85 Bardat, J. : "Correspondance entre codes corine-biotope pp. (revised March 1993). de l'Annexe I de la Directive "habitats, faune, flore" Ssymank, A. : German comments -draft manual for the et la nomenclature phytosociologique". Document interpretation of Annex I priority habitats.10 pp. provisoire, mars 1993. 46 pp. December 1993. Bardat, J. : Remarques concernant le manuel Ssymank, A.: "FFH-Richtlinie, Anhiinge I, II, N, und technique d'interpretation des types d'habitats V. Definitionsvorschliige und Ergiinzungen ", 137 prioritaires. Novembre 1993. 1 pp. pp., April1994. Bardat, J. : "Guide d' identification simplifte des divers Ssymank, A. : "Comments to the project of manual for types d'habitats naturels d'interet cimmunautaires

the interpretation of Annex I of the Directive 92/43/ presents en France metropolitaine" I Aout 1993. 56 EEC non-priority habitats". December 1994, 3pp. pp. Bardat, J. : "Remarques generales sur l' etude relative au GREECE projet de manuel technique d'interpretation de l'annexe I de la Directive Habitats, types d'habitats Group of Experts. Coordinator C. Mavrovitis. non prioritaires". Decembre 1994, 2pp. Hellenic Republic Ministry of Agriculture, Medail, F. : "Liste des Habitats Naturels Retenus dans section C : forest environment, national parks la Directive 92/43/CEE du 21 mai 1992, presents en and forest recreation : "Priority habitats-greek Region Mediterraneenne Franfaise (Regions contribution". March 1993. 7 pp. Provence-Alpes-COte d'Azur, Languedoc-Roussillon Group of Experts. Coordinator C. Mavrovitis. et Corse)''. Faculte des Sciences et techniques de Hellenic Republic Ministry of Agriculture, Saint Jerome - Institut mediterraneen d'Ecologie section C : Comments and proposals on the et de Paleoecologie (sous Ia Direction du Pr. P. manual for the interpretation of Annex I priority Quezel), fevrier 1994- troisieme version, 70 pp. habitat types. December 1993. 1 pp. Rameau, J.C. : "Remarques generales concernant la Hellenic Republic Ministry of the Environment/ Directive Habitats et plus particulierement les The Goulandris Natural History Museum : habitats forestiers". Mars 1993. 67 pp. "Comments on the interpretation manual of 36 non­ Rameau, J.C. : Supplementary paper on Annex I priority habitat types". December 1994,5 pp. forests. March 1993. 7 pp. Rameau, J.C. : Habitats forestiers de Ia Directive SPAIN Habitats presents et a retenir en France. Rivas Martinez, S. : "Tipos de habitats naturales de Propositions pour le manuel technique

------mterpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- II 1996- - Contributios from the national experts ------

d'interpretation au niveau des habitats d'interet to the new version of Interpretation Manual (Version communautaire. Novembre 1993.48 pp. EUR15)". Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. March 1996.6 pp. IRELAND Lars Pahlsson (ed.) : ~~vegetationstyper i Norden". 6 Criodain, C. : "Habitats Directive, Annex I : TemaNord 1994 : 665. Nordiska ministerradet, comments with respect to Ireland". July 1992. 14 pp. Kopenhamn. 6 Criodain, C.: Additional comments on Annex I UNITED KINGDOM (general issues, habitat-specific issues). January 1993.3 pp. Hopkins, J.J. : "Preliminary comments upon the 6 Criodain, C. : Comments on draft manual for the interpretation of the Annex I habitat list in the UK", interpretation of Annex I priority habitat types. 1992,22 pp. December 1993. 5pp. UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee : Comments on the draft manual of interpretation ITALX of Annex I priority habitat types. December Pedroti : "Commento alia lista dei tipi di habitats 1993. 8 pp. prioritari dell' allegata I presenti in Italia". Avril Hopkins, J.J. : "UK Comments on Manual of Interpretation for Non-Priority Habitats", 1993.4 pp. Scoppola, Anna : "Proposte di modifica di alcuni punti December 1994,14 pp. delle schede del Manuale tecnico di interpretazione Hopkins, J.J. & Buck, A.L.: "Comments on European dei tipi di habitat non prioritari dell'appendice I della Commission Interpretation Manual of European Direttiva 92/43/CEE". Decembre 1994, 4 pp. Union Habitats Version EUR12 - April1995". JNCC, November 95, 7 pp. NETHERLANDS Hopkins, J.J. : "Comments on the Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats Version EUR15 Thissen, J., no title. 17 pp. (revised March 1993) -March 1996". JNCC, March 1996, 5 pp. AUSTRIA Sauberer, N. & Grabherr, G.: "Fachliche Grundlagen Sources for the biogeographical regions, vegetation zur Umsetzung der FFH- Richtlinie in Osterreich, levels and thermotypes Schewerpunkt Lebensriiume (Anhang I)". Bundes­ ministerium fiir Umwelt. Wien, Mai 1995.95 pp. Delpech, R., Dume, G., Galmiche, P., "Typologie des Grabherr, G. & Bundesministerium fiir Umwelt : stations forestieres-vocabulaire". Ministry of "Description of Pannonic priority habitats". Agriculture-Institute for Forest Development. Umweltbundesamt. Wien, November 1995. 8 pp. Quezel, P. & Barbero I M. II Carte de la vegetation potentielle de la region mediterraneenne-Mediter­ PORTUGAL ranee orientale". Editions of the National Centre for Scientific Research. Paris, 1985. Alves, J., Cruz, P.l. : I. "Directiva 92/43/CEE- Anexo Noirfalise, A; (coord). "Map of Natural Vegetation of Comenttirios acerca dos habitats considerados neste the Member States of the European Community and anexo que ocorrem em Portugal Continental. of the Council of Europe". ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Mar~o 1993. 10 pp. Florestas". Brussels-Luxembourg and Council of Europe, Two-page paper on the habitat types of Madeira. Strasbourg, 1987. June 1993. Rivas-Martinez, S., 11Bioclimatic Belts of Western Cruz, P.l. : "Comments to the Project of Manual for the Europe". In : Climate and global change Q.C. Interpretation of Annex I, non-priority habitats". Duplessy, A. Pons, R. Fantechi, editors). December 1994, 1 pp. Commission of the European Communities. Luxemburg, 1991. FINLAND I SWEDEN Alanen, A. & Lofroth, M. : "Description of three priority boreal habitats". Finnish Environment Agency/ Swedish Environmental Protection Agency". May 1995. 8 pp.

Lofroth, M. & Alanen, A. : II Boreal amendments to the Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats". Finnish Environment Agency /Swedish Environ­ mental Protection Agency. September 1995. 20 pp. Rydberg, H. & Lofroth, M. : "Comments from Sweden

-1996 II -Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats ------Table of contents

(ANNEX I HABITAT TYPES)

COASTAL AND HALOPHYTIC HABITATS 6 Open sea and tidal areas 6 11.25 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time ...... 6 11.34 * Posidonia beds ...... 6 13.2 Estuaries ...... 7 14 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide ...... 7 21 *Lagoons ...... 7 Large shallow inlets and bays ...... 8 Reefs ...... 9 Marine 'columns' in shallow water made by leaking gases ...... 9 Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches 10 17.2 Annual vegetation of drift lines ...... 10 17.3 Perennial vegetation of stony banks ...... 10 18.21 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts ...... 10 18.22 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts (with endemic Limonium spp.) .... 11 18.23 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Macaronesian coasts (flora endemic to these coasts) ..... 11 Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt meadows 12 15.11 Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand ...... 12 15.12 Spartina swards (Spartinion) ...... 12 15.13 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia) ...... 13 15.14 *Continental salt meadows (Puccinellietalia distantis) ...... 13 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic saltmarshes and salt meadows 14 15.15 Mediterranean salt meadows Uuncetalia maritimi) ...... 14 15.16 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Arthrocnemetalia fructicosae) ...... 14 15.17 Iberia halo-nitrophilous scrubs (Pegano-Salsoletea) ...... 15 Salt and gypsum continental steppes 15 15.18 * Salt steppes (Limonietalia) ...... 15 15.19 *Gypsum steppes (Gypsophiletalia) ...... 15 15.A1 * Pannonic salt steppes and salt marshes ...... 16

COASTAL SAND DUNES AND CONTINENTAL DUNES 17 Sea dunes of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts 17 16.211 Embryonic shifting dunes ...... 17 16.212 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes) ...... 17 16.221 to 16.227 * Fixed dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) ...... 18 16.23 *Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetntm nigntm ...... 19 16.24 * Eu-atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea) ...... 20 16.25 Dunes with Hippophae rhamnoides ...... 20 16.26 Dunes with Salix arenaria ...... 20 16.29 Wooded dunes of the Atlantic coast ...... 21 16.31 to 16.35 Humid dune slacks ...... 21 1A Machairs (*in Ireland) ...... 22 Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast 22 16.223 Cntcianellion maritimae fixed b::;-,('h dunes ...... 22

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16.224 Dunes with Euphorbia terracina ...... 22 16.228 Malcolmietalia dune grasslands ...... 22 16.229 Brachypodietalia dune grasslands with annuals ...... 23 16.27 *Dune juniper thickets (Juniperus spp.) ...... 23 16.28 Dune sclerophyllous scrubs (Cisto-Lavenduletalia) ...... 23 16.29 X 42.8 *Wooded dunes with Pinus pinea and/or Pinus pinaster ...... 23 Continental dunes, old and decalcified 24 64.1 x 31.223 Dry sand heaths with Calluna and Genista ...... 24 64.1 x 31.227 Dry sand heaths with Calluna and Empetrum nigrum ...... 24 64.1 x 35.2 Open grassland with Corynephorus and Agrostis ofcontinental dunes ...... 24 64.71 * Pannonic inland dunes ...... , .. , ...... , ... , ..... , ...... , ... , 25

FRESHWATER HABITATS 26 Standing water 26 22.11 X 22.31 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of Atlantic sandy plains with amphibious vegetation : Lobelia, Littorella and Isoetes ...... 26 22.11 X 22.34 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of West Mediterranean sandy plains with Isoetes ...... 26 22.11 x (22.31 and 22.32) Oligotrophic waters in medio-European and perialpine area with amphibious vegetation: Littorella or Isoetes or annual vegetation on exposed banks (Nanocyperetalia) ...... 27 22.12 X 22.44 Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara formations ...... 27 22.13 Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition - type vegetation ... 28 22.14 Dystrophic lakes ...... 28 22.34 * Mediterranean temporary ponds ...... 28 * Turloughs (Ireland) ...... 29 Running water 29 24.221 and 24.222 Alpine rivers and the herbaceous vegetation along their banks ...... 29 24.223 Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Myricaria germanica ...... 30 24.224 Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Salix elaeagnos ...... 30 24.225 Constantly flowing Mediterranean river with Glaucium flavum ...... 30 24.4 Floating vegetation of Ranunculus of plain, submountainous rivers ...... 30 24.52 Chenopodietum rubri of submountainous rivers ...... 31 24.53 Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers : Paspalo-Agrostidion and hanging curtains of Salix and Populus alba ...... 31 Intermittently flowing Mediterranean rivers ...... 32

TEMPERATE HEATH AND SCRUB 33 31.11 Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix ...... 33 31.12 *Southern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris andErica tetralix ...... 33 31.2 Dry heaths (all subtypes) ...... 33 31.234 * Dry coastal heaths with Erica vagans and Ulex maritimus ...... 34 31.3 * Endemic macaronesian dry heaths ...... 34 31.4 Alpine and subalpine heaths ...... 35 31.5 * Scrub with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron lzirsutum (Mugo-Rizododendretum hirsuti) . 37 31.622 Sub-Arctic willow scrub ...... 37 31.7 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse ...... 37

SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUB (MATORRAL) 40 Sub-Mediterranean and temperate 40 31.82 Stable Buxus sempervirens formations on calcareous rock slopes (Berberidion p.) .... 40 31.842 Mountain Genista purgans formations ...... 40 31.88 Junipents communis formations on calcareous heaths or grasslands ...... 40 31.89 * Cistus palhinhae formations on maritime wet heaths (Junipero-Cistetum palhinhae) .. 41 Mediterranean arborescent matorral 41 32.131 to 32.135 Juniper formations ...... 41 32.17 * Matorral with Zyziphus ...... 42 32.18 * Matorral with Laurus nobilis ...... 42

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Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe brush ...... 43 32.216 Laurel thickets ...... 43 32.217 Low formations of euphorbia close to cliffs ...... 43 32.22 to 32.26 All types ...... 43 Phrygana 44 33.1 Astragalo-Plantaginetum subulatae phrygana ...... 44 33.3 Sarcopoterium spinosum phrygana ...... 45 33.4 Cretan formations (Euphorbia verbascion) ...... 45

NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONS ------46 Natural grasslands 46 34.11 * Karstic calcareous grasslands (Alysso-Sedion albi) ...... 46 34.12 *Xeric sand calcareous grasslands (Koelerion glaucae) ...... 46 34.2 Calaminarian grasslands ...... 47 36.314 Siliceous Pyrenean grassland with Festuca eskia ...... 47 36.32 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands ...... 47 36.36 Siliceous Festuca indigesta Iberian grasslands ...... 47 36.41 to 36.45 Alpine calcareous grasslands ...... 48 36.5 Macaronesian mountain grasslands ...... 49 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies 49 34.31 to 34.34 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (* important orchid sites) ...... 49 34.31 * Sub-continental steppic grasslands ...... 50 34.5 * Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals (Thero-Brachypodietea) ...... 51 34.91 * Pannonic steppes ...... 51 34.A1 * Pannonic sand steppes ...... 51 35.1 *Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas, in continental Europe) ...... 52 Sclerophillous grazed forests (dehesas) 53 32.11 Sclerophillous grazed forests (dehesas) with Quercus suberand I or Quercus ilex .... 53 Semi-natural tall-herb humid meadows 53 37.31 Molinia meadows on chalk and clay (Eu-Molinion) ...... 53 37.4 Mediterranean tall-herb and rush meadows (Molinio-Holoschoenion) ...... 54 37.7 and 37.8 Eutrophic tall herbs ...... 54 Cnidion venosae meadows liable to flooding ...... 55 Mesophile grasslands 55 38.2 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis) ...... 55 38.3 Mountain hay meadows (British types with Geranium sylvaticum) ...... 56

RAISED BOGS AND MIRES AND FENS 57

Sphagnum acid bogs 57 51.1 * Active raised bogs ...... 57 51.2 Degraded raised bogs (still capable of natural regeneration) ...... 58 52.1 and 52.2 Blanket bog (* active only) ...... 58 54.5 Transition mires and quaking bogs ...... 59 54.6 Depressions on peat substrates (Rhynchosporion) ...... 60 Calcareous fens 60 53.3 * Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and Carex davalliana ...... 60 54.12 *Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion) ...... 61 54.2 Alkaline fens ...... 61 54.3 * Alpine pioneer formations of Caricion bicoloris-atrofuscae ...... 62 Aapa mires 63 54.8 * Aapa mires ...... 63 54.9 * Paisa mires ...... 63

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COASTAL ROCKY HABITATS AND CAVES 64

Scree 64 61.1 Siliceous scree ...... 64 61.2 Eutric scree ...... 64 61.3 Western Mediterranean and alpine thermophilous scree ...... 65 61.4 Balkan scree ...... 66 61.5 Medio-European siliceous scree ...... 66 61.6 * Medio-European calcareous scree ...... 66 Chasmophytic vegetation on rocky slopes 67 62.1 and 62.1A Calcareous subtypes ...... 67 62.2 Silicicolous sub-types ...... 68 62.3 Pioneer vegetation on rock surfaces ...... 69 62.4 * Limestone pavements ...... 69 Other rocky habitats 70 65 Caves not open to the public ...... 70 Fields of lava and natural excavations ...... 71 Submerged or partially submerged sea caves ...... 71 Permanent glaciers ...... 71

FORESTS 72 Boreal forests 72 42.C * Western taiga ...... 72 Forests of temperate Europe 73 41.11 Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests ...... 73 41.12 Beech forests with !lex and Taxus, rich in epiphytes (Ilici-Fagion) ...... 74 41.13 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests ...... 74 41.15 Subalpine beech woods with Acer and Rumex arifolius ...... 75 41.16 Calcareous beech forests (Cephalanthero-Fagion) ...... 75 41.24 Stellario-Carpinetum oak-hornbeam forests ...... 76 41.26 Galio-Carpinetum oak-hornbeam forests ...... 76 41.2B * Pannonic oak-hornbeam forests ...... 76 41.4 * Tilio-Acerion ravine forests ...... 77 41.51 Old acidophilous oak woods with Quercus robur on sandy plains ...... 78 41.53 Old oak woods with !lex and Blechnum in the British Isles ...... 78 41.7374 * Pannonian white-oak woods ...... 78 41.7A * Euro-Siberian steppe oak woods ...... 79 41.86 Fraxinus angustifolia woods ...... 79 42.51 * Caledonian forest ...... 79 44.A1 to 44.A4 * Bog woodland ...... 80 44.3 * Residual alluvial forests (Alnion glutinoso-incanae) ...... 80 44.4 Mixed oak-elm-ash forests ...... : ...... 81 Mediterranean deciduous forests 82 41.181 * Apennine beech forests with Taxus and Ilex ...... 82 41.184 * Apennine beech forests with Abies alba and beech forests witMbies nebrodensis ... 82 41.6 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur andQuercus pyrenaica ...... 82 41.77 Quercus Jaginea woods (Iberian Peninsula) ...... 83 41.85 Quercus trojana woods (Italy and Greece) ...... 83 41.9 Chestnut woods ...... , ...... 84 41.1A x 42.17 Hellenic beech forests with Abies borisii-regis ...... 84 41.1 B Quercus Jrainetto woods ...... 84 42.Al Cypress forests (Acero-Cupression) ...... 84 44.17 Salix alba and Populus alba galleries ...... 84 44.52 Riparian formations on intermittent Mediterranean watercourses with Rhododendron ponticum, Salix and others ...... 84 44.7 Oriental plane woods (Platanion 111 :~..,ttalis) ...... 85 44.8 Thermo-Mediterranean riparian ~;,iieries (Nerio-Tamariceteae) and south-west Iberian Peninsula riparian galler'-' ... •,Securinegion tinctoriae) ...... 86

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Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests 87 41.7C Cretan Quercus brachyphylla forests ...... 87 45.1 Olea and Ceratonia forests ...... 87 45.2 Quercus suber forests ...... 88 45.3 Quercus ilex forests ...... 88 45.5 Quercus macrolepis forests ...... 88 45.61 to 45.63 "'Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea) ...... 89 45.7 * Palm groves of Phoenix ...... 89 45.8 Forests of Ilex aquifolium ...... 90

Alpine and subalpine coniferous forests 90 42.21 to 42.23 Acidophilous forests (Vaccinio-Piceetea) ...... 90 42.31 and 42.32 Alpine forests with larch and Pinus cembra ...... 90 42.4 Pinus uncinata forests(* on gypsum or limestone) ...... 91 Mediterranean mountainous coniferous forests 91 42.14 * Apennine Abies alba and Picea excelsa forests ...... 91 42.19 Abies pinsapo forests ...... 91 42.61 to 42.66 "'Mediterranean pine forests with endemic black pines ...... 92 42.8 Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines, including Pinus mugo and Pinus leucodermis ...... 92 42.9 Macaronesian pine forests (endemic) ...... 94 42.A2 to 42.A5 and 42.A8 *Endemic Mediterranean forests with Juniperus spp ...... 95 42.A6 * Tetraclinis articulata forests (Andalusia) ...... 96 42.A71 to 42.A73 "' Taxus baccata woods ...... 96

------! .. tcrpretation Manual of European Union Habitats- ~~ 1996-