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Universidad Complutense De Madrid UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Departamento de Ecología TESIS DOCTORAL Propuesta de un sistema de evaluación integrada de áreas protegidas: aplicación a los espacios naturales protegidos de la Comunidad de Madrid MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR David Rodríguez Rodríguez Director Francisco Javier Martínez Vega Madrid, 2012 © David Rodríguez Rodríguez, 2012 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Biología Departamento de Ecología TESIS DOCTORAL Mención “Doctor Europeo” / DOCTORAL THESIS Propuesta de un Sistema de Evaluación Integrada de Áreas Protegidas. Aplicación a los espacios naturales protegidos de la Comunidad de Madrid. / Proposal of a System for the Integrated Assessment of Protected Areas. Implementation of such system to the protected areas of the Autonomous Region of Madrid, Spain. David Rodríguez Rodríguez Madrid, 2011 A Javier Martínez Vega, por creer en mí. Tesis presentada en el Departamento de Ecología por David Rodríguez Rodríguez para la obtención del grado de Doctor en Biología con mención “Doctor europeo” por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, realizada bajo la dirección del Dr. Don Francisco Javier Martínez Vega, Científico Titular del Instituto de Economía, Geografía y Demografía del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Vº Bº Director Dr. Don Francisco Javier Martínez Vega Madrid, 5 de diciembre de 2011 Esta Tesis ha sido financiada por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación mediante una beca pre-doctoral de la Junta de Ampliación de Estudios del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas entre 2008 y 2011, concedida por Resolución de 7 de diciembre de 2007, del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, por la que se conceden ayudas para el desarrollo de tesis doctorales en el marco del Programa Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios, convocadas por Resolución de 3 de agosto de 2007 (BOE: núm. 305, 21 de diciembre de 2007). El Mundo es lo suficientemente grande para satisfacer las necesidades de todos, pero siempre será demasiado pequeño para saciar la avaricia de unos pocos. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Índice de contenidos I. Abstract 1. Assessing the sustinability of protected areas: a new system for the integrated assessment of protected areas……….01 2. Implementing the System for the Integrated Assessment of Protected Areas: results from the first integrated assessment of the protected areas of the Autonomous Region of Madrid, Spain………………………...14 II. Introducción……………………………………………29 2.1. Antecedentes…………………...……………………………..29 2.1.1. Sostenibilidad y desarrollo sostenible………………………….29 2.1.2. Sostenibilidad y áreas protegidas………………………………34 2.1.3. Evaluación integrada de áreas protegidas…………………...…36 2.1.4. ¿Evaluación de la eficacia de la gestión o evaluación de la sostenibilidad de las áreas protegidas?...............................40 2.1.5. Indicadores ambientales………………………………………..46 2.2. Justificación…………………………………………..………52 2.2.1. El medio ambiente y la calidad de vida y su percepción por la población española………………………………………52 2.2.2. Las áreas protegidas de la Comunidad de Madrid. Oportunidad y necesidad de evaluación……………….,………56 2.2.3. El Sistema de Evaluación Integrada de Áreas Protegidas (SEIAP)…………………………………………………….…..58 . 2.3. Área de estudio: La Comunidad de Madrid……………...…...63 2.3.1. Caracterización del medio natural…………………………...…64 2.3.2. Caracterización socioeconómica……………………………….77 2.3.3. Marco normativo…………………………………………….....79 2.3.4. Problemática ambiental………………………………………...80 2.4. Áreas protegidas evaluadas…………………………………..82 2.4.1. Parque Natural de la Cumbre, Circo y Lagunas de Peñalara….84 2.4.2. Parque Regional de la Cuenca Alta del Manzanares…….….....85 2.4.3. Parque Regional en torno a los ejes de los cursos bajos de los ríos Manzanares y Jarama (Sureste)…………………....86 2.4.4. Parque Regional del curso medio del río Guadarrama y su entorno……………………………………………...….…87 2.4.5. Paraje Pintoresco del Pinar de Abantos y Zona de la Herrería……………………………………..……88 2.4.6. Sitio Natural de Interés Nacional del Hayedo de Montejo de la Sierra……………………………………..…89 2.4.7. Reserva Natural El Regajal-Mar de Ontígola……..………..…90 2.4.8. Refugio de Fauna de la Laguna de San Juan………………......91 2.4.9. Monumento Natural de Interés Nacional de la Peña del Arcipreste de Hita…………………………………………92 2.4.10. Régimen de Protección Preventiva del Soto del Henares……..93 2.5. Objetivos……………………………………….…….………94 2.5.1. Objetivos del estudio…………………………….………….…94 2.5.2. Objetivos del Sistema de Evaluación Integrada de Áreas Protegidas (SEIAP)………………………….……....94 2.6. Cómo está organizada esta monografía…………….………..94 III. Metodología…………………………….……………..96 3.1. Definición del cronograma de tareas……….………......…97 3.2. Recopilación y lectura de información especializada.........97 3.3. Identificación de necesidades de evaluación. Selección de categorías………...……………………........97 3.4. Extracto, valoración y preselección de posibles indicadores…………………………………………….......97 3.5. Selección de indicadores..…………………….……...….103 3.6. Definición precisa de términos clave…..……….……….105 3.7. Determinación de las áreas protegidas a incluir en el estudio…...................................................................105 3.8. Determinación de las escalas de análisis..……….….......106 3.9. Elaboración de ficha-modelo para los indicadores….......106 3.10. Elección de la escala de medida de los indicadores……………………………………….…......107 3.11. Construcción de indicadores (fichas de los indicadores)………………………………………......…108 3.12. Integración de los indicadores en índices. Modelos alternativos……………………..…………..….198 3.13. Elección de la escala de medida de los índices....…….....201 3.14. Cálculo del índice de sostenibilidad…..………..….........202 3.15. Recopilación de datos……………………..……........….204 3.16. Análisis de la información recopilada..………….............206 3.17. Representación de los resultados……...……….….......…206 3.18. Optimización del modelo………...………………............207 3.19. Elección de un modelo simplificado óptimo...……..........208 3.20. Representación cartográfica del Modelo Reducido Ponderado……………………………………….……....210 3.21. Validación de los resultados...……………………..…….211 3.22. Redacción de informe…...………………………..….......211 3.23. Presentación de la metodología a los gestores..………....212 IV. Resultados y discusión………...…………………..…213 4.1. Resultados por espacio natural protegido………….....…..213 4.1.1. Parque Natural de la Cumbre, Circo y Lagunas de Peñalara…213 4.1.2. Parque Regional de la Cuenca Alta del Manzanares…………215 4.1.3. Parque Regional en torno a los ejes de los cursos bajos de los ríos Manzanares y Jarama (Sureste)…………………...217 4.1.4. Parque Regional del curso medio del río Guadarrama y su entorno…………………………………………………..219 4.1.5. Paraje Pintoresco del Pinar de Abantos y Zona de la Herrería………………………………………...221 4.1.6. Sitio Natural de Interés Nacional del Hayedo de Montejo de la Sierra……………………………………...223 4.1.7. Reserva Natural El Regajal-Mar de Ontígola……………….225 4.1.8. Refugio de Fauna de la Laguna de San Juan………………..227 4.1.9. Monumento Natural de Interés Nacional de la Peña del Arcipreste de Hita……………………………………….229 4.1.10. Régimen de Protección Preventiva del Soto del Henares…..231 4.2. Resultados por indicador……………………………..….233 4.2.1. Estado de Conservación…………...………………………...233 4.2.2. Planificación………………………………………………...254 4.2.3. Gestión………………………………………………………261 4.2.4. Marco Socioeconómico……………………………………..287 4.2.5. Percepción y Valoración Social……………………………..294 4.2.6. Amenazas a la Conservación………………………………..298 4.3. Resultados por tendencia……………………………..….323 4.4. Resultados por índice………………………….…….…...327 4.4.1. Estado de Conservación…………...………………………...329 4.4.2. Planificación………………………………………………....329 4.4.3. Gestión………………………………………………………329 4.4.4. Marco Socioeconómico………………………………….…..330 4.4.5. Percepción y Valoración Social……………………………..331 4.4.6. Amenazas a la Conservación………………………………..331 4.4.7. Sostenibilidad……………………………………………….332 4.5. Resultados por modelo…………………………….....….333 4.5.1. Modelo Completo Ponderado……………………………….333 4.5.2. Modelo Reducido Ponderado………………………………..341 4.5.3. Comparación de los modelos………………………………..398 4.6. Análisis DAFO de la red madrileña de espacios naturales protegidos…….……………………………….406 4.6.1. Debilidades………………………………………………….406 4.6.2. Amenazas…………………………………………………...407 4.6.3. Fortalezas…………………………………………………...408 4.6.4. Oportunidades………………………………………………409 4.7. Validación……………….…………………….….…......410 4.8. Evaluación del SEIAP por los gestores…...……….....…412 V. Conclusiones……………………...…………….….414 5.1. Conclusiones……………………………………….…..414 5.2. Limitaciones….……………………………………..….416 5.3. Recomendaciones…………………………………........416 5.4. Desarrollos futuros……………….……………...…..…418 5.5. Reflexión final……………….……………………..…..418 VI. Agradecimientos……………………...………….....420 VII. Referencias……………………...…………....…..…421 VIII. Abreviaturas utilizadas…………….……....…….….433 IX. Anexos……………………………………………...435 X. Conclusions…………………………………….…...440 10.1. Conclusions……………………………..……………....440 10.2. Limitations………………..…………………….……....441 10.3. Recommendations…………...……………………….....441 10.4. Future developments……………………...………….....443 10.5. Final thoughts…………..…………….…………….…...443 . I. Abstract 1. Assessing the sustainability of protected areas: a new system for the integrated assessment of protected areas (Submitted to Ecological Indicators, on the 15th November 2011) David Rodríguez-Rodrígueza* and Javier Martínez-Vegab a,b Institute of Economics, Geography and Demography, Spanish National
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