The Word Celt Has Had a Checkered Career

W D T TH E OR CEL .

Probably the earliest mention of the word C elt with which in most readers are familiar occurs that classic phrase where , ‘ ’ r in the introduction to his Commentaries on the Gallic Wa , e k G Ca sar, spea ing of the division of all aul into three parts , says that the native name of the group of peoples who occupied G th e the centre of aul between the Seine , Marne and the

G aronne is a Celtic word . The word is found long before ’

e . Ca sar s time , however In fact , as early as the end of the i i . C . r s xth century, B , we ﬁnd , for the ﬁ st time in h story , the G i H ecata eu s f word in a derived form, in the reek wr ter ‘ o

u . Milet s , who uses it in a geographic sense In his Voyage ’ i m around the World , of wh ch only frag ents have been pre

i eltica served , he says , speak ng of Marseilles , that it is near C , N ra x and he also says that y , wherever that may have been , is elt B . C a Celtic city The word , itself , is found ﬁrst in erodo t us ﬁ u , in a passage dating from the middle of the fth cent ry h 445 443 C . t e B . , or, more precisely, between years and , where ' o f Kel roe iv e he informs us that the Celts , J at the sources of the D G anube , that is , in the southwest corner of ermany in the G D present rand uchy of Baden , and in Spain and on the coast C elt h mi of the Atlantic . The Latin ae, with w ich we are fa liar in l a Caesar , is the plural of a mascu ine stem and , on it, the ’ Kel ra z late r Greek historians and geographers built the form ,

' Kel roe as a variant of the older . There are two very different applications of the word C elt in th e : m ancient writers as the na e of a tribe in Gaul , and as the general name for all the Celts of the Continent . Appar s ently, the ancients never applied the name to the inhabitant h t e . own of British Isles Since each tribe had its name , it is probable that the word C elt was originally nothing more than the name of one of these tribes , but, just why it was given to

a that particular group of people that C esar speaks of, we have wa n . O G no y of knowing the other hand , the reeks , up to the third century B . C . , not only had no other name than this for al l e the Continental Celts , but the confusion is height ned by 2 0 A E G O B E T LI UNIVERSITY ULL TIN .

their sometimes including under that denomination , the G er ' f f a l dz' az Ke/lz-oc . O G allt mans the three words , , and , which are found applied to the Celts by the ancient authors , we may say that, as a rule , they are used without much difference of mean Diod r in . o us g Some , however (as the Sicilian) , seem to mean 163 17 0 6 13118 Of G Fa l dz' a c by 2 Celts aul , and by , the Germans ; to Dio th others ( as Cassius) these terms meant just e reverse . The poets probably h a d the Celts in mind when they wrote of

H yperboreans . There is not the slightest reason to believe K Fat/ Mm e G a llt that and are all forms of the same word , as i D 1840 llect was the opin on of iefenbach ( ) and of Leibnitz ( C o . “ E t m 9 nev ol . 7 O G e ae 1768 G et y , p , pera , , ) alatas Celtas idem ” cabulum u em vo p t .

The word Celt has had a checkered career . It has grown

th e ex t ra. from the name of a single tribe , so as to include (in

Celtic use of the word) in a vague way, all the members of the family, so that now it has come to mean anyone who speaks , or is descended from one who speaks , any Celtic language . This is a quite modern use of the word , and there is nothing to show

that the Celts themselves ever employed it, or that it is

- i an employed properly to day, in this wider mean ng, in y of the

- neo Celtic languages . It is doubtful if the Celts of antiquity ever felt or acted as a united people , except to a certain extent, ’ under Vercingetorix lead at the siege of Alesia . It would be interesting to know why the Celts called them or selves by that name , what is just as likely, why they were H n called so by their neighbors or enemies . ere nothing certai k P 1 . 3 . D . is nown ausanias , writing about the year 7 A , says h that that was the name which the Celts had given t emselves , “ 51 t r m a . s u and C esar ( B as we have seen , says that, p o ” lin k ua . g , they were called Celts It is well nown that coun tries and their inhabitants more often bear names given them by their discoverers and ﬁrst explorers than names that origi “ ” th e a nat ed . at home For example , Indian as n me of the An Red Skins . interesting instance or two from Celtic topo A llo bro es nomy will illustrate this point . The Gaulish g were “ ’ ” ak originally those of another, not of the spe er s country , and they must have got the name from another Celtic speak h A r ll ing tribe that lived outside t eir borders . gy , the name of 3 THE WORD CELT . that part of Scotland that lies between the Mull of Kintyre and

th e E a rra - hdidhe l the Clyde is , in dialect of that district, g a ,

a irer— e ld el which represents an older g , the ﬁrst member of which it has recently been sought to equate with the Irish ” irth r s a e ea tern , and to conclude that the name meant ori “ ” i - g na lly the east land of the Gail . It is true that it was pre cisely in that part of Scotland th at the old Kingdom of Da lri da n a was established but, unfortu ately for the value of A r ll i gy as an illustration , there are some objections that w ll have to be met before this explanation of its meaning can be entirely satisfactory . C elt At all events , the name may have been imposed upon some tribe from without , by the uitlander , and need not be of

. hi im Celtic origin This is at least a possibility, but ghly prob able, and the statements of the ancient writers that the word belonged to the language of the people wh o bore the name is generally accepted . We must confess that we know nothing elt of the exact meaning of the word C , but it has at all times been the delight of dilettanti and bibliophiles to speculate on e i its origin and meaning . Court de Géb l n in the eighteenth lt century wished to bring it into relation with the German K d e, G elt en D 1804 k Leibnitz , with the erman g , and avies ( ) ma es it H ” “ ” out to be the ebrew 71 53 , the men of the extremity , to intimate the position occupied by the descendants of Gomer who , according to many of the scholars of the early part of the m i r . last century, were the Cy The relation of the word to “ ” cl eth e l h the Irish , great , noble , is to be rej ected a ong wit the other explanations which are here resurrected only as o t h curiosities . The only hypotheses y of consideration are the following : ( 1 ) It has been suggested that the root of the

Old - a r- cel —im word is the same as that found in Irish , Middle “ ” r— h ell - tm o ff u Old - Irish a c a I carry , pl nder, steal , in Irish “ - h im r re cello ca la mitas fo c el I protect and in Latin ( p e ) , ,

’ “ ” — - in c lumis clci d es clcl va i ka lti r. o , , , Lithuan an to beat , hamme ( 2 ) It has been suggested that the word means “ warrior * and that from it is derived the pre - Germanic C eltio the Old hild “ ” h i G erman ja battle ; the Frankis , wh ch is seen in “ ” u childis ld - N hil - r Old - ( Br ni the O orse d war, and the Eng “ l l 3 is ish hi d ﬁght . ( ) It has been suggested that the word 4 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY B ULLETIN .

“ connected with the word of the same form meaning dress or ” kilt raiment , which we know in the Scotch . When applied “ ” th e to a tribe it would mean clothed ones , and according to this explanation, combined with that given under the “ ” . 4 Fi Celts would be the people clothed in armor ( ) nally, th at th e it has been suggested x word is a participial formation

- t o kel hi n cels us c el — t o - s in from a root w ch we know in Lati ( ) ,

k lt a - é s . m Lithuanian According to this ety ology, the Celts “ ” are the exalted , eminent ones , a derivation that cannot fail

to suit the wishes of the most exacting Celt . Be that as it kel may, the meaning of the root eludes us , and no such root “ ” meaning to raise has been found in any of th e living Celtic l anguages , and we are obliged to say that this explanation , as well as the others , is a pure supposition . The humanists of the Renaissance did not worry their heads long over the prob lem , but accounted for the name in a delightfully simple way, by an ingenious myth which brought into relation an a ut och th onou s m Celt o G H ny ph named , the reek hero ercules and ﬁ the child Britto , the rst and last of whom , they said, have given their names to the Celts of the Continent and of the

Isles . The word C eltic is of extremely rare occurrence in the m o

Celtic languages . But, an Irishman or a Breton , for example , when speaking in English or French of his native language , “ ” will often be found calling it Celtic as if it were th e only

one with a right to the name . It is obviously a misuse of the W word to apply it to Irish , Gaelic , Manx , elsh , Breton , Cornish

n . or Gaulish , to any but the whole group of Celtic la guages “ ” m Formerly, there were many Celtic gram ars and diction

aries which were confined to Irish or Welsh , and celtists who h . knew but Irish , Welsh or Breton , as the case might be T at was as meaningless as if one who knows only Latin or Greek hi i were to be called a classical p lologist , or a roman st , one who is acquainted with the philology of but one of the Romance th e C eltic languages . The meaning of word , as used even in G l . scientific works , is not a ways unmistakable The ermans sometimes write keltis ch when they mean and had better write in u rkeltisch . The same mistake is occasionally met with celti ue c elti u e French works ; that is , we find q in the sense of q 5 THE WORD CELT .

rimitif G n urkeltis ch p , which is correctly called in erma , , and l rot oce ti u e. in English , p q Besides , in French works on arch aeol o ﬁnd gy, we sometimes that a distinction is made between Celtic G aulish r and , by which the fo mer denotes the era char a ct eriz ed by the appearance of metals , bronze arms and the e th e practic of incineration , latter, the era characterized by reval ance the p of iron and the practice of inhumation . This difference of usage seems to be a survival of the old days when the ethnic distinction between Celts and Gauls was insisted upon . The earliest instance of the word C elt in Irish literature is ° “ Lea bha r no hUialh re f 1 found in the ( , a) the Book of the Dun Cow , a manuscript of miscellaneous contents compiled lt d i h . e ec a . in the twelft century The word is C , a nom . pl sub “ ” an iviz ed st t adjective meaning the Celts , and occurs in a fragmentary history of the six ages of the world . In the modern dialects of Irish the word is of very rare occurrence .

It is not found in any of the Irish - English dictionaries except ’ Dinneen s elt elti , and no Irish equivalents are given to C , C c

- in any of the English Irish dictionaries . There are very few instances of its use in the modern literature,and always as a l F earned word , for example in an article by John leming in li um l 13 Dr D a e c J a . H the G o , VII , and by ouglas yde in his i h ht h h e l h 12 44 an F lid ea c a ed a a c . d c G , pp , , su h expressions as

I imthiii oil a ile- Ch eilt ea ch h C n hm ir ll - elt rish Co , Wels y g o G ’ “ l l — t n l aidal K enda c h l G el iek Pa ce tic . , Breton o , The Congress

- The dictionaries of Scotch Gaelic , Welsh and Breton con hi tain some curious entries under this head , but not ng of value . The prevalent opinion seems to have been that the “ ” e t celim h word C l is to be derived from the verb conceal , ide “ ” and coill , sometimes , another word wood, forest , was brought in to help along the explanation . Consequently, the “ ” Celts are the seq uestered people or woodlanders , a Celt

one that abideth in a covert , or an inhabitant of the wood . This groundless assumption that the word C elt is related to celim was for a long time a favorite one and has found its way into most of our dictionaries of the English language . There is considerable difference of opinion whether th e word C elt should be 1 ) spelled with a c and pronounced with 6 CAT LIC I E SIT LLETI HO UN V R Y B U N .

s 2 k an , or ( ) spelled and pronounced with a , or ( 3 ) spelled k c . with a but pronounced with a There are none , it seem, h k w who would spell it wit a but pronounce it ith an s . The following reasons may be offered in favor of the ﬁrst of these spellings and pronunciations . C is to be preferred to k in the C elt spelling of , since , in the oldest Irish alphabet , the charac k ter is found very rarely and exclusively in loan words and , c besides , the word is spelled with a in Latin and , as we might e a expect from its position before , lso in all the Romance u G k lang ages ; it is only in reek that it is spelled with a , and there is no reason why the Greek spelling should be followed th e when word is written in English . It is hardly necessary to say that the Celts themselves pro nounced k their name with a , since it is contrary to the genius u G of the Celtic lang ages , as it is of the reek , Latin and G er

c 3 . man , to pronounce the as But , we are not to conclude that English speakers in pronouncing K elt are reproducing the

c e - exact sound that the before has in Modern Irish , for ex a be ample . There is very large difference of articulation tween the two sounds . In the English pronunciation of the word the contact is made much farther back on the palate , while in Irish it is pronounced in very much th e same position in kin as English speakers give to the initial sound the word , t hi the sound which is often represented phonetically I. T s difference is not only proved by a study of the English and Irish pronunciation of the initial consonant in this word with h the aid of the artiﬁcial palate , but it is easily sensible throug the ear . It may be said by the defenders of the pronunciation k that “ ” to give the hard sound to the letter c would help to differ “ ” i e t elt nt a t c el . e our word from a stone chisel , pronounced s k lt elt s . e But, by so doing , we should be adding to the k , viz “ ” - ni ( Scotch) a salmon , sea trout after spaw ng, foul ﬁsh , and “ ” k lt nd N . e ( Scotch a orthern dialects ) frieze , homespun cloth It has been objected to the pronunciation s elt (ik) that the t sibilan is not a pleasing sound ; but , words do not stand or And K eltism fall on the ground of euphony alone . are ,

K eltis t K elt l . n , o ogy, etc , really more euphonious tha when THE WORD CELT .

n s ? K elticis t K eltism pronou ced with an and would , if left t o C elticis t themselves , tend to become etc . , by anticipation o

- s . We the following sound seldom, if ever, hear of a Pan l i K lti K e t c e c . G Congress or of In ermany, the question C elt K lt or e is not settled , and we sometimes ﬁnd the same scholars h using now the one , now the other form . It would seem, owever

that the choice depends some on the combination . Thus , for ex

K elt entum lt m rii ample , and C e o a e are more common than wit

C and K respectively . The titles of the two G erman periodicals

Z eit s h ri t r in the very ﬁeld that concerns us here , the c f fii C eltisch e Philologie and the A rchie fiir C eltis ch e Lexicog rw

hie — p , may be adduced as testimony in favor of the C form , an we may hold the V iew of the maj ority of German scholars “ h elt s l ut r nunti ri . c . C a ve a d e differing wit Leibnitz , o , ( p o beret K elt a s ) , that the word is in the same class with Cy

ern clits M a cedonieri 0 t s p , Cy and and its should be pronounced It cannot be obj ected to this conclusion that the native nam th e C mr C m ric of British Celts , y y and the adj ective y , ar k always pronounced with a . The initial consonant in thes K th words , whether spelled with a C or a ( preferably with h ff former, thoug both letters are used indi erently in earl Welsh manuscripts) should always be pronounced “ hard ” be “ ” cause of its position before a broad vowel . The wor * “ C mr C ambr es th y y is genuinely Celtic and postulates a og , ” com at roit s u . p , or men of the same co ntry D P th According to the ictionary of the hilological Society, ﬁrst instance cited of the word C elt in English dates from th 160 C eltic th year 7, and the ﬁrst citation of the word is from 165 D th e 6. year In this ictionary, which represents mos

recent and highest scholarship applied to lexicography, a de cided preference is given to the spelling C and the pronuncia 3 C elt C eltic celtiﬁed tion of , and their derivatives , , celtish celtica n celtism, celtist, celtization , celtically, , celticism, celti C ist elticit celt ol o celt o Jv , c y , celticize , celtologist, gy, celtologue ,

- celt o hile celt o . manie , p , Roman , etc One of the strongest arguments for this pronunciation i that the word C elt has become as thoroughly anglicized a r i r W th C azsa and C ce o . hatever may have been the origin of 8 CA T LIC I E SIT LLETI HO UN V R Y B U N .

F lt word , it undoubtedly entered English from the rench Ce e, lt which, itself, had developed out of the Latin C e a . The anal ogy of the large number of oth er words beginning with c fol l e i owed by or which English has taken from the French , of G Circe C eres Ce hissus such reek and Latin proper names as , , p , C erberus A lcibia d es G Cin et oricv , , and even of aulish names as g , Vercin et orix g , in all of which it is customary, if one wishes c s to avoid being pedantic , to pronounce the letter as , is elt strong enough to carry the word C with them . The remainder of this article will consist of a rather literal translation of those passages from the works of th e Greek and

Latin authors , glossaries , inscriptions and coins , ranging from the earliest times to the end of the Merovingian period ( mid dle of the eighth century) in which th e word C elt or any of its

derivatives is found . The translation will be conﬁned to these detached sentences in the order and extent in which they are “ r - cited by D . Alf . H older in his epoch making Thesaurus of ” Old - A lt - C eltis ch er S ra ch s cha tz 19 4 Celtic ( p , Leipzig, 0 and

— 888 97 . fol . ) cols . 7 H erodo tus 33 n 445 443 , II, (writte between and B . The river Ister ( the Danube ) rises in the territory of the ELr' i P r e . C s . P and near the city of y ene ( , in the yrenees ) Th a . e m and it divides Europe in its course C s, however, dwell beyond the pillars of H ercules and border on the i i h i . P C nes . e lands of the y ( , in sout ern ortugal) , who are i 49 the last nhabitants of Europe to the westward . IV, 44 4 2 3 3 . . (written between and B C ) For , the Ister ﬂows ur/r across all Europe . It rises in the country of the C s, who are next to the Cynet a e ( another name for th e Cynesii) and inhabit the remotest parts of western Eu rope ; its course is across Europe and it empties at the

borders of Scythia .

iert a s Ora M a ritim a 130— 137 A c , , (based on sources of the end e of the ﬁfth century, B . If one dared st er his boat from the Oest rymnides through the sea that lies in ’ Lycaon s clime , where the air is crisp with cold, he would land on soil once settled by Ligures but now devoid of ai ms inhabitants ; for, the Cl in long and frequent wars laid u waste the lands and expelled the Lig res . ( The ' 9 TH E WORD CELT .

n H Celts were more intimately k own in ellas , from having served as mercenaries in the service of the tyrant

Dionysius and other commanders . )

lat o De Le ibus 9 . 637 D . E . : n r P , g , I , , p , It is not of drinki g, o

not drinking, wine at all that I am speaking, but of drunk

ennes s . The question is whether it is better to follow the P n custom of the Scythians , and ersians , and Carthagi ians , CELTs and , and Iberians , and Thracians , who are all war

like people , than to follow your own custom ( From thi s it would appear th at Plato was familiar with the Celtic

and Iberian troops in the pay of the Syracusans) . n h n H ell enica I 1 20 X e op o , V I , , ( speaking of Celtic merce D 369 B naries in the service of the tyrant ionysius , / . C . CELr' s Triremes which carried , Iberians and about ﬁfty 1 3 . W horsemen . hen, then, Archidamus led them on, those few of the enemy who received their attack at the th e point of the spear, were killed ; but as rest ﬂed they

fell , some by the hands of horsemen , others by the CELTS . l P eri lus 18 ﬁ 356 aw . . S cy , p , ( here for the rst time, about B C , the Gauls in Cisalpina are mentioned under the name of ai ms Celts ) After the Tyrrheni , come the Cl , who were left i e mn behind on an expedition ( . . , the re ants of a Gaulish invasion) they extend on the‘ narrow part as far as Adria 19 which is at the inmost recess of the Adriatic . : After ELr' s the C , come the Veneti , in whose territory is the P Eridanus ( the o ) .

h r 4 8 : E us . 3 p o , fr M The region of the westerly wind and the CELTs an setting sun is inhabited by the , while the Scythi s

occupy the region of the north wind and the bear . These n ( four) parts are not , however, of equal mag itude , for the territory of the Scyt hians and the Ethiopians is greater

ai m than that of the Indians and the Cl s, but each is of about the same size as th e corresponding p a rt of the other w group . For , the Indians dwell bet een the summer and G the winter rising sun, while the E M S posses the territory h th e from the summer to the winter setting sun , and t us adj oining parts are of unequal size and the opposite parts

are of the same size . 10 0 A TE LI O c UNIVERSITY B ULLETIN .

Th eo orn us . 223 B p p , fr M ( quoted by Stephanus yz antinus ) Drilonios th M is a large city and the most distant of e GE S . h i t tl et r i A r s o e M eo olo ca 13 . 35o 2 : , g , I , , p The Ister and the

' Ta rt eisu s have their source in the Pyrenees which is a n mountai towards the equinoctial west, in CELTICA b H is t ri nim li ni : 28 — o a a a u . 606 2 5 : VIII , , p And in many f places this di ference is to be attributed to the climate . in Thus , for example , Illyria , Thrace and Epirus , the

asses are small , but in Scythia and CELTICA no asses are

born ; for the cold in those countries is very severe — De

nini n r ti 8 22— a . e e a one . 748 26: i g , II , , p , Then aga n , the ass i is a cold an mal ; hence , because it is naturally impatient

of the cold, it cannot be raised in cold regions , as , for

example , in Scythia and the neighboring lands , nor among ai m c the Cl s , who dwell beyond Spain ; for that ountry, too , b — Nic m a ch e thic 1 1 11 2 — 2 o a n E s 0 . 5 6 9 : H e is cold , III , p , h a s however, is either insane , or no sense of pain , who a fears nothing , neither earthqu kes nor ﬂoods , as it is said

is the case with the CELTS . b mi h t hi 22 2 — E ud e us o R od es E cs 1 25 . 1 9 5 30 : H f , , III , , p ence , we are not to conclude that he who endures terrible things

through ignorance is a brave man , as if one were to ex in n Nor pose himself insanity to thu der and lightning . him is he a wise man who , knowing the danger, exposes

aim self to it , in consequence of anger , as the Cl s , who take

- . k up arms and attack the sea waves G enerally spea ing,

barbaric bravery is accompanied with anger . h ri t tl P liti 9 12 9 2 - 2 : t A s e o cs . 6 3 7 o , , II , , p So that, of necessi y,

in such a state wealth is highly valued , especially if the all citizens are governed by their wives , as is the case with C ELTs military and warlike nations , except the and a few 1 24“ 2 . 3 others who openly approve of pederasty . VII , , p

9 - 12 : Moreover , in all nations that are able to gratify

their ambition , military power is held in esteem , for ex th P n ample among e Scythians , and ersia s , and Thracians ,

21 1 1336 15— 18: H 7 . and CELTS . , p ence , many barbarian peoples have a custom of plunging their infants in a cold ELr' s stream ; others , as the C , clothe them in a light gar

— Fra m ent s 30 35 D ment only g , ( Rose) , quoted by iogenes 1 1 THE WORD CELT .

1 : 200 . Laertius ( about A I , Some say that the pro f ession . of philosophy began among the barbarians For, “ ” Aristotle in his work on Magic and S otion ( about 200 “ - B . in the twenty third book of his (lost) Succession h e P P of t hilosophers , say that the ersians had their

interpreters of dreams , the Babylonians or Assyrians

their astrologers , the Indians their naked philosophers , and the CELTs and G al a t es what they called druids and

- Z e uod eoe. Fra m ent s 564 B z an g g , , quoted by Stephanus y l s I é z a a : G erm a ra tinus , . p/ p , a tribe in CELTICA who do

ir bilib . not see the day, as Aristotle tells us in his D e M a us ’ Fra m ent s 568 610 P mill s g , ( Rose ) , quoted in lutarch s C a u . 22 : The philosopher Aristotle appears to have heard a

th e CELTs clear account of the capture of Rome by , but he says that it was saved by Lucius ; the deliverer of

the city was not Lucius , but Marcus Camillus . “ s eud - A ris t tl e D mir ili lt ti ni o o e a b bus us cu bu s 50 . 834 P , a a o , , p

a 6 Fra m ent s 248 9 1524 22 ff : ELTI g , , p . It is said that C C

85 . tin is melted down much more quickly than lead . , p a 837 7— 11 : ‘ It is said that there is a certain road , called the H ’ erculean, which extends from Italy a s far as CELTICA,

ELT - G k the C o Ligurians and the Iberians , and that any ree or native travelling that road is protected by those who

dwell along it , so that no harm shall be done him, and if

any should be done , the penalty is paid by those in whose

3 86 83 12— 23 : . . 7 territory the wrong was committed , p It is said th at the CELTs possess a poison to which they have ‘ ’ given the name toxicon , and it is said that this poison causes death so quickly that when the CELTIC huntsmen have shot a deer or other animal they run up to it and quickly cut away from the body the wounded ﬂesh before th e poison has time to penetrate , both to save the food and

to keep the carcass from putrifying . They say that an

antidote has been found for this poison in oak bark, but ,

according to others , the antidote is a certain leaf which

XO dxeov they call p , so called because it has been observed

that when a crow has tasted of the poison, and feels the

evil effects of it, it makes at once for that leaf, and, as th e soon as it has swallowed some of it, it is relieved of i pa n . 1 2 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY B ULLETIN .

l r t ri A ex a nd i . 2 t olem a eus La ida H is o a . 87 P g , , fr , p M ( a d d.

336) the CELTS who live at Adria .

t 280— 7 A nth olo ia P la tin A n e a . a a 7 492 g ( in g , , : We have de th parted, Miletus , our dear native land , three maidens , y i countrywomen , s nce we repulsed the lawless passion of Ga lat es G u the impious ( the a ls in Asia Minor) , and the CELr' s mighty Mars of the has driven us to this death . H A a ins t J ovinianus 41 ( Compare ieronymus , g , I , , Opp .

2 0 — . . 3 8 E 309 : ed . Vall Ven c . A Could any one pass over

in silence the seven virgins of Miletus , who , when the G auls were laying waste everything far and wide , that f they might su fer no outrage at the hands of the enemy, escaped disgrace by death ? )

a llima chus H mn t D el s 171 — 175 2 2 C , y o o , ( after the year 7 H A . ereafter shall a common contest arise for us , when those latest born Titans from the extremest west shall raise their barbarous sword and their CELTIC god of war over the realm of Greece and hurl themselves ( upon P 7 her) ( Compare ausanias , I , ,

. ﬁnd . C Since the second century, B , the Celts a place

beside the Ligures in the legend of the Argonauts .

ll nius Rh des A r ona u tics 601— 612 : A p o o of o , g , IV , And round th e w h about , unhappy daughters of the Sun , ent ined wit an d th e slender poplars , weep a plaintive lamentation ,

shining tears of amber trickle from their eyes and some ,

falling on the sand , dry in the sun . But , when the blast

of the loud - sounding wind dashes the dark sea - waters high

on the bank, the amber tears all ﬂow together into Erida ’

. CELTs nus waves in a swelling stream The , however, have a legend that the tears which are whirled along in ’ eddies are those that Leto s son , Apollo , shed without number when he came to live among the sacred H yp er

n 3— 634 : borea s . 63 (Waters ) which spread over the vast m 641 ff : J ourne in marvellous land of the Ca ps . y g among

countless tribes of CELTS and Ligures . Ar oll dorus . 9 24 5 : n Ap o , I , c , , Accordi gly, the gonauts sailed u Gram e past the tribes of Lig res and s , and were born T rrh enia through the Sardinian sea , skirting y until they ﬁ arrived at Aea , where , as suppliants , they were puri ed

by Circe .

1 4 CA TH OLIC UNIVERSITY B ULLETIN .

without delay, pushed on the war against the GE M S in

1 3 : h I l . 7 ta y , The c ief intercourse of the Etruscans was

’ CELTs with the , who were their neighbors , and who , envy

ing them the beauty of their lands , took some slight pre text to gather a large army and drive the Etruscans from P 424 o . C the valley of the ( B ) , which they themselves at

4 : once took possession of . First, the country lying near the sourc e of the P0 was held by the Laini and the Lebecii ; Insubres after then , the settled in the country ; they were

the largest of those tribes , and , next them , along the river, n m an 5 : dwelt the Ce o i. The district along the shores of the Adriatic was occupied by another very ancient tribe

called Veneti , in customs and dress not much unlike the CELTs ff u , but using a quite di erent lang age , 6: about whom the tragi c writers have written much and told

: n many wonderful tales . 7 O the other ( south) side of P0 in An the , the Apennine district , ﬁrst come the a res

. s and, next them , the Boii settled After them , toward Lin one s the Adriatic , come the g , and the last places , the

- country on the sea coast is occupied by the Senones . 8— 12 : These are the most important tribes occupying the above mentioned districts ; ( 9 ) they lived in unwalled villages and had no permanent buildings ; they lived

simple lives , made their beds of straw, fed on meat, and

followed no pursuits but those of war and farming, with out being acquainted with any other science or art what ’ of ever . Each man s property, moreover, consisted ﬂocks th e and herds and gold , as these were only things that could easily be carried about at times of difﬁculty and

removed from one place to another as their fancy directed . th e They made a great point of friendship , for man who had the largest number of attendants and companions they regarded as the most powerful and formidable

1 1— 4 : am . 8 ong them , At ﬁrst, they did not merely take

possession of the territory, but made many of the neigh

boring peoples subj ect to them , terrifying them by their

a . u . recklessness and boldness . Some time afterwards (

having defeated the Romans in battle and those who , h after the Romans , opposed them, t ey pursued the fugi 15 THE WORD CELT .

tives and , in three days after the battle , occupied Rome

itself with the exception of the Capitol . But it happened that war broke out between them and the Veneti who i were invad ng their country . Accordingly, they made terms with the Romans to whom they handed over the own city and returned to their country . Subsequently, they were occupied with wars at home . Some of their tribes who lived on the Alps and saw with envy the rich pos sessions of others were continually gathering their forces 6 . ff : W and making raids upon them hen , again , thirty

t a u ' years after the taking of the ci y ( . . the CEL rs

advanced with a large army as far as Alba, the Romans , surprised by the unexpectedness of the attack and unable ’ to collect their allies forces , did not venture to lead their

legions against them . But when , twelve years later, they

invaded in great force, the Romans had become aware of

their approach , and , having mustered their allies , they

marched out in great spirit, being eager to engage them al a t es and make a ﬁnal desperate attempt . But the G ,

22 8 : ELT . C s etc , The had not yet set out from their 1 x country . 0 : The Romans were an iou s to ﬁrst settle the

EL 11 : C Ts . trouble with the Then , with one accord , they CELTs gave their attention to the war with the , convinced that it was to their advantage to come to a decision with

2 — 3 a . u 3 5 : them . ( . The kings of the CELTS were obliged to leave behind a portion of their forces to guard

their territory, because of their fear of those tribes ( the e m ani Veneti and C no ) . They themselves with their main

army struck camp and set out boldly, making their march

through Etruria, their force consisting of about

foot , and twenty thousand horse and chariots . As soon ELr' as the Romans heard that the C s had crossed the Alps ,

25 1 : H etc . , aving made their way into Etruria , the

ELT h r C s began their march throug the count y, devastating ﬁn h fearlessly and without opposition ; ally, t ey took up

5 : CELr' s ﬁ their march to Rome . The lit their watch res

and left their cavalry in camp . 7 ( The Romans ) believed

ELT 8 : CELr' s the C s had ﬂed . The rose from their position

and fell upon them ( the Romans ) . The struggle was at CA T LIC I E SIT LLETI HO UN V R Y B U N .

fi fi . 9 : th rst erce on both sides At length , e CELTS won by 1 : superior courage . 0 The first desire of the CELTS was to besiege them . ( Lucius A emilius ) having been informed that the CELTs had entered Etruria and were 2 . 7 2 fl drawing near Rome , : When the CELrs had reached Telamon in Etruria , some of their foragers fell in with the advance guard of Gaius and were made prison ers . U nder examination by the commander they fur nish ed precise information as to what had taken place ; h im they informed , besides , that both armies were in the neighborhood , that the CELTS were close at hand , and ’ 4 Lucius forces hard upon their rear . : The CELTS ( cut off t wo i by the hostile arm es ) were left on the road . 5

U CELTs — nder which ( ridge) the had to march . 6 8: At ’ ﬁ CELTs n A t iliu s rst , the , u aware of the presence of forces , but supposing from what was t akmg l h a t the cavalry of A emiliu s n In had marched arou d them the night, and were preoccupying the vantage points , immediately despatched their cavalry and some of their light infantry to contend with them for the possession of places along the eminence . But they soon learned from a prisoner who was brought in of the presence of Gaius , and then they hurriedly drew up their infantry so as to face two opposite ways , some towards the rear and others towards the front . For they k r n new that one a my was pursuing them , and , judgi g from the intelligence whi ch had reached them and from ak what was actually t ing place , they expected that they

28 — : h . 3 6 would ave to encounter another on their front ,

ELTs Al The C , however, stationed on their rear the pine tribe called G aes at ae to oppose the enemy from that point ’ A emiliu s where they expected the attack of force , and , Insubres behind them , the ; on their front they placed Ta urisci P0 the , and the Boii who dwell south of the to to hold th e position opposite that just mentioned , and h await the attack of Gaius . Their waggons and c ariots e l i th y p a ced on the extremity of either wing, wh le the booty was gathered together and placed under a guard on one of hi the adj acent lls . The result was that the army of the

' CELrs was double - faced and their arrangement not only 1 7 THE WORD CELT .

10 : effective but also calculated to inspire terror . And ’ i G 29 2 Gaius head was brought to the k ng of the E M S , :

Whether the CELTs occupied the most dangerous position . 5— 8: The ornaments and clamor of the GE M S terriﬁed them ( the Romans ) . For they had innumerable horns and trumpets , and with these and the shouting of their entire army they made so great and loud a noise , that it seemed that not only the trumpets and voices but even the Not nearby hills, resounded and gave forth cries . less astounding was the appearance and rapid movement of e m the naked warriors who wer in the front of the ar y, i men in the pr me of youth and beauty . And all the war riors in the front ranks were richly adorned with golden

1 : Th . 30 e ELT bracelets and armlets , f C s in the inner nk ra s found their cloaks and breeches of great service , but the naked warriors in the front were in great difﬁcul ty and distress because of this unexpected mode of attack ( of the

9 : Th e aim Romans ) . infantry of the Cl s were cut to pieces 31 on the field of battle , and their horse turned in flight . , 1 f Forty thousand CEL Ts were slain and no fewer than ten thousand were taken prisoners , among whom was one i A h oncol t anu s . ner of t eir kings , C The other king, oest os fled with a few followers to a certain place where he put 7 an end to his own life and that of his relatives . In this way the most important invasion of the CELTS was re

8 : pelled . The Romans hoped to be able to entirely expel CELTs u Po the from the co ntry along the , and , accordingly, great preparations were made and the appointed consuls , ' uintus Fulviu s and Titus Manlius were sent out with

ELr' 32 1 : P s a u . their legions against the C ( . , ublius

uri u . F u s and G aius Flaminius again invaded CELTICA ( a . h th e marching throug the lands of Anarcs , who

: dwell not far from Marseilles . 7 The Romans determined

' 9 to avail themselves of the forces of the allied CBLr s . :

Finally, they themselves ( the Romans ) remained behind

ELTs e on this side of the river, and sending the C who wer with them to the other side , they pulled up the bridges

33 4 : e over the stream . , They attack d the CELTS full in

5 : ai m front in regular battle . They made the Cl s help 1 8 CA T LIC I E SIT LLETI HO UN V R Y B U N .

h less , by preventing them from ﬁg ting with broadswords . 4 1 u 3 : a . . , The next year ( embassies came from the CELTs i seeking peace and promising to do everyth ng, etc . 7 : W CELTs hen the heard of the presence of the enemy, they raised the siege and came out to meet them and give Th ELT . 15 : e C s su cce ss h eld battle , encouraged by their )

their ground courageously, but after a while , they turned 3 . 5 2 : and ﬂed to the mountainous districts , In this way,

CELTs . 36 1 . 533 the war with the came to an end , ( a u . ) H ni hi asdrubal was assassinated , one ght, in s own lodg a e 2 ings by c rtain CELT for some private wrong . III , , 6 n M Acquiri g a supremacy over the Iberians and the GE S .

34 1 : H , annibal waited for the messengers who had been

a 4 : H sent to him from the C m s . e took care to send messengers with unlimited promises to the chiefs of the G th e E M S, whether dwelling south of Alps or actually in

5— 6 : the mountain s . To reach the places just mentioned

and to avail himself of the support and co - operation of the H i CELTs in the proposed undertaking . s messengers re turned with the news that the C ELTs were willing and ex ct in pe g him , and that the passage of the Alps , though

f u . 8 : H e exceedingly di ﬁc lt and toilsome , etc hinted at ’ the fertility of the country to which they ( H annibal s soldiers ) would come and the good will and active al liance

9 : N ELTs . 37 of the C , The country around arbonne and P thence as far as the yrenees already mentioned, is the

39 4 : P ELTs . district which the C possess , From the yre

EL 40 1 C Ts . nees , which separate the Iberians from the , i H annibal , greatly alarmed at the mpregnable positions 41 1 : ELTs . occupied by the C , Such was the state of affairs concerning the GE M S from the beginning until the

6 : i arrival of H annibal among them . ﬂ Ow ng to the unevenn ess of the country and the number of tribes of H CELTs intervening . But, contrary to expectations , anni t bal won over the GE M S, partly by bribes and par ly by ni h force . 9 : Joi ng wit them as leaders and supports ’ “ ” i s u 26 some CE LTs L vy Gaulish a xiliaries , XXI , , who h appened to be serving as mercenaries among

43 12 : W CELTs the Marseillais . , hile the , both by reason 19 THE WORD CELT . of their disorder and the unexpectedness of what had 44 . 9 W taken place , turned and were put to ﬂight , : hen T 4 2 CEL s . 5 : the had spoken thus , they withdrew , The h ELT Romans and t e C s lost a hun dred and forty horsemen .

4 3 : 7 , The Rhone ﬂows , for the most part , through a deep i s c . valley, where , to the north , live the Ardues ( Read, A edui ) a CELTIC tribe , while it is walled in on the south by 4 . 8 6 : the northern slopes of the Alps , For, they ( some historians ) do not tell that not only once or twice before H in ELTs wh o annibal came , but very recent times , the C lived along the Rhone crossed the Alps with numerous forces and fought battles with the Romans who were ai P allied with the GE M S occupying the pl ns along the 0 .

60 11 : , According to their original purpose , the remaining mass of CELTs inhabiting these plains ( of the Po ) were

12 : anxious to j oin the Carth aginians . And some of them ( the Celts ) were even compelled to serve with the R0

66 : H i . 7 mans , For , no sooner had he ( annibal) ga ned G i the advantage than all the E M S in the vicin ty hastened ,

according to their original engagement , to proclaim them

selves his friends , to furnish him with provisions and to 1 EL Ts . 67 : W C join the Carthaginian army , hile the who v were ser ing in the Roman army, seeing that the prospect and of the Carthaginians looked the brighter , conspired n n set upon a time for carryi g out their plans , waiti g in

8 : ELT . C s their several tents , etc The in the neighbor hood had long been unfavorably disposed towards them

68 8 : th CELTs . W ( the Romans ) , hile e numerous who

inhabited the plains , excited by the good prospects of the r h Ca thaginians , provided their army wit supplies in abundance and were ready to take part with H annibal ’s

10 : troops in every undertaking and danger . They ( the Romans ) attributed it ( their defeat ) to the treacherous th e CELTs neglect on part of the , which they concluded

69 5— H a . 7 from their recent revolt , But afterwards , nni bal found out that certain CELTs who lived between the Po

and the Trebbia were sending messages to the Romans , believing that in this way they would secure safety for H e themselves from both sides . accordingly despatched 20 CA THOLIC UNIVERSITY B ULLETIN .

two thousand infantry and a thousand CELTIC and Numi h dian cavalry with orders to devastate t eir country . This

order was executed and th eo Roma ns took possession of st ra itwa ELTs great booty ; then , y; the C appeared at the

9 : Ro man palisade beseeching their aid . The Gu m and Numidians ﬂed and found a place of safety in their own

11 EL . : Ts camp After that skirmish , the C again retreated 0 4 . 7 : and sought the protection of their own camp , W hen the C ELTs would be idle and forced to remain inac ﬁckl enes s h tive , their would not allow t em to remain faith

ful to the Carthaginians , but they would turn against

9 : H them once more . annibal , wishing to avail himself

1 2 : C ELTs . 7 ﬁrst of the fresh spirit of the , Because the l i ELTs . e . C invariably set their ambuscades in such p aces ( , 2 8 f . : H in the woods ) . 7 annibal drew up his infantry,

n b E LTs consisti g of about twenty thousand I erians , C and l Libyans , in one long line , while the cava ry , amounting to h more t an ten thousand , including the CELTIC allies , he

4 4 : . 7 divided and stationed on either wing , Those in

C ELTs the front ranks , hard pressed , defeated the and a and division of the Libyans , , after killing a large number 1 a . 0 : of them , broke through the Carth ginian line For , it happened that the loss of the Iberians a nd Libyans had

t h e C ELTs . 75 been slight , heaviest having fallen on the , 2 : All the GE M S had gone over to their ( the Carthaginian )

. 77 3 : H side , annibal went into winter quarters in

78 2 : CELTs CELTICA . , The lawlessness of the , who were

: restless and contentious . 5 Seeing that the GE M S were discontented a t the length of time that the war dragged

on within their borders , and were eagerly anxious for an o engagement , on the pretence of hatred for R me , but,

9 : . 7 3 much more from hopes of booty , ff Behind these H Gu m he ( annibal ) placed the , and last of all the H cavalry . e entrusted the charge of the rear guard t o

his brother Mago , that he might see to the security of all, but especially to watch the impatience of the GE M S and

their aversion to hard labor , in order that , if they should

show a lack of endurance and should attempt to turn back, he might check them by means of the cavalry and force

22 CA T LIC I E SIT LLETI HO UN V R Y B U N .

in CELTIA 59 7 and tribes Italy, (but in III , , Polybius uses ' Ta l a n a to mean Ga llia om nis ) and Liguria with whom we

: f are on friendly terms . 7 O all the tribes and cities in ° CELTIA . 3 1 : H e Italy, and Liguria VIII , ( H annibal) CELTs detached two thousand , and , having divided them

into three companies , he assigned two of the young men

who were managing the affair to each company . 4 : But he ( H annibal ) directed the Carthaginian and CELTIC

f y 9 o ﬁcers to kill all the Romans the met . : Some of them

( the Romans ) fell in with the Carthaginians , others with

th e CELTs . 3 1 : XI , , The Romans slaughtered a number of the CELTs like victims as th ey lay asleep in their beds

stu eﬁed . 3 : p with drink In the battle , not less than ten

thousand were killed , taking Carthaginians and CELTs to

19 4 : H n gether . , For , an ibal had (in his army) Libyans ,

I CEL Ts P berians , Ligurians , , hoenicians , Italians and G i reeks , who had naturally noth ng in common , neither 2 a . 8 3 tf z A t laws , nor customs , nor language XII , any u ‘

rate , he ( Timaeus ) mentions the great expense and labor he went to in collecting records from Assyria and in th e Gu m enquiring closely into customs of the Ligures , , i l and Iberians , so that he could not have h mse f expected n to be believed in his account of them . O e would like to ask the historian which of the two he thinks requires more

— expense and labor , to remain at home and collect records u n and investigate the customs of the Ligurians and G s,

or to obtain personal experience of all the tribes possible , ’ 11 52 n 1 a . 5 H . u and see with one s own eyes XV, , ( . ) an i h bal placed the elephants , whic numbered more than t N be eigh y, in the van of the whole army . ext , stationed

his mercenaries , of whom there were about twelve thou CELTs Ba lia ria ns sand, consisting of Ligurians , , and I 1 1 2 auret ani. : M XV II ( XVII) , , Because of fear of the

I 10 1 : Ill beris GE M S . X X X V , , The rivers e and Rusci nus which ﬂow past some cities of the same name inh abited

— 1 0 ult sch CELTs Fra m ent s 20 . 39 H by g , , p ( ) quoted by uida s su b ELTs n S , The C , seei g the Romans

prepared to ﬁght , and thinking that their bodies were so 2 3 THE WORD CELT .

weakened by hunger that they had chosen the quickes t

kind of death . hr n 4 n B z n i A ll rus C o . a t nus po odo , , quoted by Stepha us y , fr .

59 M : Aeria is a CELTIC city, as Apollodorus says in the “ ” 60 : A edui IVth Book of his Chronicles . The were G allies of the Romans in CELTIC aul , according to Ap ollo “ ” 2 . 6 : dorus , Chronicles , Bk IV, The Arverni , the most G al a t es warlike tribes of the of CELTICA . Apollodorus , “ ” th e IVth th e in Book of his Chronicles , speaks of EL Arverni of the C Ts . ic nder D e A nima 39 1 N a 57 . , quoted by Tertullian , , , p 3 , 7 R Na sam ones For, the consult private oracles by making

prolonged visits to the tombs of their relatives , as is told H era clide s N m h odoru s H s by , or y p or erodotus , and, a Nic ander f CELTs a ﬁrms , the , for the same purpose , pass

the night at the tombs of their brave men .

x Rh d es H is t ri mira bil E udo us of o , quoted by Apollonius , o a .

24 : h c . Eudoxus of R odes , in his work on CELTICA, says

that there is a certain people who do not see by day, but

by night . r i r B z antinu s 20 h t em d s . : T e A o u , quoted by Stephanus y , p , 7 A not e g s are a tribe in CELTICA near the ocean , according

436 18 : M a st ramel a and a to Artemidorus . p . , is a city “ marshy lake in CELTICA . Artemidorus in the Epitome of ” 608 6 : Tauroeis the Eleven Books , p . , is a CELTIC colony 4 P . c . of the Marseillais (of the hocaeans f . Strabo , , p “ l st Artemidorus , in the Book of his Geography says

that it was a ship with the ﬁgure - head of a bull that carried over the founders of the city who were castaways P an from the ﬂeet of the hocae s , and , having reached that th e hi place , they called their city after ensign of the s p , r i the nation Ta u oent i.

— s e do - S c mnus hi s 165 169 : Ta rt es su s a f am ou s P u y of C o , ( ) , city,

produces tin which is carried down the river from CELTICA, in a and gold and copper abundance . Then comes the l nd called CELTICA extending as far as the sea that lies near

Sardinia , and this is the largest nation towards the west . 173 f : Th at region that extends from the west wind to th e

- CELTs the summer setting sun the inhabit, but that to 24 0 A TH LI O O UNIVERSITY B ULLETIN .

— . 176 177 : Cu m north , the Scythians The , on the other

hand , dwell beneath the equinoctial and summer setting

— sun . 183 195 : ELT , as they say The C s practice the G re cian i manners , hav ng friendly relations with the G reeks through those who have dwelt abroad and enj oyed their

. hospitality They conduct their assemblies with music , c Di which they cultivate as a means to civilization ( f . o 47 2 : dorus II, , This god ( Apollo ) they ( the H yp erbore ans ) sing the praises of continually during the day in m 4 hy ns , and they honor him especially . : They have a language of th eir own and are most friendly disposed

towards the G reeks ) . At the very end of their region

so - N P stands the called orth ole , which is very high and

raises its head over the waving ocean . The lands nearest the Pole are occupied by those CELTs who are furthest E net oi away, the , descendants of the Istrians , who extend

inland as far as the Adriatic . It is said that it is th ence 7 that the Ister begins its course . 7 7 : The Ister is doubt

less known as far as CELTICA .

a rt h enius er tica s 8 : N P o , ( Aristodemus of ysa tells the story “ ' l st H b e in the Book of his istories , except that changes H e ri e the names , calling pp , Euthymia , and the barbarian va ru s i k Ca ) . At the t me when the C alates were ma ing a i their incursions into Ioni and were lay ng waste the cities , the festival of the Th esmophoria was being celebrated in Miletus and the women had gathered together in the temple which was removed some little distance from

the city . A band which had broken from the barbarian army reached Miletus and by a sudden attack seized the h women, some of w om were at once ransomed for large

sums of silver and gold , but the others , whom the barba

rians claimed as their own , were carried off, and amongst

H eri e X ant u s them was pp , wife of , a man of the highest character and of the noblest family in Miletus ; and sh e left Now X a nt us behind a boy two years old . , felt much sor a t i row her loss , and hav ng converted a large portion of t wo his wealth into gold, he took thousand pieces of gold al with him and went ﬁrst to It y, whence he was aecom panied by certain friends to Marseilles and thence to 25 THE WORD CELT .

CELTICA . When he had come to the house where his wife was living with the man who happened to be one of the most CELTs highly esteemed among the , he asked to be enter t a ined h and , without esitation , he was received most hos i l in t ab . p y As he went , he saw his wife , and she threw her arms about him and embraced him lovingly . As H eri him soon as the CELT appeared , ppe related to her ’ husband s wanderings , and that he had come to pay a

ransom for her release . The barbarian admired Xan ’ i i h i thus sp rit, and at once , call ng together s nearest rela tives , he prepared a party and received him as his guest .

While they drank , he made the woman sit on the same couch with her husband at the table and asked , through an interpreter, what sum of money had been gathered together ; when he said that he had about a thousand di pieces of gold , the barbarian ordered the sum to be vided h into four portions , and three of t em to be put aside for X ant u s , his wife and his child , and to leave the remainder as the ransom for the woman . When they had gone to e H eri e h r st, pp found much fault with her usband because he had not the amount of gold that he had promised the sh e hi s barbarian , and said that he would be in danger of X a nt u s re life if he failed to stand by his promise . But plied that he had hidden away in his servant ’s boots ﬁn d another thousand pieces , since he had not expected to any barbarian so just but that he would have need of a heavy ransom . The next day, the woman made known to d the CELT the great amount of gold , and urge him to put X ant u s h im to death , saying that she much preferred to n sh e her cou try and her son , and that utterly loathed X ant u s . This talk did not please the barbarian, and he X ant u s had a mind to punish her . As was ready to de him part , the CELT accompanied in the friendliest way and ri conducted H e ppe . When they reached the borders CELTs h of the country of the , the barbarian said t at he wished to offer sacriﬁce before they separated , and the a H eri e victim h ving been brought up , he bade pp as sist , and when she had taken hold , as she was accustomed

to do on such occasions , he drew his sword and struck her 26 0 A TE CLIC I E SIT LLETI UN V R Y B U N .

off X a nt u and cut her head , and he asked s not bear h er him any ill , telling him of treachery, and b e handed

30 : over to him all the gold to take with him . It is ’ H r on told how ercules , when he was driving G e y s oxen

E r th eia a EL from y , w ndered across the country of the C Ts . Bret annu s And he reached , whose daughter CEL TIN E fell H in love with ercules . She hid his cattle and refused to

give them up , unless he would ﬁrst consent to be united h H wit her . ercules , eager to recover the oxen , but much ’ h e t more because was struck by the girl s beau y, consented,

and , in the course of time , a son was born to them named CELTu s ELT , from whom we are to suppose the C s are H 8 called . ( cf . erodotus , IV ,

ch lia s t H o m er Od ss e 208 : W P ll S o , , y y, hen he ( haethon) fe ’ with the divin e ﬂash on Eridanus stream and was de C stroyed , his sisters , who were near at hand near the CELTI

sea , bewailed him unceasingly night and day . t thi m r I 21 1 1 E us a us H e lia d Z 9 . 39 57 , to o , , , , p , ( according to Mommsen this passage is probably from Poseidonius ) hi al a t es The t rd ( trumpet) , that of the G , is formed by xd vuf casting it has a sharp sound, and is called p E by the C LTs .

a r a llic a r 1 1 : Caes , G W , I , , All Gaul is divided into three parts ,

of which the Belgae inhabit one, the Aquitani the other, wh o own and the third is inhabited by those , in their lan

ELTs s oil . G . guage are called C , in ours ( the Roman) auls

2 : t All these differ from each other in language, cus oms Th e G th e and laws . Garonne separates the auls from m Aquitani , while the Marne and the Seine separate the

from the Belgae . b — - r 98 8 14 : Ps eu do A is t o t l e D e M undo 3 . 3 , , , p Then , little by t little , beyond the Scy hians and CELTICA, the ocean holds together the inhabited world at the Galatic gulf and the

columns of H ercules which we have already spoken of .

Outside these pillars , the ocean ﬂows around the earth . N evertheless , out in that ocean are situated two very vast

islands called British , namely Albion and Ierne ( Ireland) , th e larger than any we have yet described , lying beyond

CELTs . 2 7 THE WORD CELT .

C rina ora s A nt holo ia Pa la tina 9 283 1 — 4 : Ye P g , g , , , yrenees , and

- th e i ye deep valed Alps which face mouth of the Rh ne , ye G were witnesses of the rays which ermanicus ﬂashed , i ELT lighten ng many battles for the C s . Di d rus 4 7 U i o o , I , , p to the beginn ng of the war between the CELTs Romans and the , which was brought to a successful termination by Gaius Julius C aesar who subdued most of

ELT hi s the most warlike tribes of C s and who , because of

5 1 : ﬁ t deeds , was proclaimed a god . , And from the rs O lympiad to the beginning of the CELTIC war, which I have h made the end of my history, there are seven undred and

4 1 : H eca t a eu s thirty years . II , 7 and others say that in

the ocean , on the other side of CELTICA, is an island that is

19 1 : H not smaller than Sicily . IV, , ercules gave over the

rule of the Iberians to the noblest of the country , and he

himself with his army arrived in CELTICA , which he marched through and broke up the lawless practices of the

natives , especially the murder of strangers . Because of the great multitude of men of all nations who willingly

shared in his expedition , he founded a very great city,

which, because of his many wanderings on this expedition , 2 th e . : H e he called Alesia allowed, also , many of natives

to settle in the city, and , since these soon became powerful

through their number, the whole population became wild

a nd . G barbarous Even in our time , the E M S regarded hi t s city as the heart and metropolis of all CELTICA . It re mained free and was never conquered until ﬁnally G aius Julius Caesar took it by storm and made it and all the CELTs

3 : H subj ect to the Romans . ercules continued his journey

from CELTICA to Italy, and , on his way across the Alps , he smoothed th e roughn ess of the way and the impassable

places , so that the road was practicable for armies and

4 : beasts of burden . The wild tribes who inhabited the

mountain , and who were in the habit of plundering and killing those who travelled through those impassable

places , he subdued and the leaders of their lawlessness h H were put to death . T us he ( ercules ) made the way

safe for future travellers . When he had crossed the

Alps and the plains of what now is called Gaul , he con 2 8 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY B ULLETIN .

tinu ed . 56 4 his journey through Liguria , (from Timaeus ) The CELTs who dwell by the ocean worship th e

Dioscuri most of all the gods . According to tradition

handed down from ancient times , these gods came to them 24 1 a . : from the oce n V , , It is said that once there ruled

in CELTICA a famous man , who had a daughter of uncom

mon stature and far surpassing others in beauty . So proud was she of her bodily strength and wonderful

beauty, that she rejected the hand of every suitor, and 2 r believed that no one was worthy of her . : Wh en H e

cules came into CELTICA, after his expedition against G him eryon, and built the city of Alesia therein , she saw

and wondered at his excellence and strength of body, and

with all eagerness she agreed , with the consent of her

3 : H son parents , to a union with him . She bore ercules a

l es 25 5 : h Ga at . who was named , etc , Many ot er navigable

rivers ﬂow through CELTICA, about which it would be too

long to write . Most of these rivers freeze over and form

natural bridges , but since the ice is extremely smooth and

travellers are in danger of slipping on it, they strew straw 2 4 : . 7 on the ice and then there is no danger in crossing , There is a curious practice of the GE M S of the upper country in respect of the sacred precincts of their gods : in the temples and religious places which one ﬁnds scattered here and there in the l a nd are piles of gold thrown on the

ground and consecrated to the gods , and none of the a i natives dares touch it, because of their superstition , 32 1 though the CELTs are exceedingly fond of money . , It is necessary to make a distinction here that is not

observed by many . Those who live above Marseilles in the interior and th ose who live on the Alps and this side of the Pyrenees are called CELTs ; while those who live above

this part of CELTICA, in the country towards the south

t am N d xrou ( reading ; iebuhr , however , reads p , the north) H and along the coast an d the ercynian mountains , as well as all those who occupy the expanse as far as m G al a t es . W Scythia , are called ( hat follows is fro eid ni Pos o us ) . But the Romans have included all these wi nations under one general name , calling them all th

30 A C TE GLIO UNIVERSITY B ULLETIN .

number of missiles ﬁred at them, they did not fail to reach

h . 5 : t eir mark f For, the ﬁrst day ( after the battle ) the CELTs i off spent in cutt ng the heads of the dead, according 11 . 6 3 : to their native custom , Because of th e fact that CELTs the were encamped with heavy forces about the city .

4 : To make a sortie against the Cu m . 5 : But the GE M S hi noticed the fresh traces , w ch showed that some one had

climbed up , and they decided to climb by the same rock during the night and some of the CELTs succeeded th e . 117 6 : in reaching summit , etc , Those of the CELTs Ia ia who had served in pyg , turned back through Roman r territo y, and , shortly after , they were ambushed by Cerians and completely destroyed on the Tra u siun plain i u r m 1 i P sa u . 70 : e . ( . , ) XV, , Two thousand CELTs and Iberians sailed from Sicily for Corinth ; they had been sent by the tyrant Dionysius as auxiliaries for the Lace

. 73 3 : demonians , with pay for ﬁve months XVI , , They ( the Carthaginians) procured a large sum of money with h CELTs m which t ey levied Iberians , and Ligures as ercen 94 3 P aries . , ( ausanias ) with a CELTIC sword concealed 64 2 a nn under his garments . XX , , ( o Agathocles still had left six thousand Greeks and these with an equal ELTs number of C , Samnites and Etruscans constituted his 21 n 2 51 . . an . X a n C t inf try X III , ( o B ) But, since raders an had brought to the camp a large qu tity of wine, the CELTs became drunk and uproar and disorder spread Ca eciliu s among them . The Roman consul attacked them suddenly and won a complete victo ry and took possession h of sixty elep ants which he sent to Rome , where they were

2 2 241— 2 . a . 3 an obj ect of general wonder XXV, , ( 7 ) The foreign troops who served in the Carthaginian army

Ib CELTs . were erians , , men from the Balearic islands , Liby

- G Phoenicians , Ligurians and half reek slaves who had 9 238 CELTs an revolted . XXV, ( a . The were m y

times more numerous than the rest and , highly conceited h because of their strength and courage , t ey regarded the 10 1 anno 230 H enemy with contempt . XXV, , ( ) amilcar made war on the Iberians and Ta rt es sians as well as on

Ist l atiu s G M . H e o , the general of the E S, and his brother 3 1 THE WORD CELT .

to put them all death , among them the two brothers and 13 a . nn 22 m ny other distinguished chiefs XXV, ( a o 5) ELTs n a la t es The C , having u ited with the G for the war

against the Romans , mustered a host of two hundred thou sand men and won the ﬁrst battle ; they were victorious in the second assault also and killed one of the Roman con suls A emiliu s raided the territory of the Calates CELTs and the , and took possession of many cities and h strongholds and ﬁlled Rome with their great spoils . C . 14 225 H a . ( ) ieron , king of Syracuse , provided the h 21 3 Romans wit wheat during the CELTIC war . XXX , , Alexander ’s character was far from being like that of

Perseus . For , Alexander, by a magnanimity that was i adapted to the greatness of his enterprises , ga ned an P empire . But erseus , by his pettiness , estranged the ( inn s and , by other similar blunders , ruined a great and

ancient kingdom . t r 7 a b 1 13 . S o, I , , , p In small distances , a little deviation north f or south does not make much dif erence , but in the whole

circle of the inhabited earth , the north extends to the

n 1 1 : . 7 . 0 utmost conﬁ es of Scythia or CELTICA , p As in their ( the Romans ’ ) war against the Germans and the ELTs C , the barbarians took advantage of their position in

marshes , woods and inaccessible deserts , deceiving the

enemy, who were ignorant of the land , as to the location of f di ferent places , concealing the roads and the supplies of

2 2 33 : 7 . food and other necessaries . , , p But , afterwards ,

becoming acquainted with these towards the west , they th e G C ELTs and ( ancient reeks ) called them Iberians , or B R N CELTC S Y by combining the names , CELTI E IA S and C

E N n T IA S, thus ignorantly uniting u der one name various 4 28 . 3 : his distinct peoples . , p Ephorus , in treatise on

Europe , likewise shows us the opinion of the ancients H e l respecting Ethiopia . says that if the celestia and i terrestrial sphere were div ded into four parts , the Indians

would possess that towards the east , the Ethiopians that

ELTs th e the towards the south , the C towards west , and

4 3 : 3 . 6 Scyt hians towards the north . , , p The length of hi Britain itself is about the same as that of CELTICA, w ch 3 2 CATHOLIC UNIVERS ITY BULLETIN .

extends opposite to it . It is not greater than ﬁve thou

sand stadia in length, and its extremities are as far apart as those of the opposite continent Pytheas says K ’ . 5 64 that ent is some days sail from CELTICA , p . For all these (h eadl ands and islands ) lie to the north and

belong to CELTICA, not to Iberia ; this seems then to be

P — . 1 12 1 2 . 7 7 : H i only an invention of ytheas II , , , p p pa rch u s states that the distance from Byzantium and the Dni eper is stadia, and that there will be a like dis D tance between Marseilles and the latitude of the nieper, which would be the latitude of that part of CELTICA next n the ocean ; for, on proceeding that ma y stadia , one 1 2 . 3 . 7 : reaches the ocean , p There will remain a distance of stadia from the parallel that separates the torrid from the temperate zone to that of the Dnieper and that

part of CELTICA next the ocean . For , it is said that the farthest voyages now made from CELTICA northwards are

to Ierne (Ireland) , which lies beyond Britain and barely

sustains life on account of its excessive cold . . Ierne is supposed to be not more than stadia distant from h CELTICA, so that the whole breadth of the in abited earth e would be estimated at about stadia, or a little mor .

3 : an 16 . 7 C , p one ﬁnd such fertility as this ( in the east )

' D in in the lands near the nieper , or that part of CELTICA

that lies next the ocean , where the vine either does not

? P. grow at all, or does not bring its fruit to perfection 74 : ( To compare them with) those parts near the Dnieper EL T and those districts inhabited by the most distant C s .

For, they are not under so low a climate as Amisus , i S nope , Byzantium and Marseilles , which are generally

held to be 00 stadia south of the Dnieper and CELTICA . 1 4 H h 7 p . 7 ( from ipparc us ) Consequently , they ( Bactria and Aria ) will be removed and placed stadia north of the Dnieper and CELTICA ; for this is the distan ce that the equator is south of the parallel of latitude which

separates the torrid from the temperate zone , which , we

u . We say, is better drawn through the Cinnamon co ntry have demonstrated that the regions that are not more than f a r stadia north of CELTICA, that is as as Ierne , 33 THE WORD CELT .

are scarcely habitable . Their reasoning, however, woul d th represent ano er habitable circle , even stadia , north

5 : Ba ct riana P. 7 a of Ierne . ( That part of next the C u D 18 casus ) stadia north of CELTICA and the nieper . ,

5 : H D in p . 7 ipparchus says that at the nieper and CELTICA there is one continued dim sunlight during the whole of n the summer nights from su set to sunrise, but, at the winter solstice , the most the sun rises above the horizon is nine cubits . It is much more striking in regions distant stadia from Marseilles (which region he supposes CELTs to be peopled by , but I believe they are Britons , and

41 93 : stadia north of CELTICA) . , p . I shall only re Timosth enes mark now that both and Eratosthenes , as u a well as those who preceded them, were q ite ignor nt of I and n beria CELTICA, and k ew even a thousand times less n G about Germany, Britain and the cou try of the etae and

2 1 9 : P Ba st a rnae . . 7 II, , , p As if he ( olybius) were to arrange the zones according to the diﬁ erent nations in habiting them, calling one the Ethiopian , another the di z Scythian and CELTIC, and a third the interme ate one .

115 : N th 5 8 . e , , p avigators say that longest passage by sea th e G l from CELTICA to Libya is , from alatic Gu f ,

19 . 122 : stadia . , p It ( the Mediterranean ) is bounded on the right hand by the shores of Libya as far as Carthage , and on the other by the shores of Iberia and CELTICA as N and l far as arbonne Marsei les , thence by the Ligurian n shore , and , ﬁ ally, by the coast of Italy as far as the

2 127 : Strait of Sicily . 7 p . The shape of Iberia resembles i the hide of an ox , the parts correspond ng to the neck pro ectin j g towards CELTICA which adjoins it . These are the eastern portions and on this side lies the chain of moun P 28 12 . 8 : N I tains called yrenees , p . ext this ( beria) on i I the east is CELTICA, wh ch extends as far as the Rhine . t is washed on its northern side by the whole course of the

British channel , for this island ( Britain) lies opposite and l hi para lel to it throughout its length , w ch is as much as

stadia . It is bounded on the east by the river a Rhine , whose course is par llel to the Pyrenees ; its southern part is bounded by the Alps commencing from 34 CAT LIC I E SIT LLETIN HO UN V R Y B U .

th e Rhine and by that part of our sea ( th e Mediterranean)

so - G Gul where the called alatic f ( of Lyons) extends , on which are situated the far - famed cities of Marseilles and

N n . o l arbo ne Right opp site to this gu f, facing the other ul way, lies another g f, likewise called Galatic (Bay of an d Biscay) , looking towards the north Britain . It is h ere that the breadth of CELTICA is narrowest ; it contracts in to an isthmus of less than stadia, but more than

Within this region is a mountain - ridge at right P angles to the yrenees , called Mount Cemm enu s ( Cevenn es ) it extends as far as the central plains of the

CELTs . The Alps , which are a very lofty range of moun rv tains , form a cu ed line whose convex side is turned towards the above mentioned plains of CELTICA and Mount emm enu s C , and its concave side towards Liguria and f n Italy . O the many tribes who i habit this mountain r h an ange , all, wit the exception of the Liguri s , are 12 Af 30 . 8: C . ELTIC , p ter Italy and CELTICA, the rest of

Europe extends towards the east, and is divided into two 1 3 . 13 : D n . 7 parts by the a ube III , , , p This range ( the Pyrenees ) extends in an unbroken line from south to north

and divides CELTICA from Iberia . The breadth of both I l a CELT CA and Iberia is irregu r, the narrowest part in both being the strip of land along the Pyrenees from our sea t ‘ ( the Mediterranean) g the ocean , especially on either side of the mountain ; this brings it about that there are g ulfs

both on the ocean side, and also on the side of the Medi

terranean . The greatest of these bays are the CELTIC, u which are al so denominated the Galatic g lfs , and they

mak e that isthmus ( of G aul) narrower than the Iberian .

2 11 148: , , p . The idea that the northern parts of Iberia are c a more a cessible to CELTICA, th n to proceed thither by

sea, and other similar statements on the authority of

h 155 : P . 3 7 . yt eas III , , , p They make use of wooden ‘ ’ Sul ivoz n itt/ oz h/ oz; ( c Friedeman ; m : plaited, Meineke ; mp ‘ ’ 158 4 5 . CELTs . waxen, codices) vessels like the III , , , p

ELT B R N an d . 8 . The C s, now called CELTI E IA S Berones , p

159 : Thi s ( Emporium ) is a colony of the Marseillais , and it is about forty stadia distant from the Pyrenees and the 35 TH E WORD CELT .

E 10 1 b . . 61 borders of I eria and C LTICA , p : This consti tu t es the whole coast - line from the Pillars to the dividing ELT 11 n C s . . 162 line of the Iberia s and the , p : The CELTIC ( side of the Pyrenees) is bare of trees ; in the midst are l 12 enclosed va leys admirably ﬁtted for habitation . , p . 162 : The Berones are neighbors of the Coniah Canta a nd brians , they, too , owe their origin to the CELTIC ex i 1 1 4 6 . 6 : i edit on. U p , p nless one th nks that it will add to the pleasure of life to wash themselves and their wives in stale urine kept in tanks , and to rinse their teeth with it, as is said to be the custom with the Cantabrians and their neighbors . This practice and that of sleeping on the

ELTs . 1 ground is common to the Iberians and the C 7, 165 l t p . These feelings ( of reck essness , cruel y) m th e are com on to CELTIC tribes , and to the Thracians and

Scythians , likewise their ideas of bravery both of their

1 1 176 : N men and of their women . IV, , , p . ext in order, comes CELTICA beyond the Alps , the general outline of which has already been sketched ; we have now to describe it in greater detail . Some divide it into three parts , calling i an nian CELTs . e. their inhabit ts Aquita s , Belgians and ( , ’ ’ Kel raz tan r t e . , a form built on Cmsa s C el a ) The Aqui ians f h di fer completely from the others , not only in t eir lan h a guage , but also in t eir physical char cteristics , and resem a l at s ble the Iberians more than the G e . The others are l a G a t es in appearance , but they do not all speak the same language, some of them differing slightly in speech . diﬁ er They , too , a little in their form of government and P mode of life . The dwellers near the yrenees , bounded

n and CELTs . by the Ceven es , are called Aquitanians For, it has been remarked that this CELTICA is bounded on the n P h west by the ra ge of yrenees , w ich extend to either sea, both the inner and the outer ( p . on the east the boundary is the Rhine , whose course is parallel to the

Pyrenees ; on the nort h it is enclosed by the ocean , from the northern headlan ds of the Pyrenees as far as the mouth of the Rhine ; on the opposite side it is bounded by the sea of Marseilles and Narbonne and the Alps from Liguria as far as the sources of the Rhine . At right angles to the 36 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN.

P i yrenees are the Cevennes , travers ng the plains and ex tending over about stadia until they terminate in the

middle near Lyons . The people who inhabit the northern portions of the Pyrenees and as far as th e Cevennes ex tending towards the ocean and boun ded by the river G h u n CELTs aronne , t ey call Aq ita ians ; and , the inhabitants of the other parts , also towards the sea of Marseilles and Narbonne and touching a part of the Al pine chain ; and a Belgi ns , the rest who dwell along the ocean as far as th e h wh o mouth of the R ine , and some dwell by the Rhine and

the Alps . This was the division adopted by the divine h ae . ae m C sar But Augustus C sar, w en aking four grand i ELT div sions of the country, assigned the C s to the province N h e of arbonne, the Aquitanians left the same as Julius ae ll C sar, but he added fourteen nations of those who dwe di between the Garonne and the Loire . The rest he vided s into two parts , assigning the district extending as far a

the upper parts of the Rhine to the territory of Lyons, and

2 1 8: a an . . 7 the other to the Belgi s , p What we have s id

in . W applies , the main, to the whole of farther CELTICA e s shall now speak in detail of each of the four division , of

a mm . 3 . which we h ve , thus far, spoken only su arily , p

1 8: T is 7 Some , however, hold that the boundary of CEL ICA

11 . 18 h P a . 5 t he spot where th e Trop ies of ompey st nd , p Th e third ( river) is the Sul gas which unites with th e indalum A h eno Rhone near the city of V , where Gnaeus L barbus in a great battle routed many myriads of CE Ts . At the point where th e Isere and the Rhone unite A emilian s near the Cevennes , ' uintus Fabius Maximus u , h CELTs wit not more than men, destroyed , a nd there he erected a white stone as a trophy and two

t a th e . emples , one dedicated to M rs , other to H ercules

186 : lca e A rec mis ci 1 2 . V o , p Their ( the o ) seaport , which is N r called arbonne , may justly be called the seapo t of all 1 187 . 3 . mm CELTICA , p That these nations i igrated from C ELTICA is shown by their relationship to the Tectosages , but we are not able to say from wh ich district they emi

14 189 : n grated . , p . This much we have said concer ing th e N n inhabitants of the district of arbo ne , whom earlier 90 1m

3 8 CA T LIC I E SIT LLETI HO UN V R Y B U N.

CELTs set Their habits are like those of the , though

simpler and more barbarous . In battle they make

war- a use of chariots for the most p rt, as do most of th e

CELTs . 3 : ELT Because of the insurrections among the C s, ’ both among his own ( Caesar s) soldiers and among the barbarians (the Britons) were required to pay a moderate tax on imports to CELTICA and exports thence

201 : 4 . h , p And yet, to eat uman ﬂesh is said to be a Scythian custom ; and even the CELTs and Iberian s and many others are said to have done the like during th e 1 2 1 . 6 . 0 : severities of a siege IV, , , p After CELTICA be yond the Alps and the people who inhabit that coun try

20 : el li ria 3 . 3 t o u ns , p These ( C g ) were the ﬁrst CELTs a i transalpine whom the Romans subdued , after h v ng waged a long drawn out war aga inst them and th e Liguri

5 : Duria s P ans . The mingles with the o after ﬂowing in an opposite direction to it through the territory of the 2 a 0 . 0 I od s Salassi into Cisalpine CELTICA . 1 , p 7 The p e , n th e CELTs l a nation now common to the Illyria s and , dwel 2 8 i 11 . 0 : ne m near these reg ons . , p O of the passes fro Italy into farther and northern CELTICA is th rough the 1 3 territory of the Salassi and leads to Lyons . V, , ,

211 : s p . Cisalpine CELTICA is enclosed within these limit and its length al ong the coas t together with the mountains is about stadia ; its breadth is rather less than

212 : n is nh and C 4 . e , p O division i abited by Ligurian CELTI h in u tribes , of w om the former dwell the mo ntainous parts , the latter in the plains ; the other division is inhabited by ELT neti ELTs a s C s and H e . These C are of the same race ELT th e the transalpine C s . There are two views about H eneti : some say that they are a colony of those CELTs of

6 : In the same name who dwell along the ocean , etc . a h ncient times , as we have remarked, the district throug ELT The which the Po ﬂows was chieﬂy inhabited by C s . greatest nations of the CELTs were the Boii and the Insu a esa t a e a bres , and the Senones an d the G , who once upon 217 : n m 11 . ti e took the Roman Capitol by assault . , p The Al u his come the ps and CELTICA . The bo ndaries of t un hi C co try, w ch we call isalpine CELTICA, from the rest of 3 9 TH E WORD CELT.

Italy were marked by the Apennine mountains above T rrheni A esis and y a and the river ( Esino ) , then by th e

Rubicon . Both these rivers empty into the Adriatic . 21 in 12 . 8: , p The mines that neighborhood are not now of worked with so much care , because the greater proﬁt in th e mines in the country of the transalpine CELTs and in Iberia ; but, formerly they must have been , since there

- i 2 1 . 218 were gold d ggings even at Vercelli . V, , , p : In the second place , we shall treat of that part of Liguria i n wh ch lies in the Ape nines themselves , between the establishm ents of that part of CELTICA already described T rrh enia 9 226 Tra sim ennu and y . , p . . Lake s , near

- T rrh eni a . 10 which is the army pass from CELTICA into y ,

227 : u p . For, about these parts are the bo ndaries of n a cient Italy and CELTICA, on the side towards the Adri

n - atic, although the bou dary lines, have often been changed

4 1 . 240 : e n a by the rulers . , , p W must begi ag in from the 28 L I 4 2 . 7 : a CE TIC boundaries . V , , , p It h ppened that nl EL T they lost their city ( Rome ) sudde y to the C s . H fﬁ l ﬁ i aving got rid of these di cu ties , the rst th ng the i a Romans did was to reduce all the Lat ns , they then put check to the frequent and unrestrained violence of the

Tyrrheni and the CELTs who lived along the Po . EL T i The Iberians and C s and all who y elded to the Romans, i k h e shared a sim lar fate . Li ewise , the w ol of L i i h CE TICA, both with n and beyond the Alps , together w t a im Liguria , were annexed a p rt at a t e , but , subsequently, a him m the divine C esar, and , after , Augustus subdued the 2 1 1 . 89 : e by incessant and general warfare . VII, , , p W have spoken of Iberia and of the CELTIC and Italic nations d N D a re an the islands adjacent . orth of the anube s the countries beyond the Rhine an d CELTICA . The nation (inhabiting th ese districts ) are the Gal atic and the G er n Ba st a rna e Ture et ae ma ic, as far as the lands of the , the g and the river Dnieper ; likewise (north of the Danube ) is Don the country between that river, the and the mouth of the Sea of Azof which stretches inland as far as the ocean i D e and is was hed by the Eux ne sea . South ( of the anub ) r and w t are the people of Illy ia Thrace , and , mingled i h 40 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN.

th n s CELTs t em, certai tribe of and o her races , as far as N 2 . 290 : a E Greece . , p ext fter the C LTs come the Germans who inh abit the country across the Rhine to the east ; they dif h fer but little from the CELTIC race, except in t eir being a more sav ge , of greater stature and with yellower hair ;

but, in other respects , in appearance , manners and customs

they are like them, such as we have related of the CELTs . m The Romans , therefore , seem to e to have applied thi s G erm a ni name ( ) to them, wishing to signify the genuine “ G ala t es n er ; for, in the Latin la guage , G ma/ni mean s th e i ” 290 . 3 . : genu ne , p The ﬁrst division of this country th e extends along Rhine from its source to its mouth . Th e

entire river - land extends over almost the whole breadth

of the country on the west . The Romans have trans u planted some of the people of that co ntry into CELTICA . 292 5 . : S o , p that one passing from CELTICA (but, ‘ “ Ber k E/lov rrm H r g reads n ic, elvetia, or eastern Switze ” H a land ) to the ercynian Forest, has ﬁrst to cross the l ke 2 D . 293 : Nor is and then the anube , p . is it true , what r told of the Cimb i , that they take up arms against th e

ﬂood - h tides , or t at the GE M S exercise their intrepidity by and r permitting their houses to be washed away, afte

wards rebuild them, and that more of them perish by ﬂoods

296 : e n u 3 2 . tha by war , as Ephor s relates . VII, , , p Ther ri S cordisci are, besides , the CELTIC t bes of the Boii , and is i 8 01 La us Taur c . . 3 : P , p ﬂ And tolemy, the son of g , tells us tha t in that campaign ( of Alexander the G reat against the Thracians ) the CELTs who live along the Adriatic j oined with Alexander for the purpose of making hi n a treaty of peace and friends p , and that the ki g received k them in a friendly way, and asked them , while drin ing, b e what they feared most ; for , supposed that they would h man say it was he ; but they replied that t ey feared no , unless perhaps that the heavens woul d some time fall on man them, but that they valued the friendship of such a 1 304 : e 1 . r . ( as Alexander) above eve ything , p ( Boer is s th e CELTs b t a , a leader of the Getae) subdued who lived 313 : Tracian 5 1 . n . among the Thracian s a d Illyrians , , p

tribes are found as far as the Propontis and H ellespont, 41 THE WORD CELT.

d E TI m an C m. 2 or L C tribes inter ixed with the , 313 : D an d Taurisci E p . The aci subdued the Boii , C LTIC ri ir s l hi tribes under C t as o . The A ps , w ch extend mi d l d s an . 4 to the Iapo e , a xed I lyrian tribe , p .

315 : The CELTIC style of armor. m c 8 Da a s us . 6 . 49 Nicola us o D . a ud A th enwum 6 54 f , fr , p , p , , , N D m . cu wh o e th p But icolaus of a as s , b longed to e P a e o erip t tic scho l, says in the one hundredth and eleventh um h or book of his many vol ed ist y, which consisted of one

n - A diat omu s f hu dred and forty four books , that , the king o E S otiani o the C LTIC tribe of the , had ab ut him six hundred a l a t es cal n picked men, whom the G led in their native l a u il duri l ri IH S o S o du i a . G g age ( the of C esar, B . , “ ” hi G — Vit sa ri w ch means in reek bound by a vow a Cce s, 2 12 L 8 . : E Ts , p 7 The C who dwell along the upper sea

G al N r — M r m mir bili m ll t lia a bonensis ) o u a u co ec io,

4 t h EL h . 5 . 1 6 e bwi Fl rile i 7 40 : T e Ts w o fr , p , S o o g o, , C dwell near the ocean consider it a disgrace to escape from al i e a f ling wall or bu lding . And wh n the sea rises in a and ﬂood comes upon them, they put on their armor and go

out to meet it and they oppose it until they are drowned,

— f r lest it be thought that they had ﬂed in fear of death .

1 14 ELT r th e 5 . : s , p 7 The C wearing their arms car y on all ni th e a f or business of the city . They pu sh murder of eigner more severely than of a citizen ; in the f oM er case be the penalty is death, in the latter, banishment . They stow the highest honors upon those whos e victories have l ook rs added to the public domain . They never the doo

of their houses .

r h ti n R h ii 25 : W e a r x a u Va ca . d Pa ad o og p s o , henever th re is am ELTs un h a s be f ine or pestilence , the C p is their wives

ing responsible f or their misfortunes .

itruvius U I 2 6 : e ri Ga i e in V , V , , The Rhon ses in ul , the Rh n

Tar uiniu s Priscus e Liv 34 1 s . : In y, V, , q the reign of q at Rom , h ELTs e of the control of t e C , [who compris the third part ’ r i ubainville e Gaul ( according to d A bo s de J , Livy is her glossing his Greek was in the hands of the t o CELTICU M Bit uriges . They gave a king 42 4 3 THE WORD CELT .

n D H al ica r which , accordi g to Ephorus and ionysius of nassu s th rea t er r n G er , included e g pa t of Spain, Fra ce , many and Austria ; it is not to be confused with the Celtica A m of Caesar which was one of the divisions of Gaul ) . ’ bica tus ( thi s is Stokes reading for A mbig a tus of th e

codices ) was his name .

s i H a lica rna ssus 10 3 : Diony us of , I , , For , the Ligures have their c r homes mostly in Italy, but they also oc upy some pa ts ai a o ﬁ ered of CELTICA . It is s d that the ncients i In ar human sacriﬁces to Saturn . That was the pract ce C h 1 s t age so long as the city stood , and found amongst the

CELTs . 74 4 . to this day and certain other western nations i th e CELTs Almost all agree that irruption of the , in wh ch ﬁ the city of Rome was taken , took place in the rst year

- of the ninety eight Olympiad , in the archonship of

6 : o CELTs hi Pyrgion . S that the irruption of the , w ch we have seen took place in the second year after the

one and . census , occurred hundred twenty years later 3 1 n VII , , ( speaki g of the Tyrrheni ) who dwelt near the m Ionian gulf and , in the course of time , were driven fro

ELT 70 4 : thence by the C s . , It is especially fear that effects the barbarians ; there are many reasons for thi s

which it is not convenient to speak of now . In the whole course of time down to the present it has never been pos sible to persuade the E gyptians nor the Libyans nor the CELTs nor the Scyt hians nor any other race of barbarians to abandon or to transgress any of their celebrations of

6 7 : the orgies of the gods . XIII , , Soon after that the CELTs city, except the Capitol , was captured by the

ELT 8 : n m l beleaguered by the C s . Sudde ly Ca i lus appeared and turned the CELTs in ﬂight an d as they were in disorder and confused h e slaughtered them like vic

m 9 : o a ti s . 7 , The R mans sent a cert in youth from the

city of the Veii to those wh o were cooped up in the Capitol . H e escaped the notice of the CELTs who were keeping guard in that place and climbed up and told what was D his un wanted . uring the night he made way back CELTs noticed . But , when day came , one of the saw his u tracks and told the king . A co ncil of their bravest 44 CA T LIC I E SIT LLETI HO UN V R Y B U N.

men was called and the king pointed out the way up t o

. 10 : CELTs i Rome , etc But the , who by th s time were

. 8 1 more numerous , made their way further in , 1 : Marcus Manlius was ﬁrst to mee t the barbarians and as c their leader ame up wielding his sword, he struck him a ul and off blow from the sho der cut his arm and then, him in before they could come to close quarters , he hit the face with the oblong shield and threw him to the

an d i . ground k lled him Thereupon, the rest fell into dis n an order and Marcus drove them on , cutting dow some d cliﬁ 12 pursuing others down the , and scattered them . :

The place where the CELT had gone up . So that the CELTs ga ve up hopes of taking the city by stratagem or surprise and they discussed the terms of a ransom which the Romans would pay the barbarians and save the

9 1 : e o city . , 3 Th y sw re to a solemn convention and th e Romans came with the t wenty ﬁve tal ents weight of gold hi a t ELTs was w ch they had to p y out o the C . The beam set and the very ﬁrst weight the CELT put down was th heavier than it should have been . That angered e Roman s but the barbarian was far from acting with H e a t m justi ce . took his sword and she th and winding he h th e with the belt placed them in t e scales . When l quaestor asked him what he meant by that he rep ied, ‘ ” i was W oe to the conquered . A th rd part of the weight still lacking and the Romans were unable to make up the th h e full amount because of the greed of e CELT . T y asked permission to seek assistance in procuring th e rest

1 4 : th e n ar and . 0 1 withdrew , This was occasio of the

rival of th e CELTs into Italy. 15 : The young man was ’ only too glad to give his consent to his ( Arun s) depar ture and furnished him with everything he needed for hi s e a ts enterpris , several bags of wine and oil and b ske him t o TI A of ﬁgs which he took with on wagons CEL C . 16 : At that time th e CELTs were ignorant of grape a wine and such oil as our olives produce, but they used e wine made of barley so aked in water and, for oil, th y

— Th u . e used stale hog fat, disg sting in smell and taste i h hi t o ime ﬁrst t me they enjoyed t ose things w ch, up that t ,

46 CATHOLIC UNIVERS ITY B ULLETIN.

2 s 3 i a ea . : ( G all a ) , n med after the The G reeks have

ne r . but o name for the whole territo y, viz CELTICA, which , a ai CELT some say, took its n me from a cert n giant, o s , who e H l ruled there . Others tell as a l gend that ercu es and t two As erope, daughter of Atlas , had sons , Iberos and ELTos t o h C , who gave their names the lands over w ich they h th ul . O a e r ed thers say that t ere is certain river , ELTos e c a a o ? c C , ( the earlier C lti n me for the G r nne ) whi h P ri h rises in the yrenees, and that from this ver at ﬁrst t e adj acent and then in the cours e of time the rest of the e district was called CELTICA . Still oth rs say that when the G reeks ﬁrst came to that country their sh ips were car ried by strong winds towards th e Gal atic Gulf and that when the men reached lan d they called the country

CELS ICA because of th e adventure they had had . Thi s t s word , by a change of a single letter, heir descendant

m T 8 12 : On i ade into CEL ICA . , their second exped tion to Rome the GE M S laid waste the lan d of Al ba and gorged d nk e themselves with food an dra heavily of unmixed win . Th e wine grown in that district is th e sweetest next t o the Falernian and tastes very much like a mixture of

honey and water . An unusually heavy sleep fell upon

them and they pa ssed most of their time in the sha de . They becam e so ﬂeshy an d ﬂabby and their strength wa s so weakened that when they attempted t o exercise their bodies and t o engage in hard labor th eir breath failed e them ev ry little while , their limbs were bathed in sweat and they ceased working before they received th e com 9 1 his . 3 e mand from their leaders , ( Camillus addr sses “ soldiers ) We have had weapons made for us that are th e ri superior to those of barba ans , breastplates and helmets an d greaves and stout shields which protect th e

o - entire b dy, two edged swords and, instead of spears ,

- a h an . Our e rrows , a missile t at c not be escaped defensiv a rmor does not yield easily to blows and is so ada pted as ’ ﬁ h e ord . t to a complete protection But, enemies heads a hi and o are bare , as are their bre sts , sides , t ghs legs d wn

th e no o c . to feet , and they have ther prote tion but shields Their only weapon of attack a re spears and very long 47 TH E WORD CELT .

15 : W curved swords . hat great harm can their long and m thick hair, their wild eyes the gri expression of their face do us when we figh t them ? And the harsh up a roar, the empty flourish of rms , the frequent clashing of shields and the other threatening things in form and voice that the crazed barbarians indulge in against an enemy advancing in order ? What good does it do the fools to advance arrogantly and why should those fear ” “ who use their reason in the midst of terrors ? 16 : As many of you as were present in the first war with the ” 10 17 w GE M S . , The attack of the barbarians was ild and savage and altogether without the skill that is em i ployed in arms . At one time they ra sed their swords th e n and struck blindly, falling upon Roma s with their entire body just as wood - cutters or diggers ; then they woul d give aiml ess blows as if they would hew down the a enemy, rmor and all ; they even turned back the edges of

18: n their swords . O the other side was the courage of the Romans whose manoeuvring again st the barbarians was well carried out and had but little that was dangerous to h themselves . W enever the barbarians raised their th e o an i u swords , R m s would g ve a lunge in nder the arm , and holding their shields high the Romans bent and crouched so that the enemies ’ blows were over their head in ﬁ c u l h an d e e t a . If they carried their swords hig they were struck in the groin and pierced in the side and th e a vitals reached . If there were any who had those p rts o a protected , the R m ns cut the tendons of the knees or ankles and lay them on the ground roaring and gnawing

19 : their shields and howling like wild beasts . Strength ri m failed many of the barba ans , since their li bs were enfeebled from fatigue . Their arms were blunted or b and . e broken to pieces of no use to them Besides , cause of the blood runn ing from their wounds and the sweat pouring from all over their body, they were unable n dl hi to control their swords or to ha e the s elds , their ﬁn a gers slipped from the h ndles and their grip was weak .

1 2 22 : l , The CELT was a good dea taller, in fact he ex ceeded 1 1 : CELTs . W the common stature XV, , hen the 48 S CATHOLIC UNIVER ITY B ULLETIN.

h m t ain c were marc ing on Ro e , a cer king hallenged any man of th e Romans t o single comba t and Marcus Val erius fi went out to ght the CELT . When they cam e t o gether a crow lighted upon the helmet of Valerius and b k n th e a and screamed terri ly loo i g at barb rian , as oft en a s h e fle hi was about to strike a blow, w at m and tore his cheeks with its claws and struck at his eyes with it s th E hi beak, so that e C LT lost s wits and did not know how e OR th e 2 he could strik the man and ward crow . : After e m e in u EL considerabl ti had passed the str ggle, the C T fin al ly attacked Valerius and lowered hi s sword t o pierce th e him him in the side, when crow flew at and stru ck hi s hi h eyes . As he stretched out s s ield t o drive awa y the m n a s w s bird, the Ro a followed him up and, the shield a e m still rais d, drove in his sword fro below and slew the 18 1 P CEL . 3 5 : ul T , ublius Cornelius , who as cons four years before had slaughtered all that race of CELTs th e who a re n including youth, called Seno es ( substituted for the Boii) and are the bitterest enemi es of the Roman s ri th e a a dim ni ( refer ng to b ttle of the V o an Lake ) .

Phili os in A nth l ia Pa la tina 9 561 3 : r z n pp , o og , , , O the ever fro e

- a Al ELTs snow cl d ps of the C .

l 2 20 : M e a, III , , All the territory occupied by these people is a allia ma t ar e m s c lled G C o a . There three principal na e The of their tribes who are separated by la rge rivers . u ani e P n e th e Aq it xtend from the yrenees to the Garo n , CELTs e an o from thence to the S ine, the Belgi s fr m thence im o th e i to the Rhine . The most p rtant tribe of Aquitan are A u sci th ELTs A edui th e s the , of e C the and of Belgian th Treveri c Treveri e . The most ﬂourishing ity of the is a ri th e A edui and A usci August ( T er) , of Autun, of the limb E errum (Auch) . i ri e 1 E o in l a r D sc d s . : o o , , c 7 C LTIC nard gr ws the A ps ne In an a th ca Liguria . the l gu ge of e country it is lled l 2 2 1 4 4 4 3 — e eti/as i c c Pel niu 8 3 . 3 5 . 6 V s a u a . a s 7 o g ( f go , , , g , de mulom edicina : CELTI C spike — M arcellus empirions d c

t 4 89 1 : f ELTIC . . m edicamen is c . 8 19 . 3 H . O C , , , p , nard c 2 20 149 219 27 1 5 1 f T . . . 7, , p . 77 , 3 : O CEL IC spike c , , p , 21 19 n h s r o elti i . . Of CELTIC a rd ( th e codex a na d c c ) c , , 49 THE WORD CELT .

226 10 : f s a liunca p . , O CELTIC nard , that is , of the or wild

— m ene m t a n nsia l L 2 1 H er u a M a c e C C . 95 3 : nard o , , , p , 2

d — l s s cc C a ssinens es l L 3 bun les of CELTIC nard G o , C G , ,

3 : i i 537 5 c . b . d . p , The CELTIC , that is the spikenard , f also , 21 541 . 539 . p , and p ,

Lu ca n 4 9 If : C ELTs , , And the who had migrated from the

ancient race of Gauls , combining their name with that ’ s — U s ener s : e of the Iberian Cf. note The p ople of Gaul were driven by famine to Spain a nd they are called B R CELTI E I , which is a combination of the two names .

t r l i t r 8 Plin Na u a H s : . y, o y, III , M Varro wrote that the Iberi , P P oe CELTs th e C a rth the ersians , the h nicians , the and in a g ia ns came and occupied the whole extent of Spain .

105 : IV, All Gaul , which is comprised under the general m a t a name Co , is divided into three main groups of i a peoples who are separated ch eﬂy by rivers . Belgic ex

tends from the Scheldt to the Seine , from thence to the Garonne is CELTICA also called Lu gdun cnsis ; from thence th e P f orm erlv to the chain of yrenees is Aquitania , called

6 : M u cia nus i Armorica . VIII , , who was three t mes con

sul , is authority for the story that one of these elephants wa s taught to write the Greek characters and that he used “ to write in that language : I wrote this an d it is I who

1 7 : h . 0 have dedicated these CELTIC spoils XIV, Wit

39 : CELTIC nard . XXXIII , These bracelets are called

iri l n iri ELT - v o a e in CELTIC a d c a e in C o iberian .

ilius 45— 49 : Trebia S I , Shall not the ﬂow for me ( Juno ) through CELTIC regions with Roman blood and roll back a Th ra s m enu s choked with he ps of warriors slain , and y look with horror on his waters turbid with the wide

? 340— 343 : N CELTs spread gore III, ext came the who

a 2 share their name with the Iberi ns ( Celtiberians ) . They h old that it is an honor to fall in battle and that h it is a disgrace for t e bodies of the fallen to be burned . th e n For, they believe that the bodies left on grou d for 41 the hungry vultures are taken to he aven to the gods . 7

419 : P h Lofty yrene , its summit wrapped in clouds , e holds the Iberi far divided from th e C ELTs a nd stands a n l d 44 everlasting bound between those two vast an s . 7 50 CAT LIC I E SIT LLETI HO UN V R Y B U N .

448 : ( The Rhone which) takes its rise in Alpine heigh ts

- and snow clad rock and spreads over CELTIC lands . IV, H an h ad 63 : ( nibal) made his way through CELTIC lands . 148— 156 : Before all the rest rushed the nimble band of

Boii , led on by Crixus and opposed their huge bodies to H e the Roman van . , full of pride in his noble forbears , ’ boasted that he was bf Brennu s blood and claimed the

captured Capitol . Fool that he was , he bore engraved in his shield the Tarpeian rock an d the sacred height and ELT h H is the C s weig ing the ransom gold . milk white i neck ﬂashed w th resplendent chains , with gold his gar ments were striped and sleeves stood out and his helmet

189— 190 : ﬁl shone with gold . The CELTIC fury led the

300 : Now entire plain . that their leader is lost , the

L 142— 143 : k CE Ts a e . t k to their feet V, Then he ta es the shield which oft before in slaughter CELTIC blood had

23— 24 : stained . VI, When as victor he ( Flaminius) had

overwhelmed the CELTIC arms , for the gods were more

1 — 2 : E LT . 6 0 s propitious then VIII , The C , too of ﬁckle

mind, but ﬁerce at ﬁrst , a boastful race , inconstant, looked

toward their homes . They grieved that war should be waged without slaughter ( a thing unknown to them) and their h ands dry of blood grew dull as they lay midst the

r 235— 236 : h ELTs . C a ms of Mars IX, Wit bands of who ’ 304 : oft had been bathed in Eridanus stream . X , The N th e CELTs Burm ann umidians , Garamas , the ( reads the

25 2 : . 9 CELT ) the Moor and the Asturian XI , But now

an CELTs the proud restless dwellers beside Erid us , the ,

increased the misfortunes of the Romans and , moved by n their ancient hate, hastened to unite i to one band . But,

ELTs would it be just to lay the blame of this on the C , and

h a t ? 79— 81 : Sh e of t ose b t les on the Boian tribes XIII , ( Pallas) sna tched in death th e GE M S who dared storm

the walls of Rome , and not one of the many thousands of so great a race did she allow to return to his ancestral

15— 19 : . 7 7 hearth XV, In the ﬁrst rank stood the tall ELTs cohorts , the standard bearers of the C , whose lines

were broke open by a sudden ﬁerce and wedge - shaped a t a t an u t ck . Tired as they were from he march d un sed 5 1 THE WORD CELT.

to the scorching s rm and breathless from the long contin

ued toil, their native terror put them to ﬂight .

s e hus A nti uities o th e ews 15 : Jo p , q f J , XIX , The knowledge y of the death of Gaius reached the Germans ﬁrst . The

were his body- guard ; they bore the same name as th e race from which they had been enlisted and composed

the CELTIC division . ti 4 24 2 . 9 R : t ra 9 . h D hr s s mus o o . W CELTs io C y o o , t , p om the 2 4 r . 3 a ti 79 . 3 R . : call druids . O o t , p And what is to be said about the CELTs in whose land we are told is a certain h river whic bears down amber, and great quantities of

it are thrown out and lie along the banks , just as pebbles ' - 2 on our sea shore : Formerly the children playing

games threw the amber about, but now it is gathered and

saved, for they have learned from us that they are rich . G S Consider then that all these peoples , I mean the E M , an th e the Indians , the Iberi s , the Arabians and Babylon ta ians ke tribute from us , not of our land or cattle , but A n n mi rint hi r ti C a ca a 3 . 114 . o o 7 of our folly y o o , , p R CELTs ( Ordained ) for the , lest any of those barbarians , H u . by turning to this , should despair of an ellenic cult re

Plut a rch R mulus 17 : Simulus , o , And the poet says that Tarpeia betrayed the Capitol not to the Sabines but to e the GE M S with whose king she had fallen in love . H “ talks utter nonsense when he says : Tarpeia wh o dwelt l near the Capitolian rock became the destroyer of wal s ,

for , in her guilty passion for the sceptre bearer of the ’ ” ELTs C , she neglected the guard of her fathers homes , “ a s : H er and , a little l ter , speaking of her death , he say , the Boii and the numerous nations of the CELTs left not th e Po z within the bed of , but, possessed of warlike fren y , they threw their arms upon the luckless maid as an

22 : i i adornment and for her death . And th s ( div ning rod) wa s kept in the Palatium but disappeared when the

th e 29 : W ELTs city was taken by GE M S . hen the C who

h a d i — m l taken Rome were driven back by Cam llus . Ca i

lus 15 : al at e s G . : , The are of the CELTIC race 18 On CELTs an d learning of that , the were angry without delay a t they adv nced wi h all haste . The people through whose 52 . CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY B ULLETIN .

country they marched , amazed at their multitude and

their elaborate preparation and at their force and spirit, made ready to surrender their country as already lost

and abandon their cities . But , contrary to expectations , they did no damage and took nothing from the inhabit h ants . As they passed near the cities t ey cried out that

they were on their way to Rome , that it was the Romans alone they were making war on and that they regarded

all others as their friends . There the barbarians V i suddenly came into iew and the Romans , hav ng made

a disgraceful show of a ﬁght , turned in disorder . The CELTs drove th e left wing into the river and destroyed n it . The right wing, by avoidi g the attack and getting

from the plain to the hills , suffered less and many of 2 mi r them escaped from thence to the city . 3 : The sf o tune of the Romans ought not be ascribed to the valor

ELT 26 : of the C s . In the evening he called together the most active bodied CELTs and those who h a d had most

28 : experience in mountain climbing . From that time on the position of the CELTs became more and more hope

less . After they had sworn to the agreement and

ELTs the gold had been provided , the C acted unfairly in th e matter of the weight , at ﬁrst under cover but they soon openly disturbed the balance and the Romans were

29 : e annoyed at them . While the disput about these matters was going on among themselves and among the

G h . E M S , Camillus was at the gates at the ead of his army he ordered the CELTs to take their scales and Brennu s balance and to depart . quickly recollected himself and led the CELTs away to the camp with the loss

3 : e of only a few . 6 Marcus Manlius who ﬁrst drov the GE M S back from the citadel when they were making their

l . night assau t upon the Capitol For, the spot where Manlius had stood and fought his night combat with the CELTs overlooked the forum from th e Capitol and it 40 ann 367 brought compassion to all who saw him . ( o )

CELTs e c The , many thousands in numb r, are again mar h

41 : Wh CELTs ing from the Adriatic on to Rome . en the

were near at hand in the neighborhood of the river Anio ,

TH E W ORD CE L T.

N U D D (CO CL E . )

Plut a rch Fa bius M a x imus 1 ( continued) , , 7 As in the mis E T M a rc ellus C L s . fortunes suffered at the hands of the ,

3 : Insubrians n The , a CELTIC tribe inhabiti g Italy at the

foot of the Alps and powerful even by themselves . The CELTIC war was not carried on at the same time as

P 6 : CELTs the unic war . The put but little value on his ’ : ( Marcellus ) cavalry . 7 Marcellus returned to his col league who was with difﬁculty holding his own against the CELTs below the walls of the largest and most popu

l a t s . lous city of the G a e Its name is Mediolanum (Milan) , and the CELTs on this side of the Alps consider it their ram metropolis . Mediolanum was taken and the G s of their own accord turned over everything they had m ri n P elo ida s a nd M a rc ellus . C o a s o o to the Romans p f p ,

1 ELTs 2 : H e : Against the C . ( Marcellus ) routed the M rm s 11 ELT . a : C s without the help of his colleague , The CELTs possessed the best part of Italy which they had

. O taken away from the Tyrrheni thers , however ,

hold that CELTICA extends over a wide , extensive tract from the outer sea (the Atlantic) and the north ern regions to the rising sun near where Lake M a eotis P turns to border on ontic Scythia , and that it is from that region that those races ( the Scythian and Celtic) 2 . 7 : were mingled Above all , many proclaimed him

( Marius ) as the third founder of Rome , since they con sidered that the danger that had been averted was not rt rius 3 H . S e o : less than the CELTIC danger , aving put on CELTIC clothes and having made himself familiar with the ordinary expressions of the language for the pur o f f pose conversing with them when occasion might o fer , m a r he ( Sertorius ) mingled with the barbarians . C o p i

s on o Nicia s a nd C ra s s us 4 : W a f , hen C esar had subdued ELTs the West and the C and the Germans and Britain . 5 4 TH E WORD CEL T . 55

P om e : W G p y , 7 hen the E M S rode out from the side of P the enemy , ompey was first to strike the leader and w strongest of them with a spear and bring him do n . n The rest turned and threw the i fantry into confusion , so that all were put to flight . 8 : Sulla immediately sent Pompey into CELTICA where Metellus held command and seemed to be doing nothing corresponding to his prep a ra t ions NV hen P he ( ompey) had entered CELTICA . 51 : During this time the CELTIC wars raised Caesar a r 14 P . C es a : d to distinction , ompey assigne to Caesar h for five years all CELTICA , both on this and t e other side 15 of the Alps , besides Illyria and four legions . : The ae 18 expeditions by which he ( C sar) subdued CELTICA . ’ H is ( Caesar s ) first war with the CE LTs was against the

H Ti rini 19 : H is elvetii and the gu . next contest wa s fought with the Germans and directly in defence of the E 20 C LTs . : For , the river named Rubicon separates the rest of Italy from CELTICA that is below the Alps . W l hen he heard that the Be gians , who were the most powerful of the CELTs and in possession of a third of all

22 : ae CELTICA, had revolted . C sar , having returned to his 29 forces in CELTICA, found much war in that country . 32 For the CELTIC contests . : Ariminum a large city in 4 58 H 3 : . : CELTICA . In the CELTIC wars aving overrun G the lands bordering on the ermans and Germany itself, ELTs to return through the territory of the C to Italy .

Ca t o 51 : N G , either the children of the ermans nor of

ELTs A nt n 3 : the C . o y , 7 Ten thousand Iberians and

EL s 41 : CELTs C T . The formed their horse into a com pact body and rode upon them and dispersed them . l n m 113 ns ola ti a d A o lo iu 22 . : C o o p , , p A For , indeed , g rief is effeminate and a sign of weakness and cowardice . For , women indulge in mourning more than men , and the barbarians more than the Greeks and inferior more than superior men . And of the barbarians themselves , grief CELTs is not found among the noblest of them , the and C alates and all those that are imbued with a more Th e Virt ues o Wom en s ub manly courage . f , CELTIC

246 ED : CELTs Women , p . , Before the crossed the Alps L N 56 CA TH OLIC U NIVE RS ITY B UL E TI .

and settled in that part of Italy which they now occupy a serious sedition broke out which went unchecked until

it grew to a civil war . But the women went into the

midst of the ﬁghting warriors and , when they heard the

cause of the strife , settled the dispute so equitably that int erv en the warriors separated and , as a result of this r tion , a most remarkable f iendship sprang up both among H the cities and the families . ence , in deciding matters of war and peace and in disputes with their allies they were

advised and directed by their wives . Even in the treaty which they made with H annibal it was stipulated that if the CELTs should bring any charge against the Gartha inians a g , the C rthaginian commanders and generals in

Spain should be the judges of the dispute , but if it should

be the Carthaginians who lodged the complaint , the wives b P l na e s in . C . s u o u of the GE M S should decide it ( f y , r f a . )

Ps eu d o — Pl ut a rch On Rivers 1 : , , VI , The Arar is a river in

CELTICA .

Dion s ius D es cri tion o t h e E a rt h 288- 293 : N y , p f , ext them ( the Iberians ) are the Pyrenees mountains and the homes of CELTs the , near by the spring of the clear ﬂowing n E rida ius n , by whose waters of yore in the silent night P the daughters of the Sun mourned for haethon . There the children of the CELTs sit under the poplars and press

- i out the tears of gold gleam ng amber .

A rria nus On H unt in 1 4 : , g , , Ignorant of the CELTIC breed 2 1 2 . : ne of dog s , The CELTIC breed of dogs . : O may conclude from this that he ( Xenophon) did not know any breed of dogs that equals the CELTIC dogs in ﬂeet n ness for if he had k own of the CELTIC hounds , I think he would have said the same thing about them , that if any hares escape in the chase it is because of some defect in the hound or owing to some particular cir

cum s t n 3 1 ELT a ce . : s h v , The C that do not e by the chase

hunt without using a net , but simply for the sport of hunting ; their dogs are no less keen in following the

scent than the Carian and Cretan hounds , but their way

of pursuing the game is troublesome and savage . 3 : H E D CEL T T WOR . 5 7

S e u s n These dogs are called g from a tribe of that name , o u where , I fancy , they were ﬁrst raised and became p p

5 : n lar . The best bred of these hou ds are the most g ood for nothing , so that there is a popular saying among

ELTs the C which compares them to beggars on the road .

6 : The swift - footed CELTIC hounds are called D ert rag i C ELTs in the language of the , not from the name of a people , as is the case with the Cretan , Carian and La “ ” conia n dia onoi hounds , but just as the p or hardy of the Cretans are so called because of their liking for “ ” it a m a i work, and the or eager , because of their swift t ness , and those hat are crosses of both kinds , so these b ﬂ n s uert ra i eet es . 19 1 dogs are called g ecause of their , 21 : The wealthy CE LTs that live in c a s e engage in hunt

34 1 - 3 : CELTs ing . , It is the practice of some of the i to sacriﬁce annually to Artemis , but others appo nt a

35 1 : treasure for the goddess . , I , too , with my fellow u CELTs h nters follow the custom of the , and I maintain that nothing turns out well f o r mortals without the as

Ta ctic 33 1 s ist anc . s : e of the gods , , For , many (of these military terms ) do not belong to the language of the Ib C ELTs Romans , but to that of the erians or , since the Romans adopted those very tactics that were CELTIC b e E ih cause they valued the C LTIC cavalry highly battle . t l t e n 3 43 2 oe o ou o . 7 , : That man uvre is called g in CELTIC , 4 : In riding by , the cast in wheeling to the right is nec

essary , but , in the complete wheeling about the cast that is called p et rinos in the language of the CELTs is to be

42 4 : a u ema employed . , The cast that is called g in the language of the CELTs is not easily employed unless

H ri i . 44 1 : with an iron j avel n , The emperor ( ad an) gave orders that his soldiers should practice the tactics of the

- P barbarians , such as the horse archers of the arthians

and Armenians use , and the wheeling about and sudden turning back of their horses when running at full speed

which the Sarmatian and CELTIC pike - bearers practice ; besides their various skirmishings and their different na

tive cries , the CELTIC horsemen to learn the shouts of CE LTs G G et ze the , the etan those of the and the Rhaetian E T N 58 CA TH OLIC UNI VE RSIT Y BULL I .

A nt r A l nos 2 . cies co a a : those of the Rhaetians , Then will

come the CELTIC cavalry in two ranks . It will be under Ind 16 10 the command of a centurion just as in camp . . , , The Indians ’ horses are not loaded with packsaddles nor are they checked by bridles such as the Greeks and CELTs V 11 5 . o a e : We use y g , , beheld the Caucasus which , in

E A na ba sis 3 1 height , resembles most the C LTIC Alps . , I , ,

Alexander came to the river Ister , the most considerable in of all the streams in Europe , both respect of the ter rit o r y through which it ﬂows , and of the very warlike ELTs nations inhabiting it , among whom the C , in whose

lands it takes its rise , hold ﬁrst place . The remotest of K 4 6 A m . : these are the ouadi and the Marcomanni , ba s sa d ors came from the CELTs who inhabit the

ELTs country near the Ionian Gulf . The C are large of d body and of an arrogant spirit . They all sai that they ’ had come for the sake of Alexander s friendship . 8: Pledges were made and accepted on either side and Alex ander asked them what they dreaded most of all things

in the world , imagining that , as his great name and ELTs fame must have reached the C and even farther , they would answer that it was that they feared most of

8: CELTs all . But , the answer of the was not what he ex ect ed p ; for , as they lived far removed from Alexander fﬁ re and their country was di cult of access , and they garded Alexander ’s expedition from another point of V him iew, they told that their only fear was that the H e skies should fall upon their heads . thereupon treated them as friends and enrolled them among the number CELTs of his allies and dismissed them , saying that the 2 . : were a boastful nation V, 7 , In the same manner as the Romans made their bridge over the Ister and

15 4 : n over the CELTIC Rhine . VII , , The Carthagi ians A m also are said to have sent ambassadors at that time . ba s s a d o rs came also from the Ethiopians and from the CELTs Scythians in Europe , as also from the and Iber

ians , asking his friendship ; the names and manner of dress of these last mentioned were then mad e known for

the ﬁrst time to the Greek Macedonians . TH E WORD CEL T . 5 9

l eom ed s n t h e circula r M o t ion o t h e c eles tia l Bodies C e , O f , II , 160 Z 1 8 . . : , 8, p It is said that at Meroe , which is in

Ethiopia , the summer night lasts eleven hours , at Alex H andria ten , at the ellespont nine , at Rome less than CE LTs nine , at Marseilles eight and a half, among the

M a eot is In . eight , at Lake seven , and Britain six

A ia nus Pro o emium 3 : CELTs pp , , As far as the country of the G ala t es CELTs whom the Romans call , and of the tribes of ,

some look toward the Mediterranean , others toward the

southern ocean , and still others dwell along the river

4 : On Rhone . the other side of these rivers , some of the ELTs C living beyond the Rhine , and , bey ond the Ister , ae D some of the Get , whom they call acians , are subject 14 to the Romans . : The rest ( of the work) will be named

according to its subject , the CELTIC , Sicilian , Iberian , H a annibalic, Carthaginian , Macedonian ch pters of Roman It E LT l . 8 s . a : C history, and so on , For , when the took a the city, the people ﬂed for protection to C millus and D again chose him ictator , as has been narrated in the f 9 work on CELTIC a fairs . : When Marcus Manlius the patrician saved Rome from destruction at the time that

CELTs the were invading the city , he was thought worthy l 1 1 ELT . a s of the highest honors C l , , : The C ﬁrst waged

war against the Romans and took Rome , except the capi

tol , and burned it . But , Camillus overcame them and

drove them off . After some time , they made a second

invasion , but he conquered them again and , in couse uence q , enjoyed a triumph , being then in his eightieth

. CELTs year A third army of moved into Italy, whom

likewise , the Romans , under the leadership of Titus ' uin

tius , destroyed . Afterwards the Boii , the most savage n of the CELTIC tribes , attacked the Roma s , and Gaius Sul icius g n p , the dictator , marched with his army a ai st them 2 ELTs d : Again , another force of C was efeated by P illius a ft e1 wa rds op , and Camillus , son of the Camillus r A emilius Pa just mentioned , defeated the same t ibe . p ELTs pus raised some trophies won from the C . Before

the consulship of Marius , a very numerous and warlike ELTs horde of C , and very formidable because of their CA TH LIC NI VE RSIT B LLE TIN 60 O U Y U .

great bodily strength , invaded Italy and Galatia and over came some of the Roman consuls and cut their armies to

pieces . Marius was sent against them and destroyed them

A emilia nus all Before Marius , Fabius Maximus ,

ELT with a very small army, waged war upon the C s and 15 killed of them in one battle , losing only of his

2 : - own men . C . In the ninety seventh Olympiad of

ELTs the G reeks , since the territory of the C did not sufﬁce

for their multitude , a considerable number of them who

lived along the Rhine moved off in search of new land . They crossed the Alps and fell upon the land of Clusium Th e which is a fertile part of Etruria . Romans sent along with the ambassadors of Clusium the three Fa bii who were to order the CELTs to withdraw from the

country that was in alliance with Rome , and to threaten ELTs them if they did not obey . The C replied that they

feared no man whether in threat or in war , that they were in need of land and had not yet meddled in the a f F bii of . a fairs the Romans The ambassadors , the , urged the inhabitants of Clusium to attack the CELTs while they

were off their guard plundering the country . They (the Romans ) combined with them and killed a great num

E 3 : Fabii LTs . ber of the C in the foray After the , the

CELTs Brennu s Roman envoys , had slain many , , king of

CELTs z Liv 38 3 : Brennu s G the , y , V, , , king of the auls ,

P a millus 17 : Brennu s a la t es and lutarch , C , , king of the G )

although he had not received the Roman ambassadors , f ri ht em n nevertheless , for the purpose of g g them , selected as his envoys to the Romans certain CELTs who exceeded their comrades in stature as much as their people ex ceeded all other peoples ; these he sent to Rome to accuse Fabii the , while serving as ambassadors , of having made H war on them contrary to the law of nations . e de and ed hm m that they be delivered up to him for punis ent ,

unless the Romans wished to make the offence their own . Fabii The Romans admitted that the had done wrong , but ,

because of the respect which they enjoyed at home , they urged the CELTs to accept a pecuniary compensation from

them . As they did not agree to this , the Romans elected

CA TH LIC NI VE RSIT B LL TI O U Y U E N.

CE LTs seems , however , that the crossed the Pyrenees at some former time and mingled with the natives , and that B R A N 4 the name CELTI E I arose in that way . : When H am il ca r , surnamed Barca , was in command of the Ca rth a ginians in Sicily he promised large prizes to the CELTs who were at that tim e in his pay and to the Libyans who were allied with him , which , when he returned to

Libya , they demanded , and in this way the Libyan war 3 . 7 was kindled Mago , the admiral , giving up all hope of success in Iberia , sailed to the country of the Ligurians

CELTs . 39 : and the to levy mercenaries Later , when th Romans were at war with the CELTs along the Po and with P hilip of Macedon , the Iberians took advantage of their u occ pation and made another attempt at a revolution .

H a nniba l 4 : H P , annibal crossed the yrenees into CEL

5 : H e TICA , which is now called Galatia . attacked Taur H e asia a CELTIC city and took it by storm . put the prisoners to death in order to strike terror into the rest E of C LTICA . Then , marching to the river Eridanus , now a l Po c l ed the , where the Romans were engaged in war

E T 6 : H a n C L s . with the tribe of called Boii , he encamped e P nibal cross d the o on bridges which he had built , and these exploits , following upon his passage of the Alps , raised his fame among the farther CELTs as an invincible general and one most highly favored by fortune and

ELTs him n a when the C saw passi g mong their bands , now

ou - in the form of a y th , now of an old or middle aged man , they were astonished and believed that he possessed a

8 : divine nature . A part of the Apennines , near the G Ionian promontory , is occupied by reeks , the rest by CE LTs who in former times had attacked Rome and burned

10 : H e CELTs the city, etc . gave the booty to the who were in his army to conciliate them by hope of gain , and 12 H e CELTs then marched forward . encouraged the who

52 : H were still friendly . asdrubal was received in a

ELTs 54 : Nor friendly way by the C . did Mago , who was

ELTs . levying mercenaries among the C , send him any aid

Pa n 5 : G , But the Libyans who were subject to the artha i in wa r ginians and had taken pa rt with h m the in Sicily, TH E D CELT WOR . 63 and the CELTs who had served as mercenaries and had certain grievances against the Carthaginians because their pay had been withheld and that promises had not in been kept , made war on the Carthaginians a very for 1 midable manner . 7 : While Mago was enlisting Ligurians

e T 17 : and C L s to attack her ( Italy) on the ﬂank . Some of 40 the CELTIC and Ligurian mercenaries arrived . : The third part of the army was composed of Gram s and

44 : CELTs Ligurians . The and Ligurians who were on the enemy ’s side H annibal rode away to the assistance E 46 i of the Ligurians and C LTs . : See ng that the Iberians

47 : H a o and CELTs had come together . annibal returned

ELTs 49 companied by th e Iberians and C from the hill . a s a Mago , who w still collecting mercenaries mong the

E Ts 54 : You C L . shall no longer collect mercenaries from 59 ELTs . : the C and Ligurians Mago , who is leading many E T Ill r 2 L s . . : other bands of C and Ligurians y , It is said P G that the Cyclops olyphemus and alatea had three sons , ELTU S G C , Illyrius and alas all of whom set out from Sicily CELTs Ill ria ns and that from them the nations called , y and

4 : A u riens s G al a t es took their origin . ( The t a e ) joined with M olist om u s and with the CELTIC peoples called Cim D t m’ bri and marched on elphi , but the greater part of he were soon destroyed just before the attack The god shook the land of the CELTs with an earthquake and de stroyed their cities , nor did the calamity cease until the i nhabitants , abandoning their abodes , made an incursion among the Illyrians who were equally guilty with them selves and were weakened by pestilence . Their lands were plundered and the invaders , contracting the plague , P ﬂed and laid waste all the way to the yrenees . As they n were turni g back towards the east , the Romans , mindful CELTs of their former encounters with the , and fearing

the A l s a nd inva d e-It a l s lest these too should cross p y , et out but were with both consuls defeated with their entire army . This defeat of the Romans brought great fear of the CELTs to all Italy until the Romans elected Gaius Marius to H lead their army . e had just overcame by force the Nu midia ns and the Mauritanians of the Libyans , and as I CA TH LIC NI VE RSIT B ULL TIN 64 O U Y E .

CELTs h a d have related when speaking of the , defeated the i C mbri several times with great slaughter . By this time CELTs n n the , bei g reduced to such weak ess that they were

excluded from every land , turned back home inﬂicting

ff 5 : and su ering many hardships on the way . Such was the punishment which the god inﬂicted upon the Illyrians

CELTs . i and the for their impiety But , aga n , certain Illy S co rdis ci rian tribes , especially the , the Maedi and the D ELTs ardani , along with the C overran Macedonia and G in reece at the same time and pillaged many temples , D cluding that of elphi , although they suffered great losses

n - that time also . It was the thirty two years since the

ELTs Romans had had their ﬁrst encounter with the C . ’ 8 : The Romans being engaged in a three years war

ELT P 12 : with the C s along the river 0 . While Caesar was i E 15 n command of the C LTs . : It is a wonder to me that so many great Roman armies should have crossed the Alps to descend among the CELTs and Iberians and should have h v overlooked these (Illyrian) tribes , and t at e en Julius did Caesar , who was such a successful general , not de stroy them in the ten years he was at war with the CELTs

and wintering in that very country . It seems , however , that the Romans were intent only on crossing the Alps G and accomplishing what they had set out to do , and aius seems to have deferred putting an end to the Illyrians both because he was busy with the CELTIC difﬁculties and because of his strife with Pompey which stopped the CEL

TIC war . It appears that he was appointed ruler of Illyria

ELTs — l as well as of the C not of all I lyria , but of as much

29 : of it as was then under Roman control . I think that the Rhaetians and the Noricans were subdued by Gaius M h r 9 ELTs it . 5 Caesar when he was at war with the C . , ( H e assigned) Marcus Pomponiu s to the territory around

109 : H e M ith ra d a t es the Ligurian and CELTIC seas . ( ) CELTs planned to go to the , whose friendship he had for a

long time cultivated for this reason , and with them to H invade Italy aving formed this plan , he was eager T 111 Bit it s EL s . ee u u a lea e to hasten to the C Then , s ing d r ELT TH E WORD C . 65

E 112 H of the C LTs . : e formed alliances with the Sam E 119 H e nites and the C LTs . : established friendly rela ELTs V n tions with the C with a iew to the i vasion of Italy .

ll i 29 : Be v. . C , I , Apuleius brought forward a law to divide

ELTs the territory which the Cimbri , a tribe of C lately driven out by Marius , had taken possession of in the coun try which the Romans call G a l a t ia and which was re k garded as no longer belonging to C alates but to the

109 : Romans . The Rhone ﬂows through the country of the Transalpin e CE LTs and empties into the Tyrrhenian 11 W sea . 7 : hile Spartacus was endeavoring to hurry CELTs across the Apennines to the Alps and thence to the , one of the consuls anticipated him and checked his ﬂight 2 1 . 7 : while the other drove him on , Meanwhile , Caesar , who had accomplished among the Gra m s and Britons the many brilliant exploits which I have told of when speaking CELTs of the , had come with vast riches to that part of l P 2 Galatia which borders on Ita y about the river o . 3 a Caesar had just crossed the sea from Brit in and , setting out from the corm t ry of the CE LTs who live along the 300 Rhine , he passed the Alps with foot and horse 41 and arrived at Ravenna . : Caesar took awa y some of the money which was said to have been deposited in earl y m ELTs ti es because of the C , with a public curse upon who d T ever woul remove it except in case of a CEL IC uprising . H e said that by getting complete power over th e CELTs he

49 : had released the city from the curse . At that time , Caesar had ten infantry legions and CELTIC horse Some CELTIC cavalry and others from G alatia in the 50 ur east . : O own forefathers abandoned their city when

ELT n the C s i vaded it , and Camillus hastened from Ardea

3 : d o d W e and saved it . 7 ( Caesar a dresses his s l iers ) who a have added four hundred nations of the Iberi ns , the 134 CELTs and the Britons to our country . : Will they ( Caesar ’s soldiers ) consider the rewards of their vic tories over the Ce LTs and the Britons secure when he who g ave them is outraged ? 140 : ( Brutus speaks ) The peo ELTs ple gave you to Caesar to conquer the C and Britons , and you should be honored and rewarded fo r your brave C TH LIC NI E SIT LLE TIN 66 A O U V R Y BU .

deeds but . since neither envy nor time nor the for g et fulness of man can extinguish the fame of your valor CELTs l against the and Britons , you shou d have the re 141 wards due to it . : They distributed among you the property of your own people who had enrolled you in ’ Caesar s army and had sent you forth to ﬁght the CELTs

150 : H e and given thanks at your festival of victory . ( Caesar) fought thirty pitched battles in the country of

ELTs u the C alone , until he had subdued four h ndred na

tions which , up to that time , had caused such fear to the

Romans that , in the law which exempted priests and old

s ervrce : men from military , it was written except in case of a CELTIC invasion ” And then they ( Caesar ’s

ELTs troops ) were badly beaten by the C , when his great

defeat took place under his generals Cotta and Tit urius .

2 : D III , They had gone to their prefectures , ecimus Bru tus to CELTICA which borders on Italy 27 : (Anthony asked for) Cisalpine CELTICA which was under the com D mand of ecimus Brutus Albinus , remembering that it was from that CELTICA that Caesar had set out when he P conquered ompey, and he thought it would seem as if he

was calling his own army back to CELTICA and not to Italy .

But the Senate , considering that part of CELTICA as its nn in own stronghold , So he pla ed to ask the people , f o . stead the Senate , for the province of CELTICA by a law 9 No 2 : w i. e , Antony , needing also the favor of Caesar ( . Oct a vianu s ) himself to procure through the people the ex 30 change of CELTICA . : The law concerning CELTICA was

at once proposed . But , there were some who held that that province should be made free in every respect for they had great fear because of the nearness of CEL 31 . : 3 : k TICA The law concerning CELTICA . 7 As I now that

D rest I he ( ecimus Brutus ) was more daring than the , took

CELTICA from him and , for the appearance of the Senate , I promised to give him Macedonia in exchange when 38 it would lose its army . : What a strife there is to take C ELTICA from me , which has already been given to me . To have a change made in the law concerning CEL 43 TICA . : Antony would lead the army to the province TH E D CELT WOR . 67

him 45 n assigned , namely to prosperous CELTICA . : Si ce D ecimus had refused to surrender CELTICA . 46 : Thus he (Antony) was conducted in splendor to Ariminum Pl a which is at the frontier of CELTICA . ncus in 9 the rest of CELTICA had three legions . 4 : An tony o r D dered ecimus , who was in CELTICA, to pass over to Ma 50 H cedonia . : e (Antony) had overpowered CELTICA by force of arms contrary to the wishes of the Senate , and 5 made it a stronghold against the coun try . 7 : They knew that the people had given him (Antony) CELTICA N D evertheless , they voted commending ecimus for not H e yielding CELTICA to Antony . (Antony) marched

H t o . . e e upon CELTICA . turned his cours CELTICA 55 W th e 53 : To remain in CELTICA . : e did not vote com 59 mand of CELTICA to Antony . Into CELTICA . W hether , as a matter of policy or for the sake of

we . the people , should permit Antony to hold CELTICA 61 60 : Antony accepted CELTICA from the people . H e ( Piso ) was not able to secure for him (Antony) the command of CELTICA . They voted to order that Antony be given Macedonia instead of CELTICA . l E D s Antony sha l relinquish C LTICA to ecimu , and , on a certain day, shall retire to the hither side of the River Rubicon , which forms the boundary of in Italy and CELTICA, and shall refer himself all mat 2 ters to the judgment of the Senate . 6 : H e ( Cicero ) ’ favors a man ( Decimus ) who took CELTICA after Cze sa r s ’ s death without anyone permission , and makes war on one (Antony) who took it by the authority of the peo ple . . And if I withdraw from CELTICA, then I am

63 : neither an enemy nor a monarch . The people gave 4 a me (Antony) CELTICA according to law . 6 : The p pointment of Decimus to the province of CELTICA had been conﬁrmed 70 : H e ( H irt ius ) pitched his camp with “ ’ CELTs out palisades in a village near the plain , called ” - 3 H Market place . 7 : e read aloud the letters of the Sen

f 74 ° n ate giving him command o CELTICA . Thanksgivi g festivals of ﬁfty days were decreed for the victory over — u th e Antony , a greater n mber than Romans had ever A NI 68 C TH OLIC U VE RSIT Y BULLE TIN .

ELTs voted , even after the victory over the C or any other

88: H victory . aving crossed the river Rubicon from CEL

9 : - TICA into Italy . 7 Except the body guard of CELTIC cavalry H e ( Decim us ) changed his clothing for

the CELTIC dress , and , as he was acquainted with the lan

guage , escaped with the rest just as any CELT . 98

H h e aving been captured by robbers and bound , enquired E T t who was leader of this tribe of C L s . Learning h a t

it was Camillus , for whom he had done many kindnesses , D he asked them to lead him to Camillus ecimus ,

” ' e ld S chwei h au s er who had govern d O Farther , g ) CEL TICA un der him ( Caesar ) and had been appoin ted by him to the consulship for the next year and to the governor

1 : ship of the rest of CELTICA . IV, Trebonius in Asia and

D 2 : ecimus in CELTICA . Antony was to have all CELTICA P except the borderland of the yrenees , which was called Old CELTICA ; of this , together with Iberia , Lepidus was in 9 . : command The great work which we (Lepidus , Antony and Oct a v ianus ) have accomplished and have under con

trol in Iberia and CELTICA and at thing , how ’ a ever , remains for us to do , to go after C esar s mur 33 d erers . : beyond the sea Let war come then , with the

EL P 38 : H e M es s a ll a C Ts or arthians . ( ) was in command i Oct a via nu s of a ﬂeet at Actium aga nst Antony, and sent CELTs him as a general against the who had revolted , and ,

. 58 when he had conquered them , granted him a triumph While Antony was besieging (Brutus ) in the country of

ELT 88 : the C s . Brutus had CELTIC and Lusitanian P horsemen , Thracians and Illyrians , and arthians and Thessalians ; Cassius had Iberians and CELTs The kings and tetrarchs of the Galatians in Asia

95 : followed him as allies . It is said that the city (Rome) G was once taken by the E M S, the wildest kind of barbar

ians , but it has never been said of them that they cut off

the head of anyone , neither did they insult the dead nor

3 : begrudge their enemies to escape . V . It was decreed with the consent of C aesar ( Oct a via nu s ) and carrying out the intention of the elder Caesar that the CELTs on the 22 hither side of the Alps should be independent .

L 7 0 CA TH OLIC UNI VERSITY B UL E TIN .

s oned their food and wine with noxious herbs the CELTs

left them behind in the tents and ﬂed during the night . A u t a ria t a e Then the , concluding that they had retreated m out of fear of them , took possession of the ca p and gorged themselves with the wine and food so that pres ently they fell sick with Violent ch olics and the CELTs com

. C . s u b ing up slew them as they lay there ( f below , m 41 FH t h n Th o s . 0 A e a eus eo u G 1 . 5 : s ub , p p , fr , p ( CELTIC Women) An intestine discord broke out among the GE M S and the two sides had already armed themselves n against each other , when the women taki g a place be tween the two armies judged o f the dispute and settled the difﬁculty so amicably that the men b ecame friends wn and were reconciled throughout their to s and villages . CELTs Ever afterwards , when the held deliberation of war or peace or concerning matters that p ert a m ed to the dif f erent tribes or their allies , the question was decided by

their wives . Even in the treaties which they made with H annibal it was speciﬁed that if the CELTs should have n any charge to bri g against the Carthaginians , the com manders and generals of the Carthaginians should be the

j udges , but , if the Carthaginians should urge any charg e

ELTs against the C , the dispute should be referred to the ELT Plut a r h Th irt e C s C . c e V wives of the ( f above , u s of

m 4 - n 2 6 B D . 2 a nn ELT Wo e . 7 o C s , p ) VIII , , ( The under the leadership of their king Brennu s took Rome by

assault and kept possession of it for seven months . Camil the lus gathered together the Romans who were , outside

G . n city, drove out the E M S and recovered the city Thirtee CELTs at years later , the again mustered up courage to n tack the city and encamped near the river A io , a short m distance from the city . Camillus took com and of the army and ordered that helmets all iron and smooth be forged to stand the broadswords of the CELTs with

which they were wont to strike from above and cut down , so that their swords would glide off and be broken ; and he ordered that their shields be bound with a thin rim of Be bronze , since the wood would not stand the strokes .

sides , he taught the soldiers how to use the long spear at H E EL T WORD C T . 7 1

close quarters and to intercept with their swords the C ELTs blows of the enemy . Thus , the steel of the , being

- soft and ill tempered , was soon turned and their swords

bent double and made useless in the ﬁght , so that they l were easily overcome and most of them fe l , the rest saved ’ P a millus 25 themselves by ﬂight ( From lutarch s C , ,

' 1 W C ELTs : hen the had taken possession of Rome , the Romans concluded a treaty with them by which the

Romans bound themselves to pay tribute , leave a gate l of the city open at all times and give them cu tivated land . ELTs Thereupon , the C pitched their camp and the Romans i treated them as friends , send ng them a variety of pre in h sents and large quantities of wine , whic the bar ba rians e LTs indulged so freely , as the C are by nature d immoderately fond of intoxicating rink , that they were overcome by it and the Romans fell upon them and slew

them all .

Pa us a nia s 4 1 : Of al a t es , I , , late , the name G has prevailed for

them . For formerly they called themselves and were ELTs 9 5 W C . : also called by others , ith the exception of CELTs the country of the , no country is to be compared

in population with the whole of Thrace . All

Thrace is subject to the rule of the Romans , but , of the CE LTs in land of the , only so much is their control as they i judge worth hold ng . Those parts they possess , but they

have overlooked those that they suppose worthless , either because of the excessive cold or the barrenness of the

30 3 : soil . , Those Ligurians who live beyond the Erida;

33 4 : nus in the CELTIC territory . , The Iberians and

CELTs do not dwell near the river of the ocean , but near

the most distant sea that men can sail , where lies the

35 5 : a t t h e island of the Britons . , I am not surprised magnitude of the CELTs who are the farthest inhabit ants of those lands that are almost deserts because of

the extreme cold . They are called Cavares and they do not differ at all in size from the corpses which one

50 1 : l sees in Egypt . VIII , , More oblong shie ds like the 19 5 ELTs . : C long , large CELTIC shields X , , The made their ﬁrst expedition beyond their own frontiers under I T N 72 CA TH OLIC UNI VERS T Y B ULLE I .

l s the leadership of Ca mba u e . They marched as far as Thrace but did not dare contin ue their journey be cause they were aware that they were but few and no

ﬂ. G . 5 : match for the forces of the reeks But , when they

decided to make war again in foreign lands , they were urged on especially by those Wh o had taken part before with Camba ul es and having had a taste of the pleasures ’ of a robber s life , were incited by a desire for plunder and

- A depredation . A large force of foot soldiers was got t O

gether and an equally numerous body of horse . Then their leaders divided the army into three parts and each f division was ordered to march into a di ferent country .

: CE LTs 7 But , as the had not then the courage to proceed G into reece , their second army likewise returned home . 1 1 : This mode of ﬁghting they call in their native lan t rim a rcis ia s guage , for it is to be remarked that the word ELTs m a rha 0 C s . 2 for horse in the language of the is , 7 : ELTs For , the C are , besides , far taller than other men .

21 1 : H e Brennu s , ( ) employed no Grecian prophet nor did he perform any of the sacred ceremonies of his own

country , if, indeed , there is such a thing as a CELTIC form 4 ELT . : C s of divination But , as the were far more ex h a ust ed than the Greeks and were not making much pro

gress in the conﬁned space , but were suffering twice

and four times as much , their commanders gave the sig

nal to return to camp .

A elia nus On t h e na t u re o A nim a ls 33 : , f , XII , In the war that the CELTs carried on with the Romans they drove away

the defenders , entered the city and took possession of

H . Rome with the exception of the Capitolian ill, etc

CELTs a But , when the found that there was no p

proach from any side , they decided to wait until the dead of the night when the defenders would be sound asleep ﬁn d un and then attack them , for they hoped to an guarded passage where the Romans least of all expected l a s 16 e a t e . : d. the G to attack them XIII , I hav been tol

that the CELTs and the Marseillais catch the tunny - ﬁsh k with hooks that are of iron and very large and thic . 25 CELTs XV, : I have been told that the likewise feed TH E WORD CEL T . 73

t o o their horses and cattle on ﬁsh . They say, , that their horses running away from the scent of man come to the

southern parts of Europe , especially when the south wind

a rious H is t ories 31 : In blows . V , II , At all events , no

dian , CELT or Egyptian ever had such a conception ( of the existence of the gods ) as Euh emerus of Messina or Diogenes the Phrygian or H ippon or Diago ra s or Sosias

or Epicurus had . For , these barbarians maintain that the gods exist and that they watch over us and that they announce coming events through birds and portents and entrails and that through various sciences and observa tions men can learn these things by providence of the

gods . And they say that in dreams and by the stars

many things are made clear beforehand . And , because

they have a firm belief in these things , their worship is sincere and they make it a point of religion to keep them selves pure ; they fulfill the rites and observe the law of i their sacrifices and practice other th ngs , from all which

it will be granted that they honor and worship the gods .

12 23 : CELTs , I have heard it said that the are the most

adventurous of all men . Even the subject of their songs

is the death of warriors who fell bravely in battle . They advance to the fight wearing crowns and they erect troph a nd ies , by which both to magnify their deeds , in the G manner of the reeks , to leave a monument to their valor . They consider it such a disgrace to flee that they do not attempt to escape from falling walls or colla psing build ings ; they even permit themselves to be entrapped by in the fire a burning house . Many of them take their stand against the rising sea and some even take their arms and attack the waves and meet their rush with

- broad swords , brandishing their spears just as if they

could frighten or wound them .

Pollux Onom a s ticon 1 149 10 13 s , , , ( , ) A CELTIC sword ( ensis N ricu o s . 5 3 5 1 ) , 7 ( , ) CELTIC hounds . l n mm Ga e C o ent . 3 in H i o r d e e id 0 K c . . 7 . . 1 . , pp , p , III , 7 A ,

726. ELT Comparing with them infants , Scythians , C s and G u ermans who are known to be of more h mid , but not D T m m . e e er ntis 6 a e K . 1 62 colder temperament p , II, , , 7 LI I E I E T N 7 4 CA TH O C UN V RS T Y B ULL I .

CELTs G The , the ermans and all the race of Thrace and

Scythia have cold , damp skin which is consequently soft ,

white and hairless . For , all the natural heat of the body is discharged with the blood into the inward parts

where it is crowded and stirred up and where it boils ,

and , consequently, the men are passionate , daring and

' ' ' D a nit t t enda 5 . 9 ic . e S a e u 33 : e0 7 ov quick to anger , p The p ELTs which grows in the country of the C . Ir n A a ins t H er i r 3 Y u e a eus es es . : o , g , I p are not to expect CELTs from me , who am living among the ( at Lyons ) and

accustomed to use most often the barbarous dialect , any

skill in diction which I have never learned , nor faculty of

orna m en composition which I have never practiced , nor t a t ion of style and persuasiveness of which I am igno

10 2 : a rant . I , , For , the churches which have been est b lish ed in Germany do not believe nor hand down any e other teaching , nor do those which have b en planted

CELTs among the Indians , the , in the East , in Egypt , in

Libya and in the central parts of the world .

Lucia n A olo 15 : Wh t h e e , p gy , en , on your way to see west rn G l ocean , you cross CELTICA ( aul ) , you wi l come upon us who are reckoned among those sophists who are d es erv

n H ow t o writ e H is t or 5 : ing of receivi g high pay . y, If

some day there should be another war , for example of

ELTs the C against the G etae , or of the Indians against the 19 Bactrians . : Such a coldness was there that was colder

31 : than Caspian snow or CELTIC ice . The third legion and the CELTs and a small division of Moors un der Ca s s iu s A l ex a nd er o r Th e had already crossed the Indus . , F r h a ls e P o et 27 : W . . p , hen , then , the foolish CELT ( i e S everia nu s ) had allowed himself to be persuaded and had un ex edit ion h e w dertaken the p , was destroyed and cut do n h r 51 with his army by Ot ya d es . : (Alexander the prophet) often answered the barbarians in Syriac or CELTIC if either happened to be the native language of those con sultin ﬁn d g him , since it was not always easy to persons staying in the city of the same race as those who might

' Th E nu h n . e u c 7 ask him questions , A certai Academician TH E WORD CELT . 75

who was a eunuch from the country of the CELTs and who

it e r h e ﬂourished in G reece a little before our time . Jup t

Tra edia n 13 : d G g , They do not all un erstand reek , and Jupiter , I am not such a polyglot as to be able to P make myself understood to the Scythians , ersians ,

ELTs Twic e A ccus ed 27 : Thracians and C . , I journeyed

H rc ul e im m him . e s with h even to CELTICA and I ade rich , 1 : The name by which the CELTs call H ercules in their O native language is gmios , but they represent the god 2 in an entirely different and monstrous form . : I really thought that the CELTs had given H ercules that form G maliciously as an insult to the gods of the reeks , to punish him in the painting for having once invaded their ’ in G er on s land and taken booty when , his search for y 4 . : oxen , he raided many of the western peoples But

a certain CELT standing by , not unacquainted with our literature it seemed since he spoke excellent Greek “ ( said) We CELTs do not represent Eloquence as Mer ”

H . : cury as you G reeks do , but as ercules 7 The CELT

P d lo is t a : . s eu o told me so much g , II For , the word did G not properly belong to the language of the reeks , but i ELTs was brought in through their ntercourse with the C ,

the Thracians or the Scythians .

l m nt A l ex n ri Th In t r t r 2 1 C e e o a d a e s uc . 86 P f , o , II, , p ott

CELTs the Scythians , the , the Iberians and the Thra

eiaus , all of them warlike nations , are above all addicted to intoxication which they regard as a good a nd happy 2 3 . 6 : f E T habit to practice . III , p 7 O the nations , the C L s

and the Scythians wear their hair long , but they do not h adorn themselves . The flowing hair of t e barbarians has something fearful about it and their reddish hair

threatens war since that hue resembles blood . Both

these barbarian nations hate luxury, as may be shown G clearly from the case of the ermans and the Rhine , and

4 . 269 the Scythians and the waggon . p : There are many ’ CELTs who bear aloft women s litters and carry them

about . 9 1 t h en I 151 - 152 Po s id niu s A a eus V 36 . : e o , p says that the CE LTs spread grass for their guests to sit on and E I L TI 7 6 CA THOLIC UNI V RS TY B U LE N .

place before them food on wooden tables raised a little

above the ground . The food consists of a few loaves of

bread , and a good deal of meat in water and cooked on

the coals or on spits . They eat in a cleanly manner

enough , but like lions , taking up whole joints in both ff hands and biting O pieces , and any part that is not off easily torn away, they cut it with a small knife which in they keep for the purpose in a sheath a separate box . Those who live near rivers and near the Mediterranean

and the ocean eat ﬁsh also , roasted with salt and vinegar and cummin seed : they throw cummin seed also into

their drink . But they use no oil because of its scarcity, and it is unpleasant to their taste becau se they are not T . “ used to it hen many of them dine together , they sit

in a circle , and the most powerful sits in the middle like ch oru s f or the leader of a , he excels the rest either in mili N in . tary skill , or birth , or in riches ext him sits the

host and so on in order on each side , according to the

prominence of the rank of each guest . The soldiers with their large oblong shields stand behind while the

spear - bearers sit Opposite in a circle and fare the same

as their masters . The drink is served and passed around in vases which look like beakers and are made either of

earthenware or of silver . Some have platters of the

same material on which the food is served , but others have them of bronze and still others have wooden or

plaited baskets for that purpose . Among the rich the drink is wine which comes f rom It a ly or from the environs i of Marseilles . This is drunk pure , but somet mes a little

water is mixed with it . Among the lower classes the nk dri is a beer made of wheat prepared with honey, but most drink it unmixed ; this is called c orma ( the Modern “ corm Irish , beer , ale They all drink out of the

same cup , in small draughts , not more than a wine glass ,

at a time . This is repeated rather frequently . A boy carries the liquor aroun d ﬁrst on the right hand and

then on the left . This is the way they are waited on , and

this is the way they worship their gods , always turning

CA TH LIC NI VE RSIT B LLE TIN 78 O U Y U .

streams bearing down gold dust ; and the women and

the feeble - bodied men s cratch among the sands and separate the particles which they wash and bring to

- Po s ei i the melting pot , as my authority don us says is done among the H elvetians and among certain other 1 ELT 9 2460 4 P i s 4 . : o s doni tribes of C . p e us of Apamea says in the twentieth and in the third book of his CELTs histories that the , even when they are going to

war , take with them certain companions whom they call “ ” 4 b 38 . 3 . 7 parasites VIII, p ( quoting the comic po et E hi u s 21 2 2 3 . 5 . 5 K 2 p pp , fr . , vol , about the year 33 B . Put out the ﬁre , CELT , and do not burn them more .

Th m us Th H r 60 . n eo o e is t o X , p quoti g p p , y Of h l — H P i i . 41 F 284 Th G . : eo om u s p , frg I p ff) ( p p says ) that when the CELTs went to war with them (the

“ A rdia ei kn ) , owing their intemperance , they ordered all th e soldiers to prepare as magniﬁcent a feast as they

could for them in the tent , and to put in the food certain herbs which had the power to cause severe pains and W d diarrhoea . hen this had been one some of them were ELTs taken by the C and put to death , the others threw

themselves into the river , being unable to endure the a P 9 . 603 a . 7 pains in their stom chs XII , p ( From osei ' i Di d ru s 2 K eA-rot as a a wv d on u s . o o 3 7 ; cf , V, , ) B pB p ’ ' ’ ' f B dh o c u o a K a Ica h h t a ra g ovre vva Z/ca Ira I IIco k v v w. LTOl. s x e y s u X p ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ “ 3 0 m m c w (i) wt d/cis emove e7rl ra ils Sepa ls nerd. 15 ep uev v a rra ri

ea da t t . a s s ius 49 1 : C , XXXIX, , The Rhine issues from the CEL

TIC Alps a short distance beyond Rhaetia , and ﬂowing westward leaves Galatia and its inhabitants on the left ; it bounds the CE LTs on the right and ﬁn ally empties into

2 : n the ocean . This bou dary which occasioned the dif

ference in names is Observed even to this day since , in

very ancient times , the nations dwelling on each side of

31 nn 54 . 2 ELTs . a o the river were called C XL , ( B A mbiorix summoned a force of mercenaries from the

E 39 : C LTs . CELTs . 4 : Before the came to their aid Ver ’ cing et orix defeat was due partly to the CELTs that were allied wi th th e Romans ; for to their attacks with un H T E IVORD CELT . 7 9 wearying bodies they added the strength of daring and 4 . 8 thus broke through the surrounding ranks XLVII , ,

2 a u CELTIC ( . . Some of the troops deserted from 0 2 5 29 . ae . them ( C sar and Antony) to Brutus LI , , ( B

Treveri ELTs For , the who had brought in the C

( z G erm a ns ) were still under arms as were also the a i n u r l w Cantabri the V cca e a d the A st es . These a st ere S t a t ilius N G a l subdued by Taurus , the former by onius

21 5 : On Cms a r lus . , the ﬁrst day , celebrated the vic P D tories over the annonians and the almatians , the Ia pud es and their neighbors and some Gram s and G a l G i a nd ates . For , aius Carinas had subdued the Mor ni s ome others who had revolted with them and had driven back the Suevi who had crossed the Rhine prepared for d war . (At the de ication of the Curia Julia ) bands D of acians and Suevi fought with each other . The latter

CELTs are , the former a kind of Scythian tribe and dwell 12 5 a nn across the Rhine LIII , , ( o All the C N Lu dun m alates , both of arbo and of g u , the Aquitani ELTs and the C , both themselves and the colonists among

6 : ELTs them . Some of the C , whom we call Germans , had occupied all that part of CELTICA which is near the Rhine ,

erm ania and caused it to be called G , the upper part ex tending to the sources of the river and the lower part to 2 nn 25 . 6 4 a the ocean of Britain , ( o ) It was about this same time that Marcus Vinicius , who was prosecuting certain CELTs because they had seized and put to death some Romans who had gone to their country to have dealings with them , himself gave the title of Emperor 20 nn 16 . 4 a o to Augustus LIV, , ( ) The greatest of the wars which at that time fell to the Romans to wage , which was also perhaps one of th e reasons why Augustus

E 21 2 a nn C LTs . o 15 left the city, was with the , ( ) For , much harm had been done by the CELTs and much too by 32 1 a nn D n . h a certain Licinius , ( o rusus , havi g o CELTs G served the ermans ) crossing the Rhine , 0 nn 1 . d . 36 3 a o rove them back , ( B Tiberius was A u summoned from Galatia , whither he had gone with D l a a th gustus and quelled th em ( the a m ti ns ) . Of L N E E N 80 CA TH O I C U I V RS IT Y BULL TI .

nations of the CELTs Germans ) and other tribes and S u a mbri the Chatti , who had gone over to the g , having abandoned the land which the Romans had given them

to dwell in , some were weakened , others subdued by

4 : Drusus . After that they returned with Augustus to

Rome , while he himself ( the Emperor) delayed in Lyons where he would be near the CELTs and could keep close

watch on affairs . The victorious soldiers were paid what had been voted them for their successes and they per

formed such other duties as belonged to them . LVI ,

23 4 a uu o 10 . , ( A Since there were a great many ’ s ELTs K ek ' r o z G a la t e and C in Rome ( G ermani , but distinguished from some of them livin g there

for various purposes , others serving in the guard ,

Augustus , fearing that they might revolt , sent off some of them to the islands and ordered the unarmed to leave

21 2 a uu o the city . LIX , , ( Caligula set out for n Galatia , (i . e . G aul) under pretext that he was to ope hostilities with the CELTs on the ground that they were n causi g trouble , but in fact to squeeze money from them

and from the Iberians , for they were prosperous and 28 2 a uu o S abinu s rich . LX , , ( , who had been in

command of the CELTs the German body- guards ) in 1 2 uu 69 . 7 a o the reign of Gaius ( Caligula ) LXV, ( )

CELTs . . G And , falling in with the ( i e ermans on the right hand side of the Rhine) who were guardin g him (Vit el

21 1 : ff . lius ) , they escaped without di iculty , A certain

CELT seeing this would not endure it , but taking pity on “ him (Vitellius ) said : I will help you as well as I can ” 3 2 a uu o 172 CELTs alone . LXXI, , ( ) Large numbers of from beyond the Rhine advanced as far as Italy and 13 caused many sufferings to the Romans . LXXVII , ( a uu o The CELTIC nations afforded him (Antoni nus ) no pleasure nor any pretence of cleverness or courag e but showed him to be nothing more nor less than

a trickster , a fool and an arrant coward . P li A riccm us . J u us f , The Egyptians drink beer the aeonians

K d OV r ﬂ , the CELTs ce ves ia (beer) E TH E WORD C L T . 81

r t us Li e o A ollonius 3 : Da Philos t a , f f p , V, y follows night and night follows day among the CELTs the darkness or the

daylight disappearing little by little just as here , but , it is said that in the neighborhood of C adeira and Stelae light and darkn ess fall upon the eyes all at once just like

i . : ﬂashes of lightn ng VIII, 7 Among the Scythians and CELTs who live along the Ister and the Rhine there lies a Li es city of not less magnitude than Ephesus in Ionia . v 4 P 3 K . : l 1 25 . W of the Sophists , , p hile he himse f ( olemo )

rode in a chariot adorned with silver - studded reins 2 60 H e P 1 . : belonging to a certain hrygian or CELT . , p was commonly known as the H ercules of H erodes and H e was a young man just growing his ﬁrst beard . was 2 5 . 8 : like some huge CELT and was eight feet tall . p

Some say that Alexander (nicknamed Mud - plato died in the country of the CELTs while still secretary ;

others , that he died in Italy when he had ceased to be

secretary .

H ero dianus 10 2 : CE LTs th , I , , The country of the and of

Iberians . m r 203 D . d E us ebius a 2 . : l , f g ; p ind At another siege I earne of a contrivance which served as a protection against

ﬁre - i t those bearing missiles , at the t me hat the GE M S i? remained behind at the city called Tours ( ) For ,

ELT at the time that the C s beyond the Rhine (i . e . Franks l Germans ) were on their march , a sma l detachment of i m d them rema ned behind at the city just entione , and when a number of them had been struck down th ey began to plan means of defence behind the engines ; they

dug reservoirs which they ﬁlled with water , etc .

Por h rius On t h e C a ve o t h e N m hs 28: p y , f y p , In the northern

l CELTs th e ands the bodies are large , as is evident in the ,

Thracians and the Scythians , the country of these peo

ples being humid and abounding in pastures .

E um enius Pa ne ric on C ons t a nt ine A u us t us 3 : all , gy g Thus , ’ the peoples of the CELTs and of the Belgias were united in one peace and whatever they had taken from the bar ri ns ba a they gave to the Romans . L 82 CA THOLIC UNI VE RS IT Y B U LE TIN .

m 109 14 H k n n mi Ph sio no . . : e A o y y g , p , Rose is li e a CELT , CELTs that is , a German . The , however , are indocile ,

brave and ﬁerce .

r n 96 M . : L er en e a tio is 1 60 . ib g , , p Magog , from whom are the

3 3 . 9 19 60 10 E l a s . 8 LTs a t e 8 7 . 7 C and G , p ; 7 , p The

E T 88 39 . 99 . C L s . c Gauls , who are also f . , p

Tr llius Po llio Li e o G a llienus 7 1 : P n ebe , f f , , ostumus , havi g received heavy reinforcements of CELTs Gauls ) and

la udia n 6 2 : Franks . C , , Finally, the various peoples of Peuci G rut un i A u st ro oth s the Scythians , the , g , g , Ter i E T H 25 255 n e id C L s . vi gi Visi , G p , ( cf Mommsen , ermes , ) H and the eruli , spurred on by the desire for booty , broke 9 6 . : into Roman territory and made great ravage , And

the great number of CELTIC mares that are so famous .

A nt h olo ia Pa la t ina 9 125 : i CELTs g , , The dar ng try their chil

dren by suspending them in the jealous Rhine . For , as

soon as the child is born it is bathed in the sacred stream . When just brought forth and while yet it sheds its ﬁrst ’ tears , the pitiless father , for he knows not yet a father s in love , lifts the child on his shield and tries the waters ’ his wife s virtue . She who has just given birth has this torment to suffer together with the pains of travail

for , though she knows the real father of her child , she

awaits in trembling the decision of the incons tant river .

T h l t im E t l 10 236 : h eo a c us S oca t t a is o a . p y , p , , p The equal of the CELTIC river which is the most unerring judge of the

- base born son , of virtue and of vice . 1 eor ius Pis ida P ers ia n E x edition 4 ﬁ. : G g , p , I , Be thou a

judge more powerful than the CELTIC Rhine .

l n ra I t n t nt . 12 Y t . u i io o o s a ius . : J a , O C , II p A Sp our father

was disposed to entrust to you the . command and the 2 D ELTs . 9 C : guard of the tribes of C . p It is worth while mentioning that in ancient times Rome had a sim

ila r fate . I refer to the time when the C alates combined with the CELTs and bore down upon her like a sudden

34 a f M a nentius torrent . p . C ( referring to the army g ; 1 H 24 228 CELTs G al a t es see Mommsen , ermes , ) The and , nations whom even our ancestors considered hard to con nd n a tend with a who , more tha once , streamed like n ir T TH E WORD CEL . 83

resistible torrent over Italy and Illyria and even fast ' m ened themselves upon Asia by the strength of their ar s , have been ﬁnally compelled to submit to us . They have been enrolled on the roster of our armies and have pro vid ed us with a considerable income through the taxes

y laid upon them by your father and our forefathers . After having enjoyed a long peace and the beneﬁts which result therefrom , when their country had increased in population and wealth , after having furnished your brothers with excellent soldiers , they were ﬁnally con en m a s s e strained , much against their will , to take part M n n iu 6 B in the expedition of the tyrant ( a g e t s ) . p . 3

After their line had been thrown into disorder , the soldiers gathered together in groups and reopened the battle , ashamed to be seen ﬂeeing and that it might be said of them what , up to that time , no mortal believed G possible , that a CELT or a soldier from alatia had ever ra t 2 i . 56 N turned his back to the enemy . O o p B : umer

' ous bands of heavy - armed foot and an equal number M a nentiu s of horse followed him ( g ) , and these the ELTs I G bravest , C and berians and those ermans who live

1 D— 2 . 8 8 near the Rhine and the western sea p . A : It is said that the CELTs have taken their river (the Rhine) as the inﬂexible judge of the legitimacy of their children and that neither the tears of the mothers who implore him to conceal their crime nor the fear of the fathers who wait in trembling for the fate of their wives and f o fspring , are able to affect the sentence of a judge so ti 124 ra 3 . strict and uprig ht . O o p A : So that G alatia and CELTICA became for me , thanks to her (the ’ E us bia s s e . Empress ) gift of books , a Greek museum

Let t er t t h e S ena t e and Peo l e o A t h ens 2 D o . 7 p f , p 7 I was ordered to set out with 360 soldiers for the country Ce LTs 2 8 of the where disturbances had broken out . p . 7

D— 279 B : Afterwards , Constantius , thinking that the charge he was about to entrust to me was of only slight importance and not supposing that the situation among CELTs the would change much , gave me command of the army at the beginning of spring . The corn was in full I LL IN 84 CA THOLIC UNI VE RS TY BU E T .

bloom when I took the ﬁeld . Large bands of Germans were encamped unmolested around the cities which had

E T been sacked in the country of the C L s . There were

perhaps forty- ﬁve of those cities whose walls and towers u and citadels had been demolished . The amo nt of land on this side of the Rhine occupied by the barbarians was as great as the territory which extends from the sources

of the river to the ocean . Those who lived nearest

to us were 300 stadia distant from the banks of the Rhin e . m There was , besides , a space three ti es as great which the depredations had left so waste that the CELTs could

not even pasture their cattle there . Certain other cities near which the barbarians had not yet settled were al

2 9 : . . 7 ready abandoned p C And yet , even though I

might not enjoy the glory of a triumph , I had it in my power to slay the enemy and there was no one to prevent me from leading Chn o dom a riu s all over CELTICA and showing him in their cities and making a mock of 282 D H e his misfortunes . p . : ( Constantius ) wrote let ters full of invectives against me and threatened ruin to

ELTs 283 : the C . p . B In a city near which I lived some one wrote an anonymous paper to the Petulantes and the E P 2 LTs ; . 8 C . Those were the names of the two legions 7

A : For the well - being of all and the freedom of the ELTs on human race , and especially of the C whom he ( C s an ius t t ) had already betrayed twice to their enemies . a r 320 D C es a es . : , p The soldiers of Europe who so often

brought war into Asia have been put to ﬂight , I mean the ELTs bravest of these , the Italians , Illyrians and C . And ,

CELTs since I mention the , are we to place the deeds of Alexander among the G etae on the same level with my

f ELTIC A ? M n 3 0 o C is a o o . 4 C : conquest , p g , p I was pass ing the winter in the neighborhood of my dear Lutetia which is the name by which the CELTs of the Parisians P 342 . : call their little city . A Thus , while I was living

CELTs among the , like the discontented man in Menander ,

I imposed suffering s upon myself . But this conduct of mine caused no inconvenience to a rough people like the E T 348 L s P. C : n C . But if they (the Athe ians ) preserve

N E 86 CA THOLIC U I V RSIT Y BULLE TIN.

Ca t a l ept a of th e word a l in the language of the CELTs and the equally unintelligible word t a u which follows ?

mm a nus a A i XV, ( Some say that the very ﬁrst natives ever seen in those parts ( Gaul ) were called CELTs after the name of a king who was greatly beloved G a l a t es by them , and also after the name of his mother , lli that being the Greek translation of the Latin G a . D Others hold that they are orians who , following a more H ancient ercules , settled in those regions which border 11 1 a on the ocean . , ( from C esar ) In former times when

the country was still unknown , as being barbarous , it is d suppose to have been divided into three parts , occupied

ELTs G by the C , who are also called auls , the Aquitani

and the Belgae , all differing from each other in language ,

2 : ELT . G C s institutions and laws The auls , who are , are

G n . divided from the Aquitanians by the river aron e XX , 2 a D n u 4 . ece t s , ( The tribune and secretary i was

sent to bring away at once the auxiliary troops , the

A eruli P ELTs and the Batavi with the etulantes and the C ,

and three hundred picked men from the other divisions .

5 9 : f , And straightway, that no time might be af orded P to disturb the plan decided upon , the etulantes and CELTs m besought him , on account of their com issaries ,

to give them the rule of any province he pleased , and

when this request was not granted , they retired with

- . 3 2 H out being either offended or ill humored XXI, , : e ( Julian) sent a certain Count Libino with the CELTs and P etulantes who were in winter quarters with him . 12 6 a P : . XXII , , ( Especially the etulantes and CELTs whose audacity at that time had increased beyond

10 4 a 3 ELT . s measure XXXI , , ( . 77 ) The C approaching

P ND 5 1 ELTA E n . 0 0 0 s e i res . with the etulantes . , 7 C ( o ) 161 12 ELTA E n r E 205 . 14 E TA : s e io es 5 56. L , 7, C . , 7 , 1 : C uniores j .

Nonnus P o ems on t h e le end o Ba cchus : 91 , g f XXIII , : The Eridanus did not drown the Galate nor become the

298— 300 : O grave of the CELT . I ( cean) will bring down from the skies to wander again over the land of the CELTs the ﬁery Eridanus who walks among the stars , TH E WORD CEL T . 87

201 - 203 and I will bring him to a watery end . XXVII , o Let her (Astris ) g , if she wish , to roam in the land of

ELTs the C that she , too , may become a tree and mourn

with the daughters of the Sun , weeping streams of tears .

93 : t nth on d XXXVIII , ( ) was drowne in the CELTIC

97 - 98 : H e river (the Eridanus ) . ( Bacchus ) wishes still more to hear that Olympian tale ( of t e t hon ) dear to the

4 - 5 H ELTs . : e C of the west XXXIX, ( Bacchus ) won d P ae ered at the tale , how h thon , burnt in the ﬁre , fell

ELTs with a crash into the western river of the C . XLIII ,

- in E 292 294 . The Iber follows swelling waves to the C LTIC ocean and the Bosphorus mingles the winding waters of 54 . : its double sea XLVI , I call happy the land of the

CELTs with its rude laws . ( Referring to the practice s u A nt ho lo ia Pa la tina 9 quoted above b y , ,

e o m enus Chu rch H is t o r 6 1 : S o , y, II , , For , already , tribes on i y i both sides of the Rh ne professed Christianit , as l ke wise the CELTs and the Gauls who are the most distant 13 10 inhabitants near the ocean . VII , , : In the mean

time Maximus , having raised a large army of Britons and the neighboring C alates and CELTs and other nations

in . those parts , marched into Italy l 0 S t oba eus E e a nt E x t ra ct s 29 2 . 61 : , g , I , , p For example , in

lands that are snowy and cold and , on the other hand , s un in such as are burned by the , lightning does not

strike the ground . If it should happen to , it is regarded CELTs as a wonder , as among the and the Egyptians . ’ ’ H es chius s u b a a va c ct civa s : E LTs y , Bp (read BB ) The name the C ’ ’ ub A 8 ca vo c give the long tailed apes . S p : The C E LTs who ' ub a a /ca fca c x xa i l . S ive near the Adriatic B p ( read d, ’ a t ei ot Si ee a i : y e p ) Breeches , the goatskin trews of the

- ELT ub K ex ro t. E tw C s . S LTs Another race of C . S u b p (wicker shields) So the CELTs call their shields ’ c s ub ica w ea i I ( f . p , berian arms . Others call them a d ei . V . also s ub u p s

Pr x r m D n a a r a . 438 i d o rf E g o a s f g . p : The C LTs and the G er n mans , neighbori g and barbarous tribes , he (Valerius M a ximia us n ) subdued . N 88 CA THOLIC UNI VE RSIT Y BULLE TI .

l i iu everus Dia lo u es 27 4 : W P S u p c s S , g , I , , ell , said ostum

G . . ianus , talk CELTIC , or , if you prefer , allic ( i e Romance) H e provided you tell of Martin . ( distinguishes here between the dialect of Aquitania and that of the center

of G aul . )

r s ius A ains t t h e Pa a ns 8 1 : W O o , g g , V, , hen Scipio had de stroyed Numantia and had paciﬁed the other peoples of

Th resu s . Spain , he consulted with y a CELTIC chief niu A llin ri E i t 3 2 S ido s o a s s . p , p III , , ( referring to the Ar

: verni ) I will pass over this , that it was for your sake when a boy that m en of letters ﬂocked here from all

quarters , and that it was out of respect for you that our nobility put aside the roughness of th eir CELTIC

speech (i . e . the Celtic or G aulish , not the popular Latin

or Romance ) and cultivated oratory and poetry .

Pri n r h r n ﬂ n s cia G eo a ic D es c i tio 79 . : O , g p p , this side comes 84 the Gallic Gulf which beats upon the CELTIC shore .

ﬂ : . The Island of Corsica is washed by the nearer waters

which ﬂow betwen the Sardin ian and the CELTIC sea .

279 - 285 : P Then come the yrenees , and next , the CELTIC land that borders upon the blue stream of Eridanus ’ t h . et on fount There his loving sisters mourned for , a nd there the CELTIC women who drag away the straw and fallen leaves gather the amber that trickles from in m d . l s uc u the al ers This they cal , and it is of the

color of honey and wine . S t e h a nu B nti m 0 1M s o z a u . . : p f y , p 7 , Another city named l ni E t a . 14 Ca r e . 3 A ea belongs to the p , a C LTIC tribe p , 19 : b . . There is another city of the Boii , a CELTIC tri e p

156 4 Ba i rr : t a a . , is also a CELTIC city A citizen is Bait a rri s 183 8 Bo urch anis t e . . : p , is an island in CELTICA, as

213 2 r 1 . : a mm it Strabo says (VII , , p , The G se are 2 0 1 . 5 : . 7 also a people near CELTICA p , Emporium , a

. 30 1 H r . 3 8 : e CELTIC city , is a colony of Marseilles p ,

l ia 322 9 : Ia s a c e . . ode , a city of CELTICA p , p , a tribe of c D CELTICA near Illyria , a cording to ionysius , XVI

323 3 : Ibaei e p . , The and the Ibeni are CELTIC pe ples .

2 r . 33 15 : Ins oba es Po p , The are a CELTIC race near the , n I s r 1 a c o a ls m n ob es . . 4 7 c rdi g to Polybius who c l the p , TH E CE WORD LT . 89

T 6 Li not is . . 42 4 6 : me , the CEL IC peninsula p , ( from

M aina E L C : a CE L t . ce C Ephorus) M ce , a TIC ci y , a TI city , M a 435 18 a cenu s . . is also found . The tribal n me is p ,

Marseilles is a city of Liguria near CELTICA, added P a by Stephanus ] and a colony of the hoc eans , according ’ 4 4 22 Nicsca H a aeus . . 7 : to ec t work on Europe p , , the

seventh of the name , is a city of CELTICA and a colony of “ ” 4 9 5 : N ra x a Marseilles . p . 7 , y [ CELTIC city, either

an addition of Stephanus , or something has fallen out H eca t aeu s H eca t aeu s before the name ] , according to in N ra ciu s his work on Europe . The tribal name is y , as

iu s 549 4 : N Na r c . . at arice , y p , Sabbatia is a CELTIC S abba tianu s village . The tribal names are and Sab

b a iu s 555 5 : . t . p . , Santis , a CELTIC city The tribal name i 562 1 nt it s Le t is Le t t es . . 7 : is S a e , as p , p p , Sene . a CELTIC 5 2 1 is i . 8 ena eus . : S city . A citizen is S and Seno p 7 , g isi lis . S y , a large city near CELTICA The tribal name , gy l 631 5 CELTs ites . p . , : Transalpini , tribes of beyond the

6 2 1 ELTs . 3 : C . Alps p . , Transi , a city of the The tribe h r i whom the Greeks call A g a t y s .

Z os imus 15 1 a Wh M a x iminus , I , , ( en heard of these things he set out in all haste with the Mauritanian and 28 3 a 253 A milia nu . e s CELTIC troops for Rome , ( . ) sent Valerianus to fetch the legions which were among the ELT 30 2 a 253 C s G . . G and ermans , ( ) allienus saw that of all the nations the Germans were the most difﬁcult to deal with and dangerous and caused most annoyance to the 3 2 a 2 0 . 8 6 CELTIC tribes that lived near the Rhine , ( . ) P ostumus , who had been entrusted with the command i ELTs e. m of the soldiers in the country of the C ( . co mand o f er er one of the two parts of Germany, or of all G 52 3 Norici Rh aeti many) . , : Besides the and , which i e m N are CELTIC legions ( . . the troops fro oricum Rhmt ia and , the latter at that time comprising Vindel

. 15 1 a . ica) II, , ( Constantine raised an army out

er of the barbarians whom he had conquered , both G

mans and other CELTIC nations , and the troops whom he 1 a had collected from Britain . 7 ( . Constantine

th e ELTs al a t es a 313 set out for C and G ( . ) he I E T LLE N 90 CA TH OLIC UN V RSI Y BU TI .

ELTs 33 2 a 332 ELTs marched on toward the C . , ( . ) The C who live beyond the Alps and the Iberians near the is 2 4 a f 4 . o land of Britain . , ( Meanwhile , some the l e Illyrian horse , who had come to supply the CELTIC

gions , joined with those who had assembled for this busi

43 2 : W M a nent ius ness . , hile g was still busy among the in ELTs 50 2 : a . W C . , ( here ( the woods ) he had ELTs 3 1 a 35 concealed four companies of C . III , , ( . 7 )

But Julian , ﬁnding that the military establishment in

ELTs . 1 the country of the C was utterly destroyed 7 ,

a CELTs ( . To go over to the who were under the

8 3 a . Romans . , ( Being stung with the success of what has been done among the CELTs a nd Iberians he devised pretenses he urged that two legions of the 10 3 a f ELTs . . a C be despatched to him , ( Shortly

ter , when the army which had followed him ( Julian) E T 11 1 H n C L s . : e from the land of the arrived , ( Julia ) marched forward with the army which he had recruited among the CELTs a nd another army from Sirmium itself and the legions stationed among the Paeonians and Mys 12 1 a 369 h av ians . IV, , ( . ) The Emperor Valentinian , ing brought matters to a satisfactory conclusion among G h the ermans , thought to make provision for t e future 1 1 a security of the CELTIC nations . 7 , ( . Valerian ELTs marched out of the country of the C into Illyria . 19 2 a , ( . The CELTIC countries , all Iberia and the 34 2 . a island of Britain fell to the share of Gratian , ( .

To press upon the CELTIC tribes . If they

CELTs . 4 2 would leave the alone 7 ( a . Theodosius sent Valentinian to attend to aﬂa irs in Italy and whatever concerned CELTs ,the and such matters as fell D i 51 1 Ruﬁn . : us to his share in the om nion , , a CELT by 54 birth and master of the court guards . , 3 ( a . The Emperor ( Theodosius ) was then passing the time 59 . 4 a in Vienna a CELTIC town , ( . The Emperor Theodosius left the nations of Italy and the Iberians CELTs s on H 2 . 6 3 and besides all Libya to his onorius V, , a 405 Rh . od o a isu s y ( ) A certain g , having collected an arm of men composed of CELTIC and German tribes H E ELT T WORD C . 9 1

D Rhine ma de from across the anube and the , haste to pass 40 3 5 a . 8 over into Italy . 7 ( ) They went on board ship

E LT l a t s s G a e . 1 a nd sailed for the land of the C and VI, 409 ( a . ) From Constantine who was ruling with despotic

ELTs power over the C . To return with the entire ELTs army mustered among the C , in Iberia and in

2 a the island of Britain . VI , ( . Constantine , hav ing appointed Justinian and Nev ig a st es commanders of 408 CELTs a . the troops among the , crossed over ( )

The three ranges of Alps , which obstruct the roads from the country of the CELTs into Italy and on the other side P n a nd as well , are called the Cottian , the enni e the Mar

i i r n iu s t m e . 5 e o t Alps VI , : The General G with the sol

diers from Galatia , guarded the pass from the land of E T H the C L s to Iberia . e incited the barbarians among the CELTs to rise against Constantine who could not cope with them since the greater part of his army

was in Spain . Then the barbarians beyond the Rhine o verran the whole country without restraint and brought t h e inhabitants of the island of Britain and some of the tribes among the CELTs to such necessity that they re volt ed from the sway of the Romans and lived in their

own . way , no longer obedient to the laws of the Empire

6 1 : VI , , This defection of Britain and of the tribes in the land of the CELTs happened when Constantine

usurped the government and , because of his neglect of fﬁ the o ce , the barbarians gained the ascendancy .

Pa ulus S il entia rius D es cri tion o S a int S o hia 63 - 639 , p f p , 7 220 i e. ( Marble from the deep icy Celtic crags ( . white and black marble from France ) with black shin ing surface and with milk white veins spreading out here h r and t e e and winding in every direction . L r ntius L d s D n m n 4 h a u e a e a n et e s ibus 8 . 10 R t r y , o , p oe e is In the river Arar , which is in CELTICA , found a ﬁsh l ia s which the natives call c op .

ord a na s H is t or o t h e G ot hs 36 191 : J , y f , , And some other

CELTIC or Germanic nations .

P roco ius Wa r with t h e o t hs 1 : Th e Po p , G , I , river , which is also called the Eridanus and ﬂows from the CELTIC L I E I LL 9 2 CA THO IC U N V RS TY B U ETIN .

l mountains , and other navigable rivers and agoons sur

h e . 5 round t city (Ravenna) on every side IV, : The river Ister ﬂows from the CELTIC mountains along the

Italian frontier and , after a course through the country D l of the acians , the I lyrians and Thrace , empties into Th E di ce tinia n 5 G . e s o us the Euxine ulf ﬁ f J , IV, : The

CELTs Ister rises in the mountains of the land of the ,

who are now known as Gauls , and traverses a vast tract

most of which is completely desert , except that here and there some barbarians live a wild kind of life with

out any intercourse with other men . Ins criptions containing the word CELT h a ve been found at

Alexandria in Egypt ( ﬁrst century A . at Frascati

and at Bonn (dating from the reign of Commodus ) .

PH DU N N JOSE .