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Staging the Nation, Staging Democracy: the Politics of Commemoration in Germany and Austria, 1918-1933/34

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Staging the Nation, Staging Democracy: the Politics of Commemoration in Germany and Austria, 1918-1933/34 STAGING THE NATION, STAGING DEMOCRACY: THE POLITICS OF COMMEMORATION IN GERMANY AND AUSTRIA, 1918-1933/34 By Erin Regina Hochman A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Erin Regina Hochman 2010 Staging the Nation, Staging Democracy: The Politics of Commemoration in Germany and Austria 1918-1933/34 Erin Regina Hochman Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto 2010 Between 1914 and 1919, Germans and Austrians experienced previously unimaginable sociopolitical transformations: four years of war, military defeat, the collapse of the Hohenzollern and Habsburg monarchies, the creation of democratic republics, and the redrawing of the map of Central Europe. Through an analysis of new state symbols and the staging of political and cultural celebrations, this dissertation explores the multiple and conflicting ways in which Germans and Austrians sought to reconceptualize the relationships between nation, state and politics in the wake of the First World War. Whereas the political right argued that democracy was a foreign imposition, supporters of democracy in both countries went to great lengths to refute these claims. In particular, German and Austrian republicans endeavored to link their fledgling democracies to the established tradition of großdeutsch nationalism – the idea that a German nation-state should include Austria – in an attempt to legitimize their embattled republics. By using nineteenth-century großdeutsch symbols and showing continued support for an Anschluss (political union) even after the Entente forbade it, republicans hoped to create a transborder German national community that would be compatible with a democratic body politic. As a project that investigates the entangled and comparative histories of Germany and Austria, this dissertation makes three contributions to the study of German nationalism and ii modern Central European history. First, in revealing the pervasiveness of großdeutsch ideas and symbols at this time, I point to the necessity of looking at both Germany and Austria when considering topics such as the redefinition of national identity and the creation of democracy in post-World War I Central Europe. Second, it highlights the need to move beyond the binary categorizations of civic and ethnic nationalisms, which place German nationalism in the latter category. As the republicans’ use of großdeutsch nationalism demonstrates, the creation of a transborder German community was not simply the work of the extreme political right. Third, it contributes to recent scholarship which seeks to move past the entrenched question of why interwar German and Austrian democracies failed. Instead of simply viewing the two republics as failures, it investigates the ways in which citizens engaged with the new form of government, as well as the prospects for the success of democracy in the wake of military defeat. In drawing attention to the differences between the German and Austrian experiments with democracy, this dissertation points to the relative strengths of the Weimar Republic when compared to the First Austrian Republic. iii Acknowledgements The writing of this dissertation would not have been possible without the unwavering support of a number of people. I am extremely fortunate to have worked with a dissertation committee that provided constant encouragement, as well as insightful criticism that continually pushed me to develop my ideas further. My supervisor, Jennifer Jenkins, played a formative role in my intellectual development. Due to a happy coincidence, she served as both my undergraduate and graduate advisor. I have benefited tremendously from her guidance, support, and feedback over the past decade. Doris Bergen’s enthusiasm and advice were of invaluable help in writing this dissertation and navigating the job market. Throughout the course of this project, Derek Penslar offered thought-provoking suggestions that have challenged me to position my work in a larger context. Jim Retallack provided indispensible support along the way and useful suggestions regarding political theory and history. I would also like to thank Pieter Judson for taking the time to serve as my external examiner. His incisive comments and questions have given me much to think about as I contemplate how to move my project to its next stage of development. This dissertation is primarily based on archival research. I am therefore indebted to the archivists and librarians at the Archiv der Sozialdemokratie of the Friedrich-Ebert- Stiftung in Bonn, the Bundesarchiv branches in Berlin and Koblenz, the Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts in Berlin, the Österreichisches Staatsarchiv in Vienna, the Archiv der Stadt Salzburg, the Salzburger Landesarchiv, the Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv in Graz, the Verein für die Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung in Vienna, the Archiv des Karl von Vogelsang-Instituts in Vienna, the Wienbibliothek, and the Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv who offered their assistance along the way. Special thanks go to Mag. Susanne Fröhlich at iv the Österreichisches Staatsarchiv and Heidrun Louda at the Archiv der Sozialdemokratie for taking the time to help me find relevant files within their holdings. In Toronto, the staff at the Interlibrary Loan Office at Robarts Library also aided me. I am grateful for the generous financial support that allowed me to make research trips to Germany and Austria, as well as to write up my findings. At the University of Toronto, the Joint Initiative for German and European Studies, the Munk Centre for International Studies, the School of Graduate Studies, the Faculty of Arts and Science, and the Department of History provided funding at various points throughout my graduate education. A scholarship from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) allowed me to spend a year in Berlin. The Government of Ontario awarded me a scholarship that helped me during the writing phase of this dissertation. Additionally, I would like to thank the German Historical Institute in Washington, D.C. for the opportunities to learn about paleography and archival research at the 2005 Summer Seminar in Germany and to gain worthwhile feedback on my work at the 2010 Transatlantic Doctoral Seminar. I also owe a great deal to a wonderfully supportive network of friends. During my time in Toronto, Auri and Olga Berg, Liz Burns, Heather Dichter, Katie Edwards, Erin Ellerbeck, Michelle Hoffman, Mark László-Herbert, Peter Mersereau, and Andrew Tracy were always willing to provide a sympathetic ear and to read my work. They were also able to make me laugh even during the most stressful moments of this process. In Berlin, I met three fellow graduate students – Charlotte Ball, Brian Feltman, and Chris Wiley – who not only shared in my excitement over good archival finds, but were great company in exploring the capital’s cafes, bars, and restaurants. Marlies Schacherl extended her warm hospitality to me in Vienna and made my stay there that much more enjoyable. v Lastly, I would like to thank my family, especially my parents, for their love and unfailing support. Although my parents may have found my fascination with German history a bit puzzling, they have been my biggest cheerleaders along the way. It is to them that I dedicate this work. vi Table of Contents Title Page………………………………………………………………………………………i Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………….ii-iii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………..iv-vi Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………….vii Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………….viii-ix Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………....1 Chapter 1 The Nationalization of Democracy: Discursive Attempts to Support and Defend Democracy…………………………………………………………………………………...30 Chapter 2 The Search for a German Standard: The Flag Debate in the Weimar Republic......................67 Chapter 3 Symbolizing Austria through Song? The Anthem Debate in the First Austrian Republic…120 Chapter 4 Representative Democracy: Commemorating August 11 in Germany and November 12 in Austria………………………………………………………………………………………157 Chapter 5 Composing the Volk: Cultural Commemorations with Political Implications……………...223 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….277 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..…283 vii Abbreviations AA Auswärtige Angelegenheiten AdR Archiv der Republik AdSD Archiv der sozialen Demokratie der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Bonn AVA Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv BAB Bundesarchiv Berlin BAK Bundesarchiv Koblenz BKA Bundeskanzleramt BMfHW Bundesministerium für Heereswesen CSP Christlichsoziale Partei (Christian Social Party) DDP Deutsche Demokratische Partei (German Democratic Party) DNVP Deutschnationale Volkspartei (German National People’s Party) DVP Deutsche Volkspartei (German People’s Party) GDVP Großdeutsche Volkspartei (Greater German People’s Party) MRP Ministerratsprotokolle NPA Neues Politisches Archiv NSDAP Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist Workers’ Party) ÖStA Österreichisches Staatsarchiv PAAA Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts, Berlin Präs. Präsidium PrK Präsidentschaftskanzlei RehrlBr Rehrl-Brief viii SLA Salzburger Landesarchiv SDAP Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Österreichs (Social Democratic Workers’ Party of Austria) SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany) StLA Steiermärkisches Landesarchiv U.Allg. Unterricht Allgemein VGA Verein für die Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung,
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