Pan-Germanism and the Austrofascist state, 1933–38 TTPA_PR.inddPA_PR.indd i 44/6/2011/6/2011 22:27:39:27:39 PMPM TTPA_PR.inddPA_PR.indd iiii 44/6/2011/6/2011 22:27:39:27:39 PMPM Pan-Germanism and the Austrofascist state, 1933–38 Julie orpe Manchester University Press Manchester and New York distributed in the United States exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan TTPA_PR.inddPA_PR.indd iiiiii 44/6/2011/6/2011 22:27:39:27:39 PMPM Copyright © Julie orpe 2011 e right of Julie orpe to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by Manchester University Press Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9NR, UK and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk Distributed in the United States exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA Distributed in Canada exclusively by UBC Press, University of British Columbia, 2029 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 978 0 7190 7967 2 hardback First published 2011 e publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Typeset by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire TTPA_PR.inddPA_PR.indd iivv 44/6/2011/6/2011 22:27:39:27:39 PMPM In memory of Dr Wilhelm Maier and Marjorie Nugent TTPA_PR.inddPA_PR.indd v 44/6/2011/6/2011 22:27:39:27:39 PMPM Contents List of fi gure vii Abbreviations viii Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 1 Pan-Germanism from empire to republic 16 2 Creating a fascist press at home and abroad 45 3 Pan-Germanism and Austrofascism in a small town 82 4 Reich Germans, Auslandsdeutsche and minorities 108 5 ‘Ostjude’ as anti-Semitic stereotype 153 6 Citizens, immigrants and refugees 192 Conclusion 232 Bibliography 237 Index 254 TTPA_PR.inddPA_PR.indd vvii 44/6/2011/6/2011 22:27:39:27:39 PMPM List of fi gure Figure 1 page 220 TTPA_PR.inddPA_PR.indd vviiii 44/6/2011/6/2011 22:27:39:27:39 PMPM Abbreviations AdR Archiv der Republik BKA Bundeskanzleramt BPD Bundespressedienst FZHM Forschungszentrum für historische Minderheiten HD Heimatdienst IKG Israelitische Kultusgemeinde NSDAP Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ÖJV Österreichisches Jungvolk ÖKVDA Österreichische Korrespondenz für volksdeutsche Arbeit ÖVVA Österreichischer Verband für volksdeutsche Auslandsarbeit ÖStA Österreichische Staatsarchiv PA Partei Archiv VF Vaterländische Front TTPA_PR.inddPA_PR.indd vviiiiii 44/6/2011/6/2011 22:27:39:27:39 PMPM Acknowledgements I am grateful to colleagues, friends and family who have sustained me and this project over nearly a decade since I began my doctoral thesis in 2001 at the University of Adelaide. My Doktormutter, Vesna Drapac, was the reason I embarked on a PhD in history and she has continued to guide my career via phone calls, texts, emails and visits in her home and study, which I was only allowed to visit on completion of my thesis! I have read her two books during the time I wrote my thesis and this book. e diverse subjects of the books – religion in German-occupied Paris and the international community’s responses to Yugoslavia over more than a century – have shaped my own interpretation of some of the debates surrounding Austria’s place in European history and inspired me to fi nd my own voice as a historian. e writing of this book took place in three diff erent institutions in three cities in Australia and Europe. e original doctoral thesis on which it is based was undertaken at Adelaide, where I was privileged to meet Dick Geary in my fi rst year as a PhD student while he was a Distinguished Scholar in Residence. I remember how daunted I was to have coff ee for the fi rst time with such a famous historian at the University Club, but Dick proved to be (and still is) incredibly generous to an aspiring historian, sharing not only his vast knowledge, but also his intellectual curiosity for just about everything. I was privileged also at Adelaide to be part of an active postgraduate research culture and to have opportunities to present my work to fellow students and staff . I thank all those who asked questions and showed interest in a topic that was seemingly outside the mainstream of European history. My second intellectual home in Canberra, the Australian National Uni- versity (ANU), provided a multidisciplinary space to discuss my work with other scholars and PhD students at the National Europe Centre. I am grate- ful to the Centre’s former Director, Simon Bronitt, for the investment he made in my career and the congenial atmosphere he created during the three years I spent at the Centre. I thank all the wonderful staff and fellows TTPA_PR.inddPA_PR.indd iixx 44/6/2011/6/2011 22:27:39:27:39 PMPM x for their good humour, home-baked cakes, coff ees, walks, runs, dinners, lunches, fi lm evenings, parties and staff meetings that made the Centre such a pleasurable distraction from my writing. Finally, the University of Konstanz provided me with a postdoctoral fellowship in 2009 and a stun- ning location to write. Sven Reichardt welcomed me into the history department and his transnational approach to fascism helped me fi nally to locate the Austrian case within a broader framework. Other colleagues in Britain and North America have shown an interest in my work. Tim Kirk helped me to shape the ideas from my thesis into a book and has encouraged me to continue my research in Austrian history. Pieter Judson, Gary Cohen, Jonathan Kwan and Larissa Douglass were my fellow panellists at the 2009 American Historical Association. eir com- ments and papers helped me to place my arguments about population politics and state building in the Austrofascist state within a longer trajec- tory of Central European politics. Most recently, Günter Bischof has wel- comed the fi ndings of an Australian Austrianist to the larger community of North American and Austrian scholars through the Contemporary Austrian Studies series. e research for my thesis was supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award scholarship in 2001–4. I also received fi nancial assistance from the University of Adelaide’s D.R. Stranks Postgraduate Travelling Fellowship and Research Abroad Scholarship, as well as the History Postgraduate Committee. Additional research for the book was supported by travel grants from the ANU’s National Europe Centre. I am grateful to the librarians at the universities of Vienna, Salzburg and Graz for access to microfi lm newspaper collections. I thank also the Archiv der Stadt Salzburg, the Österreichische Staatsarchiv and the Forschung- szentrum für historische Minderheiten in Vienna for their helpful assist- ance in locating fi les at short notice. In Salzburg, Ernst Hanisch pointed me to the diary of Hans Glaser and, in Vienna, Gernot Heiss generously gave me a copy of his book, Asylland Wider Willen. My translations of the newspapers were improved by Lee Kersten’s editing at Adelaide. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Wilhelm Maier, who spent hours reading aloud Glaser’s diary so that I could transcribe the old handwriting- style script. I will always remember our Kaff ee und Kuchen afternoons in Wilhelm and Erna’s home in Salzburg as Wilhelm told me his memories as a boy in interwar Austria and, later, a soldier in the Second World War. Wilhelm passed away in 2008 before I could show him the fi nal product of his work. is book is dedicated to his memory. I thank Erna and her daughter, Dorli Reinthaler, for their ongoing interest in my research. Dorli and Günter have been my Austrian parents since I lived in Salzburg in 1996. ey have welcomed me into their home and family, corrected my TTPA_PR.inddPA_PR.indd x 44/6/2011/6/2011 22:27:39:27:39 PMPM xi German, driven me to airports and train stations, taken me on road trips, and shared their lives with me for almost half my life now. eir two daughters, Edith and Claudia, have carried on the Reinthaler hospitality in Salzburg, Vienna, Heidelberg and Leipzig. Werner, Nicolas and Ian have added to the fun and now Nico and Ian are my new German teachers. My other family in Salzburg – Bernhard, Michaela and Miriam Helm- inger – provide a full social calendar every time I visit. Bernhard has been my personal tutor in Austrian politics since 1996. My case study of Salz- burg was partly inspired by his own ‘small town’ political and cultural networks, reading Salzburg’s newspaper with him on weekends, and his interest in both local and global aff airs. I thank members of my extended family who have welcomed this project into their homes as well. Julie Baker was my study companion in Adelaide for one semester. e Lavery-Jones family – Ruth, Mark, Alex and Eleanor – let me stay in their attic for the fi nal weeks of this book as I relocated to Sydney. My own family have given endless support and healthy doses of reality. Darren and Anj, Sarah and Nathan, Toby, Sophie, Maddie and Hamish have made sure I was in Newcastle at regular intervals throughout this project. My parents have watched on with a mixture of puzzlement and pride as the seventeen-year-old daughter they sent off to Salzburg fi nally wrote a book about her adopted home.