1 The historical, biographical and intellectual context of John of Garland’s De triumphis Ecclesie: A new critical edition Martin Hall © British Library. MS London British Library Cotton Claudius A x, f. 71v. Royal Holloway, University of London Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy: May 2017 2 Declaration of authorship I, Martin Allan Hall, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it are entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. …………………………. ………………………… 3 Declaration of Number of Words for MPhil/PhD Theses This form should be signed by the candidate and the candidate’s supervisor and returned to Student Administration, Royal Holloway, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX at the same time as you copies of your thesis. 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(Candidate) Signed: ..................................................................................... Date:.................................... (Supervisor) 4 Abstract Martin Allan Hall The historical, biographical and intellectual context of John of Garland’s De triumphis Ecclesie: a new critical edition This is the first full critical edition of De triumphis Ecclesie, a Latin poem of 4602 lines in eight books (plus a short prose passage), completed in 1252 by John of Garland, an English cleric and eminent grammarian teaching in the Paris Schools. It is based on scrutiny of the only surviving manuscript, also from the thirteenth century. This new text makes some 180 emendations to the 1856 printed version by Thomas Wright, with systematic re-punctuation and some re-ordering of lines and suggested completion of lacunae. The Latin text is accompanied by full palaeographical, linguistic, literary and historical notes, and illustrated with images from the manuscript. I have also prepared the first translation in any language (not submitted as part of this thesis), which with the notes and Introduction will make this important text accessible to medievalists from a range of disciplines. I offer many fresh insights into John’s life and works, as well as questioning long- standing assumptions about them. The Introduction places the poem in its classical, biblical and medieval literary setting, demonstrating a clear link with Matthew Paris’ Chronica Maiora. It examines John’s coverage of the Third and Albigensian Crusades, the reign of King John of England, Henry III’s invasion of Poitou in 1242 and the Mongol incursions into Europe in 1241-42 as well as his unique account of the hesitant first years of Toulouse University (1229-32). The poem was begun as a pastiche of these central events of John’s own lifetime as a prelude to Louis IX’s expected reconquest of Jerusalem in the Seventh Crusade. It is shown to have been hastily transformed into a rationalisation of Louis’ shocking defeat and capture in Egypt (1250), and a passionate appeal for a new crusade. I also examine John’s broader concerns for Anglo-French unity and an end to the dispute between papacy and empire, both obstacles to success in the Holy Land. 5 Table of Contents Declaration of authorship ........................................................................................ 2 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 4 Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ 5 List of Illustrations ..................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... 9 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 13 Foreword .............................................................................................................................. 13 Section 1: Life and works of John of Garland ........................................................... 15 Biography ........................................................................................................................................... 15 John of Garland’s oeuvre ............................................................................................................... 24 Section 2: The manuscript tradition and previous scholarship ........................ 29 MS British Library Cotton Claudius A x ................................................................................. 29 Thomas Wright’s edition of 1856 and nineteenth century reactions. ............................. 31 Louis J. Paetow ................................................................................................................................. 32 More recent scholarship ................................................................................................................. 33 Section 3: De triumphis Ecclesie .................................................................................... 35 Summary of poem ............................................................................................................................ 35 Date of composition ........................................................................................................................ 37 An unfinished work ......................................................................................................................... 39 John’s audience ................................................................................................................................. 42 Section 4: Literary influences and sources ............................................................... 45 The medieval epic tradition .......................................................................................................... 45 An elegiac epic .................................................................................................................................. 46 John’s literary sources .................................................................................................................... 47 History and rhetoric ......................................................................................................................... 50 Matthew Paris .................................................................................................................................... 53 De triumphis Ecclesie as literature ............................................................................................. 56 Section 5: John’s teaching and preaching .................................................................. 59 Studia generalia and the medieval curriculum ....................................................................... 59 The studium at Toulouse ................................................................................................................ 61 Tall tales on the Garonne ............................................................................................................... 64 6 Section 6: ‘Arma crucemque cano’: Church and Crusade ........................................ 66 De triumphis Ecclesie as a devotional work .............................................................. 66 Pope, cardinals, bishops and priests .......................................................................... 66 John’s use of exempla ................................................................................................ 69 War, peace