SAMIKSA

Journal of the Indian Psychoanalytical Society

Representation and Object Relation R. HORACIO ETCHEGOYEN

Mind and Brain Interactions: A Neuro-Psychoanalytic Perspective on Emotional Attention, Cytokines, and New Long-term Memory FRED M. LEVIN

Remembering, Forgetting, and Keeping Separate: Reflections on the "Gospel" according to Fr*»nd SRA BRENNER

On Aggression : The Necrophilic Society SARALA KAPOOR

Paranoid-Schizoid Anxieties, Loss, and Hie Use of Protective Identification within the Treatment Process ROBERT WASKA

Media and Society AMIT CHAKRABORTY

Book Reviews

VOLUME 57 2003-2004 BI-ANNUAL HOMAGE TO SRI HIRONMOY GHOSAL

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN PSYCHOANALYTICAL SOCIETY A Teacher Who Shines in the Mind Samlksd is to be published bi-annually from 2003. The subscription payable in advance is Rs.250/- (Rupees Two Hundred and Fifty) for inland subscribers and U.S.$ 85.00 Do you ever think of me— (eightyfive) for overseas subscribers. Subscriptions should be sent to Indian Will you ever think of me— Psychoanalytical Society, 14, Parsibagan Lane, Kolkata-700 009, India. Drafts should be But, Only as a Teacher? made payable to "Indian Psychoanalytical Society". Blamed numerous times and accused, MANUSCRIPTS Misunderstood and misjudged, Manuscripts of articles should be sent directly to the editor and must be in English. All You saw only the present— editorial communications should be addressed to the Editor, Samiksd, Indian Words limited in boundaries, Psychoanalytical Society, 14, Parsibagan Lane, Kolkata-700 009, India. Emotions transient. Contributors are requested to submit four clear copies of their articles — must be mcn printed on white paper with at least lV2 margin on all four sides, accompanied It was not easy for me either— by a floppy disk/CD written on IBM compatible word processor, for example, Word To endure this thunder, '97, Page Maker upto 6.5. All parts must be "double spaced" including references, I got burned in the process, footnotes and extracts. Footnotes are to be numbered sequentially and should appear Shed bloody tears, at the foot of the page where they are cited; footnote numbers should be typed one But, space above the line without punctuation or parenthesis. Initial footnotes referring to Unknown to you. the title of the paper or the author do not carry a number. Author's address and affiliation should appear following the reference list at the end Difficult are the ways of a Teacher— of the paper. I remained an explorer— Full reference to all works cited in the text should be given in the list of references at Happy and sad the end of the paper. Reference list must be printed double spaced. Authors should be At your success and failure, listed alphabetically and their works chronologically by date of publication (when But, several of the authors' works are referred). When an author has published several Unaware to you. works in the same year, the date is followed by a, b, c, etc. Authors' names are not repeated in the reference list; they are indicated by a line. References should only To guide is my mission— include works cited in the text. Every mind in confusion, For books — give title, place of publication, name of publisher and year of publication I too lived and died of the edition cited (if different from the original publication date). When referring to A hundred lives and deaths, the writings of , cite only the Standard Edition, e.g. S.E. But, For articles - give title, abbreviated name of the journal, volume number, and inclusive Will you understand? page numbers. References in the text should be given by quoting the journal, volume number, and If you ever falter, inclusive page numbers. You will find me in your heart' s altar- Because, References in the text should be given by quoting the author's name followed by the I am a Teacher, year of publication in parenthesis. It should be arranged in alphabetical order following standard rule, e.g. Who shines in the mind, Who shines only in the mind. SAMIKSA CONTENTS

Journal of the Indian Psychoanalytical Society

Representation and Object Relation by R. Horacio Etchegoyen Volume 57, 2003-2004 Mind and Brain Interactions: A Neuro-Psychoanalytic Perspective on Emotional Attention, Cytokines, and Editor New Long-term Memory 13 r. D. N. Nandi by Fred M. Levin 13

Remembering, Forgetting, and Keeping Separate: Assl. l£dUors Reflections on the "Gospel" according to Freud M.K. Dastur by IRA Brenner 25 Jhuma Basak Bani Pain On Aggression : The Necrophilic Society by Sarala Kapoor 37

Editorial Hoard Paranoid-Schizoid Anxieties, Loss, and the Use of I") h i re n d ra n ath N a n d i Projective Identification within the Treatment Process S a r a d i n d u B a n e rj i Shailesh Kapadia by Robert Waska 47 Sarosh Forbes Mallika Akbar M.K. Dastur Media and Society by Amit Chakraborty 59

14, Parsibagan Lane Book Reviews 69 Kolkala - 700 009 India Reviewers : Aruni Mukherjee, Sriparna Datta REPRESENTATION AND OBJECT RELATION R. Horacio Etchegoyen FORM IV RULE 8 For Samiksa with affection and admiration In Memoriam of Sri Hironmoy Ghosa! Statement about Ownership and other Particulars about the Journal Human relationships are always more than what they appear. They are operating continuously in mind. The 'representation of the object' and 'the object' is always different. They are based on four major factors also known as pillars of , viz. The Unconscious, The Infantile sexuality, Place of publication The Indian Psychoanalytical Society 14, Parsibagan Lane, KoIkata-9 The Oedipus Complex, and . The present paper shows 'the relation with objects' (intra-and inter psychic) as accepted, refused or even extended Periodicity Annual by the different psychoanalysts of differnt time. In this connection many Printer Tarit Kumar Chatterjee fundamental concepts are discussed, e.g. The famous Freud - Klein controversy, especially Klein's depressive - schizoid position, Fairbairn 's concept of Nationality Indian interpersonal relationships and their real qualities, Lacan's The other, Address 112, Rammohan Sarani, KoIkata-9 Winnicott's Good enough mother and maternal failure, Hartmann's Synthetic organizing function of the Ego, and A. Green's deobjectivising function. The Editor Dr. D. N. Nandi paper concludes (really without conclusion) with Unk theory (intra, inter and Nationality Indian trans- subjective) of modern thinkers leaving for us to look beyond, if possible, to solve some burning sociological and philosophical problems. Address 14 Parsibagan Lane, Kolkata-700 009 Publisher Tarit Kumar Chatterjee From the beginning of his psychoanalytic to be mainly referring to Freud's Nationality Indian research, and even before that, in his book on metapsychological papers of 1915. aphasias (1891), Freud was always preoccupied These seminal papers deaf, on the one hand, Address 112, Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata-9 with the processes that take place between with instincts and drives and, on the other, with the body and the mind and from the latter to Names and addresses of individuals The Indian Psychoanalytical Society - A the particuiar fate of the object in cases of the external world. The most distinctive tenets who own the newspaper and Registered Society under the Societies melancholia, where Freud's genius (1917 of his work are his assertions that there are partners and shareholders holding Registration Act XXI of 1860. 14, Parsibagan [1915]) understands that the patient's self- mental phenomena that exist outside more than one per cent of the Lane, Kolkata-9 reproaches are really addressed to an , that sexuality appears at the total capital. introjected object. In this way the bases for beginning of life and occupies a pivotal place the existence of an internal world were laid in psychic functioning and that human I, TARIT KUMAR CHATTERJEE, hereby declare that the particulars given above are and soon the concept of the superego would relationships are more than what they seem. true to the best of my knowledge and belief. emerge. Here we have then the pillars of : the unconscious, infantile sexuality and The way in which Freud understands these the Oedipus complex and transference. processes is wide ranging and, in a similar way, the way we understand Freud becomes In this sense we can affirm that almost infinite. Sd/ representation and uhjvcl arc operating (TARIT KUMAR CHATTERJEE) continuously in the mind of the creator from As we ail know, in Instincts and their Signature of Printer and Publisher of Samihsa the very beginning of his work. However, vicissitudes, Freud defines drive (Triebe) as when we talk in terms of some kind of dilemma "a concept on the frontier between the mental between representation and object, we seem and the somatic, as the psychical

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1 SAMlKSA R. HORACIO ETCHEGOYEN REPRESENTATION AND OBJECT RELATION

Freud considers that the drive can never representative [Reprasentant] of the stimuli so. Fairbairn (1941) totally disregards the potentially immortal. Death would be an reach consciousness, only its derivatives and originating from within the organism and concept of drive and Winnicott (1945) questions attribute of multicellular organisms, the more even more that the drive is not in the reaching the mind..." (S.E., 14, p. 121-122). its existence during the first months of life; but complex and developed, which could then die unconscious but only its representation other people do not. naturally, but death would not be in itself a A drive is continuously originating in the (Vorstellung). primal characteristic of living substance. From body and will not come to rest until it achieves Instinct theory changes in 1914 with the this point of view protozoa could be immortal. discharge, in accordance with the pleasure In this paper, and in the other 1915 introduction of and later on takes a metapsychological essays, Freud is concerned principle. A drive is a constant stimulus of momentous turn with Beyond the pleasure If this were the case, Freud says, one could with the representation and the affect linked endogenous origin from which the individual principle (1920), when Freud proposes his final sustain the immortality of the germ-cells, but with it. He affirms that only the representation cannot withdraw (as he could in the case of instinct theory, which is again dualistic, and what in reality happens is that in the case of is repressed, while the affect remains as a external ones). This difference between contrasts Eros (life instinct) to Thanatos protozoa, death, in fact, coincides with potential value. Freud treats representation and internal and external is implemented by what (death instinct). In this new conceptualization reproduction. Death is here obscured by the affect as two separate entities and this is, to Freud calls the original reality ego. the previously abundantly clear dualism fact that the whole substance of the parent my mind, one of the weakest points of his between love and hunger is not so apparent animal is transmitted directly into the young We must remember that in the theoretical apparatus. However, some eminent but there is no doubt that Freud accords the offspring, who, however, would no longer be— metapsychological papers Freud is operating scholars, mainly in France, think that the new dualism between life and death the force as Neruda would have put it- the same as with his first theory of instincts, that is sexual problem can be solved taking into account the that directs the whole psychic life of the before. ("We, of that time, are no longer the instincts () and self-preservative or ego famous and for me enigmatic individual. same"). instincts (Freud, 1910). This allows him to Vorstellungreprasentantz, which would satisfactorily explain the transference neuroses include both representation and affect. This is It is very notable the effort that Freud Following this painstaking conceptualization, but not the psychosis, for which some elements how Green in Propedeutique: la makes in trying to put the newly born death Freud tends to think that protozoa also die of in his theoretical apparatus, he thinks, are metapsychologie revisitee (1955), a deep instinct in a similar plane from the life instinct, natural death and nothing impedes the missing to better understand ego functioning. insight on Freud's metapsychology, understands which has a solid bodily support in the libido. assumption that the impulse towards death, This is a task that would later take on Tausk, the issue. In Chapter III, "Free reflections In chapter VI of Beyond the pleasure visible in more complex organisms, also exists Federn, Rickman, IVlelanie Klein, Lacan and, about affect representation", Green asserts that principle, which was added on—as Use in them. Even against his own hopes, Freud more recently, Winnicott, H. Segal, Herbert it "is totally necessary to distinguish the Grubrich-Simitis (1993) demonstrated in 1920, must admit that there is nothing to prevent him Rosenfeld, Bion, Ahumada, Green, Carlos Paz, psychical representative of the drive from the Freud asks himself if death is a contingent thinking that the impulse towards death is , Kernberg, Pichon Riviere, representation-representative" (p. 124, my fact or a natural and necessary phenomenon... present from the beginning of life. In this way David Rosenfeld, Resnik and Grinberg, among translation) and he then refers back to his a key question indeed! Freud takes support he thinks that his hypothesis of a death instinct others. theory of affects from Le discourse vivant from Weismann's classic work, which divided that inevitably counteracts life is sustained. (1973, The living discourse) that signals his living substance into a mortal part (soma) and Weismann's distinction between a soma that Freud defines instinct by its pressure distancing from Lacan. an immortal part (the germ-cells). The latter dies and a potentially immortal germ-plasm (Drang), its aim (Ziel), its object (Objekt), would have potentially the capacity not to die cannot be supported on any biological base. and its source (Quelle). The source of the In studying the four elements that define in as much as a new individual is developed drive is somatic, the aim is psychological. In the concept of drive, Freud stresses the I have taken up in detail—perhaps due to reproduction. Freud remarks on the the journey that goes from the source to the Drang, which is unavoidable, whereas the excessively—the reasoning in chapter VI of coincidences between his approach and aim the mysterious jump (as stated by Felix Objekt is always contingent, a point on which Beyond the pleasure principle to examine, Weismann's in the sense that both distinguish Deutch, 1933) that unites the biological and all the authors that embrace object relations yet again, the journey undertaken by Freud to between two types of principles: those that try the psychological is accomplished. Freud deals theory would dissent with. The contingent arrive to what he considers the .scientific truth to lead life to death and those that aspire to in depth with this issue in his book on Aphasias nature of the object of the drive is an of a death instinct. This is a silent and renovate life as a complexity. According to where he distinguishes a simple sensorial unavoidable consequence, in my opinion, of the inexorable force that leads us towards death, Weismann's conception, that in the end Freud representation, which he calls, more precisely, theory of primary narcissism and its implied a not as a fate, but as a drive, a wish inscribed would not be able to share, death is a privilege object-presentation (Objekvorstellung) from model of the , a la Fechner, in our existence from the moment that or a fate of multicellular organisms, but not of another type of representation, which denotes in search of discharge. Green (1977) thinks inanimate matter becomes alive. unicellular ones where individual and implicitly the word presentation, with its that entails certain reproductive cell are the same thing. From this associated auditive, motor and kinetic qualities. disregard for instinct theory but I do not think Jacques-Alain Miller takes up this theme in would follow that unicellular organisms are his new book, The experience of the real in

3 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA R. HORACIO ETCHEGOYEN REPRESENTATION AND OBJECT RELATION the psychoanalytical cure (2003). Here, in also say, by the way and with all due respect, instincts of infantile sexuality converge in one death instincts, defense mechanisms, anxiety keeping with his more recent work, he that the great defender of object relations as point, which is the ego. Partial instincts are and guilt are all present and operating. elaborates on what he calls "Lacanian biology", operative from the beginning of life, thinks that initially auto-erotic and they constitute organ To be a Kleinian, from this perspective, one according to which "repetition is—in the the death instinct is originally narcissistic, since pleasure, where source and object coincide. has to accept that phantasy, the mental human species—fundamentally, non it goes from the id to the ego and only The instincts' vicissitudes that Freud studies in corollary of the instinct, as was defined by adaptation" (p.325, my translations). He states secondarily it becomes object linked. Freud his famous essay of 1915 "are dependent on Susan Isaacs in January 1943 in the that "repetition cannot be repetition of a called this phenomenon the deflection of the the narcissistic organization of the ego..." (S, Controversies, is the fundament of mental life biological register and that it can only be death instinct and described it as something E. 14, p. 132). Even in the case of paired and is the unconscious. On this point, Anna thought of in terms of language (Ibidem, p. that the organism does, whereas Klein thought instincts—sadism and masochism and Freud and Glover disagree strongly (The this was done by the ego. 325). This is a point about which Ahumada exhibitionism and voyeurism Freud still Freud-Klein Controversies, 1941-1945, (1999) and I have both a 'Darwinian' considers them auto-erotic, no matter that they Let us add, in order to finish with this brief, passim). disagreement. Ahumada clearly states in his need an object for their satisfaction. This is incomplete and clumsy overview of Freud's 1999 book and in other recent papers, that why the original reality-ego (which If somebody says that unconscious phantasy monumental work, that the main point of object Freud's epistemological bases must be found discriminates between external and internal is not there at the beginning of life and that relations theory—from Abraham's 1924 work more in Darwin and the biological sciences stimuli or drives) and the purified pleasure ego, there is not an ego operating on objects and following Mourning and melancholia and than in Galileo's and Newton's physics. which puts inside all that is pleasurable and implementing defense mechanisms at the start developed by Klein in the next decade—is leaves (or sends out) all that produces of life, then, by definition, they would not be a We all know—and Freud before any of based on the assertion that the object is there displeasure or pain, are, for Freud, without an Kleinian analyst; and they would have every us—that the theory of a death instinct meets to start with and that object relations begin at object, or, in the best of cases, the object exists right to think differently. with enormous resistances. Most of Freud's the beginning of life. This is equivalent to say for the ego-instincts, but not for the sexual disciples did not accept it. Neither Ferenczi, that there is no primary narcissism which When I place the famous work of Susan instincts. nor Abraham, nor Jones abode by it. Anna Abraham had restricted to the first oral Isaacs (1948, [1943]), The nature and Freud, Hartmann and the ego-psychologists (sucking) stage. The ego and the object arc In Formulations on the two principles of function of phantasy, spelt with ph, as the prefer to talk about aggression. In his rigorous there from the beginning and from iht mental functioning (1911) Freud applies his major axis of Kleinian thought, and when 1 essay of Marseille (1984), Andre Green talks beginning they interact with each other via first instinct theory and points out that the ego make the whole architecture of the theory turn of narcissism of life and narcissism of death projective and introjective mechanisms, the connects with the object via the self- on this axis, I am pointing out, as well, thai and links them with his concepts of the de supreme architects of the psychical wot Id, as preservation instinct, whereas the sexual primary narcissism and primary object objectivising function and the white psychosis. Paula Heinmann said in her well-known paper instincts (erotic drives) can satisfy themselves relationships constitute the parting of the ways The de-objectivising function looks very similar, Some aspects of the role of introjecti'vi and and remain in the domain of fantasy. In order in psychoanalytic thought. Each of these two to my mind, to envy, as described by Herbert projection in early development. This was a to overcome this theoretical impasse, Freud theoretical alternatives can support itself with Rosenfeld (1971) when he studied the very Kleinian paper, too Kleinian for the author, would, in 1914, put forward his concept of different arguments; and it concerns the private aggressive aspects of narcissism. Nevertheless, who had read it in the Controversies in June Anlehnung (leaning on), that is, that the sexual sphere of each analyst to declare for one or Green does not think so. Klein rapidly accepted, 1943 (The Freud-Klein Controversies, 1941- instincts get to the object by leaning on the another. It is good to know that we all have to around 1932, the theory of the life and death 1945, edited by Pearl King and Riccardo ego-instincts, they are enclitic, like reflexive make a choice on this issue and that, when we instincts and in this sense she could present Steiner, 1991), but did not include it in her pronouns, a point that had been taken up by do, we gain in some areas and lose in others. herself somewhat emphatically- as the true heir "collected papers", On children and children Jung in 1912 in order to sustain his theory of This is for me unavoidable. It is, to my mind, to Freud's thinking. It would be tine to say, no longer (1989), the posthumous work of an ego interest that is no longer sexual. something like the differences between however, that Klein's death instinct is not mute this gi'eat thinker. Euclidian and non-Euclidian geometries. The as Freud, meaning that it does not have an If we try to express Klein's thought in a most outstanding paper on this subject in the unconscious register or representation. The theory of primary narcissism that Freud different and clearer way, we could say that, last few years, to my mind, is the Introduction According to her, the death instinct begins to formalizes in Narcissism: an introduction in for her, there is not an object of the instinct by Riccardo Steiner, written for Unconscious operate from the beginning of life as a threat 1914, sustains that the drives exist from the and an object of the ego. She can therefore phantasy, a book just published (2003). originating in the id towards the ego, which beginning of life, that they, one could say, belong completely avoid a theory of Anlehnung and provokes anxiety. This, in turn, puts in motion to human nature, whereas the ego has to be sustain her view that the auto-erotic instincts Starting from The psychoanalysis of the projective and introjective mechanisms that developed by "a new psychological action" of infantile sexuality are rooted and supported children (1932), Klein begins to map out the constitute the key for all psychic life. We could (S.E., 14, p.77), when the multifarious partial in phantasies, where the object of the life and existence of an internal world of objects that

SAMIKSA SAMIKSA R. HORACIO ETCHEGOYEN REPRESENTATION AND OBJECT RELATION

culminates in her theory of the two positions. for a psychic structure where the primordial mother/baby relationship, a fact that Klein did influenced readings of Freud, consider that the The notion of internal objects, which the fact is the object relation, to which libido and not ignore but did not conspicuously develop. first instinctive dualistic model persists along Sandlers discuss in detail in Internal objects aggression (not a death instinct) are For Winnicott (1952, passim) the baby is an the second model and that time is fragmented revisited (1998), continues to be the theoretical subordinated. It is a great achievement of abstraction, in as much as it cannot be by the apres coup (Laplanche, 1999; Green, tool of Klein and Fairbairn. For them, the Fairbairn to have clearly defined schizoid recognized and understood without its mother. 2000). distinctive characteristic of the internal object mechanisms: this no doubt influenced Melanie Maternal care is something more, in Winnicott's Heinz Hartmann and the ego-psychologists is its concrete and bodily quality and its Klein's who had initially talked of a paranoid mind, than help, sympathy and empathy. in the United States followed a different path. personal relevance, which in no way can be position and who, in her 1946 paper Notes on Maternal care is a part of the mind of the They embraced Freud's structural theory and superimposed on the idea of representation. some schizoid mechanisms, modified the baby and its mother, where the area of illusion reflected on the nature of the ego, taking as a This is, in my opinion, a decisive factor. concept to call it the paranoid schizoid operates and the subjective object is starting point the fifth chapter of The ego and position. constituted. The mother (and her breasts, her the id (Freud, 1923). In his famous 1939 Object relations theory starts with Melanie eyes and arms) is the creation of the baby, Fairbairn (1943) explains well the repression monograph, that Hartmann read at the Klein; but it does not finish with her. In the and the upbringing of the infant consists in the that operates over bad internalized objects; but Viennese Psychoanalytic Society in 1937-— a same way that it was difficult to summarize fact that a good enough mother would follow his theory does not suffice to give account of year before the Anschluss—he put forward Freud's work—and didn't I do it badly! —I that fantasy of the baby and would gradually guilt and what Klein (1935, 1940) called the his theory of an ego with a conflict-free area. will now attempt to remember the great disillusion him from it. This is the way in which depressive position. The Oedipus complex itself This was his attempt to integrate thinkers that accept, without being Kleinian, Winnicott understands infantile omnipotence. the theory of object relations. ends up being, for Fairbairn, a sort of collateral psychoanalysis and psychology, and where effect of schizoid mechanisms. The emphasis Where Klein places persecutory anxieties, adaptation has a clearly Darwinian, biological The first is, without a doubt, Fairbairn in interpersonal relationships and their real death instinct and primary envy, all of which root. Hartmann finds sustain for (1941, etcetera), a solitary Scottish man, qualities, lead Fairbairn (1958) to modify some will tragically leave a mark in the first few in animal instincts, a point that Lacan would independent, creative and friendly, who began technical precepts: he no longer used the months of life, Winnicott stresses the wish of never forgive him for. his work a bit later than Klein and who carried couch, which deprived the patient/analyst the infant to grow and integrate itself. He does out a long scientific exchange with her. In his Comments on the psychoanalytic relationship from a measure of reality, and he not visualize growth as conflict, with what I theory of the ego (1950), Ilarlinann del Hies Fairbairn placed the ego as the central axis queried the fixed length of the analytic session, disagree, as does Brenner (1982), because I (or redefines) the ego as a structure and, as of his theory and thought that to put the instinct as did Lacan (1966) from another theoretical think growing is always difficult and painful such, by its functions, figo functions are in such a place would be like putting the cart angle. even though it can also be pleasurable. connected to reality (perception of the external before the horses, since the libido is, before Winnicott's important finding that during After many years of following Klein, Donald world) and perception of the self and the anything else, a searcher for objects. He seems primitive emotional development there exist not instincts (or drives), Hartmam particularly to forget, however, as Max Hernandez (2003) Winnicott (1945, etcetera) became the only processes of disintegration—and their singles out the synthetic (or organising) told me in Lima, that the Triebe is never in paradigmatic figure of the Independent Group consequent persecutory anxieties—but also function of the ego. front but it pushes from behind. Anyway, for (Middle Group) in London. processes on non-integration which wait for Fairbairn there is no instinct without object and Winnicotl places himself in between Melanie the arrival of maternal care to provide the Even though Harlmann follows Freud that therefore, he abandoned Freud's instinct theory Klein and (and Freud). He totally capacity to sustain and contain (holding) them. put forward the structural theory in the and the tri-partite model of the mind of The accepts Klein's theory of the depressive This is a phenomenon that the Kleinian School twenties and Anna Freud who wrote The ego ego and the id (Freud, 1923) and replaced it position that he prefers to call the stage of reincorporates (or incorporates) in Bion's and the mechanisms of defense (1936), he is with a central ego and two secondary egos: concern, to accentuate the preoccupation for concept of reverie (1962,etc.) and Bick's inclined to think that the ego, in spite of not the internal saboteur (or antilibidinal ego) the object and to take away from the Kleinian concept of skin (1968). being congenital, has an autonomous origin. linked to the rejecting object and the libidinal nomenclature a psychiatric or psycho- He conceives the ego as resulting from three The subjective object and the transitional ego linked to the needed object (Fairbairn, pathological connotation. factors: the instincts, external reality and his space of illusion imply, as Winnicott states a 1944). postulated autonomous component. In this way, He strongly disagrees with Klein in what return to primary narcissism, without taking his idea that originate from Fairbairn decidedly broke off from Freud's she calls the paranoid schizoid position and support, I believe, in the theory of Anlehnung. a common matrix—stemming from animal structural theory, something that Klein never what he calls in 1945 the primitive emotional This theory is less accepted by English than instincts—is reinforced. did, but his theory is more consistent than hers, development. Here Winnicott makes a French authors. Green and Laplanche, in their in so much as he abandons the structural model fundamental contribution in terms of the deep, careful and somewhat Lacanian Hartmann also forcefully makes the point

SAMIKSA SAMIKSA R. H0RAC10 ETCHEGOYEN REPRESENTATION AND OBJECT RELATION thai the ego must be differentiated from the In this and in some later books, Laplanche self, as the latter would encompass the three sustains the view that the child receives the God or in transcendence for the concept of to the last theories of Freud. impact of the mother's sexuality as an truth, whereas object relations theory coincides instances of the psychic apparatus. Therefore, In the last few years a new theory of link enigmatic signifier, generalized seduction more with the philosophic ideas that, following the ego would have a perception of the self or (ultra, inter and transubjective), that intends to (somewhat a la Fercnc/.i, 1932, with the the so-called linguistic (and pragmatic) turn, the internal world (self representation) and a go beyond ohject relations theory lias been put language of tenderness and passion, though search for their justification of truth in the perception of the external world (object- forward (Berenstein and I'uget, 19X7. etcetera; more encompassing, as it considers both consensus between subjects of the world of represenuition). It follows from all this that Moguillansky. 1999), but this research also goes mother and baby); and denounces the drives life, as Habermas says (1999). In recent years narcissism must be reconsidered as the libidinal beyond the scope of my paper. The same- can as a 'biologizing' (endogenous) astray of some thinkers like C. Fred A1 ford (1989), (and aggressive) cathexis of the self rather be said of Arbiser's theory of link, following direction by Freud (Le jottrvoleinent Emilia Stcuerman (2000) and Michael Rust in than that of the ego. master Pichon Riviere and of Bowlby's biologisant de la sexitalite die;: Freud, (2001), consider that Kleinian theories can be This is the departure point for Edith attachment theory, most clearly presented by Laplanche, 1993). Laplanche arrives to a validly used to illuminate some philosophical Jacobson's (! 964) and later for Kohut's (1971, Peter Fonagy in a recent book (2001) monist conception of drives as well. The death and sociological problems, in the same way etcetera) and Kernberg's {1977, etcetera) instinct comes to be a part of sexuality, while that Herbert Mareuse, one of the more We arrive, thus, to the end of this paper, researches. The two latter authors made in Lacan the death instinct and the no relation distinguished thinkers of the Frankfurt school which does not intend to do justice to its title, important contributions about the theory of are the axis of his monism. of Horkheimer and Adorno, in Eros and but that can, at least, be a proposal to think narcissism and its pathology, even though they Civilization (1953) applies the same purposes about and discuss it. diverge in many points of their research, for Andre Green (1973, 1975. 1995. etcetera) instance, in the way in which they takes always support in 1 read and he conceptualise early development, the role of vindicates the 1915 metapsychology, plus References the parents and the significance of aggression. showing a clear influence by Winnicott. whose theory of symbolism he admires, and Bion's Lacan never much favoured object relations ABRAHAM, K. ( 1924). A short study of the Londres: William liainemann. theory of thinking. A central idea of Green's, theory, as can be seen in his Seminar 4, The development of the libido, viewed in the BRKNNKK, Cn. (1982). The mind in conflict. 1 think, is the de-objectivising function which abject relation. 1956-57 (1994), where he light of mental disorder. In Selected \Je\v York- Int. Univ Pn>« seems more rooieti in Wuinicotl s theory ol does not stop reminding us, with some reason, Papers. London: The Hogarth Press, 1973, maternal failure than in Klein's theory of DKUTSCH, F. (1933). Studies in palhogenesis: that Freud never spoke of object relation but primary envy (1957). AHU.VIADA, J. L. (1999). Dcxcubrimientos v biological ami psychological aspects. of object finding. The concept of the finding refulacioncs. l,a logica de la indagacion Ps\choanalytU. (J.. 2: 225-243. of the object reverts us, first, to the Project of The iheorv of primary envy was never psicoanalitica. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva. FAIRBAIRN, W.R.I). (1941). A revised 1895 (Freud, 1950), in terms of the primal accepted by the members of the Independent [The logics of the mind. London: Karnac, psychopathologv ol I he psychosis and experience of satisfaction, and further, to the Group (Winnicoil. Paula Heimann) nor by Anna 2001]. psyehoneurosis. //;/. J. Psvchouna!., 22. signifier and the Other, which is the French Freud and the ego psychologists of the U.S.A., ALFORD, C. F. (1989). and 250-279. (Revista de Psicoanaiisis. 4:751- way of defining human relations and the and even by certain prominent members of critical social theory. An account ol' 781, !947), analytic discourse (or process). All of this will the present A Group of London, In my opinion, politics, (Hi, and reason based iii net change in Lacan's last phase, when the joy however, the theory of primary envy suffices (i943j. 'The repression and the reiuiii psychoanalytic theory. New Haven & (jouissance) takes center stage and the no to give full account of object relations theory or bad objects (.with special reference to London: Yale Universities Press. relation appears in Seminar 20, Encore, 1972- in as much as it is something that, from within, the 'war neurosis'). The British Journal 1973 (Lacan, 1975). Lacan's apodictic assertion opposes the cros which unites, that links the ARBISER, S. (2001). HI grupo interno. Revista of Medical Psychology, 19, de la Sociedad Argentina de "there is no sexual relation" ends up in a ego for the subject) to the object. Mrlnnie (1944). hndopsychie structure Psicoanaiisis, 4: 97-114. narcissistic conception of enjoyment and into a Klein however never took hold of William de considered in terms ol objc-ct-ivalalionships new monist idea of drives. Ockham's razor to conclude that the two BHRKNSTIIN, I. Y. Pucii-r, I. (1997). Lo vincular. hit. ./. Psychoanai., 25: 70-93. principles that govern us are libido and envy. Buenos Aires: Paidos. , starling off with Lacan's (1952). Psychoanalytic studies of the theory of the signifier and Freud's concept of If we dare be schematic with what we BICK, E. (1968). The experience of the skin in personality. Londres: Ron ledge & Regan Anlehnung, constructs his theory of have said, we can propose that the theory of early object-relations. Int. ./. Psychoanai, Paul. 49: 484-486. (Revista de Psicoanaiisis, 27: generalized seduction, in his Nouveaux representation is based in a Cartesian and/or (1958). On the nature and aims of 111-117, 1970). foimdaments pour la psychanalyse (1987). Kantian ego (or a subject), which searches in psycho-analytic treatment. //;/. ./. BION, W. (1962). Learning from experience. Psychoanai, 39: 347-385. 8 SAMIKSA 9 SAMlKSA R. HORACIO ETCHEGOYEN REPRESENTATION AND OBJECT RELATION

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10 1 ! SAMlKSA SAMlKSA MIND AND BRAIN INTERACTIONS: A NEURO- PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE ON EMOTIONAL ATTENTION, CYTQKINES, AND NEW LONG-TERM MEMORY1 Fred M. Levin My paper continues an issue that I have written about in other articles for Samiksa, on the question of how learning occurs within psychoanalysis. Specifically, it uses the perspectives of neuro-psychoanalysis to see learning as it relates to the following: research on the executive control network, conscious- unconscious relations, affect theory, and the neuro-chemistry of learning. I outline the chemical and psychological "cascades" that occur during insightful states; I suggest that these are associated with the sudden creation of new synapses on the basis of a qualitative shift in emotional demand and emotional attention; and I conclude that when novel neural networks are thus expanded, that one can only conclude that mind creates brain (rather than the familiar brain creates mind). So really there is evidence that mind creates brain creates mind in a never-ending process. Along the way I attempt to point out many details of correlated mind and brain events, because I believe that the more we know about such matters during our analytic work with our patients, the more we are likely to tap this knowledge and accelerate the patient's learning and our own. I hope our readers find this not only interesting, but exciting, because this is the first time during the existence of our field of psychoanalysis that we have been in a position, because of the amazing work of interdisciplinary teams around the world, to see what Freud only hinted at with his genius when he founded the field. These new perspectives only strengthen our wonderment, for as Einstein once said, "the most incomprehensible thing about the Universe is that it is comprehensible"!

Part I. Introduction conscious and unconscious relations (Shevrin, Bond, Brakel, Hertel, and Williams, 1996); on If as psychoanalysis we wish to belter understanding affects in man and other animals understand learning then we need to build upon neuropsychologically (Panksepp, 1998, 2003); what we know about it not just from and on attempts to integrate learning-related psychoanalysis proper, but to study what is psychoanalytic (mind) and neuroscientific known from other perspectives, including that (brain) perspectives (Kandel, 1998; Solms and of neuroscience. My paper draws upon an Kaplan-Solms, 2002, Solms, 2004; Levin, 1991, extensive body of knowledge about learning: 2004; Reiser, 1990). The readers of Samiksa this includes, as examples, work on the brain's may also wish to consult articles 1 have written executive control network and selective in this journal about the relationship of attention (Posner and Rothbart, 1997); on neuroscience to psychoanalysis over the past

Training and supervising Analyst, Chicago Institute Tor Psychoanalysis; Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois; Faculty, Dept. of Neurology and Dcpt. of Psychiatry, Chicago Medical School. 1 Presented as the Plenary Address to the American College of Psychoanalysts, New York, May 1, 2004

13 SAMlKSA MIND AND BRAIN INTERACTIONS FRED M. LEVIN Part II. Introduction to Neuro- thoughts. Many years ago Sandor Ferenczi several years on closely related topics (for subjects is still quite limited, and this applies to psychoanalysis: stated his observation that the left side of the example, Levin, 1995b, 1997b; Levin and mind/brain studies." body expresses the unconscious preferentially. The role of selective emotional Gunther, 2000). For example, ponder the following, pointed NP reads this as meaning that the right attention hemisphere is more intimately connected with On this occasion I will attempt to explain out in the journal Science. All the stars that I will be discussing psychoanalytic learning the affective loading of the limbic system, and how I understand the learning that occurs are visible in the sky make up only 2% of the from the perspeclive(s) of Neuro- more likely to communicate these affects via during a psychoanalysis. My emphasis is on mass of our universe. The other 98% is mostly Psychoanalysis (NP). So what is NP? NP movements or gestures on the side it controls, what 1 take to be two closely related unknown, and invisible! Yet the invisible stuff represents a new paradigm within namely the left side of the body. phenomena: (1) selective emotional attention, (thought to be made up of so-called dark matter psychoanalysis, "new" meaning that which has and (2) the effect of cytokines in creating new and dark energy) is what allegedly accounts As my patient got in touch with her hand been growing over roughly the past 30 years, synapses on emotional demand. 1 am for the accelerating rate of expansion of our gesture and the feeling(s) that lay behind it, in but especially the past 5-10 years; it is also the speculating that newly formed synapses, universe, not exactly a trivial matter' particular, her original disavowal of the name of a journal edited by Mark Solms and because of the timing of their creation, and importance of my vacation diminished Or consider that the Human Genome Edward Nersession. The field of NP has come their specific location, have the ability to considerably, and she could experience some Project when completed only identified that into existence through the creativity of a group contribute to long-term memory (LTM), and to powerful transference states, which included part of our DNA that consists of genes. But ol researchers, teachers and clinicians who capture information in novel neural networks, foremost, a feeling of being unprotected and/ our genes represent only 2%. of our DNA! study both psychoanalysis and neuroscience either by long-term potentiation or long-term or abandoned by me. She next retrieved The remaining 98% of the DNA, once thought without privileging either, hold annual depression. 2 In essence there appear to be memories that were associated with the to be "junk", is now acknowledged to play the international meetings on the subject (The two cascades that occur during new learning, terrifying feeling of being abandoned while- critical role in gene expression yet the details International Neurol'sychoanalysis Society), one mind-reiated (or psychological) and the alone and in danger, memories that had been of this so-called epigenetic material at the and also meet as local study or working groups other brain-related (or biological), with cross- unavailable (that is, repressed) until that moment remain relatively unexplored and around the world. 1 believe NP is having and links at every level. The result is a view of moment. Il was my belief when 1 first unknown! will continue lo have a sisjuificanl impact upon learning as a process in which mind creates ,,,.-• ' i ,....* r . i • i • • So I he reader shouki not he. surprised to current psychoanalytic theory, practice, and ^ Xpli il'HU'.j UHU I ;,; : M MILL; L 1 i i > L,l>^', UtK! I, brain creates mind creates brain... that is, as remains so today, that repression and disavowal learn that when il comes to our understanding education. a never-ending cycle or dialectic. are basically Itinclional blocks oi the input Irom of how learning occurs within clinical A clinical case will help illustrate (he left and right hemisphere respectively, in which In any brief discussion I am bound to psychoanalysis, what we know is very small approach of NP, and serve as an introduction the memory of an event is excluded (repressed) overlook important contributors to my subject. compared to what we have yet to discover; u> the subject of selective emotional attention. from the larger interhemispheric system, while J hope you will appreciate that this is in no most probably, like she stars and like DNA, I have presented this case before (Levin, 1991/ the affect related to the same event is way intentional; mind and brain relations are our current knowledge makes up only 2% of 2003). A single, 26 year old female graduate downplayed (disavowed) at the same time. In simply too vast to cover in any single the total "universe" that we need to understand student was upset just prior to my going on a other words, the episodic memory of the event presentation, and always give credit where to appreciate learning comprehensively. vacation She w;is nwking a gun gesttuv wiih and its accompanying feelings are prevented credit is due. Moreover, each of us interested Nevertheless, i will try to survey what is her left hand. 1 asked her if she was aware of from coming together, and entering conscious in this field has gotten where he or she is by known, the 2% so lo .speak, and lo try my best what was happening with her left hand. She awareness as a unit. Based upon such cases following a unique pathway, aware of only to fill in at least some of (he 98% of mind/ said, with real surprise: I guess 1 am shooting as this one, it is possible to define disavowal some of the relevant research while learning brain research on learning that is currently terra you! I asked why. She said that I was going and repression as interhemispheric incognita with what appear to me to be about other work only as time goes by. ,.I,W.I , f i\ UVVttV, UllU .UiC i'^il UlCli VVcl,*> communication blocks in different directions: Moreover, our knowledge about most important reasonable speculation*. able lo feel both the fear of being unprotected, disavowal blocking out the right hemisphere and she began lo recover some important Irom the larger system, repression blocking out 2 Long-term potentiation refers to the increase tendency of a neuron lo lire after it lias been fired; long-ierm depression memories of being left with a baby siller as a the left (Levin, 1991/2003). refers to the decreased tendency for a neuron to fire after it has been fired. The latter is mostly seen in the cerenellum. child, a sitter who she said sexually molested Recently, neurological studies appear to 3 One example of the limitation on the ncuroscience side is that neuroscicntists do not agree on how exactly information her. is captured within neural networks. Is information captured or coded within the frequency rate of neuron discharge, confirm my conclusions about repression ami the interval between firing, in waves of synchronous firing (synfirc chains that build to larger units called songs) In this example, the patient's left hand disavowal (Anderson, Ochsner. Kuhl. Cooper. (Abeles, 2004; Ikegaya et. al., 2004)? Recent work by Ikcgaya (2004) suggests the latter: synlires and songs arc now seemed lo demonstrate her unconscious Robertson, Gabrieli, Glover, and Gabrieli. identified. This means, the key is the synchronous activity of neurons creates a neural network.

14 SAMIKSA SAMlKSA MIND AND BRAIN INTERACTIONS FRED M. LEVIN had actually mentioned this when he wrote was that and free associations In relation to my subject of learning within about his analysis with Sigmund Freud, noting are helpful because they are spontaneous (2004), suggesting even which neurological psychoanalysis, however, 1 believe the climate that Freud had an uncanny ability to create activity, and the key to their power comes structures seern to play a role in what the now increasingly favours some priming on the authors call the "suppression" of the feelings powerful metaphors. 1 discuss metaphors in from the effect of spontaneity on working analyst's part as an acceptable way of Chapter I of Mapping the Mind (Levin, 1991/ and/or episodic memories: especially involved memory activation. The consequence of encouraging a questioning, psychologically 2003) in relation to the integration of memories working memory activation is that it enhances are the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the minded, affectively alive approach within both of perceptual experience stored in the our ability to learn6, that is, to constructively right hippocampus. participants to the analytic process. secondary cortical areas for various sensory modify the databases of our mind/brain that Let me highlight the importance of selective Obviously, emotional attention involves both inputs (sound, vision, and touch). Put differently, we are drawing upon at any given moment. emotional attention (before I define it more affect and attention. Let me illustrate the metaphors in our thinking or speech can invite Niels agreed with my conclusion. carefully in a moment). Obviously, in this importance of the analyst's own affectivity and our interest; but most interestingly, this interest interesting case, it is critical that when the selective attention by briefly considering in a subject itself is correlated with the Activation of working memory is like having patient's lack of attention to her (shooting) another example from the movie 'Lost in simultaneous activation4 of the primary cortical a word processable document rather than a gesture was brought to her attention, she Translation'. In it, the two main characters, areas for the different sensory modalities picture of a document, as in a scan. The word became aware of and began to experience played brilliantly by Scarlet Johansen and Bill (Lassen, Ingvar, Skinh(])j, 1978). In other words, processable document you can change, so her emotions more fully. Fears of separation Murray, seem to me trapped in their own Lassen et. al. have shown that when people when it is stored away, it will show the results were strongly defended against before this isolated (disavowed and repressed) states until are interested in what they are experiencing, of the changes you made on it the next time moment in our analytic work. 1 suggest further they meet on an elevator in the Tokyo Park their primary cortical areas for speech, vision, you pull it up from your computer's memory. that if my emotional attention had not also been Hyatt Hotel. Their behaviour then changes and touch activate simultaneously (rather than The scanned document, however, is fixed in activated, 1 would have missed her gesture in critically, primed as it were by their chance serially). Lassen had not exploited this time. Of course, in human minds and brains the first place. Without my affective encounter, and their initial superficial observation yet, but he generously confirmed the changing of databases is what we call engagement as her analyst, and hers as impressions of each other. Later they meet my reading of it from his early paper with learning, so I am asserting that psychoanalysis analysand, nothing would then have come from again accidentally and start to communicate in Ingvar and Skinh(|)j on using radioactive Xe to is a powerful stimulus to learning, especially our interaction during the session considered, the restaurant/bar of the hold, and as they do measure regional cerebral blood flow. To me because the encouragement to spontaneity no questions would have been asked, and no so are invited to communicate not only with this suggested that my metaphor rich is built into the process, for example, as emotional reactions or recall would have each other but with themselves in more novel interpretations to my patients resulted in a high expressed in transferences or in thinking occurred in my patient, nor any real insight. ways than usual (i.e. non defensively), so that incidence of aha reactions because I was by means of free association, two highly spontaneous activities. This means The obvious conclusion must be that by the film's end one gets the feeling that their priming their interest by crossed sensory lives are in the process of developing cortical stimulation. psychoanalysis activates working memory analysis rests at times on our ability to pay more than other treatments. attention selectively, and in particular, to identify constructively rather than staying in their Nearly two decades later, in a different affects that might otherwise slip by us. This previous repetitive or stagnant positions. paper (Levin, 1997a) 1 used some other Still later (Levin, 1995a, 2004), it occurred can only mean that the analyst's affectivity Obviously, they are making good use of their research of Niels Lassen (1994), to me that what psychologists study as same/ and his or her willingness to prime the patient emotional attention. They are more aware of communicated lo me by him in a personal difference psychology, what neuroscientist are critical to the success of the analytic what they feel, and they are beginning to learn letter in which he translated some of his study as the priming of memory, and what endeavor, especially if the patient is not yet how to use feelings in understanding their findings previously published only in Danish. psychoanalysts study as transference, might ready to re-experience certain painful traumatic relationships. The essence of this research was his well be the same phenomenon simply seen states. 1 believe such priming has entered the demonstration that working memory is from three distinctly different perspectives! psychoanalytic arena particularly under the An elaboration on learning: The role of activated when we discuss things we are That is, transferences are primed by similarities 5 influence of those of us within NP. Now of working memory activation interested in . My take on this work of Niels between past and present people, and there course, these perspectives have been the part In the late 70's, while studying under Roy 4 of analytic practice from the beginning, but Grinker, Sr., 1 hit on the idea that metaphors in The simultaneity of the stimulation helps create a novel neural network. This is likely a key part of the mechanism involved. they have at times tended to fall into disrepute the analyst's interpretations had the potential, in favour of our being a so-called "blank •* Michael Posner co'tiirsuij-cnicd the same finding independently around the same time - personal communication. when colourful, and apt for the patient, of 6 The potential to i<2;>:» \/ n<>i actualized, however, if the analyst does not observe the following rule: he or she must screen" for our patients. Sometimes of course, priming the patient's memory, and leading to start any investigation from what the patient finds interesting, since then the patient will be building new knowledge we do need to be completely or relatively quiet, deeper insights (Levin, 1980). Grinker (1940) from a bases rnsuio their "zone of working memory activation" (see Levin, 2004). and not interfere with the patient's activities.

17 SAMlKSA SAMIKSA FREDM. LEVIN MIND AND BRAIN INTERACTIONS are some significant adaptive advantages with the patient, and in the analytic transaction. our brain cells will receive messages, Basically, the biological and psychological (including computational economy) in assuming So how can we decide accurately when and sometimes via the vagus nerve's sensory input cascades support each other. What I have just that a significant number of superficial matches how to apply particular interventions'.' branch, to produce CK within brain neurons described, namely, the psychological cascade can cover over deep similarity. An example may help: as useful as which will ultimately turn on the genes that and the biological or neurochemical cascade hermeneulic perspectives are in capturing the create new synapses. These new synapses essentially provide the basis for new memory So historically, NP introduces a variety of will appear within minutes and begin to formation. Without these cascades learning perspectives to better explain what is happening patient's story of what is he about, sometimes, biological factors trump everything else, i have participate in the formation of novel neural would not be possible, nor the progress we within the psychoanalytic process that is networks (or you might think of them as adding associate with the advancement of knowledge, important for learning, recovery, or seen this in my practice, where patients while on my couch have manifested evidence of the novel elements to already existing neural and ultimately, with the acquisition of wisdom. understanding in general: in the clinical case of networks, so as to change or expand them and All of this is depicted in Figure I. the patient with a shooting gesture presented following: a brain tumor (with visual field defect), thyroid hormone abnormalities (as allow for the capture of new knowledge). In above, the NP contribution to the literature this way learning is stimulated by emotional Part IV. More details of The N1N also represents an instance of the defining of indicated by temperature intolerance), and pernicious anemia (as seen by transient attention, when everything is working as it psychological defenses (disavowal and should. This has best been described on the Web repression) in terms of neurophysiological psychotic reactions in patients who were not by Horst Ibelgauft (1999) in his Cytokines mechanisms (still earlier instances appear in psychotic previously). In the case of the In my prior statement about new Online Pathfinder Encyclopedia (COPE), and articles by Frick, 1982, and by Galin 1974). Of patients with pernicious anemia, once my synapses forming upon emotional demand, is summarized in my review (Levin, 2002). All course the overall effect of these insights has patients were properly diagnosed and treated what I left out is that there are two cascades of us arc familiar with the common cytokines been mixed; on the one hand it enriches our with B-12 shots, their analysis reverted to its more or less simultaneous with each other, (CK), the so-called proinfiammatory CK, understanding of learning, but on the other hand, normal neurotic slate. Obviously, the possibility one psychological (relating to mind) and namely, interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL- quite naturally, NP also assures that learning of multiple diagnoses is one reason that 1 favor the other neurochemical (relating to brain). 6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF will at least at times seem quite a bit more having all analysts in (raining, learn about all 1 will now trv to clarify what these cascades alpha). These are released by macrophages complex than originally anticipated. And for the important theories, including those that are seem to consist of. If we start with the and monocytes during infection, produced analysts, this means that the question of how biological, so at leas) (hey know enough to psychological cascade it involves the within the CNS as the result of brain injury, to facilitate learning is not so easily answered. appreciate that each theory has a range of following: increased spontaneity, free viral or bacterial infections, and in applicability, and so everyone knows when to association, transference, recollection of ncurodegenerative diseases. To further elaborate on the difficulties posed ask for consultations from ouiside experts, and lost memories, and psycliological insight. clinically, our ability to learn is further feels comfortable doing so. As 1 pointed out earlier, one of the decisive Basically, communication between the complicated by the well-known fact that human effects of the spontaneity is lite activation nervous system and the soma is two-way. CK act on a wider spectrum of target cells than learning is often blocked by factors that are Part HI. The role of cytokines in of working memory, which is required for do hormones (Ibelgauft, 1999), and are the unconscious in the Freudian sense. When this our making additions to the know/edge creating synapses on emotional demand: products of neurons (and glia), immune cells, is the case it should be obvious that making contained in what we are thinking or feeling The formation of LTM and skin cells. what is unconscious conscious, just as Freud about at specific times (i.e. for what we CK are .soluble proteinacious substances wrote about, can indeed help the situation, as think about or remember). there are three pathways between the that are capable of turning genes on or all analysts know. The problem, however, periphery and the brain. Unidirectional off. They are produced in cells of brain, skin, As for the neurochemical cascade this remains; How shall we accomplish this? The pathways are designated Pathways A and B. and the immune system. The vagus nerve is involves parallel changes as follows: first there practicing analyst is simply confronted with too Pathway A is the autonomic nervous system an important sensory input for the brain, which is the formation oi" new synapses, then either many psychoanalytic theories to chose among, (ANS), the sympathetic part of which can stimulate the release of CK in the brain. lung-term polcntiation (LTP) or in sonic circuit:; and they are often mutually exclusive in their enervates immune organs. In Pathway A, When thought of as a unit, the brain and the (such as in the cerebellum) long-term way of interpreting data. It seems also catecholamines (largely epinephrine and immune system really are one system, actualfy depression (LTD). The effect of these changes probable, that the various interventions norepinephrine) are released from sympathetic a supersystem, currently designated the is novel neural network formation. By novel suggested by the different schools of nerves controlling various organs (e.g. the ncuroimmune network (NIN)(lbelgauft, 1999; neural network I mean the extension or psychoanalysis are not of equal value in helping spleen, thymus, etc.). significant alteration of a neural network so as patients with all problems, but more specific to Levin, 2002a, 2000b). to expand knowledge by a number of bytes or Pathway B is the hypothalamic-pituitary certain types of problems, which in turn If we are strongly motivated by significant words. axis (HPA). In Pathway B various releasing depends upon what one thinks is happening emotional attention at a s>iven moment, then

18 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA FREDM. LEVIN MIND AND BRAIN INTERACTIONS

factors (e.g. corticotropin releasing factor, CRF, inflammatory response (associated with neurotransmiUcr (CK) induced activation of neurological steps that have matching whose source is the hypothalamus) enter into sickness), or it can induce gene transcription' genes in general, and of course, LTM psychological steps and which result in learning. (which turns genes on or off). the blood stream heading from hypothalamus formation in particular. Again, first the Some of you know that the ventACC is to pituitary, which in response releases various neurotransmitter binds to its receptor, very connected to the amygdala, periacqueductal hormones on demand (e.g. adrenocorticotropin Fart V. Tying things together: How CK quickly (within minutes) this is followed by the gray (PAG), nucleus acumbens, hypothalamus. releasing hormone, ACTH). These pituitary turn genes on or off curve of cAMP response, followed in turn by anterior insula, and has outflow to the hormones then travel via the blood stream and the curve representing the activation of the In terms of memory formation, or autonomic (sympathetic), visceromotor, and effect both the peripheral endocrine organs various Protein kiuasc(s), then activation of knowledge acquisition, the critical process is endocrine systems. These areas obviously (e.g. the adrenal cortex), and the immune CREB I and dercprcssion of CREB2, followed converting short to longterm memory (LTM), have important relations to affective experience system. by the activation of ERG, and the protein otherwise what has been registered quickly and regulation, but a detailed description of synthesis leading to synapse formation all in a For our purpose, however, the bidirectional disappears. So how (.Iocs this occur? LTM their specific roles in the processes discussed predetermined sequence. pathways are more interesting between the formation involves the following sequence: (I) in this paper is beyond our current knowledge. brain and periphery. One arm of Pathway C is After the initialing process occurs via An important key tor (he story I am relating composed of immune cells (i.e. macrophages stimulation of the vagus nerve leading to is that the creation of LTM seems to involve Part VI. Summary and conclusions. and other cells) that release 1L-1 (as an activation of the NTS, AP, hypnthalamus, and/ specific brain structures most connected with 1 have described the NIN, and the role of example) that can stimulate sensory paraganglia or hippocampus, as indicated above, CK is and affected by emotion. Obviously, CK play CK in activating genes generally, and their role of the vagus nerve, which in turn carries produced in a brain neuron which then attaches a central role, and arc themselves responsive specifically in the creation of LTM in particular. impulses to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) to a neuron receptor site which it fires off; (2) to key brain structures (as we discussed, lor I have also suggested (hat how we conduct a and the area postrema (AP) in the brainstem. next, cyclic AMP is released within the neuron; one arm of Pathway C, the NTS and AP are psychoanalysis influences the outcome in subtle We do not often think of the vagus nerve as (3) this leads to a translocation of protein important, namely, the nucleus tractus solitarius, but significant ways. I have suggested the having a sensory component but it does. A kinase A (PKA) and mitogen activating protein and the area postrema in the brainstem, and importance of the analyst's affectivily, and his neural cascade then occurs which at least kinase (MAPK) to the nucleus of the sensory for a critical bidirectional arm of Pathway C, or her priming of responses in the patient. 1 theoretically could result in the release into the neurons; (4) once inside the nucleus of the the hippocampus and hypothalamus) all nreas have st;;!ed sonic genera! clinic:1.! approaches blood of CK such as IL-1. There is some neurons, these kiuases then activate CREB I that relate to the behavior regulation and to with ncurophysiological and neuroehemica] doubt however if any of this blood born IL-1 and dcrepress CRLB2 (CREB 1 and CREB2 feelings. But as I noted HI the beginning, one implications for learning. That is, 1 am actually reaches the brain itself or crosses the are cyclic AMP response element binding key is emotional attention, that is, the changes elaborating on my research that keeps centra! relatively impervious blood-brain barrier. proteins); (5) what follows is the induction of (chemical, physiological, and psychological) within psychoanalysis the creation of learning a set of immediate response genes (ERG); (6) which accompany the activity of neural Therefore, probably more important for readiness. Especially 1 have suggested a ERG activates the gene that creates a new systems and which provide emotional attention CNS CK production is the second arm of correlation between emotional attention, on the synapse; and (7) the new synapse is (the function), especially, the ventral part of Pathway C which starts as does the first from one hand, and the creation of LTM via gene subsequently moved to its designated position the anterior cingulate cortex (venlACC). the vagus nerve, reaches the NTS and AP, but activation CK activity, on the other. Our on the involved neuron, which is pK'sumably Obviously (lie ventACC is a critical component then heads into two different brain areas, the growing understanding of mind and brain oscillating with other neurons (i.e. part of a in the system being described, representing as systems, and their relationship to each other hippocampus and the hypothalamus, wherein 8 neural network) , it does a critical component of the executive IL-1 is generated within and released from helps us create our first maps, if you will, of control network (Posner and Rothbart. 1997), brain neurons. Once it appears this IL-1, for The process of stops just described can what is happening during a psychoanalysis in and simultaneously a center for monitoring example, attaches to neuron receptors, and can also be pictured us a series of overlapping the forms of various cascades representing affects and utilizing them in decision makinjr. have three fates. It can produce a nervous chemical production curves. In fact, tiiesc have mind and brain activities discharge, it can produce the so-called pro- been measured showing the tune course for So the results of the translocation of PKA My short conclusion is that two cascades, and MAPK to the nucleus of the sensory one psychological and the other biological are 7 By ihc way, transcription refers to the copying of DNA into messenger RNA. in contrast, translation refers u> die neurons where these kinases activate CREB I active in parallel and mark the milestones in copying RNA code into related proteins (which express the gene), and mere copying refers to the creation of new and CREB2 leading to the induction of a set the acquisition of knowledge (learning) within forms of RNA (often under the influence of RNA polymerase). of immediate response genes (ERG), and the clinical psychoanalytic situation. Figure I 8 What JS most interesting is that although ihere arc different memory systems (explicit, implicit) with different machinery and qualities, it seems now ihat at a molecular level all known human memory systems likely involve the ultimately resulting in the growth of new diagrams these cascades and their possible same or a closely similar set of molecular (i.e. cylokine) markers (Posner - personal communication) . synaplic connections on emotional demand, are relationship with each other.

20 2 1 SAMlKSA SAMlKSA FREDM. LEVIN MIND AND BRAIN INTERACTIONS

If you examine this final figure, you can demand, there can be little question that mind LEVIN, F.M. (1980). Metaphors, affect, and Biology of Talking Cures. Int. Univ. Press: see that the form is somewhat like a ladder, creates brain. Analysts make interventions that arousal: Flow interpretations might work, Madison. CT. with long arms on each side, and cross bars respect both mind and brain, and they tap and The Annual of Psychoanalysis, 8:231 - LEVIN, F.M., AND GUNTHER, M. (2000). The that are the steps as it were. At the bottom facilitate spontaneous activities (especially, 248, New York: Int. Univ. Press. psychoanalytic treatment of you can see how brain creates mind, and how transference and free association). And NP is LEVIN, F.M. (1991). Mapping the Mind: The neuropsychiatric patients, Samiksa, 50:21 - mind also creates brain (via intense working hard to help explain the many details of Intersection of Psychoanalysis and 29. interactivity). The latter is harder to see than how mind/brain works. Neuroscience. Hillsdale NJ: The Analytic PANKSEPP, J. (1998). Affective Neuroscience: the former, but I believe my discussion of the My hope is that the more we know about Press. [London and NY: Karnac Books, The Foundations of Human and Animal creation of new synapses, and new neural both mind and brain, and their interactions (and 2003] Emotions. New York and Oxford: Oxford networks (databases of mind) in response to relationships) the better we can help our LEVIN, University Press. emotional demand, in real time, makes it hard patients, the better create testable theories, and F.M. (1995a). Psychoanalysis and to ignore the creation of real changes in brain - knowledge. Part 2: The special relationship the better develop a science that is also an art PANKSEPP, J. (2003). At the interface of the circuitry in response to emotional demand. The form which is teachable, and reliable. It seems between psychoanalytic transference, affective, behavioral, and cognitive idea here is that what you believe in, what to me that one result, affecting the education similarity judgement, and the priming of neurosciences: Decoding the emotional interests or excites you, and what you desire, of analysts for the future, is that training should memory, The Annual of Psychoanalysis, feelings of the brain, Brain and Cognition, also invites you to learn more about it, and include some study of mind and brain in relation 23:117-130. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic 52:4-14. ultimately changes your brain permanently in to each other. As Arnold Z. Pfeiffer states (in Press. POSNER, M., and ROTHBART, M. (1997). the direction of facilitating further learning. the introduction to Solms and Kaplan-Solms, LEVIN, F.M. (1995b). Psychoanalysis and Attention, self-regulation, and 2002), this would allow us to better understand The figure makes it clear why I suggested interdisciplinary research: The integration of consciousness, Paper presented to the "the neurological organization of various mental that mind creates brain creates mind creates neuroscience and the psychoanalytic theory Association for Research on Nervous and functions of interest to the psychoanalyst..." of learning, Samiksa, 49:1-12. brain... in an endless cycle of changes. Plus, if Mental Diseases, New York, December, 5- emotional attention creates new synapses upon (p. xii). LEVIN, F.M. (1997a). Integrating some mind 6. and brain views of transference: "The REISER, M..F. (1990). Memory in Mind and phenomenon", J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., Brain. New York: Basic Books Bibliography 45(4): 1121-1152. SHEVRIN, HI., BOND, J., BRAKEL, L.A.W., HERTEL. LEVIN, F.M. (1997b). Some thoughts on ABBLES, M. (2004). Time is precious, Science, IBELGAUKT, H. (1999). The Cytokine Online R.K, AND WILLIAMS, W.J. (1996). attention, Samiksa, 51 :23-30. 304:523-524. Pathfinder Encyclopedia, http:// Conscious and Unconscious Processes: www.copewithcytokines.de/ ANDERSON, M.C., OCIISNER, K.N., KUHL, B., LEVIN, F.M. (2002a). The neuroirnmune Psychodynamic, Cognitive, and COOPBR, M., ROBKRTSON, E., GABRIBLI, S.W., IKHGAYA, Y., AARON, G., COSSART, RT, ARONOV, network and its relevance to Neu rop hy s i o lo g i c a I Conve rg e nces. New GLOVER, G.H., AND GABRIELI, J.D.E. (2004), D., LAMPI,, I.., FKRSTHR, D., YUSTH, R. psychoanalysis, Psa. Q., LXXI:617~7 York: Guild ford Press. Neural systems underlying the suppression (2004). Synfire chains and cortical songs: LEVIN, F.M. (2002b). [Cytokines, SOLMS, M. AND KAPLAN-SOLMS, K. (2002). of unwanted memories, Science, vol. temporal modules of cortical activity, psychoanalysis and learning], In: Dialog der Clinical Studies in hi euro- 303:232-235. Science., 304:559-564. Wis sense haft en: Angloainerikanische Psychoanalysis: An Introduction to a FRICK, R.B. (1982). The ego and the vestibulo- KANDEL, E. (1998). A new intellectual Perspektiven, vol. 2, (ed.) Patrizia Depth Neuropsychology 2nd Edition. cerebellar system: Some theoretical framework for psychiatry, Ainer. J. Gianpieri-Deutsch, Kohlhammer Press: New York and London: Karnac Books. Stuttgart |German]. perspectives, Psychoanal., 51:95-122. Psychiatry., 155:457-469. SOLMS, M. (2004). Freud returns, Scientific GAUN, D. (1974). Implications for psychiatry LASSKN, N.A. (1994). Where do thoughts LEVIN, F.M. (2004). Psyche and Brain: The American, 290(5):80-88. of left and right cerebral specialization, occur? Ugeskriftfor Laeger, 156/27:4004- Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 31 :572-583. 4005. [Dutch] Fred M. Levin GRINKHR, R.R. Sr., Sigmund Freud: A few LASSEN, N.A., INGVAR, D.H., AND SKINHJ, Suite 1022111 North Wabash Avenue reminiscences of a personal contact, J. (1978). Brain function and blood flow, Sci. Chicago IL 60602 Orthopsychiatry., 10:850. Amer., 293:62-71. USA

22 23 SAMlKSA SAMIKSA REMEMBERING, FORGETTING, AND KEEPING SEPARATE: REFLECTIONS ON THE "GOSPEL" ACCORDING TO FREUD IRA Brenner

The ambiguity over Freud's conflicted relationship to Judaism has had a lasting impact on psychoanalysis and the psychoanalytic movement. The author briefly reviews the major viewpoints regarding Freud's conflict based on his works, his correspondence, as well as his biographies, and then offers some reflections. In particular, he focuses on Moses and Monotheism, the origin of repression theory, the circumstances surround Freud's death, and some of the traditions in psychoanalytic institutes. He suggests that failure to recognize the influences of Freud's incorporation of Judaism may have led to certain rigidities, stereotypes, and adherence to ideas which have more of a flavor of religious dogma than science. He concludes that it would be beneficial to the future of psychoanalysis to further clarify the nature of Freud's conflict, which in a sense would be tantamount to our helping him, posthumously, to work it through.

Introduction resistance. Furthermore, the need to "prove" and reprove their validity often leads to circular Like the child's curiosity about his parents' logic that does not allow for dissent or scientific private life, we analysts have an endless inquiry, creating problems in the whole field. fascination with the details of Sigmund Freud's In a sense, we would be acting like disciples life. But this preoccupation is not simply idle participating in a transgenerational enactment, speculation or idol worship, for as we continue perpetuating the fantasy that Freud had to explore our psychoanalytic heritage, it may delivered a divine message, like Moses, the also help us acquire new insights into the biblical figure who intrigued him all of his life relationship between his dynamics and the (Freud. 1914; 1939; Blum, 1991) theory he devised (Stolorow and Atwood, 1979). An appreciation of this aspect of So, it is fitting that the founder of subjectivity may then enable us to tease out psychoanalysis would be subject to the most the idiosyncratic and the autobiographical from analytic scrutiny of anyone this century and the more universal aspects of metapsychology, there is probably as much commentary on his in order to see theoretical blind spots which lifelong struggle with his Jewishness as any distort our understanding. And when it comes other facet of his life. Formulations based on to Freud's theories, the risk of shared blind his private correspondence, recollections of his spots is especially great. After all, when there conversations with others, his published has been undue idealization of his words, taught writings (Freud, 1925, 1926, 1938, 1939) as "in an atmosphere of indoctrination" (Kernberg, well as his biographies (Bakan, 1958; Cuddihy, 1986, p. 799), failure to understand or fully 1974; Gay, 1987, 1988, Jones, 1953, 1957; agree is seen as our own shortcoming or Grollman, 1965; Heer, 1972; Schur, 1972) are

IRA Brenner, M.D. Training & Supervision Analyst Philadelphia Psychoanalytic Institute, The author gratefully acknowledges Salman Akhtar, M.D., J. Anderson Thompson, M.D., and Mortimer Oslow, M.D. for their suggestions and encouragement in the writing of this paper.

25 SAMIKSA IRA BRENNER REMEMBERING, FORGETTING, AND KEEPING SEPARATE rather complex, and reflect tremendous 19th Century. The former was held in esteem the shared common belief in the deity and the then avoiding references to his mother would conflict. In a recent paper, Halpern (1998) has whereas the latter was held in contempt. sacred writings, i.e., God and the To rah, are be as conspicuous by their absence as Freud's reviewed much of this material, and has Therefore, Freud could proudly identify with what have held the Jewish people together own work is skewed by his defensive concluded that there was an important aspect the Jewish premium on intellectualism, ethics, over the millennia. Instead, he seemed to idealization of the mother-son relationship. that was overlooked, i.e. the way in which righteousness, and stoicism in the face of emphasize the importance of their belief in the (Stolorow & Atwood, 1979). adversity. But being a secular, "godless" Jew specialness of their relationship with God, i.e., Freud separated the Jewish culture and the "The difference in a mother's reaction (Gay, 1987), he viewed the belief system, the "chosen people," as essential to their religion, utilizing this split to symbolize his to the birth of a son or a daughter shows prayers, and rituals as a transmitted, shared character. Although he did acknowledge it, it unintegrated representations of his father. that the old factor of loss of a penis has neurosis like any other religion, which by is interesting for Freud to have said so little While there appears to be validity to this even now not lost its strength. A mother definition, would be psychopathology, and about the significance of the written word as hypothesis, I believe that seeing it in the is only brought unlimited satisfaction by therefore potentially analyzable (Freud, 1907, an organizing influence, given how prolific he broader context of Freud's complicated early her relation to a son; this is altogether 1913, 1927, 1939). However, 1 am not aware was, and how much he recognized what a life, may shed additional light on the subject. the most perfect, the most free from of any evidence that he had any more galvanizing influence his own writings have ambivalence of all human relationships^) contempt for Judaism than other religion, as been for the psychoanalytic movement. In the Godless but Jewish (Freud, 1933 [1932], p. 133)." Catholicism was actually his thought to be parallel between Judaism and analysis, one Peter Gay (1987) begins his book, Freud, greater nemesis (Gay, 1987). could almost say that for a Jew to become an I am therefore suggesting that a parallel analyst, the belief in an invisible God and in process may occur if one bypasses earlier the Goddess Jew, with the quote from a Freud Intrigued and clearly in admiration of the the Old Testament has to be replaced by the developments contributing to his Jewish identity letter to the Protestant Reverend, Oskar tenacity and longevity of the Jews as a people, belief in the invisible Unconscious. In the conflict, losing an opportunity to appreciate the Pfister, "Why did none of the devout create Freud expressed this sentiment in a letter to Standard Edition, there is even the "Trinity" of multiply determined depth of Freud's psychoanalysis? Why did it have to wait for a his fiancee, Martha, on February 2, 1886, when the unconscious, repression, and the intrapsychic use of Judaism. godless Jew?" it is the essence of Freud's he was 30: "I have often felt as though I had 1 transference, as essential core beliefs if we own "Jewish Question" which might be inherited all the defiance and all the passions For example, one of the major dualities of extend the analogy to the Judeo-Christian paraphrased as follows: "What is it about how with which our ancestors defended their temple Moses which Freud does not discuss in oreal realm. I incorporated my Jewish heritage that enabled and gladly would sacrifice my life for one great depth is his two families, i.e. the aristocratic me to make one of the greatest contributions moment in history. And at the same lime I Freud's unresolved disappointment in his Egyptian one, where his adopted mother is the to the understanding of mankind?" Indeed, always felt so helpless and incapable of father is evident from his own writings (Freud, daughter of the Pharaoh, and his humble but what was the nature of his Jewishness and expressing these ardent passions even by a 1900) and this interpretation has also been clever Jewish family who set him afloat in the how did it influence his genius? But to consider word or poem. So, I have always restrained applied to his historical novel, Moses and Nile to avoid the decree that the first born be the overall issue, it is also necessary to consider myself, and it is this, I think, which people Monotheism, (Freud, 1939) which invokes two slain. In the Biblical legend, Moses' Jewish the converse question, i.e., what is the effect might see in me" (Freud, 1974, p, 165). As a Moses, two Gods, and two groups of Jews. mother raises him in Pharaoh's palace, and of Freud's psychology on his Jewishness? member of the "chosen people" with his own These dualities are seen as further evidence her true relationship to the boy is a secret. So, The essence of Halpern's thesis is that sense of destiny. Freud's narcissism was of the split Father, i.e. idealized and it is the curious and not insignificant (Oring, Freud's ambivalence toward his father was interwoven with the sense of superiority disappointing (Halpern, 1998). However, to stay 1984, Blum, 1991; Yerushalmi, 1991) that defended against through splitting of ascribed to the Jews. He saw these tendencies essentially within a Freudian formulation, Freud Freud reverses the story to conclude that representations, as manifested in his as more characterologic rather than a cultural would focus on the father complex to the Moses was actually an aristocratic Egyptian. contradictory attitude toward Jewish culture phenomenon, regretting that he did not have exclusion of other paradigms. This restriction One of his major arguments was that the name versus Jewish religion. In other words, Freud enough time left in his life to further study it. would be unduly limiting, given the evidence of Moses was not a Hebrew name, but Egyptian tried to work out his internal relationship by In so doing he pointed the way for further Freud's use of splitting, which implies an instead. Freud was preoccupied with the exploiting the divestiture of the Jewish culture investigation, such as in the area of ethnic inability to tolerate ambivalence, a problem derivation of names, and perhaps it is a from the Jewish religion, the Haskalah, identity (Volkan, 1997). Bui at the same time, associated with pre-oedipal pathology.* Freud's reflection of the autobiographical nature of occurring during the Enlightenment of the late he subtly minimized the traditional view that need for an enemy, his narcissism, his tendency Moses and Monotheism (Grubrich-Siniitis, toward psychosomatic symptoms, and his 1997) that when Freud was somewhere inveterate smoking (Gay, 1988) are also rather between the age of 13 and 22, (Bakan, 1958, 1 The expression "Jewish Question" has been associated with the growing Jewish influence and anti-Semitism of Freud's time, which culminated in "The Final Solution of the Jewish Question." The Holocaust, which he narrowly suggestive of earlier problems of a dyadic Yerushalmi, 1991) he changed his own name escaped, destroyed his sisters (Yerushalmi, 1991). nature. So, if we consider his early conflicts, from Sigismund to Sigmund so it would sound

26 27 SAMlKSA SAMIKSA IRA BRENNER REMEMBERING, FORGETTING, AND KEEPING SEPARATE less "Jewish."2 Therefore, he could disclaim years, but a lifetime to trying to undo the depth understanding of the human condition she observes, "his father could not teach him both Moses and his own Hebrew backgrounds catastrophe that befell him in childhood." based on drives and development. Furthermore, to become a man... (his nursemaid's) on the basis of names, when it suited him. In (Zilborg, 1967, p. 139). And prior to this he rejects the contention that analysis was disappearance had left him with an indelible addition, Freud also was a first born son, but traumatic experience there was even earlier influenced by Freud's Jewishness from an unconscious fear of loss... His maternal of his father's second family. In today's trauma. His mother gave birth to a brother intellectual, a professional, and a "tribal" representation linked fear of death to God. vernacular, he would be described as coming when he was under two years of age and this perspective. Finding no evidence for the During latency, he had already become a from a "blended family." So, these two infant died eight months later. In addition, by exclusivity of Jewish influence on the functional adult within the family, on his way families merged, after Jacob Freud's exodus the time he was ten years old, his mother had development of analysis, or in its applicability to being the provider of the family for decades" from the East to escape persecution, like the given birth six more times, which was or appeal to only Jewish minds, he also (Rizzuto, 1998, p. 268). So what I believe is merging of the two groups of Jews who undoubtedly a challenge to his narcissism (Gay, dismissed the controversial notion of the important today, is to acknowledge his conflict blended at Kadesh. 1988). His early life was characterized by loss, inheritance of ancestral memory, an essential and seek to understand the influences that his guilt, confusing relationships, and the influence feature of the Primal Horde Theory. (Despite Jewish heritage had on his theorizing and the To add to Freud's sense of having to be of two religions, two cultures, and several contemporary views which generally do not psychoanalytic movement itself. To not do so very special, there were predictions of Freud's languages. As Blum (1991, p. 531) summarized subscribe to this theory, interestingly, a more would be analogous to Lewin's observation greatness, because according to childhood it "Freud reconstructed the origins of the recent study nevertheless finds merit in Freud's regarding the technical dangers of ignoring the stories he was bom with a caul, believed to be Jewish people, and in the process provided a hypothesis of Oedipal themes as the central influence of hypnotism and suggestion on a good omen and a protection against disguised study of his own origins and his own narrative of both Judaism and Christianity analysis (Lewin, 1955). Failure to acknowledge drowning. Certainly, an infant like Moses set family romance... Mother-son conflict is (Paul, 1996). the linkage of analysis to religion may have adrift in a river would do well to have been conspicuously obscure, and women are unwittingly contributed to such phenomena as born with such a membrane around his head conspicuous by their absence. Moses as Therefore, Gay's position that Freud could the cult like, quasi deification of Freud, the also. And like Moses, Freud essentially had mother, particularly the omnipotent pre-oedipal not have felt so Jewish because of inherited parochial attitude of certain groups of analysts two mothers with two religions. His biological mother is hidden behind and within the great memories leaves him with only a sociologic toward new ideas, the stubborn adherence to mother, his father's third wife, was a Jewish patriarchal image. "The over-determined nature theory to support the Jewishness" of analysis. old ideas in the face of conflicting clinical data, woman half her husband's age, but his beloved of Freud's Moses was an amalgam of his But even so, he was not convinced that only and some of the organizational problems nursemaid was a Catholic woman more his "idealized self, object, and self-object, alter ego a Jewish atheist could have invented inherent in analytic institutes (Mahony, 1979, father's age who spoke Czech and took him and ego ideal..." (p. 518). psychoanalysis. However, he finally concludes Roustang, 1982; Kernberg, 1986). to church with her on a regular basis-'. As a that Freud's double sense of ostracism—being toddler, he would come home from Sunday Indeed, it has been observed that Should We Care? a Jew who was both alienated from Viennese mass and preach to his parents what he heard Society and from his own Jewish people— questioning the basic theory "has usually been being preached during the service. But, this But it remains somewhat controversial just was a crucial factor in the development of his responded to with anxiety, as if a sacrilegious Catholic nanny was summarily fired for how "Jewish" Freud really was and, in fact, character which enabled him to be defiant, outrage were being perpetrated" (Sutherland, stealing and abruptly disappeared from young what difference it really makes. As Goldberg proud, and stoic in face of opposition. It is 1980, p. 842). And as Mahony has noted, Freud's life when he was under three years quips, "Need we care if he slept with his sister- such traits that Freud identified as being "theology and psychoanalysis are unique in that old, during the time his mother gave birth to in-law... or really felt that he was Jewish associated with the Jews. their specialists constantly have their originator his sister. This great loss and the confusion inside?" (Goldberg, 1990, p. 35). Gay (1987) in mind" (Mahony, 1977, p. 57). Divisiveness over the profound influence she had on his contends that only an atheist could have Whether he believed in God, per se, is in in institutes between the orthodox "true early life were manifested in his (Oring, created psychoanalysis, because of the natural my view, not the crucial issue. It was a conflict, believers" (Bergmann, 1997) and the innovative 1984, Hardin, 1985). Referring to this event, antagonism between searching for the ultimate and as Rizzuto described it, "in spite of his "heretics" can exist which in some cases, have Zilborg observed "Freud devoted not only forty answers through God, versus pursuing an in compelling need to reject religion, he could not even contributed to splits and the creation of stop thinking about it. That was his manner of rival institutes in the same city. Such was the 2 Sigismund had been the name of a line of Polish kings who showed tolerance of the Jews. In their memory, it became wrestling with the psychic pain inflicted upon case in my institute (Philadelphia a popular name for Jewish parents to name their sons for these beloved monarchs. (Grollman, 1965). Another example him by his early objects: he could not revive Psychoanalytic Society Oral History Project, of the significance of names to Freud is that he also named his children for admired people. Mis sons were named after them, transform them into an emotionally 1987), where after decades of acrimony and a his heroes, Jean Martin Charcot, Oliver Cromwell, and Ernst Brucke. In this way, his admired "fathers" then became his sons, thereby taming and controlling the ambivalent paternal object. tolerable god, or reject them so completely that pseudo-religious war, the two groups have 3 Freud's dislike of music may also be related to the repression of his love for this woman, as he needed to forget the he could stop thinking about God and religion" developed a "reunification committee" music he heard in church while being there with her. (Personal communication, Robert Mall). (Rizzuto, 1998, pp. 252-253). More specifically, consisting of members of both groups to explore

28 29 SAMIKSA SAMlKSA IRA BRENNER REMEMBERING, FORGETTING, AND KEEPING SEPARATE coming back together for the betterment of and Monotheism (Shengold, 1972) and laws of actively keeping things separate, would (Jones, 1957; Gay, 1988). So perhaps there the psychoanalytic movement. Destructive because Amalek was not only a threat to quite likely have colored his views on life, given were conscious political reasons also, behind feelings of alienation may also occur due to Moses' success, but also was the archetypal his education, family background, and social Freud's official statement about his ignorance ethnic cliques and the risk of elitism amongst persecutory threat to Jewish existence, the milieu. But, to have applied and reversed these and alienation for Judaism which could appear the training analysts who can easily trace their Israelites were commanded, "Do Not Forget!" principles to understand intrapsychic processes as his protesting a bit too much, to paraphrase "lineage" back to Freud. Such pride in our And, in order not to forget and to honor their is however, a profound conceptual leap. In so Shakespeare. Indeed, Yerushalmi (1991, p 68) genealogy is reminiscent of the "Kohanim" in covenant with the Lord, they were ordered to doing, Freud was able to improve upon Janet's observes, "Beyond any detail, the very violence Judaism who trace their high priest lineage obey laws, which forbade the intermingling of model of a passive split in the psyche due to of Freud's recoil against Jewish religious belief back to Aaron, brother of Moses, and this specific crops, beasts of burden, fabric, and trauma, by conceptualizing an active defense and ritual must arouse our deepest suspicion." tradition may contribute to the "theological foods. The Kosher dietary laws, the most well which reduced anxiety by keeping mental Perhaps Freud has not worked his conflict seminary" model of institutes, also (Kernberg, known of these rituals, do not permit dairy and contents separate and away from through as well as he had hoped to. 1986). meat to be eaten together. They are based on consciousness. "Thy shalt not seethe a kid in the milk of its So, I can only imagine what else was going With such a profound subculture and Biblical mother", a commandment found in Freud's lifelong disavowal, renunciation, and through his mind as he finally assembled Moses metaphors used so freely amongst analysts, 1 Deuteronomy, also. Accompanied by a list of distancing himself from organized Judaism was and Monotheism for publication, given his began to wonder if our very "cornerstone", unclean animals, most notably the pig, the in the service of keeping himself separate from harrowing escape from Nazi occupied Europe, repression theory, may have even been Jewish laws declared that only certain meat, his roots. Despite his acknowledgement of his his declining health, and the obviously unconsciously inspired by the Old Testament, fish, and foul were acceptable and when eating ancestry, which to his credit he could only controversial nature of this work, its most 4 too. It then occurred to me that the dictates these permissible creatures, the observant Jew pretend to deny , it seemed as though he tried unusual composition of three essays of 5 pertaining to remembering and to actively must abstain from milk products. Although to expunge any trace of residual "mysticism," progressively longer length, and the two keeping things separate might be pertinent. health reasons have been ascribed as a spirituality, superstition, and overt "Jewishness" prefaces before the third essay, conveys a These two dictates are at the core of Jewish rationale behind some of these practices over from his public veneer. sense of wanting to clarify everything to the tradition which are suspiciously similar to the reader. However, the redundancies at times, the centuries, the manifest purpose that these He was very careful about dispelling the basis of analysis, but with a slight twist. Freud's have a heavy handed quality, as though Freud laws served was to remind the Jewish people accusations that psychoanalysis was a Jewish reversal, of course, is that active effort of the wanted to wear down and smash through of their unique group identity and their special, science, as his correspondence to Abraham in ego, which keep mental contents separate, whatever resistances the reader might have to separate relationship to God. 1908 informs us. Here he was concerned that results in forgetting, not in remembering. There accepting his thesis. is a Biblical commandment to remember the Remembering, therefore, is a central tenet it could become a "Jewish national concern" past, which is reinforced by following sets of of Judaism, and essentially, all the holidays are and wanted to broaden its appeal to the rest of And 1 even wonder if he had a conflicted reminders of major events or milestones in the world (Gay, 1988). And it is well known wish lo write this work in Hebrew to perhaps rules about keeping certain things separate. 6 These rituals are supposed to remind the Jewish history, of which, loss or threatened among historians that Freud wanted his gentile please the memory of his father . And after Jewish people of their specialness as the loss, are prominent themes. The special place heir, Jung, to be his "Joshua" entering the all, we do know that Jacob Freud had the "chosen people," who are separate from thai loss and mourning have are exemplified in Promised Land of the future of psychoanalysis family Bible recovered and offered it to his others. This mandate to remember comes from the major holidays where a solemn prayer the book of Deuteronomy, in a chapter service is devoted to remembering the dead, 4 Freud, in his essay on anti-Semitism (1938) is thought to have used the literary device of quoting a forgotten source describing how Amalek mercilessly killed the which is in addition to the annual prayers and to express his own views through his non-Jewish "alter ego": 1 am not Jew and therefore 1 am not driven...by any stragglers during the Exodus from Egypt. Here, rituals on the anniversaries of the deaths of egoistic concern.. The Jews are not worse than we are.. In some respects, indeed, they arc our superiors...Crimes...are great rarities among them..They have always set a high value on intellectual achievements and... (have made) valuable the Israelites are reminded how God saved these loved ones. (Brenner, 1998). With such contributions in all spheres of science, art. and technology..." (Freud, 1938, pp. 291-292) them from this ancient enemy and how they a pervasive tradition of remembrance, memory, 5 Freud's disavowed interest in mysticism extended beyond his Judaism, as his ideas were apparently shaped by survived and endured, whereas, the name of and an appreciation of one's history, it does Eastern philosophies also. As Akhtar (1999) points out, the great physicist Fcchner, whose 'constancy principle' Amalek and his people have been totally wiped not seem like a profound leap of faith to inspired Freud's 'Nirvana Principle", was steeped in Buddhism (Jones, 1957), and Freud's term itself was first used out and obliterated. And because Amalek was consider that this would have an impact on by Barbara Low, an expert in Sanskrit. Freud was also impressed by Romainc Roland's "oceanic feeling', which was not only a threat to Moses' success, but also Freud's own mental development, and on his incorporated into his theory of the 'death instinct'. Roland was a devotee of 19th century Indian mystics. 6 was the archetypal persecutory threat to theorizing. Even if he were not adherent to As 1 struggled to write this paper, I realized that I kept adding introductory paragraphs instead of proceeding forward Jewish existence. Interestingly, the obliteration these rituals, the knowledge of the importance with my comments. In other words, 1 was writing backwards, which is essentially right to left, instead of left lo right! It then struck me that the organization of Moses and Monotheism would have made more sense if the reader started of names is also an important theme in Moses of remembering, and the knowledge of the with the two prefaces to the third essay first. Was I unconsciously picking up on something in Freud's work? While

30 31 SAMlKSA SAMIKSA IRA BRENNER REMEMBERING, FORGETTING, AND KEEPING SEPARATE son in 1891 with a very poetic dedication his life. She speculates lhat Freud may have some level he must have known. The curtain call of his life. written in Hebrew, urging him to return to his published it in its unusual form and not possibility of an unconscious meaning is I also agree with the notion that Freud's scholarly religious studies (Ostow, 1989). At destroyed I he manuscript in order to provide especially intriguing if we consider (hat in unresolved religious conflict may have been the time, Freud was thirty five and his father "the raw material for further research in the typical Freudian fashion, he may have transmitted to future generations of analysts. was seventy six, just five years before his future" (Grubrich-Simitis, 1997, p. 89). expressed his unacceptable wish to reconcile If this is so, then it behooves us to clarify the death (Yerushalmi, 1991). We also know from with his "Jewish" God, on Yom Kippur, but ambiguities around his Judaism and "help" him Freud's autobiographical study (1925, p.8) what Conclusion after this overture, he then undid this wish by work through these issues posthumously. It a lifelong impression that Bible had upon him; And, if unresolved Oedipal guilt were also having his body cremated and the ashes put in can only help psychoanalysis. As he observed "My deep engrossment in the Bible story a contributing factor in his motivation to write a Greek Urn (Jones, 1957). This act is highly that "the dematerialization of God brought a almost as soon as I had learned the art of Moses and Monotheism (Freeman and significant because cremation is absolutely fresh and valuable contribution" (Freud, 1939, reading had, as I recognized much later, an Strean, 1981), 1 would contend lhat it was a forbidden according lo Jewish law. And so, p 115) to the Jews, through increased enduring effect upon the direction of my factor in the timing of his death, too. Freud Freud's enormous conflict over following the intellectual ism, so too may the deconstruction intent." But Freud, the iconoclast, when he did clearly surpassed his father professionally and rules of the Jewish lawmakers, i.e., both father of Freud promote further freedom and growth return to his study of the Bible, which he out lived him also. He also had a life with and mother, may have returned for Ihe final of analytic thought. interestingly was five years before his death his adoring, but domineering mother (Rizzuto, 1998) until the age of 74, possessing her almost also, (the first version of Moses was written in References 1934); he wrote a story about Moses which twice as long as his father "had" her. Yet he earned him vicious criticism from his fellow could not live up to his father's wish of AKIITAR, S. (1999). Inner Tornwm. Northvalc, (1913). Totem and Taboo. S.E. 13. countrymen. No doubt, his father would have embracing the religion of their ancestors, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc. (1914). The Moses of Michelangelo. had trouble with his formulation also. But here, ambivalently rebelling until his dying breath, BAKAN, D. (1958). Siginund Freud and the S.E. 13. in the aging Freud, we do not see his conflict and just beyond. Like Moses who was Mystical Jewish Tradition, Boston:Beacon expressed in the mocking sarcasm of his earlier punished by not being permitted lo go So the (1925a). Letter to the editor of Jewish Press. years, such as in his parody of the last phase Promised Land because he doubled the word Press in Zurich. S.E. 19. BI-KGMANN, M. (1097). The historical roots of of the Passover Seder next year in Jerusalem, ol God, was Freud identiiying wiui him ;n his (i923b). Ai'i Autobiographical Study. in a letter to Fleiss on April 16, 1900. Instead last actions also? Although it is not stated in psychoanalytic orthodoxy Int. J. S.E. 20. of the ending, "Next year in Jerusalem", Freud most of Freud's biographies that his physician Psychoanai 78:69-86. (1927). Ihe Future ot an Illusion S.E. writes, "If I closed with 'Next Easter in Rome/ assisted suicide resulted in his death on the BLUM, H. (1991). Freud and the Figure of 21 I would feel like a pious Jew" (Freud, 1985, p. holiest Jewish day of the year, Yom Kippur, or Moses: The Moses of Freud. ,/. Ainer. 405). As Yerushalmi (1991) points out, this the Day of Atonement, il is known and Psychoanai. Assn., 39:513-535. 193011929]). Civilization and its joke to Fleiss betrays not only his conflict, but documented (Wring, 1984). Although rarely discontents. S.E. 21. BRKNNEK, I. (1999). On returning to the fire../. also knowledge of the prayers being said during discussed and perhaps somewhat of an "open 1933 [1932]. New Introductory Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 1:145- that Holiday, despite his publicly disavowed secret," once again we are left to conjecture Lectures on Psychoanalysis. S.E. 22 162. knowledge of the religion. But, instead of the meaning of ii. Although Schur, his (1938). Acommeni on Anrisemkisrn. mockery at this final point in his life. Freud physician, (1972) stales thai Freud was clearly CunniHY, J.M. (1974). The Ordeal of Civility: S.E. 23. crafted a multi-layered, idiosyncratic story aware of reality at the time he reminded him Freud, Marx, Levi-Strauss, and the about Moses with very personal meaning, the of their agreement made years before, it Jewish Struggle with Modernity. NY: (1939 [1934-1938]). Moses and full understanding of which is yet to be cannot be known with certainty that he was Basic Books. Monotheism. S.E. 23. fully oriented lo the date (Blum, personal gleaned. Grubrich-Simitis contends that this FRP.KMAN, L. & STRI-AN, U.S. (1981). Freud (1941 [1926]). Aduie.vs lo llic Society work demonstrates not only his deep Jewish communication, 1998). However, we would be and Women. NY: Frederick Ungar of Bnai Birth. S.E. 20. roots better than any other, but also highlights doing Freud, of all people, a disservice if we Publishing Co. (! 960). Letters of Siginund Freud. the importance of his self-analysis throughout merely ascribe lliis coincidence lo chance. At FRHUI.I, S. (1900). The Interpretation of Ed. B. Freud, trans. T&S Stern NY: Basic Dreams. S.E. 4. Books. I myself do not know Hebrew any better than Freud had claimed, he undoubtedly also knew thai Hebrew was written (1907). Obsessive actions and (1974). Cocaine Papers, Ed. R. Byck, from right to left. Admittedly, it is quite presumptuous to speculate on the basis of my own subjectivity about religious practices, S.E. 9. NY: Stonehill. Freud's unconscious motivation 60 years ago, but it did come to mind.

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(1985). The Complete Letters of MAHONY, P. (1977). Friendship and its Jewish Publication Society of America. Judaism Terminable and Interminable. Sigmund Freud to Wilhem Fleiss 1887-1904. discontents. Contemp. Psa., 15:55-109 New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. VOLKAN, V. (1997). Bloodlines - From Ethnic J.M. Masson. Cambridge, MA: Belknap (1979). The budding international Pride to Ethnic Terrorism. NY: Farrar, ZILBOORG, G. (1953). Love in Freudian Press. association of psychoanalysis and its Straus, and Giroux. Psychoanalysis. In, Psychoanalysis and GAY, P. (1987). A Godless Jew: Freud, discontents. Psychoanal. Contempt. Religion, ed. Margaret Stone Zilboorg Atheism and the Making of Thought, 2:551-593. YERUSHALMI, Y H. (1991). Freud's Moses: (1967). Psychoanalysis. New Haven: Yale Univ. ORING, E. (1984). The Jokes of Sigmund Press. Freud - A Study in Humor and Jewish Identity. Philadelphia: Univ. of Penna. (1988) Freud—A life for Our Time, IRA Brenner Press. NY: W.W. Norton & Co, 10 Presidential Blvd. GOLDBERG, A, (1990). The Prison House of OSTOW, M. (1989). Sigmund and Jacob Freud Suile I 16 Bala Cynwyd Psychoanalysis, Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic and the Philippson Bible. Int. Rev. PA 19004. Press, Inc. Psychoanal., 16:483-492.

GROLLMAN, E.A. (1965). Judaism in Sigmund Philadelphia Psychoanalytic Society Oral Freud's World, NY: Appleton Century. History Project, 1987.

HALPERN, J. (1988). Freud's intrapsychic use PAUL, R.A. (1996). Moses and Civilization: of the Jewish culture and religion. Amer. The Meaning Behind Freud's Myth. New Psychoanal. Assn., Annual Mtg., Toronto, Haven: Yale Univ. Press. May, 1998. RIZZUTO, A.M. (1998). Why Did Freud Reject HARDIN, H. (1985). One of the vicissitudes of God? New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. early primary surrogate mothering../. Amer. ROUSTANG, F. (1082). Dire Mastery: Psychoanal. Assn., 33:609. Disci pie ship From Freud to Lacan. HEER, F. (1972). Freud, the Viennese Jew. In Baltimore: John Hopkins Univ. Press. Freud - The Man, His World, His SCHUR, M. (1972). I''rend: Living and Dying. Influence. Ed. J. Miller, Boston: Little, NY: Int. Univ. Press. Brown & Co., pp. 1-20. SIIENGOLD, L. (1972). A parapraxis of Freud in JONES, E. (1953). Sigmund Freud: Life and relation to . In, Freud and Work Vol. I., London: Hogarth Press. His Self Analysis, ed. M Kanzcr & J. (1957). Sigmund Freud: Life and Glenn. NY: Aronson, 1979. pp. 213-244 Work Vol. III. London: Hogarth Press. STOLOROW, R.D. & ATWOOD, G.E. (1979). KERNBERG, O.F. (1986). Institutional problems Faces in a Cloud - Subjectivity in of psychoanalytic education. J. Amer. Personality Theory. Norlhvale, NJ: Jason Psychoanal. Assn., 34:799-834. Aronson.

LEWIN, B.D. (1955). psychology and SUTHERLAND, J. (1980). The British object the analytic situation. Psychoanal. 24: 169. relations theorist: Balinl, Winnicot, Fairbairn, Guntrip. ./. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., LICHTENBERG, J.D. & SLAP, J.W. (1973). Notes 28:829-860. on the concept of splitting and defense mechanism of splitting of representations. The Holy Scriptures. According to the J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 21: 722-787. masoretic text. (1963). Philadelphia: The

34 3 5 SAMlKSA SAMlKSA ON AGGRESSION : THE NECROPHILIC SOCIETY Sarala Kapoor

The influence of Necrophilic tendency in present day technotonic society is all pervading. We are at the crossroad of a time where we are witnessing the emergence of a new civilization and the decay of old human values. Our behaviour, culture, food habits, everything depend on the choices we make. The choice in turn depends on the predominant tendency of the time. The love for dead is no longer interesting. The interest has shifted to make living, 'dead'. Freud savs, 'repressed often returns'. It returns in its most intense and fierce form. It can be seen from devastation to external damage of environment. (Water, food, forest, geographical surroundings etc] to internal destruction I identity crisis, drug addiction, alcoholism, crime, suicide and menial disease/. It seems no longer dreadful. We have become indifferent to it.

The kaleidoscopic function of mind has been nature and forceful current is always feared divided into dichotomies, viz. Love—hate, and kept at bay, even from scientific discussion. sex—aggression, active—passive, etc. We Scientists like Freud also sidelined it (ill he was hardly realize the beauty, where the dichotomy forced to pay attention, during and after world merges into an unrecognizable character, and wars. The central point of il came into notice, where only its derivatives are seen then. when it was observed thai one's love lor Anything that associates itself with brightness, country, religion, or puritanism touched heights whiteness, love and day time are considered of narcissism winch can be characterised by as positive and the vice-versa is equally "absolute possession", to the extent of applicable i.e., darkness, blackness, haired, and suffocation and death in some extreme form. night that carry a totally negative picture. Love The term Necrophilia, thus, was already a in its extreme form becomes inconsiderate matter of discussion and cause of anxiety possession which ultimately proves itself worst among social scientists. It was conceived then than aggression, whereas aggression in as the sexual attraction lor the dead body. appropriate dose makes one work actively and While discussing (he nature of necrophilia from assertively with adequate will power and libidinal point of view, Hrich Fromin, for the determination. first lime, recognized it more as die problem of aggression than as a sexual aberration. For The present paper discusses Necrophilia him, aggression was not essentially a reaction as the form of aggression in its different to stimuli but a constantly flowing impulse dimension and in a new connotation. rooted in the constitution of human beings. Fie considered necrophilia as a malignant form of What is aggression? aggression. The vicissitudes of this instinct has In the dichotomy of instincts, along with shown significant routes and its impact on our libido, aggression is also recognized as the most society in varieties of ways like that of libido. important and strong instinct. Its devastating This torm of aggression, i.e. malignant one is

Clinical Psychologist, Calcutta Pavlov Hospital, Kolkata Practising and Training Analyst. Indian Psychoanalytical Society, Kolkata.

37 SAMIKSA SARALA KAPOOR ON AGGRESSION : THE NECROPHILIC SOCIETY non-sexual in character. It is rather a skill than communication is a rule. 3. Skin: Use of cosmetics to look alike. no place for human error. With the help of Leather as a choice for clothes irrespective of extended power of techonologies, it dreams of a passion. It means drive to develop a skill 4. Visual: There is more interest in looking the requirements of climate. Psychedelic and conquering nature one day. Such is the frame passionately to dismember a Gestalt, i.e. than seeing. They look at pictures simply by scanty clothes which provoke raw sensuality of our modern society. anything which represents beauty, shape, or pushing a button in a snap shot manner. As E. togetherness. The interest is in dead and not than any real 'appeal' to senses. It excites but Fro mm said, "Seeing requires lots of activity, The nature of our present day society is in death. It is a personality trait, unalloyed with does not relax openness, concentration and courage than technotonic. It is rather necrophilic in sex, is an act of pure passion to destroy. The taking a 'shot' and then look at it as an 4. Language: Abusive and destructive character. 9/11 incident and its reaction among connotation of it does not share anything with object". It becomes more like a demonstration language with a use of faeces, urine, shit and the people is an example of this pure biological death. of a possession that 'I have been there', than other forms of sterile language. The new form destructiveness in an extremely narcissistic The concept of aggression as a form of really enjoying 'sight seeing'. of language has emerged out of it, i.e. society which is unrelated to others and in the Cybernetic language. This technical form of negative energy, can do wonders, when alloyed 5. Touch: There is a preference for dry need of anyone. The reaction (seen among cyber—language dismantles syntax, grammar, with Libido. It then works as a force behind and chequered texture, e.g., preference for mat mass) horror, of separation and loss, of even spelling. The aim is to make one 'know' all actions, strengthens determination in finish than glossy, bright, smooth surface. We powerlessness, insecurities in face of extremely than to 'communicate'. It is more to do with pursuing ambition and strong will power against choose to keep the sick persons in an institution violent conditions, are the new ways of relating 'command' than to 'interact' e.g. "Adding 2 all odds. But devoid of libido, it can create in the care of life-saving devices than personal to world around. What is all this for?. Just resuhc at engish unvst t dus nt matar in wht havoc. It can initiate one into criminal acts, care and concern. Psychological 'touch' and only to have a fierce control over people who odr hte wrds r sin nd rtn. hte onyl impotnt thng mass murder, and damming up of all benevolent 'care' is absent in all human relationships. must work, and obey commands like robots! acts; be it culture, religion, or the species itself. is taht frst 1st Itter is at hte rght plas the rst where no consideration is required. The In its milder form it is useful to the society in This is not to keep choices only in one en b a totl mse nd u en stl red it wedout pobim operator also becomes one like that of machine the form of grave diggers, butchers and dimension or to make any dichotomy out of bcoz w dnt red vry Ittr but wod as whol". executors. In extreme form, it is expressed in that but to make it clear thai how a particular Abondon of formal use of it even in formal The interest of the people of such a society dictatorship or power game of any sort. It is orientation prevails in preferences and and serious occasion is a rule than exception. has shifted from nature, animals, forests, water, tin urge to tear apart all living structures. The dominates all other alternatives, either in the people and living structure to technical and 5. Motor Activity: Feeding, walking and aim of such passion is not the murder but the form of fashion or as real choice. This is also non-living objects, He loves and cares lor cars skill to make action perfect (through practice) act of dismemberment. The interest is not in not to condemn or appreciate a particular and its decoration more than love for children lyrical exercises, dance movements etc. have death but in robbing people of their narcissitic choice but to explain what are the tendencies and home. Computers and internet chatting become things of bourgeois society. It has been gleam/identity. The interest lies just in changing working behind such overwhelming choices have replaced human interaction and need for replaced by indoor electronic gadgets. We like them into living dead, viz. into workable that gives a pattern to the expression. These, another's company. Man power has never walker, and massager. Dance has become an mechanics. then, prevail through all perceptual field e.g., been wasted like present day. Homes are found aerobic exercise on recorded music than a in hotels. They have become the worshippers 1. Colour: Dark light absorbing colours or rhythmic and soft movement based on beats, The influence of this Necrophilic tendency of technique and lover of power, machines and dazzling black or white or brown. There seems lyrics and classical music. can be seen in all sense modalities, e.g. gadgets (speed). In their such attempt for to be an allergy towards radiant vibrating 1. Smell: "Smell" is essentially a sensory Simple instinctive activities like food, sex, precision the benevolent nature has become colours which give an impression of life. feature, especially of decomposed residues of and sleep are taken over by technologies. No the first victim of their wrath. The powerful faeces, decayed flesh or gunpowder. 2. Facial expression: Sniffy, immobile, fresh food, no normal natural sleep, even. strength of technical 'force' deludes him to stoney faces, with defaced expression or faces Normal sexuality is replaced either by pervert establish himself as the supreme living 2. Taste: Preference for burnt, smoky, with planned smiles, (as if programmed- how choices (object -choice) or sex- toys. It is in organism on this planet, with a capacity and staple food with pungent taste. much and how far, i.e. duration and stretch of fact a passion to transform everything alive in power to destroy il and to invent a new one as 3. Auditory: Preference for screaming and muscles are all cultivated than spontaneous to a kind of automatons—i.e., living dead. It a substitute. As a result lie becomes extremely shouting instead of talking and music. The ones); cold and robotic. Even toys are has robbed man of its emotive quality. The indifferent and apathetic to his other music has taken a technical quality in the form expressionless; e.g. the famous Barbie dolls socio- cultural development has come to a requirements. The spectral phantasy of creating of recorded one than live concert. Live give more a sterile look than a life like substitute stagnation. It has provided a fertile ground for a rainbow of action, the aspiration of being concerts appear more a display of technical to children. War games are more adorable than a kind of desire to be perfect, where there is perfect in variety of ways have been replaced orchestra than real melodies soothing for ears. simple expressive and educational games no surplus, no waste. It works with adequate cruelly by globalization (mass culture and mass Screaming than conversation. Command than which rather give a free play of imagination. 'Speed', 'Power', and 'Precision'. There is control) and automatons. It has made him more

3 8 3 9 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA SARALA KAPOOR ON AGGRESSION : THE NECROPHILIC SOCIETY

"logical" than "reasonable"—more "cerebral" significantly in them. It deprives 'workers' of destroy the self. This is neither a passion for something what is already dead. History, than "affective". "Man" in cybernetic society the charm and pleasure of achievement. It kills love for mankind nor even lust for destruction. Institution, law, property and possession of like ours, Fromm said, "can be defined as variety and feeling of 'knowing' everything they It just happens as a driven action often beyond wealth and labourers gadgets or slaves and the primate that emerged at the point of are manufacturing (control over reason). their control. War remains the only action—to servants as gadgets, (human treatment is not evolution where instinctive determination Except in struggle to get in to the same enjoy and experience such excitement of shown to them). Here, "Things rule the had reached a minimum and the streotyped pattern, (manufactured items), no release of pent up energy to its fullest extent. beings, the dead rules living" (). development of the brain a maximum ". beauty in rhythm and lyrics are found. It can It is glorified in the name of 'Injustice'or It is a dilemma to be understood, how human be noticed everywhere—be a mechanical iron The concept of globalization, mass culture 'puritanism'i.e., one who wants to retain one's mind is unable to cope with its own balancing and steel factory, entertainment industry, and mass control is not new. It can be traced identity /individuality and refuses to be a part force. It's homoeostasis system is failing. It is glamour world, or textile industries, everywhere down to the history in Egyptian colossal tombs of mass culture. The isolated activity threatenes splitting and tearing apart between two forces. the scenario is same—that of a global inhabited by mummified corpses, wish for ever security. Scorn for women and children Hence, is unable to make it up, and a living streotyped pattern! expanding empires and a passionate watcher essentially follows from it. The victorious army person loses its identity merely to transform of the residues of destroyed villages, cities, In the field of literature. Poetry is looked acquires the right to rape and kill women and one into a living dead (sort of chronic and poisoining of soils, water (life giving down upon as a work of some lazy, unwanted children as they represent life and future. schizophrenic state). sources)—are all the prototype of similar parasites, than a fine taste of expression of Power, Precision, and Speed are the motto "civilized" atrocities of today—as we witnessed deep emotions. It does not serve the purpose of modern man. The nature of the tcchnotonic society during Afghan and Iraq wars. When a of the management of action. Such attitude Speed indicates power and finds courage The nature of the technotonic society is civilization gets dominated by necrophilious, it gives a check not only to phantasy, but inhibits in violent movements and jolts. Threat and necrophilic. They are unrelated people, it is is the time for it to decay and die. In its the path of exploration and adventure, and thus, thrash is the approach that works. The relaxed only a matter of degree. They neither enjoy moment of death its wish to be immortal, is defaces human creativity as well. It can be and slow attitude are interpreted as passive, themselves nor allow others to do so. They represented by mummification—perhaps! One found in surrealistic paintings that gives an weak, exhausting and boring action devoid of want to destroy, annihilate everybody, often becomes 'stagnant' in both life and death. The impression of 'coldness' rather than vibrating intoxication. The pleasure of excitement, that themselves too! The word 'want' (what 'they' constant presence of 'death' creates a threat piece of expression of emotional depth. It is develops gradually, is replaced by the frenzy want)does not justify the 'expressed'! since to 'living'. The wish works as, "you cannot go also seen in some persons in a very subtle of intoxication (with the help of drugs and they are unaware of their unconscious drive). without having me living or dead". It divides form who habitually break and mutilate small alcohol). It is necessary for them to feel the It just happens mechanically as a blind force. living people into two types of care givers— things like matches, flowers, clothes, plants— sustained orgastic state to be fused into a Thus, completes the whole cycle of one for 'living' and other for 'dead', perhaps a tendency to destroy anything that gives a Trance like state, where feeling is really not 'aggressive instinct'. Mind, then proceeds with some more amount of care and concern. shape, beauty, or impression of living adorable experienced but one just gets merged into that. towards malignancy as it happens in cancerous For, dead is invisible and hence,, more Gestalt, where pleasure does not remain Only its after effect can be described. growth. This growth is not life sustaining but dangerous (also) than living ones, whose threat pleasurable. dangerous for the life of the organism itself. It Similarly, Precision is an admirable quality, is both understandable, perceptible and even encroaches the space of other living cells. It is The music it enjoys, is that of vibrant e.g., in case of surgery. The same quality in its manageable. Life glues together to overcome expressed in the shift of trust and dependence arsenals, shipyards blazing with electronic intense form can turn a person extremely any such threat. The aim of aggression is to on mother/fellow men/nature to machines. It blares, the dense smoke of factories and obssesive at the cost of many other necessary divide, and rule to control absolutely. The nourishes and protects in the life saving devices industries, the riot of heavy bulldozers and earth requirements. Such people do not care or picture is quite clear in big industrial units. In (e.g., incubator, ventilators, test tube babies or shakers and the screams, of rolling machines. respect for the skill of the others. Their own big manufacturing industries nobody knows even hiring of wombs). There is no emotional obssesion makes them possessive. Sense of who prepares what? The ultimate product is "Mental" pathology is itself an example bond. A necrophilic discards relationships as possession gives them a feeling of "power". known only to the owner. It does not mean to of domination of negative force on soft we discard waste and unwanted things and The of which may cause disaster. The say that anyone who owns an industry, is, imaginative minds. Technicalization of objects. The base is transferred over to virtual powerful man finds solution of all problems necrophilious but those in whom it works with destructive and removal of affective reality (e.g., films, television, computers, mobile and conflicts in force and violence. His cold, a tendency to make labourers mechanically recognition of acts, are the two powerful tools connection etc.); very close to wishful stiff, aloof, pedantic and lifeless attitude kills produce what they have been asked for without for any mass destruction—be it world wars thinking. He welcomes hell even in play, the joy and warmth of people and makes them raising any question. The fusion of technology Afghan, Iraq wars or 9/1 1 incident. These are which not does remain a game only but power feel tired. and destructiveness of human curiosity with a actually the problems of unstructured game, e.g. Vodoo, Superman, etc. Accidents, view to have absolute control, is what works aggression, which if not externalized will In terms of time, they live only in past; death, homicide even suicide do not create

40 41 SAMlKSA SAMlKSA SARALA KAPOOR ON AGGRESSION : THE NECROPHILIC SOCIETY trauma any more. It has become a part of day inconsiderate when it comes to children. The human organs, living human beings, and 'logic'. And 'reason'—one of the to day life experience. Everything which is aim is to catch them young. Train them in surroundings to synthetic food,, clothes organ characteristic of questioning society, where human, is ridiculed and exploited for personal whatever way you like. Education has become and man-made-man, which are hardly intuition (a wide range of perceptual gain. Erich Fromm, calls this new type of synonymous with acquiring only particular skills. distinguishable from their original counterparts representation), or functional insight does not character type as " marketing character", e.g., See the condition of a child who does not and we are unable to give a check. Cosmetic work. Here, one follows and ought to follow a where everything is transformed into even enjoy (at least early 5 years.) he has to surgery has made it possible to present sequence of framed pattern, a situation very commodity - not only human beings but get up early to follow all daily routine - of ourselves in whatever way we like, even much close to schizoid features. 'They' everything that is special to humans, viz. his brushing, toiletting, bathing, dressing etc. Run rejecting our given features. If this is not command (paranoid state), but donot physical energy, his skill, his knowledge, his for the bus to catch up, lo go to school, obey enough, Genetic engineering will come to aid. communicate (Withdrawal and intolerance). opinion, his relationships, body parts, his smile commands, fulfil other expectations of his We will produce 'clones'—may be to achieve For, 'they' lack interactions and farsightedness and his feelings too! It is saleable. This is totally parents, i.e. of learning drawing, painting, uniformity and kill variety(?). We can make or which hinders growth of both, the person and a new orientation of the 'market' world as if sports, singing, martial arts, performing arts, mar ourselves, leaving us with a delusory the society. The ever expanding pollution from the whole world is a 'super mall' and and what not! Above all the tragic part of this feeling "we are our own masters". body to mind, to both internal and external training is, he should be at the top in all the environment has created an all pervasive everything can be sold and bought - the The phenomena of drug addiction, crime, activities assigned to him, that also in the name powerful and dangerous influence of money cultural-socio decay and contempt for moral ecological disbalance of mental material of the functional necessity. As a result, the on human feelings are the cause of anxiety in values have become rule rather than exception. world. More than 80 million dead will be child loses his interest in all activities and turns otherwise humanist society. The whole These are all related to growing attraction acceptable to us rather than giving up of nuclear towards machines, computers, or television, or orientation denies natural reality. He transforms towards aggression. It indicates erosion of strength the true narcissism, when alloyed other irrelevent activities. As a protest he everything i.e. natural in to automatons and civilization. A very obvious and relevant with death instinct, becomes the true necrophilia decides nothing to learn or do. that is asked or those machines virtually alive. The machine question may be raised then, "why this spirit. expected of him. Sits ideal and allows his that obeys but does not communicate. Even volcanic eruption"'?. "is civilization going energy to run negatively towards defiance and sexuality has become a technical skill in the a schizophrenic way?". It is the anxiety What .should be done then? damages. Becomes reckless and restless. His form of available sexual toys and life like expressed by many thoughfful people. The These necrophilia tendencies should be concentration gets impaired. Takes shelter maniken or organ. Joy is replaced with fun, civilized men always suffered from insufficient countered with love-for-life-type tendencies in either in crime or drugs or alcohol to do away and excitement with frenzy intoxication leading discharge of aggressive drive. Hence, by virtue its most genuine form. The illusion of (such) with the feelings of inferiority and guilt to vegetable life. Everything has changed in to of 'reaction formation' love has become the power ol lechnotomc society must be regarding his inability lo do things expected of some kind of lifelessness. The highest demonstration of possession—of one among deciphered. To do so, we need to know the him. The parents also become helpless in their achievements of technical human brain is the many things. Therefore, suffocates—a very "Dynamics of Necrophilia" attempt to be 'super' and 'extraordinary'—as attempt to make Robot as living man and to subtle form of aggression. And aggression is if to be "ordinary' means 'not even worth treat living human beings as machines. We condemned to be repressed to the point of Dynamics of Necrophilic society are most insensitive about our own resources living', ll is followed by depression or suicidal explosion. So, Freud answered, "the repressed Dynamically, necrophilia is the product of on whom,, and on which sustenance of life tendency in both. Again a denial of one's often returns, "in its most fierce form. 'Hie anal character, significance of which is in depends, e.g., we expect doctors, pilots, limitations. The excruciating life style is an "built in " inner excitation seeks release and absolute control and possession. Sadism is its policemen, security personnels and for that attempt to prove it (supremacy and perfection) exposes itself regardless of the adequacy of by product. It disturbs the basic 'mother - matter anyone on whom we need to fulfil our without realizing its cost. The reason being the situation. Only a spark is sufficient to child' unit, which is strongly footed in purpose, to work round the clock, with same that hitman species is placed on a high pedestal provoke the fire. It then transformed into a unconditional love. The (separation of the child) efficiency, precision and alertness, forgetting in comparison to other living organisms. The threat rather than help to survival. War is one symbiotic threat creals a new orientation i.e. their needs and requirements, their physical- high level of cognitive function has given them of those grounds where aggression erupts like to be self sufficient and self-control. It disturbs mental comforts or even bare necessities. We a sense of supremacy over others leaving no volcano (in the form of nuclear explosion) and the basic harmony with nature. So, compulsion expect them to work untiringly as machines. space for them to be imperfect. Thus creating is justified in the name of 'justice'. The most to return remains there in latent or manifest Machines too need rest in the form of oiling or an identity crisis. The amazing part of it is, the striking quality of cybernetic man is the split form. One seeks security in mechanical other maintenance paraphernalia to run illusion of being period and supreme, still between thought and affect. Thought is powers where he does not attach oneself smoothly. But why human beings? They are remains a mirage, leaving us in utter frustration functioning on an undifferentiated level of living affectively, and can manipulate them in the supreme lords. How can they need and helplessness. As a result, we started and non-living matter. Feelings are rather whatever way one likes. The negative cosideration?. We are most inhuman and polluting everything, from natural food, clothes, withered. Thought has become virtually a predominance creates nucleus for necrophilic

42 43 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA SARALA KAPOOR ON AGGRESSION : THE NECROPHILIC SOCIETY tendency. Necrophilia is the "dust to dust" etc.) as blessings. It (Nature) is exposed in beings to survive at all. The illusion of God is of human boundaries, only such biophilic demonstration. In its various forms, its essential extremes but certainly not in imperfection— necessary to think about the unthinkable, but it movements can give a check to,such growing features remain same i.e. inconsideration, use the only highlighted human quality. It (nature) is equally necessary to keep the action in limits necrophilic tendency. of ecstasy, intoxication and frenzy (may be appears to go in its own way. This very stimulated through drugs or alcohol) leading to comparison (absolute power vs imperfection) exhausted resources and comatic sleep (may is found to be the earliest root of necrophilia (an obsession to be perfect). It works through be through drugs again)— non-productive and References total waste. A child who never expriences / and in dark and frozen manner—the mother or care-giver as love object but as a unconscious way. The intensity of such Fromm, Erich, (1977). The anatomy of human Penguine books Ltd.. Harmondsworth, mechanical device to sustain life remains in aggression can be reduced by empathy. destructiveness. Middlesex, England, U.K. the shadow of phantom mother rather than a Empathy helps in understanding and reducing real person. He turns to mother symbols (as aggression. Awareness lowers its intensity. The a substitute) but to his deep disappointment, he attainment of nonjuclyenientdl stale can meets not only the caring, nutritious mother pacify aggressiveness. Il depends how well earth but also faces chaotic fury of nature. He one has dealt with one's insecurities, greed, Sarala Kapoor and narcissism. The psychological prototype 1530 Garia Main Road wishes to turn back, regresses to symbiotic 24E Shivam Apt., 4th Floor ties through death—the womb as tomb, where of such (necrophilic) tendency is the socio- Kolkata 700 084, India he meets her both in life and in death. This cultural annihilation (castration) which makes E-mail: [email protected] creates a magnetic 'aura'—comparable to him socially and psychologically, both a loner black hole—cold and unresponsive, yet, very and apathetic, who carries a defective sense powerful. The pull of this magnet sucks of reality, where nothing is entirely real, 'identity' (dust to dust). Shape size and variety nothing is entirely unreal — nothing is good i.e. all sensory modalities and perceptual nothing bad-—very near to our concept of representations are lost, il then becomes God(.vj, (omnicient and ttnafjected) il seems. almost suicidal. The reason for such The God, who does not respond, does not development is "narcissitic aloneness", reciprocate either in terms of blessings or where there is no shade of emotional bond— curse. It follows its own course of action. We the complete and absolute fusion. The original love to admire such illusion, of course only as double role of the mother which creates new qualities (nonjudgemental, Impartial, and neutral identity in fusion (Freud's bequathing of the state). We try to project, same quality on saints germ plasm) is lost due to impaired 'basic and people we admire; show extreme trust'. The double role of the mother is intolerance to their imperfection, for it illustrated in many scriptures. Kali is one such disappoints us bitterly. By associating ourselves powerful image. The fear of destructive with such powerful people (like god or nearer mother is more intense than castrating father. to god), or their representative as subsitute, One can protect oneself by complying to father we too feel in the same way (like god). 'We' but there is no defense left against mother's become God (omnipresent and omniscient). wrath. Her love is unconditional, it is not It helps to satisfy our wish to control unknown earned. Her anger cannot be averted. Since power—even we can do that if we wish so. there is no reason for either. "Her love is Thus, satisfy the wish to control unknown grace, her hate is curse". The natural power to declare one sell as one and only one trauma in the form of any havoc or disaster in the universe to reign over the whole cosmos. (e.g. earthquake or flood or volcano etc.) is But, unfortunately, this God is very much devoid seen as a curse and the grace of nature (e.g. of human quality of dignity, kindness, love and life giving sources like air, water, sun wind cooperativeness which is essential for human

44 SAMIKSA 45 SAMIKSA PARANOID-SCHIZOID ANXIETIES, LOSS, AND THE USE OF PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION WITHIN THE TREATMENT PROCESS Robert Waska

Borderline patients present particular treatment problems and require close, devoted understanding of their often chaotic and shifting intrapsychic conflicts. Many of these patients act out, making it difficult to maintain an analytic process. In fact, many terminate early on. When they do stay for longer periods, they exhibit particular constellations of defense, anxiety, and conflict. Case material is used to examine the overlapping cycles of treatment with this population. Frequently, is followed by self-destructive expressions of the death instinct. These ways of relating to the self and the object are brought alive within the vehicle of projective identification and are understood as primitive defenses against core phantasies of loss and persecution.

Introduction a pre-oedipal, part-object experience of When patients operating at the paranoid- paranoid-schizoid loss and persecutory guilt. schizoid (Klein 1946) level of psychic Many of these patients prematurely terminate organization remain in psychoanalytic treatment well before they begin exploring these anxieties. for extended periods, particular patterns Others leave treatment when they start dealing emerge. These patterns include certain with their phantasies ol loss. However, some transferences, conflicts, anxieties, and of these difficult patients are able to work defenses. Typical to these difficult to reach through enough of their core phantasies of self cases, projective identification is a major way and object annihilation to reach a foothold into the patient's ego copes and relates. An the depressive position. Internal transformation excessive reliance on projective identification is possible and the patient can bring about brings about other psychological complications, substantial whole-object functioning in many including acting out and the death instinct. aspects of their intrapsychic and interpersonal life. 1 will use one case to illustrate these Acting out and the death instinct are often complex layers of projective identification used as a shield to ward off deeper experiences fuelled, self-object struggles. of loss. This is a primitive, paranoid-schizoid sense of loss, in which objects are not yet Case Material whole. T entered analysis in her thirties, with a If these patients are able to work through tangled mixture of symptoms. She would only their projective identification fuelled acting out travel on major roads or highways, as smaller and self-destructive patterns, strong and painful roads made her feel overwhelmed with panic. phantasies of loss emerge in the transference She felt all alone and felt the "world suddenly and in extra-transference associations. This is vanished."

Robert Waska, PhD, Adjunct Faculty of the Institute for Psychoanalytic Studies; Private Psychoanalytic Practice in San Francisco

47 SAMIK5A PARANOID-SCHIZOID ANXIETIES ROBERT WASKA

Kleinians (Bion 1967; Segal 1975; object. T's conflicts with her own desires to T drank excessively, mostly on the mother was uninterested in her abilities or Hinshelwood 1999) place importance on the know, relate to, and possess her parents forced weekends when she no longer had the structure desires. This left T feeling ignored and used. internalization of a maternal container that her to nullify her yearning. She no longer was As a teen, T was quiet. She adapted to her of work. She felt lonely and scattered. Her job accepts, manages, and transforms primitive curious and instead felt stupid and lost. as a manager for a clothing firm felt boring, a father's unavailability and abusive ways as well anxieties and phantasies. Segal (1975) states way to simply fill time. as to her mother's controlling, self-centered T was very anxious at the start of her manner. In college, T struggled to maintain ... the infant's relation to his mother can analytic work. She wanted help but felt [ would She had several close friendships, but T herself. She had no sense of identity and no be described as follows: When an infant control her. She told me I was a "cold fish" felt guilt for wanting to spend more time with real direction so she was not motivated to learn has an intolerable anxiety, he deals with who didn't really care. All her friends were her friends. She felt she was too clingy, needy, and barely passed her classes. When she it by projecting it into the mother. The able to understand her and "share with her, " and draining. When she tried to find emotional dated, she picked men who were a combination mother's response is to acknowledge the "like normal people." 1 was stuck up and intimacy with a man, T was constantly of her parents' negative attributes, leaving her anxiety and do whatever is necessary unwilling to give her the advise she needed. disappointed. She tended to date men who to relieve the infant's distress. The hurt and hopeless about herself and her future. Scheduling our sessions was difficult. T did were distant and who left her after a few infant's perception is that he has not see the point of meeting regularly. She months. Sexually, T had relations with men As an adult, T had a string of sales jobs projected something intolerable into his wanted to come in "as needed" and wanted to who used her. She was blinded by idealism and then landed her job at the clothing firm. object, but the object was capable of meet on the phone to avoid the traffic. Using and the wish to be comforted. She excelled at this because she related to the containing it and dealing with it. He can customers as her ally. Through splitting and the analytic couch was "stupid and weird" so When depressed at work, she masturbated then reintroject not only his original projective identification, she put her needs and she demanded to remain seated. Although she in the bathroom for a sense of self soothing. anxiety but an anxiety modified by desires to be understood into the customers went on vacations and spent a good deal of This, along with drinking, prevented her from having been contained. He also introjects and saw her co-workers as villains. She money on clothing and parties, T insisted she feeling scattered and hopeless. Intermittently, an object capable of containing and comforted herself by thinking of allying herself could only pay a modest fee. she would also bit her arms until they bled. dealing with anxiety ... the mother may with the customers, filling each others needs, Also, T tended to overeat so she was be unable to bear the infant's projected Much of T's initial thinking was on a non- and being bonded together against the co- overweight by almost fifty pounds. anxiety and he may introject an symbolic level, so she acted out her feelings workers. Because of this projective process, experience of even greater terror than and thoughts. She lucussed on debates with T was the youngest of two children. Her she often felt controlled, ignored, or abused by the one he had projected. (Pg. 134-5) me about who v/as doing what (o whom and father was an investment banker who did well her company and co-workers. T I el L who was right or wrong. in his career but was rarely home with the abandoned and persecuted in her career, just T lacked adequate internalization of a family. He was an alcoholic, so when he was as she felt with her parents, with friends, with containing object and therefore felt In this first phase of treatment, acting out home he was unpredictable and often hostile. lovers, and with her analyst. As a result, she overwhelmed by her phantasies and feelings. was prominent as a defense against frightening T's mother was an obsessive woman who longed for an ideal object to care for her and When things (feelings, ideas, and people) didn't phantasies and transference anxieties. needed everything to be just so and parented to identify with. make sense, T felt a confusing and frightening Therefore, my interpretations made no according to her needs, instead of, lor the void. immediate impact. I interpreted her fear of Understanding T's early development was children. She felt T and her brother should be being persecuted, her conflicts over establishing important to her analysis. Melanie Klein (1936) T's ability to learn in school, Seam from involved in sports, art, and music and should a connection to me, and her anxieties over felt the individual's earliest experiences of interpersonal relationships, and learn from her be cultured and informed about everything. being abandoned, abused, or manipulated if she painful and frightening situations, both internal own thoughts and feelings were stunted. Klein Therefore, at any given time in her childhood, were vulnerable. Also, I interpreted her and external, built and maintained phantasies (1928) has described theepistemophilic impulse T was shuttled to and from tennis, piano, confusion and ambivalence around thinking and about hostile internal and external objects. T as the innate desire to know and own the painting, dance, soccer, French, aerobics, and feeling, as it meant .she would be creating more was exposed to painful external circumstances contents of the mother's body. Later, this girl scouts. She rarely had time to think or of a self-identity, which was a threat to her as a child. In addition, she was left to make extends to wanting to know about and possess feel. As an adult, T created her own frantic internal objects and therefore to herself. Rather sense out of her internal feelings and thoughts: the father's penis. Normally, these driving pace to avoid her feelings. While T's older than having immediate impact, my comments her phantasies. She felt her mother was phantasies are sublimated into a thirst for brother seemed to adapt to mother's schedule, had more of a gradual and cumulative effect. unaware and uninterested in her internal state knowledge in social and educational realms. T felt lost and rushed. What disturbed T the and her father left her lonely and intimidated. However, the ego may stop itself from this most was that these activities were all for Over time, T was able to take them in, quest for knowledge out of hatred for the mother. Her mother never asked T what she Decisive to T's early difficulties was the store them up, and slowly use them as a bridge object, concern for the object, or fear of the would like to do. Consequently, T felt her lack of proper psychological containment. to me, as a container for phantasies and fears,

49 48 SAMlKSA SAMlKSA ROBERT WASKA PARANOID-SCHIZOID ANXIETIES and as a new way of thinking and symbolizing. form of projective identification to distance issue with these patients. When T demanded relationships to mask her feelings. However, it was only through the gradual herself from persecutory anxieties. This acting advise, guidance, and immediate cure, I felt Intrapsychically, she depended on projective analysis and working through of her core out served as a brittle compromise, or internal harassed, tense, and inadequate. Only when I identification, splitting, idealization, and denial. defenses of projective identification and the bargain (Waska 1999), with her objects to deal dealt with my feelings as the sum result of her The ego is strained by separation from death instinct that she could truly begin with her fears and desires of intimacy, aggressive and needy projective identification important objects so the life instinct strives for internalizing and integrating my comments and dependence, and aggression. efforts did I feel more stable When I did not reunion and mutual inter-dependance. The our relationship. T worked out all the time at the gym and deliver all that she wanted and she snapped, death instinct tries to rid the ego of its need The death instinct and her excessive felt lost without her daily regime. Indeed, "well, forget it then. I am probably better off for an object and any evidence of hunger, reliance on projective identification retarded her sometimes she would cancel her analytic dead anyway, " I felt manipulated and wanted desire, or dependence. In healthy development, ability to take me in as a comforting, containing sessions because of some workout-related to strike back. When T sobbed and said, "all there is a balance between the two. If, object. She experienced the same type of event. Not only did T not see the benefit of I want is to be loved!", I felt her pull my however, the ego is violently separated or torn resentment and fear that she had around taking analysis, she felt it got in the way of the rest heartstrings. I wanted to take care of her. from its needed object, the death instinct in her mother as a viable and trustworthy of her life. Here, she used projective When she related to me in these and many operates as a core defense mechanism. Acting container. identification to give me a dose of what it other ways all within the same session, I felt out is the external response to these feelings must have been like being with a mother who confused, overwhelmed, and along for a and phantasies of separation and loss. During the first few years of analytic work, insisted activities were all important, to the loss chaotic ride. Again, trying to understand and T alternated between demanding instant of personal identity or interpersonal relating. analyze these projective mechanisms as her During the third, fourth, and fifth year of emotional feeding and spitting out my attempts way of acting out anxiety and aggression analysis, T demonstrated the psychological It was striking how when 1 told her it might to offer support and insight. She would seek gradually helped to stabilize both of us. Here, manifestations of the death instinct. The death be more painful to see me than to work out instant cure for her problems and say, "tell me it was as important for me to silently interpret instinct is an internal struggle between parts of and that she might come across difficult what is wrong with me! and "when will I feel to myself about my feelings as it was to the mind that attempt to block or destroy the feelings that she normally ignored, she began better?" These were said in a way that was verbally interpret to her about her feelings. striving and creativity of other parts of the confrontational and demanding. I commented sobbing. However, she could not understand mind. This intrapsychic battle increases the on her aggressive way of relating to me and whv she was crying and started to judge herself T was unable to find closeness with her level of loss-related anxiety already present. tried to explore the deeper meanings of this as "stupid and silly." objects and felt those objects were rejecting Therefore, like many other pathological angle of transference. 1 think these types of difficult borderline and cruel. This anxiety was usually hidden by defenses, the death instinct generates the very her acting out. Brenman explored this Early in treatment, T would respond with, patients require an analyst who is capable and anxiety it attempts to block. phenomenon in depth: "you are here to tell me what is wrong and to willing to act as a flexible psychological Melanie Klein saw the death instinct as a fix it!" She felt nervous and uninterested in container for the patient's multiple projections. The patient may act out: he may indulge vital part of normal development as well as participating. When I invited her to take part Treatment, especially in the beginning, must be in loveless sexuality, stuff himself with the source of pathology. She agreed with in understanding herself, she said she was quite an ongoing process of containing, managing, food, drink, hatred, criticisms and Freud's view of the death instinct, but went on bored and felt the whole idea was a waste of and co-regulating these patients' intrapsychic grievances to comfort himself. He may to expand the concept as a much more clinical time. Indeed, she told me it was useless and interpersonal conflicts. The analyst must become excessively intrusive or, by and object-related phenomenon. Klein (1933) because she was beyond hope. "Some people provide an elastic envelope for long periods of virtue of projection, feel excessively felt that when the ego deflected the death just don't ever make it, ever!", she exclaimed. time until the patient is able to internalize this intruded into by others. He may be instinct outwards in the form of aggression, This fatalistic and self-defeating resolve was containing function. The analyst serves to occupied with continuous activity to there was still an element of this instinct left one of many clues to her internal self- translate the patient's acting out into verbal avoid the experience of separation . . . within. The ego has to find a way to defend destructive cycle. For T, the pathological expression and their concrete thoughts into (pg.3O3) itself against that part. I would add that the workings of the death instinct pitted a symbolic phantasies. The desire for instant T acted out her phantasies and fears of death instinct aspect of the ego also begins destructive part of her mind against other more gratification must be met with the analyst's separation and loss through external and defensive manoeuvres against the life instinct hopeful and curious parts of her mind. This inhibiting envelope of understanding and internal means. She had been through four part of the ego. Klein felt a division took place straggle was externalized into the transference interpretation. abortions by the age of twenty-eight. This was by which one part of the mind's instinctual via projective identification. Along with projective identification, a traumatic and painful recreation of her impulses became directed against the other. T used manic defenses, idealization and and counterprojective conflicts around intimacy and loss. She drank T's conflicts within the transference, as well denial, as well as this greedy and desperate identification (Grinberg 1992) are always an and smoked and put herself in violent as extra-transference situations, were the result

50 SAMlKSA SAMIKSA ROBERT WASKA PARANOID-SCHIZOID ANXIETIES and as a new way of thinking and symbolizing. form of projective identification to distance issue with these patients. When T demanded relationships to mask her feelings. However, it was only through the gradual herself from persecutory anxieties. This acting advise, guidance, and immediate cure, I felt Intrapsychically, she depended on projective analysis and working through of her core out served as a brittle compromise, or internal harassed, tense, and inadequate. Only when I identification, splitting, idealization, and denial. defenses of projective identification and the bargain (Waska 1999), with her objects to deal dealt with my feelings as the sum result of her The ego is strained by separation from death instinct that she could truly begin with her fears and desires of intimacy, aggressive and needy projective identification important objects so the life instinct strives for internalizing and integrating my comments and dependence, and aggression. efforts did I feel more stable When I did not reunion and mutual inter-dependance. The our relationship. T worked out all the time at the gym and deliver all that she wanted and she snapped, death instinct tries to rid the ego of its need The death instinct and her excessive fell lost without her daily regime. Indeed, "well, forget it then. I am probably better off for an object and any evidence of hunger, reliance on projective identification retarded her sometimes she would cancel her analytic dead anyway, " I felt manipulated and wanted desire, or dependence. In healthy development, ability to take me in as a comforting, containing sessions because of some workout-related to strike back. When T sobbed and said, "all there is a balance between the two. If, object. She experienced the same type of event. Not only did T not see the benefit of I want is to be loved!", I felt her pull my however, the ego is violently separated or torn resentment and fear that she had around taking analysis, she felt it got in the way of the rest heartstrings. I wanted to take care of her. from its needed object, the death instinct in her mother as a viable and trustworthy of her life. Here, she used projective When she related to me in these and many operates as a core defense mechanism. Acting container. identification to give me a dose of what it other ways all within the same session, 1 felt out is the external response to these feelings must have been like being with a mother who confused, overwhelmed, and along for a During the first few years of analytic work, and phantasies of separation and loss. insisted activities were all important, to the loss chaotic ride. Again, trying to understand and T alternated between demanding instant of personal identity or interpersonal relating. analyze these projective mechanisms as her During the third, fourth, and fifth year of emotional feeding and spitting out my attempts way of acting out anxiety and aggression analysis, T demonstrated the psychological It was striking how when 1 told her it might to offer support and insight. She would seek gradually helped to stabilize both of us. Here, manifestations of the death instinct. The death be more painful to see me than to work out instant cure for her problems and say, "tell me it was as important for me to silently interpret instinct is an internal struggle between parts of and that she might come across difficult what is wrong with me! and "when will I feel to myself about my feelings as it was to the mind that attempt to block or destroy the feelings that she normally ignored, she began better?" These were said in a way that was verbally interpret to her about her feelings. striving and creativity of other parts of the confrontational and demanding. I commented sobbing. However, she could not understand mind. This intrapsychic battle increases the on her aggressive way of relating to me and why she was crying and stalled to judge herself T was unable to find closeness with her level of loss-related anxiety already present. tried to explore the deeper meanings of this as "stupid and silly." objects and felt those objects were rejecting Therefore, like many other pathological angle of transference. I think these types of difficult borderline and cruel. This anxiety was usually hidden by defenses, the death instinct generates the very her acting out. Brenman explored this Early in treatment, T would respond with, patients require an analyst who is capable and anxiety it attempts to block. phenomenon in depth: "you are here to tell me what is wrong and to willing to act as a flexible psychological Melanie Klein saw the death instinct as a fix it!" She felt nervous and uninterested in container for the patient's multiple projections. The patient may act out: he may indulge vital part of normal development as well as participating. When I invited her to take part Treatment, especially in the beginning, must be in loveless sexuality, stuff himself with the source of pathology. She agreed with in understanding herself, she said she was quite an ongoing process of containing, managing, food, drink, hatred, criticisms and Freud's view of the death instinct, but went on bored and felt the whole idea was a waste of and co-regulating these patients' intrapsychic grievances to comfort himself. He may to expand the concept as a much more clinical time. Indeed, she told me it was useless and interpersonal conflicts. The analyst must become excessively intrusive or, by and object-related phenomenon. Klein (1933) because she was beyond hope. "Some people provide an elastic envelope for long periods of virtue of projection, feel excessively felt that when the ego deflected the death just don't ever make it, ever!", she exclaimed. time until the patient is able to internalize this intruded into by others. He may be instinct outwards in the form of aggression, This fatalistic and self-defeating resolve was containing function. The analyst serves to occupied with continuous activity to there was still an element of this instinct left one of many clues to her internal self- translate the patient's acting out into verbal avoid the experience of separation . . . within. The ego has to find a way to defend destructive cycle. For T, the pathological expression and their concrete thoughts into (pg.303) itself against that part. I would add that the workings of the death instinct pitted a symbolic phantasies. The desire for instant T acted out her phantasies and fears of death instinct aspect of the ego also begins destructive part of her mind against other more gratification must be met with the analyst's separation and loss through external and defensive manoeuvres against the life instinct hopeful and curious parts of her mind. This inhibiting envelope of understanding and internal means. She had been through four part of the ego. Klein felt a division took place struggle was externalized into the transference interpretation. abortions by the age of twenty-eight. This was by which one part of the mind's instinctual via projective identification. Along with projective identification, a traumatic and painful recreation of her impulses became directed against the other. T used manic defenses, idealization and countertransference and counlerprojective conflicts around intimacy and loss. She drank T's conflicts within the transference, as well denial, as well as this greedy and desperate identification (Grinberg 1992) are always an and smoked and put herself in violent as extra-transference situations, were the result

50 SAMlKSA _ SAMIKSA ROBERT WASKA PARANOID-SCHIZOID ANXIETIES

of intrapsychic projections of her struggle with She explained her fear of becoming not only transference took on a sado-masochistic quality a scolding and rejecting parent. This difficult herself. T had feelings, thoughts, and phantasies too close and "merged, " which felt dangerous, in which T invited me to be a judgmental, period of the analysis ushered in the deeper, that were object-related strivings geared but that we would be rendered useless to each controlling mother who punished and lectured core phantasies of loss, guilt, and persecution. other. In other words, knowledge had to come her. At times, I was drawn in and we acted toward knowledge, strength, intimacy, and T had strong opposing intrapsychic forces with domination and power. To give up control out these roles before I was able to point them growth. Other aspects of T's mind, operating in how she related to herself. When these was to give up the security of knowing. We out. Bit by bit, we both started noticing these defensively from the realm of the death instinct, phantasies began to overwhelm her, they were would both be lost and confused. It was better situations and became curious. Sometimes, strove to erase or destroy these desires. Rather often projected into the transference. She then to be a bully or feel bullied then to never find however, T took advantage of them and told than a normal mental equilibrium between life pitted one of us against the other, creating a solution to her anxiety. This dominating way me, "see, I knew you were disappointed" or and death instincts, T's mind used the death persecutory anxiety in herself and of relating, a power-struggle, served to cancel "sec, I knew you felt irritated with me. I am instinct to battle off the persecutory anxieties countertransference discomfort in me. This out the dangerous togetherness and a shit and you obviously agree!" of the paranoid-schizoid position. In other resulted in frequent power-struggles. This dependency that felt so fragmenting. While the words, excessive use of projective identification Over the years, T had gone from dating externalization of the death instinct affected "merging" sounded sexual, T mostly felt a mechanisms promoted the worst aspects of very dysfunctional and abusive men to dating her other relationships, causing tension at work sense of danger and impending takeover. If it the paranoid-schizoid experience, causing T to much healthier men. This was the result of and dysfunction in her love life. Overall, the was a sexual phantasy, it was equivalent to turn to the defensive potential of the death her working through certain projective death instinct brings out a sort of intrapsychic the threat of mental rape. Generally, 1 instinct for respite and protection. identification dynamics that were acted out prejudice between the different sides of the interpreted her projection of controlling mother interpersonal!}''. During this phase of treatment, mind and internal object relations. T exhibited During this phase of treatment, T had a feelings into me as a way to prevent a sense T shifted into a more destructive type of dating this self-directed prejudice in her struggles with negative and cruel attitude towards life and of loss, annihilation, and emptiness. A conflicted that paralleled her darker transference. T now dependence versus independence, sameness toward the growth potential of analysis. T told relationship was better than none at all. It felt dated men who were unwilling to commit to versus difference, strength versus passivity, and me treatment was completely useless because safer to be either a rebellious slave or a slave- her or emotionally give to her. Rather than be denial versus curiosity. she would never change and never get better. master than to risk the deeper, more threatening curious about this pattern of not getting her She told me, "I am damaged beyond repair sense of nothingness. T began to explore her deeper phantasies needs met, she felt she had done something and that is that! This is my personality and it of losing her objects and simultaneously being T had made considerable progress by the wrong. At every chance, she took the blame cannot be changed!" Her gritty, aggressive, attacked by them. This terrifying state included fourth year. Externally, she had stable for things not going well. negativity evoked my countertransferences. strong feelings of guilt over having hurt the employment, regular friends, and took better When she said for the hundredth time, "I won't In the transference, she also personalized object with her greed, neediness, and care of herself. Internally, she felt less chaotic, get any better and I don't see the point in things as her fault. T started to apologize for aggression. Rather than feeling the object could less persecuted, and less impulsive. At the same trying! I am fine the way I am. Why do I have all sorts of offenses. She felt she was too late, forgive her or that she could make it better, T time, this was a time in which she became to keep coming here? Why should I talk about too whincy, too slow to improve, and too poor felt her feelings and thoughts brought on more resistant and self-destructive. myself?! This seems pointless!", I felt like to pay me adequately. This was a sado- irreparable catastrophe. She feared being saying, "fine! So, get out and leave me be!" In T took a more dig-in-the-heels attitude. The masochistic projective identification situation in persecuted and then rejected. In her part self, projecting her hopelessness and frustration into less she acted out, the more T put herself which she looked to me to be the parent who part-object experience, T anticipated a stale me, I now had to contain what she was both down and eliminated her progress. Positive made it all better, but feared I would turn into of total annihilation. unable and unwilling to manage in herself. relations with herself and others were Through this type of reflective self-analysis, I systematically pushed away or beaten down. 1 Projective identification is a unconscious mental mechanism in v/hich the ego projects certain loving, fearful, curious, avoided acting out my countertransference T managed to place herself in a one-down aggressive, and needy feelings and phantasies into the internal object (the unconscious mental image of the mother and much of the time. Nevertheless, we would role with me and many others. She would go father). This is motivated by certain primitive anxieties, feelings of love, guilt, and reparation, and the desire to have periodic stand-offs and quarrels. communicate. The ego then relates to that internal object accordingly. !f strong enough, this process "leaks out" into to work wearing a '"I am a bitch" T-shirt and interpersonal relationships and influences how both parties interact. The ego begins to feel overwhelmed by this Over the many months of treatment, T then wonder why her co-workers teased her distorted object and rc-introjects it, creating a new identification. Now, (he ego feels it contains the properties of ihis gradually expressed more of her feelings and and didn't want to include her in their circle. former object and begins to react accordingly, with anxiety, grandiosity, and so forth. This often prompts a second projective identification cycle since the ego feels overwhelmed or "too full" of these new feelings and strands of thoughts. Eventually, she was able to confide As T made clear progress in her analysis, newly created identity. in me as more of a trustworthy object. T said she began to sabotage it and tear it apart. She The multiple functions of projectivc identification include coping, defense, creativity, reparation, and communication. she was afraid if one of us was not in control became the queen of "yeah, but.,. " when she Being able to tell how, why, and when the patient uses projectivc identification is critical in the therapist's ability to or in authority, we would "just be like friends." saw evidence of her own advancement. The form helpful and accurate interpretations.

5 2 53 SAMlKSA SAMIKSA ROBERT WASKA PARANOID-SCHIZOID ANXIETIES

T said, "1 am afraid if 1 get close to you or the journey to whole-object functioning can be deprivations have on the developing ego. The through all three levels of anxiety and defense anyone else, I will get really hurt. 1 will get fragile and prone to breakdown. At times, this child's budding personality is greatly shaped we had dealt with throughout the analysis. by the maternal environment and the child's rejected or criticized and then I will get is a defensive regression and at other times is In this last stage of treatment, T revisited phantasies about the mother. Klein believed all abandoned. Then, I will be forgotten. Jt is easier a psychic fragmentation due to overwhelming all levels of her prior conflicts, defenses, and persecutory anxiety and fearful phantasies, at to get into trouble or kick myself until I can't anxieties. phantasies. She acted out, attacked herself their core, embodied the maternal object. move. Fighting is familiar. 1 am the gun at my T wanted to go to a weekend music festival intra-psychically, and felt persecuted and head, but I hold the gun. I am in control. I in another state. Her plans meant she would T experienced ongoing frustrations and fear abandoned. fuck things up first, so no one can fuck me miss our session and she would have to back in relationship to her mother. In T's mind, T began to feel extremely anxious and up!" Here, she described both the self- out of plans with her boyfriend. The closer the mother needed T to be the embodiment of her worried. She could not sleep at night. She destructive and defensive aspects of the death date came and the more we discussed it, the wishes. T felt mother needed to have her be feared she would not be the perfect bride and instinct as well as the fearful torments of loss. more T felt strong conflicting feelings. Instead a puppet without an identity. This was a feeling would not live up to all the expectations of her of a black-or-white splitting, she had more of T went on to tell me how she felt safer and of abandonment by the ideal mother she new role. At the same time, she was sure she a mixture of contrasting feelings. At first, she in charge by directing all her feelings inwards. needed and wished for combined with an attack was a "crummy patient" and wasn't able to felt guilty for missing the session and felt she 1 interpreted this as a way to not only save the by a bad, self-serving mother. be the type of case I enjoyed or even could would hurt my feelings. The more she explored object but to save herself from the object's tolerate. This state of panic led her to act out these depressive fears, the more anxious she In the seventh year of analysis, T decided wrath. The sad outcome is she feels safe from in ways she had left behind for years. Now, became. When her own internal self-attacks to terminate. This was a combination of factors. annihilation, but hopelessly lonely and unable she started to overeat, bounce checks, and get and judgements became overwhelming, she She was now engaged to be married and was to make meaningful contact with her objects. drunk. This acting out was a display of her projected them into me. Then, she felt I was going to be moving. While she wanted to We discussed her internal perception of herself internal struggle with herself and her objects, picking on her and suffocating her. T started continue seeing me, she felt it was time to try as an ideal person, based on her hopes for an as well as an expression of the transference. to feel I was forcing her to stay and making life without me and see how it went. This was ideal mother. At the same time, T becomes T tested me by coming late, not showing up at her miss the fun music show. So, her ability to not a flight into health and T felt she could very demanding and exacting of that ideal all, and paying her bill only after I reminded manage the depressive phantasies broke down return if necessary. Overall, she had made quite figure. This demanding is a combination of T's her. own oral aggression and an identification with and they turned into persecutory object a successful transition into health compared to her controlling mother. The resulting level of relations. However, the more we explored her condition some years prior. The more we explored this acting out, we started to understand how parts of her mind pressure and expectation creates unfulfilled, these anxious phantasies, the more she could However, the last nine months of treatment were acting against other parts. She had frustrated wishes and a toppled ideal. slowly integrate her projections and not see us were turbulent, as T worked through her identified with her mother and her father in as such adversaries. separation issues as well as her anxiety about Next, T felt contempt for herself. She particular ways. She felt she was now equally her marriage and her move. Indeed, she attacked herself with judgement and ridicule. Several months later, T came into to my irresponsible, demanding, disappointing, and seemed to play out many of her transference This was the defensive posture of the death office and noticed the overhead light was unlikable. She pictured herself as the worst issues through the vehicle of her wedding instinct, in the service of eliminating need and brighter than usual. I had put in stronger bulbs. bride and future mother possible. In other concerns. This time she had chosen a man hope, as well as retaining control by attacking She said she hoped I would turn it down a bit, words, she felt she was now a combination of who treated her well and could put up with herself before the object had a chance to. This with the dimmer switch, for her sessions. After her bad internal mother and father. This was and contain many of her strong feelings and "beat me to the punch" transference was some silence, she expressed her conflict. If I a terrible conflict, as her reliance on splitting occasional tantrums. Their relationship mirrored difficult to work through, because of the painful turned the light down, she would feel guilty for was no longer so strong and she could bring our relationship in many ways. At first she and scary feeling of loss and persecution that imposing her needs on me. She would be her hateful and loving feelings closer together. acted out with him. Then, she engaged in it defended against. But, T was gradually able burdening me and hurting me. It was selfish. She wanted desperately to be close to her countless self-sabotage. Finally, she was to explore these phantasies and work with them At the same time, T felt that if I didn't honour mother but that felt like she would become consumed with fears of rejection, loss, and internally, in the transference, and in extra- her request, I was being rude and mean. She ugly and evil as her mother seemed to be. judgement. transference situations. felt angry I would do such a thing. Here, she Therefore, part of her acting out was an vacillated between depressive worries and more In the sixth and seventh year of analysis, As both termination and the wedding date expression of an ugly mother who couldn't paranoid fears of persecution. T's anxieties continued to shift from paranoid- loomed closer, T experienced a resurgence of contain herself or her baby. It was also an schizoid phantasies to more depressive Melanie Klein (1926) has described the many of these feelings. It seemed her ego attack by another part of T's mind on itself. concerns. As in with many borderline patients, importance that reality and external was stronger now, but she did start to cycle The death instinct acted defensively to crush

54 5 5 SAMlKSA SAMlKSA ROBERT WASKA PARANOID-SCHIZOID ANXIETIES

ideas and feelings. I had to help T tame these the life out of this mother part of T and to punching walls and she now felt a sense of former paranoid anxieties. More and more, aspects of herself until she could take over expel the bad mother. When her ego had the freedom at work and a new confidence with however, she gained a new confidence and and make her own choices. We talked about opportunity of depending on a mother figure men. She thanked me and said good-bye with joy in life while dealing with deep feelings of how to make it through each day, even how to who could hurt and abandon the little girl part a genuine sense of appreciation and warmth. sorrow, mourning, and grief over the short make it moment-to-moment. Often, we had to of T, her ego tried to destroy the temptation Now, T had a foothold in the depressive comings of her objects and her own explore in minute detail how to survive the rather than risk the danger. T's negative attitude position. However, she still caved into her humanness. toward herself was really an attack on her dangers of our relationship, as she saw them. internal mother. We closely examined each phantasy to fully understand what was happening, especially her Bibliography In this way, T developed a strong prejudice transference phantasies of losing me and for the mother aspect of herself. She launched feeling attacked or rejected by me. We met BION, W.R. (1967). Second Thoughts, Chapter The Writings of Meianie Klein, VI, Free two unconscious strategies. First, she tried to more often. Bit by bit, we brought the pieces 8, London, Heinemann Press, N.Y., pg. 183 kill off or minimize that aspect of herself by back together. criticizing and attacking it, via the death instinct. BRBNMAN, E. (1982). Separation: A Clinical KLEIN, M., (1933). The Early Development At the same time, T used manic defenses to T started to feel more secure about herself, Problem, Int. J. Psychoanal, 63:303-310 of Consciousness in the Child, in Love, Guilt, and Reparation and Other Works try and become the opposite. She tried to be our relationship, and her new life with her GRINBERG, L. (1992). Countertransference the perfect bride and the perfect patient. She fiance. She was able to see how she was and Projective Counter identification, 1921 -1945, The Writings of Meianie Klein, thought of countless ways to prove herself to seeking perfection as a way to change her Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 15:226-247 VI, Free Press, N.Y., pg.250 me and her fiance. This created a vicious cycle, mother from a rejecting and persecuting object KLEIN, M., (1936). Weaning, in Love, Guilt, as she demanded more and more from herself that she hated (a vicious projective identification HINSHHLWOOD, R. D. Transference and Countertransference, in the Klein-Lacan and Reparation and Other Works 1921- and felt she was constantly failing. cycle) to a wonderful ideal. This failed, so she 1945, The Writings of Meianie Klein, VI, attacked and rejected herself as she felt her Dialogues, edited by B. Burgoyne and M. As she failed, in phantasy, to be my ideal Free Press, N.Y., pg.292 mother and father had done to her. Sullivan, Other Press, N.Y., pg. 135 and her fiance's ideal, T started to be anxious KLEIN, M. (1946). Notes on Some Schizoid KLEIN, M. (1926). The, Psychological that we would hate her and get rid of her. She T stopped most of her acting out and Principles of Early Analysis, in Love, Mechanisms, Int. ./. Psychoanal, 2i:99- imagined being scorned and abandoned by us started to feel more confident. This working Guilt, and Reparation and Other Works 110 both. These fears of loss and persecution were through phase ushered in a new level of 1921-1945, The Writings of Meianie Klein, SEGAL, H. (1975). A Psychoanalytic Approach clearly a paranoid-schizoid struggle. T did not sadness, loss, grief, and rage about her father's VI, Free Press, N.Y., pg.292 to the Treatment of Schizophrenia, feel I could forgive her or overlook her faults. alcoholism and unavailability. We worked more Indeed, she thought I would suddenly turn from on her feelings about termination as well. KLEIN, M. (1928). Early Stages of the WASKA, R. (1999). Bargains, Treaties, and a caring analyst to an enemy. These strong Oedipus Conflict in Love, Guilt, and Delusions, ,/. Amer. Aca. Psychoanal-, Finally, her paranoid-schizoid phantasies and phantasies of loss and annihilation were often Reparation and Other Works 1921-1945, 27:3,451-469. made real by strong projective identification feelings of persecution and annihilation were forces shaping her interpersonal relationships. now more present as depressive phantasies She so desperately and aggressively wanted about her father and feeling sorry for her to be loved and protected by me and others mother. The death instinct shifted from Robert Waska that she, via projective identification, choked overwhelming paranoid-schizoid extremes of P.O. Box 2769 off her object's supplies of love and care. She persecutory prejudice to more manageable San Ansclmo, felt left with nothing but angry and vengeful depressive, superego problems. Ca 94979 USA objects that would leave her. T told me she could now admit her gratitude T became so frantic and desperate during to me for my help. She talked about how she this time that 1 had to widen my role as a was now able to give to me, rather than have container and psychological envelope for her a power struggle. She described how she felt anxieties. Along with interpreting her disappointed in things not going well in life, but phantasies and transference fears, I had to not devastated and not attacked and hopeless. contain, soothe, and manage her out-of-control T said she was no longer self-mutilating or

56 SAMlKSA 57 SAMIKSA MEDIA AND SOCIETY* Amit Chakraborty (This is a report review)

It started by way of messengers and scribes, function only through direct communication evolved through the presentation of between one individual and another. The newspapers and radio, brought us together with important messages, to be effective, must reach television, and now serve us world-wide via many people at a time. A citizen who is the ever-popular Internet, It is the mass media, aggrieved at the imposition of new taxes may and even from the earliest days of its talk to a few friends about sending a existence, it has contributed greatly in ways memorandum to the minister, but if he can that both enlighten and enrich society, and ways manage to get a letter published in the local that deteriorate and perplex it. It is not a newspaper, the idea is communicated to surprise to learn, then, that the mass media is hundreds of others in a fraction of time it would the most powerful source of information we actually take to visit them individually. This is have, and nothing else in today's world 'mass communication'— the process of influences public perception quite as heavily. delivering information, ideas and attitudes.to a sizeable and diversified audience through use The Mass Media of media developed for that purpose. Mankind has another fundamental need The development and widespread use of beyond the physical requirements of food and printed text in Huropc in the !500's produced shelter: the need to communicate with the a brand new lorm of comimiiiicalioii. I'or the fellow human beings. This urge for first time a single message could be duplicated communication is very original and in our with little error and distributed to thousands of contemporary life, a necessity for survival. people. First used to propagate religious texts and arguments, this "mass" approach to Simply defined, 'communication' is the act communication quickly caught on and was soon of transmitting information, ideas, and altitudes being used to distribute news, entertainment, from one person to another. The unfolding and government regulations. achievements of science are making the From these first primitive pamphlets, the communication machinery more and more "mass media," as they are often called, have fantastic in its ability to reach people at the grown to include the print media of books, remotest corners of this planet and thereby newspapers and magazines, the electronic conquer the physical barriers of our world. media of television, radio, and audio/video Our minds and our electronic devices are recording, and the new media of computers reaching into areas not considered even and computer networks. While these media remotely possible just a couple of decades differ in many ways, they all share the back. characteristics by which scholars define mass Contemporary society is far too complex to communication.

Dr. Amit Chakraborty, Vigyan Prasar Fellow & Sr. Vice President, Tara Bangla. Ex-Director. All India Radio & Dooradarshan, and Recipient of National Award for Science Popularization. * 28th Girindrasekhar Memorial Lecture at the Indian Psychoanalytical Society, Kolkata, July 26, 2003.

5 9 SAMIKSA AMIT CHAKRABORTY MEDIA AND SOCIETY

Mass communication media make it possible Maccoby, who was a Professor of Psychology in the real world around them, less sensitive to year period. He found that for the older group, to deliver messages to millions of people at at Stanford University, and Paul Lazarsfeld, the pain and suffering of others, and more now third through fifth grade, both the overall roughly the same time. The authors of these who was a Professor of Sociology at Columbia willing to tolerate ever-increasing levels of amount of violence viewing and the intensity messages are usually organizations, and the University, testified on the effects of television violence in our society. of viewing were significantly related to the violence. The Surgeon General suggested that audiences are composed of individuals. The The third effect, the Mean World child's level of aggressive behaviour as rated he would approach the issue by establishing a medium for these messages permits accurate Syndrome, suggests that children or adults who by their classmates. Finally, in a study focussed panel of scientists and representatives from duplication. watch a lot of violence on television may begin on adults, Phillips investigated the effects of the industry to review the evidence and to to believe that the world is as mean and the portrayal of suicides in television soap Some media are best fitted to an audience develop a consensus report. The report, dangerous in real life as it appears on television, operas on the suicide rate in the United States that consists of individuals, each of whom is released in 1972, concluded that violence on and hence, they begin to view the world as a using death records compiled by the National more or less alone when the message arrives. television does influence children who view much more mean and dangerous place. Center for Health Statistics. He found, over a Other media are better fitted to an audience that programming and does increase the six-year period, that whenever a major soap that gathers in groups. Books, newspapers, likelihood that they will become more Correlational Studies opera personality committed suicide on magazines and direct mail are usually read by aggressive in certain ways. Not all children television, within three days there was a individuals. Film, on the other hand, is shown are affected, not all children are affected in The weight of evidence from correlational significant increase in the number of female in theatres, which gather audiences together in the same way, but there is evidence that TV studies is fairly consistent: viewing and/or suicides across the nation. fairly large groups. Radio, television, and violence can be harmful to young viewers. preference for violent television is related to recordings are often delivered in-group settings, aggressive attitudes, values and behaviours. The next landmark report was the 1982 but these groups are usually smaller than those This result was true for the studies conducted Experimental Studies study from the National Institute of Mental who attend the showing of a film, and the when television was new, and the measures of Health. This review was a ten-year follow-up The major initial experimental studies of the three are also often used by individuals. children's aggression were teachers' ratings. to the Surgeon General's report. The cause and effect relation between television/ It is still true for more recent studies when the conclusion: Now with 10 years of" more film violence and aggressive behaviour were Impact of Television measures of aggressiveness have become research, we know that violence on television conducted by Bandura and his colleagues more sophisticated. In 1949, only 2% of American households does affect the aggressive behaviour of working with young children, and by Berkowitz had TV. By 1955, 64% of American households children- and adults for that matter- -and To choose several studies as examples: and his associates who studied adolescents. In had at least one television set. By the mid there are many more reasons for concern Robinson and Bachman (1972) found a a typical early study conducted by Bandura, a 196()'s, 93% of American households had a about violence on television. "The research relationship between the number of hours of young child was presented with a film, back television set. In the 1960's, the main reason question has moved from asking whether or television viewed and adolescent self-reports projected on a television screen, of a model for not having TV was the fact that they lived not there is an effect to seeking explanations of involvement in aggressive or antisocial who kicked and punished an inflated plastic in places that could not possibly receive a for that effect." behaviour. Atkin and others used a different doll. The child was then placed in a playroom television signal. That is not the case today; measure of aggressive behaviour. They gave The next report was in 1992 from the setting and the incidence of aggressive there is not a corner of this globe, where a nine to thirteen-year-old boys and girls American Psychological Association Task behaviour was recorded. The results of these television signal is not available, either by over- situations such as the following: Suppose that Force on Television and Social Behaviour, early studies indicated that children who had the-air broadcast, by cable, or by satellite direct you are riding your bicycle down the street which concluded that 30 years of research viewed the aggressive film were more broadcast. But, as television rapidly expanded and some other child comes up and pushes confirms the harmful effects of TV violence. aggressive in the playroom than those children through the population, so did concern about you off your bicycle. What would you do? who had not observed the aggressive model. the effects of television. There were numerous The Direct effects process suggests that The response options included physical or These early studies were criticized on .the concerns that emerged all at once: concerns children and adults who watch a lot of violence verbal aggression along with options to reduce grounds that the aggressive behaviour was not about the amount of time spent with television, on television may become more aggressive or avoid conflict. These investigators found that meaningful within the social context and that concerns about violence and concerns about and/or they may develop favourable attitudes physical or verbal aggressive responses were the stimulus materials were not representative school performance. and values about the use of aggression to selected by 45 per cent of heavy-television- of available television programming. resolve conflicts. violence viewers compared to only 21 per cent Subsequent studies have used more typical The TV violence concern made its official of the lightviolence viewers. In a further study, television programs and more realistic debut in 1952 with the first of a series of The second effect, Desensitization, suggests Sheehan followed two groups of Australian measures of aggression, but basically Congressional hearings. In one of the early that children who watch a lot of violence on children, first and third-graders, for a three- Bandura's early findings still stand. hearings, a developmental psychologist, Eleanor television may become less sensitive to violence

60 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA AMIT CHAKRABORTY MEDIA AND SOCIETY

Another early study investigated young programming. In this study, about one hundred is interesting about this study is that it shows violence and aggression, however, is provided children's willingness to hurt another child after preschool-aged children enrolled in a special both sides of the coin: What children watch by longterm (longitudinal) research in which viewing videotaped sections of aggressive or nursery school at Pennsylvania State University does affect how they behave, both positively participants have been studied for many years. neutral television programs. The boys and girls were divided into three groups and were and negatively. For example, in one of the best known of these assigned to watch a particular diet of were in two age groups, five to six and eight In another field-experiment, Parke and his investigations, all third-graders in one county programming. The children watched either a to nine-years-old. The aggressive program colleagues found similar heightened aggression of upstate New York were questioned about diet of Batman and Superman cartoons, a diet consisted of segments of The Untouchables, among both American and Belgian teenage their favourite television programmes. In of Mister Rogers' Neighbourhood, or a diet of while the neutral program featured a track boys following exposure to aggressive films. addition, ratings of the children's aggression neutral programming (programs designed for race. Following viewing, the children were In the Belgian study— which replicated the were obtained from their classmates. Results preschoolers that contained neither violence nor placed in a setting in which they could either findings of two similar studies conducted in indicated thai there was a link between these prosocial messages). Huston-Stein and her facilitate or disrupt the game-playing the United States—teenage boys residing in a variables, at least among boys: the more colleagues observed the youngsters on the performance of an ostensible child playing in minimum-security institution were presented violence these eight-year-olds watched, the playground and in the classroom for two weeks an adjoining room. The main findings were with a diet of either aggressive or neutral films. higher the ratings of their aggression by other to assess the level of aggressive and helpful that the children who viewed the aggressive This study included a oneweek baseline children. Ten years later, the same participants behaviour displayed by these children. Then, program demonstrated a greater willingness to observation period, followed by one week of were studied again, and this relationship was the children viewed the program diet one half hurt another child. One could ask, does, the film viewing, and a one-week post-viewing confirmed: the more violence they had watched hour a day, three days a week, for four weeks. same effect hold for cartoons? The answer observation period. There were four cottages as children, the higher their level of aggression They watched 12 half-hour episodes of the seems to be yes. Several studies have involved. Two cottages contained boys with as teenagers. Finally, the same persons were diet to which they were assigned. demonstrated that the exposure to a violent high levels of aggressive behaviour; two studied once more when they were about thirty cartoon leads to increased aggression. The researchers found that the youngsters contained boys with low levels of aggression. years old. Moreover, Hapkiewitz and Roden found that who watched the Batman and Superman One of each pair of cottages was assigned to Again the amount of aggression viewed by boys who had seen violent cartoons were less cartoons were more physically active, both in the aggressive film condition, while the other participants as children predicted their level of likely to share their toys than those who had the classroom and on the playground. Also, two viewed the neutral films. Only the two u^'H'essioiT • both their self-ratings of such not seen the aggressive cartoon. It seems clear they were more likely to get into fights and initially high-aggressive cottages were affected behaviour and state records of arrests for from experimental studies that one can produce scrapes with each other, play roughly with toys, by the movies; those boys who saw the aggressive actions. These dramatic results have increased aggressive behaviour as a result of break toys, snatch toys from others, and get aggressive movies increased their level of been replicated in several other long-term either extended or brief exposure to televised into altercations. No mass murders broke out, aggression, while those who were exposed to studies conducted in many different countries violence, but questions remain about whether but they were simply more aggressive and had the neutral films reduced their level of e.g., Australia, Finland, Israel, Poland, and this heightened aggressiveness observed in the more aggressive encounters. The other group, South Africa. In all these studies, too, the experimental setting spills over into daily life? the group that had watched Mister Rogers' greater the amount of violent television Neighbourhood, was much more likely to play Extent of Effects watched by participants, the greater their cooperatively with their toys, spontaneously Field Studies subsequent levels of aggression. Moreover, in offer to help the teacher, and engage in what We get a clearer picture about the extent these later studies, these findings have been In the typical field-experiment, the might be called "positive peer counseling." In of TV violence effects when we know more obtained for females as for males. investigator presents television programs in the this latter instance, the focus of the Mister about the way children watch televised normal viewing setting and observes behaviour Rogers' sessions was similar to "peer violence. For example, Ekman and his associates found that those children whose In a different approach, a study by Belson where it naturally occurs. The investigator counselling"—being kind, being sensitive to has substantiated other long-term effects and controls the television diet either by arranging other person's needs, and being concerned facial expressions, while viewing televised violence, depicted the positive emotions of has helped pin down which types of programs a special series of programs or by choosing about others feelings. For example, Fred have the most influence. Belson interviewed towns that in the natural course of events Rogers might suggest that if someone looks happiness, pleasure, interest or involvement were more likely to hurt another child than 1565 youths who were a representative sample receive different television programs. sad, you could say, "you look sad today, are of thirteen to seventeen-year-old boys living in you feeling okay? Do you want to go play or were those children whose facial expressions One early field-experiment was a study, London. These boys were interviewed on do something?" The group that watched the indicated disinterest or displeasure. conducted by Aletha Huston Stein and her several occasions concerning the extent of their neutral programming was neither more colleagues, assessed the effects of viewing Perhaps the most convincing evidence for exposure to a selection of violent television aggressive nor more helpful. However, what either violent or prosocial (nonviolent) television an important link between exposure to media programs broadcast during the period 1959-

62 6 3 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA MEDIA AND SOCIETY AMIT CHAKRABORTY

were shown infrequently in movies or on viewpoint of their respective ethnic groups. The 71. The level and type of violence in these Although there are differing views on the impact of TV violence, one very strong television. And when they did appear, they public school system is highly segregated. programs were rated by members of the BBC were often cast in low status or comic roles. Children of a single ethnicity grow up learning viewing panel. It was thus possible to obtain, summary is provided by Eron in his recent Congressional testimony: Given repeated exposure to such materials for together and speaking one language in the for each boy, a measure of both the magnitude years, it is not surprising that many children classroom. Friendships are therefore formed and type of exposure to televised violence (e.g. "There can no longer be any doubt that came to believe that the members of these almost exclusively within ethnic groups and realistic, fictional, etc.). Furthermore, each heavy exposure to televised violence is groups must be inferior. After all, why else rarely cross-linguistic and cultural lines. As a boy's level of violent behaviour was determined one of the causes of aggressive behavior, would they be shown in this manner? A recent result, the people of Macedonia have few by his own report of how often he had been crime and violence in society. The experiment has proved that media can also windows of perspective into the concerns and involved in any of 53 categories of violence evidence comes from both the play a tremendous role in fighting out prejudice experiences of other ethnic groups. The lack over the previous six months. The degree of laboratory and real-life studies. prevalent in the society. of interethnic contact gives rise to fear, sowing seriousness of the acts reported by the boys Television violence affects youngsters of the seeds of instability and potentially of deadly Nashe Maalo is a Macedonian television ranged from only slightly violent aggravation all ages, of both genders, at all socio- conflict. such as taunting, to more serious and very economic levels and all levels of series designed to encourage mutual respect violent behaviour such as: T tried to force a intelligence. The effect is not limited to and understanding among ethnic Albanian, Nashe Maalo aims to bridge the cultural girl to have sexual intercourse with me; I children who are already disposed to Macedonia, Roma and Turkish youth, ages 7 divide by offering children a window into each bashed a boy's head against a wall; I threatened being aggressive and is not restricted to to 12.The research effort was lead by Dr. other's lives and by modeling positive strategies to kill my father; I burned a boy on the chest this country. The fact that we get this Mirjana Najchevska, Senior Researcher at the for coping with conflict. The program's stories with a cigarette while my mates held him same finding of a relationship between Institute for Sociological, Political and Juridical seek to help children appreciate their down'. Approximately 50 per cent of the 1565 television violence and aggression in Research at the University of Skopje, in differences as well as the values they share. boys were not involved in any violent acts children in study after study, in one association with Dr. Charlotte Cole, Vice It is based on a wide body of research that during the six-month period. However, of those country after another, cannot be ignored. President of Education and Research for indicates that television has a profound effect who were involved in violence, 188 (12 per The causal effect of television violence Sesame Workshop, and Search for Common on children's perceptions. Youth are acutely cent) were involved in ten or more acts during on aggression, even though it is not verv Ground. The study examined the children's aware of, and influenced by, the images the six-month period. When Belson compared large, exists. It cannot be denied or perceptions of each other, their willingness to presented on television and other media. the behavior of boys who had higher exposure explained away. We have demonstrated interact with members of each other's cultures, While a few other programs, such as to televised violence to those who had lower this causal effect outside the laboratory their awareness of each other's languages, and Palestinian-Israeli versions of Sesame Street, exposure (and had been matched on a wide in real-life among many different the appeal of the program. have attempted to use television to present variety of possible contributing factors), he children. We have come to believe that While the Former Yugoslav Republic of messages of mutual respect and understanding, found that the high- violence viewers were a vicious cycle exists in which television Macedonia has escaped the devastating wars Nashe Maalo is one of the few programs to more involved in serious violent behavior. violence makes children more experienced by its neighbours in Bosnia and address the concerns of young adolescents. Moreover, he found that serious interpersonal aggressive and these aggressive children Kosovo, it is not immune to the pervasive Nashe Maalo (Our Neighbourhood) is a violence is increased by long-term exposure to turn to watching more violence to justify forces of inter-ethnic mistrust and fear. In this Macedonian television series designed to (in descending order of importance): their own behavior." nation of 2 million, the majority Macedonians present messages of mutual respect and (roughly 65%) live alongside ethnic Albanians 1. Plays or films in which close personal So too, the recent report by the American understanding among young ethnic Albanian, (roughly 25%) and small percentages of Turks, relationships are a major theme and which Psychological Association Task Force on Macedonian, Roma (Gypsy), and Turkish youth. Roma, Serbs, and Vlachs, in a complex maze feature verbal or physical violence. Television and Society adds: "...the behaviour The first season of the series was broadcast of ethnic, cultural and religious differences. It 2. Programs in which violence seems lo be patterns established in childhood and nationally in Macedonia in October 1999 on is one of the most ethnically mixed countries adolescence are the foundation for lifelong Al TV (an independent Macedonian-language thrown in for its own sake or is not in the region, yet its society is profoundly necessary to the plot. patterns manifested in adulthood". broadcaster) and several independent Albanian- segregated. language stations. In addition, the series could 3. Programs featuring fictional violence of a be viewed in four cities in Kosovo. realistic nature. Media in Changing Attitude The media and education systems play a major role in encouraging these divisions. Nashe Maalo features a cast of children 4. Programs in which the violence is presented The mass media play a significant role in Television and radio stations operate exclusively representing each of the four ethnicities. The as being in a good cause. the development of prejudice. Until recently, in Albanian or Macedonian and present the children become friends because they share a 5. Violent westerns. members of various racial and ethnic minorities

65 64 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA AMIT CHAKRABORTY MEDIA AND SOCIETY common secret: Karmen. Karmen is a members of the Albanian, Macedonian, Roma, Furthermore, group analyses revealed on its young viewers. The fact that ethnic personification of the building in which many and Turkish ethnic groups prior to viewing, important differences in the language Albanian, Macedonian, Roma, and Turkish of the children live. She reveals herself to the many children demonstrated negative, awareness of children from different ethnic youth showed more positive perceptions of group because she believes their minds are stereotyped perceptions. After viewing, many groups. Macedonian children, who are the least each other after viewing only eight episodes open enough to learn her lessons of respect children provided more positive descriptions exposed to these other languages, were the underscores the value of the series and the and understanding. Serving as their friend, when presented with images of people from least capable of identifying languages other need for sustaining the broadcast of the confidante and mentor, she uses her special other ethnic groups or their own. than their own prior to viewing. It is an program. If there is hope for building mutual encouraging testament to the power of the powers to transport the children magically into Macedonian children showed the greatest respect and understanding among different program that after viewing, recognition of someone else's reality. In this way, the children positive changes in perceptions of other ethnic groups of people living in Macedonia, it lies minority languages improved across all ethnic with the country's young citizens. Efforts such gain an understanding of and insight about each groups. This evolution of attitudes among the lines, but most dramatically among Macedonian as Nashe Maalo are a positive step toward a other's lives. dominant ethnic group is one of the most children. better, more peaceful future. As a matter of powerful findings of our research. Furthermore, The program was produced in Macedonian, fact, Nashe Malo provides an optimistic note Albanian children showed the greatest positive with roughly 20 percent of the dialogue in the on which I end this review of the influence of changes in perceptions of their own ethnic Conclusion Albanian, Romany, and Turkish languages. The media vis-a-vis television on society. It suggests series is broadcast on Al TV with subtitles of group. Taken together, the findings from this study that the mass media not only have powerful all non-Macedonian-language material. Prior to viewing, the majority (67%) of point to the value of Nashe Maalo as a potent positive role to play in attracting resources to Albanian-language stations air a version with children indicated a reluctance to invite children social intervention. In addition to providing an welfare services, they also have the power to Albanian subtitles for all the dialogue not in from other ethnic groups into their homes. After entertaining television program for youth, take our mindset to the desired positive Albanian. viewing, there was an increase in the number Nashe Maalo serves as a positive influence direction. Perhaps the most convincing evidence of of ethnic Macedonian children who expressed the success of Nashe Maalo is its popularity a willingness to invite others (Albanians, Roma, and Turks) into their homes. among children of all ethnic groups. According References to the viewership survey, over 75 percent of The Roma children's responses are of children report watching the program and the special interest. While only 40% provided ROBINSON, J.P. & BACHMAN, J.G. (1972). BOTHA, M. (1990). Television exposure and overwhelming majority rate it as good or positive descriptions of the picture representing Television viewing habits and aggression. aggression among adolescents: A follow- excellent. This is significant because children their own ethnic group, the majority of Roma In G.A. Comstock & E.A. Rubinstein (eds) up study over 5 years. Aggressive Behavior, can only learn from programming they are children offered positive descriptions of Television and Social Behavior, vol. 3, 16,361-380. willing to view. Considering the controversial Television and Adolescent Aggressiveness. Macedonians. Such findings are suggestive of GEEN, R.G. (1991). Human Aggression. Pacific nature of Nashe Maalo and its educational Washington, DC: United States Government the potency of the dominant (Macedonian) Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. content, it is noteworthy that children find the culture and its impact on the Roma vision of Printing Office. GEEN, series and its characters appealing. themselves. BANDURA, A., ROSS, D., & Ross, S.H. (1963). R.G. (1991). Behavioral and physiological Imitation of film-mediated aggressive reactions to observed violence: Effects of The show's central character, Karmen, who This assessment was shared by children models. Journal of Abnormal and Social prior exposure to aggressive stimuli. has no specific ethnic affiliation and who from other groups who were less positive about Psy., 66 (1), 3-11. Journal of Personality and Social Psy., serves as a primary conveyor of mutual the Roma than any other ethnicity. Projects 40, 868-875. respect messages, was popular among children such as Nashe Maalo hold the potential to BARON, R.A. & BYRNE, D. (2001). Social Psy., of all ethnic groups. This is an indicator that positively affect this image of the Roma by Prentice-Hail, M.I; Englewood Cliffs. GILBERT, D.T., TAFARODI, R.W., & MALONE, P.S. the program's core messages are finding a (1993). You can not believe everything you illustrating activities and occupations that BELSON, W. (1978). Television Violence and read. Journal of Personality and Social receptive audience. counter ingrained, negative stereotypes. the Adolescent Boy. Franborough: Psy., 65, 221-223. Not surprisingly, before viewing nearly all Teakfield. Overcoming Stereotypes FORGE, K.L., & PHEMISTER, S. (3 987). The of the children identified Macedonian (which BBRKOWITZ, L., & RAWUNGS, E. (1963). Effects Nashe Maalo was found to have a very is the national language) but fewer were able of film violence on inhibitions against effect of prosocial cartoons on preschool positive impact on children's views of to identify the Albanian, Turkish, and Romany subsequent aggression. Journal of children. Child Study Journal, 17, 83-88. themselves and others. When asked to describe languages. Abnormal and Social Psy., 66 (5), 405412. HAPKIEWITZ, W.G. & RODEN, A.H. (1971). The

66 67 SAMIKSA SAMlKSA AMIT CHAKRABORTY

effect of aggressive cartoons on children's The Role of Television in American Society. BOOK REVIEWS interpersonal play. Child Development, 42, University of Nebraska Press. 1583-1585. PARKE, R.D., BBRKOWIK, L., LEYKNS, J.P, WEST, COLIN COVINGTON, PAUL WILLIAMS, JEAN ARUNDALE AND JEAN KNOX (EDS.): Terrorism and S. & SEBASTIAN, R.J. (1977). Some effects War, Unconscious Dynamics of Political Violence (London: Karnac, 2002) HUBSMANN, L.R. & ERON, L.D. (Eds.). (1986). of violent and nonviolent movies on the Television and the aggressive child: A cross- behavior of juvenile delinquents. In L. In the new millennium, when we are whereby he deduces that aggression is as national comparison. Hillsdale, N.J.: Berkowik (ed.) Advances in Experimental increasingly faced with the menace of global innate to human nature as love and albeit he Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Psychology, 10. New York Academic terrorism, this book brings together a collection admits that freedom within acceptable of papers pertaining to ppsychoanalytic parameters minimises potential for war, he MURRAY, J.P. (1992). Big World, Small Screen: Press. perspectives on war. Stretching from Freud's argues that the 'economic man' model of communication with Einstein in 1932 to the understanding human behaviour is inadequate. present generation, it puts forth the analysis This arises from an essentially paralysed insight that has gone through over much of the last into terrorism, the psychoanalytic approach of Dr. Amit Chakraborly century into terrorism, war and the legacy of which was hitherto limited to few. In his 14 Parsibagan Lane the atrocities during conflict. epilogue to the section, Alderdice offers hope Kolkata 700 009 Introducing the volume, Lord Alderdice to the reader, stressing that the world must announces that '...this book is a serious effort realise itself into a 'family for the duration' to marshal some of the books already at our (p. 16) of this perpetual threat. disposal as an encouragement to serious The book divides itself into four sections thought on the subject of terrorism and war' viz. 'Terrorism', 'Hatred, Enmity and Revenge', (p.3). Citing the apt example of Northern 'Why War?' and 'The Aftermath of War'. Ireland, he maintains that when a body of people faces insurmountable odds from a Terrorism of all forms since the Second stronger toe, then the option of terrorism World War has primarily aimed at destabilising appears particularly attractive. It generates civil society. The section on Terrorism utter confusion about the threats facing them illustrates the various forms in which this might among the victims, and it makes them uncertain present itself. Justin Beal, in his Thoughts and about the challenges that lie ahead. Unlike Photographs, is a first hand viewer of the conventional criminals, terrorists rarely aim for attacks on September 11 th on the World Trade anonymity while carrying out an attack- Centre. He is awe stricken at the terrible publicity is the oxygen that they desperately 'beauty' of the scenery around him, and his desire to legitimize their cause. With the photographs, along with his memoirs written constant advance of technology, conflicts have that day and observations of a month later, increasingly become bloodier and terrorists are provide a chilling depiction of the events of finding more and more sophisticated paths open that red letter day. Ron Britton, in his The in front of them to pursue their ends, and which eleventh of September massacre, aims to get Alderdice terms as 'crisis of modernity'. inside the head of a terrorist and tries to Consequently, it often provokes the victim into determine 'what would make anyone do such pathological reactions, as can be argued has a thing' (p.20). He arrives at the conclusion been the case with America after the dastardly that the lure of historic death for a seemingly acts of September 11, 2001. Thus ultimately it good cause is too much to resist for the results in the murder of optimism that prevails misguided nutjahideens. Phil Ringstram taps in the study of science, art, culture, sociology into the crucial relationship between modernity and psychology. Freud expressed this and the development of fundamentalism. The pessimism in his correspondence with Einstein, fruits of modernity have been restricted to too

68 69 SAMIKSA SAMlKSA BOOK REVIEWS BOOK REVIEWS few, and deprivation, culturally or materially, increasingly more valid. Pao, in his The role omnipotent fantasy. Hart, in her Exile and genuine desire among the people of Northern often pushes a group of people over the of hatred in the ego, identifies inferiority Bereavement, studies the distortions the human Ireland to rebuild what has so destructively threshold of tolerance to indulge in terrorism. complex as roots of hatred amidst the hospital mind undergoes whilst artificially separated wiped away by conflict. Alexsander Vucho, in his Beyond Bombs and patients on whicli he focuses his study. Ronald from its base. She ponders over the divergence Post-9/11, we are faced with the Sanctions, prefers a niche analysis to Britton rejects the argument that 'badness' in between internal and external reality on one regeneration of the rather old question originally generalisation, and focuses on the former a human being is imported. He stresses that hand and human perceptions on the other raised by Freud — 'How can human beings Yugoslavia and the role of the 'other' in the human character is divided into two parts, the among people mourning in exile. Papadopoulos behave like this?' Psychoanalysis has always brutal conflict that occurred there. The success worse of which takes over when faced with points out our self contradiction in admitting illuminated the mental backcloth over such of fundamentalists often depends on how trying situations. Thus, evil stems from our own the destruction unveiled during and before behaviour. This volume however, does not skilfully they manage to alienate their foes to selves. Colin Covington ponders over the wars, whereby he suggests that faith in merely restrict itself to identify the main distinguish 'them' from 'us'. Dvora Miller- success the terrorists manage to attain in humanity is lost. Peter Fonagy argues that the patterns of the problem. It actively suggests Florsheim touches on the behavioural structure creating an exaggerated emotive feeling by trauma suffered during a massacre like the ways in which we can combat this menace, of both the therapist and the patient when faced stereotyping a group of people as the 'others'. Holocaust carries on through generations and both through psychoanalysis and through the with a direct external threat. Salman Akhtar the psychoanalyst should playfully engage the The role of the unconscious is best society in general. The volume concludes with provides a unique perspective on the thinking patient to best address his troubles. Raman described by psychoanalysis during times of the poem Forget by Czeslaw Milosz, an pattern of the terrorist. Fie argues that their Kapur's study is an exploration of reparative war. The section on Why War invariably puts emotional appeal to the despairing and turbulent aim is more to fail in their mission rather than impulses in the Trauma and Recovery Team Freud's arguments presented to Einstein in his world, to forgive and forget the mutual evils success, since a perpetual enemy and a heroic after the Omagh bomb debacle. He seems to letter at the base of this section. Thus, Paul and live in reconciliation and eventual martyr are both needed to rekindle the rekindle optimism by suggesting that there is a Williams goes on to question whether our happiness. fundamentalist spirit amidst their people. He question should be Why not War since hatred identifies repetition, revenge, reparation and is so innate to our character. In Jung's letter reconsideration as the fundamental blocs on Aruni Mukhcrjcc to Dorothy Thompson, we get an astute which the edifice of any terror movement is Undergraduate Student analvsis of post-World War IF wars. Donald built. Twomlow and Soceo, in llieir Reflections University of Warwick Kaplan studies the mind in the dynamic and on the making of a Terrorist, seem to suggest United Kingdom. perilous social context during times of war. a different antidote to terrorism apart from Birkett, in Psychoanalysis and war, retribution. They argue that a more long lasting summarises classical and psychoanalytic solution lies in the classroom, consulting room understanding of war to suggest how we deal or even in the community or political arena, FAIRBAIRN AND RELATIONAL THEORY: by Frederico Perelra & Davide Scharff with various mental states, the reply to which but through psychoanalysis. Karnac Books Ltd, London is made by Brown. Hishelwood analyses works The section on Hatred, Enmity and' by Elliott Jacques and Melanie Klein and links Fairbairn and Relational Theory is a in Aristotelean and Hegelian metaphysics, is Revenge primarily dwells on the roots ol the unconscious state of mind to the compilation of papers given at an international made in the Introduction which quotes terrorism, which stem from the famous individualist and collectivist attitudes. Hanna Congress on the psychoanalytic work of Fairbairn's biographer, John D. Sutherland: '... deduction of Sigmund Freud that hate is as Segal denounces the policy of nuclear W.R.D. Fairbairn, held in Lisbon on 28-31 he replaced the closed system standpoint of basic to human psyche as love. Melanic Klein deterrence and explains the inherent October, 1999. Despite his profound respect nineteenth century science with the open takes it further in her paper by examining the contradiction in this policy through for Freud and Melanie Klein, Fairbairn has systems that were evolved by the middle of 'death instinct' of terrorism and the dynamics psychoanalytic and clinical experience. etched out his own position in the theory and the present century to account for the of hatred and its role in the consequent practice of psychoanalysis when he asserts development of living organisms, in which destruction unleashed by terror movements. The Aftermath of War, quite self that libido is primarily object seeking against the contribution of the environment has to Eissler dwells on the important contradiction in explanatorily ponders of the devastations, both Freud's assertion that libido is pleasure seeking be considered at all times." the actions of the so-called 'victims' of terrorist material and mental, unleashed by the evils of and hence, as a direct corollary of his assertion, A whole chapter, Why is Fairbairn attacks by arguing that they indulge in the same conflict, both short and long-term. Garwood Fairbairn holds that "for me (Fairbairn) libido relevant today—a modernist/post-modernist hideous crimes as they claim to be suffering studies the feeling of guilt in the survivors of has direction". The note of discord with view by Fairbairn's daughter Ellinor Fairbairn from. After the American invasion and Hitler's Holocaust, whereby self-blame is a classical thoughts that marks out Fairbairn as Birtles, has been dedicated to locate Fairbairn's atrocities in Iraq, this synthesis seems key feature. He deduces this as defensive an original thinker whose ideas are grounded ideas in the context of modern European

70 7 I SAMIKSA SAMlKSA BOOK REVIEWS BOOK REVIEWS

may seem that Ellinor and Scharff in their The two essays, A contemporary seduction and primary hysteria. He sums up thoughts. Ellinor explores the paradigm shifts enthusiasm to locate Fairbairn in the new exploration of contributions of W.R.D. his discussion with reference to "Dora" and in twentieth century western thoughts with scientific matrix, is sometimes losing the Fairbairn and Freud and Fairbairn: Emma and concludes that Freud has left open reference to Marx, Nietzsche and Freud. She threads in fine rhetoric. Continuities and discontinuities, by Otto F. the analysis of primary relations with the terms this shift as "changes in consciousness Kernberg and Mary Twyman respectively, are mother, though he speaks of the "nostalgia" of and illustrates how Fairbairn is in tune with Stephen A. Mitchell in his essay, Fairbairn purely theoretical, encapsulating. Fairbairn's the "first love as a cause of hysteria." these recent intellectual exercises in as diverse and the problem of agency, is naive enough to thesis with the thrust on Fairbairn's theory of fields as science, social philosophy and declare in the beginning that "Fairbairn did not the nature of libido. In the paper, Towards a Theory of the economics. In this context Ellinor also discusses himself address it (the problem of agency) Self J. Alan Harrow first chalks out the ideas The second essay in Part 1 1 of the how Freud and Fairbairn differ in their directly." In spite of this Mitchell keenly of Masud Khan and Winnicott on the subject compilation is Henri Vermorel's Melapsycho- interpretation of dream; while for Freud dream discusses this problem because he feels that of self and traces Fairbairn's contributions in logy of hysteria : from Freud to Fairbairn is a primitive and irrational experience, for "aspects of Fairbairn's system (are) the study of the same. Fairbairn's insistence is and beyond. As the title suggests Vermorel Fairbairn it is "a process of exploration of inner extremely helpful in my own struggles with on the primary need for an object and he discusses theories regarding hysteria by Freud states". Ellinor continues her arguments of the problem of agency." Mitchell traces the asserts that "the real libidinal aim of the self is and Fairbairn, their relative merits and Fairbairnis affinity with modern thoughts and development of the various concepts of agency the establishment of satisfactory relationships Fairbairn's further developments on the asserts that western philosophy and Fairbairn's including the fact whether we can at all pin- with objects." He insists on the perfect Freudian structure. Vermorel begins with a work have a basic similarity in the fact that point an "agency". Mitchell draws on what relationship between mother and infant and summary of "Dora" case and traces the both are concerned with the relationship Sartre has termed as "existential psychoanaly- frustration in such a relationship with an development of Freud's theory regarding between subject and object. sis" where Sartre strongly asserts the existence external person results in the formation of hysteria and discusses the blurred or dark areas of an independent conscious will which is internal object relations which is emotionally David B. Scharff continues in the same where Freud, according Vermorel, was unable capable of making choices. Mitchell goes further unsatisfying. Harrow's discussion also tone as Ellinor in his essay, Fairbairn and the to understand certain subtler implications, and traces Freudian and Jungian views on embraces a detailed study of Sutherland's Self as an organized system: chaos theory particularly the "exact mechanism of unconscious regarding the question of agency. theory of the Self. as a new paradigm, where he links Fairbairn's identification" The whole discussion is based theory with the modern scientific chaos theory. Mitchell begins with Fairbairn's on the "Dora" case. Vermorel refers to Freud's Emilio Salgueiro in Artistic process, dream He dwells on the different aspects of this highly "revolutionary statement: Libido is not assumptions on "first love" which "first of all process, and psychoanalytic process: complex theory grounded in non-linear pleasure seeking but object seeking". A characterizes hysteria" and moves on to Fairbairnian links explores the root ol "the mathematics and physics. Scharff concentrates relevant point in this context is that analysis of discuss Ruth Brunwick's work with Freud wound that has sustained" and from where art heavily on the idea that a self-organizing system both assumptions •- - Freudian and Fairbairnian where a new distinction has been made seems to spring. He locates this wound in the conies out of chaotic pattern and explains how - on the nature of Libido leads to the same between Oedipus Complex and "Primitive child's first love (which is the mother) and the the disturbed mind of a patient can organize conclusion that Libido, whether it is pleasure Oedipus Complex". Vermorel points out that subsequent frustration that a corroded intimacy itself after new patterns which in turn resemble seeking or object seeking, does not make any Fairbairn's major contribution lies in the between (he mother and die infant creates. It some pattern of the patients personality. choices. Mitchell discusses the implications of development ol the idea ol narcissist seduction is after ibis rupture that the child progresses Scharff has quite deftly handled the complex Fairbairn's assertion and concludes that there in hysteria. Fairbairn differs from Freud "in from the "state of being-turned-towards-its ideas of the chaos theory. However, he does is no one human agency and categorizes the the placing of hysteria within the realm of mother to that of being - turnable towards not delve into the root cause of Donald's (the different forms of human agency, and makes the first relationship with the mother." himself- towards - the - world - and - towards patient Scharff was referring to) shift, in moods; a list. However, he concludes that human Fairbairn floats the idea of "an early - the - others". He further says that the "primal rather his insistence is on the pattern of these beings do not adhere to any one of the triangulation - centre ego - exciting object wound" can be resolved in three ways: the swings and he does not discuss how Donald particular agency he has formulated but they - rejecting object" which is different from artistic process, the dream process and the can tackle these swings. Scharff dwells on the are agents of all these types. Mitchell discusses Freud's description of the same as "father- psychoanalytic process. He explores the fact that no one can predict how the disturbed two cases - those of "Fred" and "Charles" to mother-subject". Vermorel also discusses relationship among these three which, mind will organize itself. Hence, a substantiate his point of view on agency and theories by Ute Rupprecht- Schampera (who according to him, is "an internal state of special psychoanalyst should create a chaos in the argues that it is through Fairbairn's object was inspired by Fairbairn) and Wisdom (who vulnerability where the processes might develop internal world of the patient and the patterning relations theory that we can understand the was inspired by Melanie Klein and Fairbairn). in a background of safety" which in turn forms will happen as per chaos theory. Scharff has fact that we are object seeking agents of Vermorel discusses the concepts of Paternal a "creative vortex" and through this vortex, not made it clear in his discussion whether his different types. seduction in the genesis of hysteria, Narcissist Fairbairn proposes, new relationships between assumptions have any experimental validity. It

73 7 2 SAMIKSA SAMIKSA BOOK REVIEWS BOOK REVIEWS the central self and the central object are unquestionable authority of the artist in in an organized anatomical structure or Fairbairn's assertion that libido seeks an object created. whatever field of art he/she is working, lexicon". Grotstein takes Fairbairn's concepts and traces Fairbairn's arguments on the pre- Fairbairn locates the "object trouve" as "an as the "road map of the internal object world." ambivalence of the self. Though Fairbairn Salgueiro presents two diagrams to explain intermediate point between the attitude of the Grotstein undertakes to "establish bridges docs not talk directly on melancholia, the how the central self encounters the external artist and the attitude of the beholder". Pereira between Fairbairn's and Steiner's ... author uses Fairbairn's ideas on defensive reality. He then moves on to discuss also introduces the idea of polyphony in literary pictures of the internal world..." He mechanism (Fairbairn calls it "moral defence" Pirandello's account of his conception of the work (as'proposed by Bakhtin) and attacks discusses the essential difference between or "defense through guilt") as something play Six characters in search of an Author the myth that there is one single meaning. With Winnicott's idea of "fantasyzing" and Freud's fundamental to depression. He maps the and tries to analyse the movements in this Pereira also questions the classic vision of concept of day-dreaming, the former being details of a Schizoid case and that of Pirandello's mind with another diagram inspired psychoanalysis and concludes that "Meaning suggestive of the "creation of a pathological melancholia, highlighting the salient features of by Fairbairn. Salgueiro proposes that an artistic is never in a here: it is not unitary. It is present internal world - what I (Grotstein) term as a both and how both are different from each creation is a temporary relief from the primal beyond the in-between. As a consequence, it "third area of the psyche" while the latter is a other-—to quote Malos, "... the schizoid wound. In Section Vll of his essay, Salgueiro is in relationship." conscious continuation of the night-time dream. depends upon the object, whereas the other— discusses elaborately the dream process and Grotstein thinks that Fairbairn's endopsychic the depressive- -depends upon the object's how it helps to relieve the primal wound. The first essay in Part IV (titled The structures and Steiner's idea of psychic retreat love." Matos puts forward a lengthy Continuing his earlier argument, he also Future of Fairbairn's contribution) is James are complementary concepts about origins of prescription for the depressed- how a discusses how psychoanalytic process can also S. Grotstein's Fndopsychic structures, pathological object relatedness. He further depressed person can incur an internal change help to overcome the primary wound. He takes psvehic retreats, and fantasyzing: the elaborates on Fairbairn's endopsychic model by changing "the styles of his relationships". the idea of the Apallonian and Dionisian to pathological "Third area" of the psyche. and concludes that Fairbairn's system is the The main thrust is on reinforcement of self- describe the libidinal and the anti-libidinal areas As Grotstein points out at the beginning, he "first and perhaps only mapping of the esteem, narcissistic repair, respect for other from Schraff and Birtles, thus linking the "seek(s) to elaborate both upon the concept of internal world..." Grotstein proceeds to and enhancing self-dignity. Matos stresses psychoanalytic concepts with Nietzsche's normal and pathological psychic structures and discuss the debate between Fairbairn's and Fairbairn's ideas with reference to object proposition that the world is a dance of dilectic upon their contents" and proposes to do it, as Klein's ideas about how psychic reality is relationship and emphasizes the personality of oppositcs. in an earlier thesis, "with Fairbairn's formed. lie also discusses the diffeieuce tne analyst and the development of objeci The next essay is Fredcrico Pereira's endopsychic structures". He divides the whole between Klein's and Fairbairn's concepts of relationship in the analytic process. Matos Fairbairn, dreaming and the Aesthetic essay into small sections and discusses his internal objects. He stresses the evolutionary becomes almost didactic when he sums up the Experience. Right from the beginning Pereira points under certain heads. He begins with a nature of "O" and how psychic retreats or role of an analyst as an ambassador to the makes it clear that unlike classical discussion about the concept of "character" endopsychic structures and fantasyzing help to transferred and expanded world of the Patient. as distinguished from "personality". He obliterate the experience of this evolution. psychoanalysis his emphasis is not on the Anne Tail's "Fairbairn's philosophic and mentions Freud's Mourning and Melancholia personality of the artist but on the art form pragmatic appeal" is totally different in tone as establishing "the foundation for an object- Grotstein is critical of the attitude of and in his approach, Pereira is nearer to critics and approach from the other essays in the relations theory of psychic structure" and psychoanalysts of classical school in their over like H. Read who holds thai the critical sense that this is a persona! record of a delves into a detailed discussion of Freud's emphasis on the patient's acceptance of his emphasis should be on the product and Read psychoanalyst who was influenced by Mourning and Melancholia in search of "the mental states with respect to reality. He says is against the reductionist tendency of classical Fairbairn's ideas and applied them in her roots of psychic structures". He analyses both that the above analysts themselves are bound psychoanalysis in the sense that a symbol or a treatment. She does not go into much Frued's and Klein's views regarding the two by a system that denounces the patient's recurrent motif in a work is traced to its origin theoretical detail but sums up the necessary facets of melancholia one being the subject's resistance. According to him, Fairbairn's idea • in the author's mind when the symbol or the perspective in a well-organized form. What narcissistic concerns regarding its own welfare that a child needs to be bonded before it could central motif loses its aesthetic significance touched Anne was Fairbairn's emphasis on the and the other being its altruistic need to protect be weaned, can help to rationalize such and such a reading also disregards the aesthetic "total relationship existing between the patient the object. Grotstein laments that Fairbairn's dogmatic attitude. value of a work. And here Pereira invokes and analyst as persons". She speaks of the work did not influence Klein or her followers Fairbairn who held that a symbol may be In The Problem of Melancholic in the essential pluralism in practice that Fairbairn's in the field of "establishing the structural "surreal ... geometric or abstract". And in work of Fairbairn, Antonio Coiinbra tie ideas on internal and external realities and the function, and interrelationships of the compliance with modern, particularly Matos points out that in Fairbairn's work relationship between them provide to an personality so as to accommodate the structuralist theories that stress the response melancholic is only the counterpoint to analyst. Tail's emphasis is more on experience interactions of internalized objects and selves of the audience or the reader rather than the Schizophrenia. Matos, too, begins with than on theoretical knowledge - to quote her,

74 7 5 SAMlKSA SAMlKSA BOOK REVIEWS Freud, A. (1936). The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence, London : Hogarth "understanding experience through the eyes of The collection pays fair tribute to Fairbairn Press, 1937. theory." She narrates some of her experiences and is a delight to an object-relations analyst as a liason psychiatrist in an infectious diseases not only for the insight it offers into Fairbairn's Freud, S. (1937a). Analysis terminable and interminable. S.E. 23. ideas but also for the suggestions for working unit and in the department of neurobiology in (1937b). Constructions in analysis. S.E. 23. Edinburgh. further on Fairbairn's theories. Wallerstein, R.S. (1972). The future of psychoanalytic education. /. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 21 : 561-606.

Sriparna Datta Weiss, S. (1975). The effect on the transference of 'special events' occurring Lecturer in English during psychoanalysis. Int. }. Psychoanal., 56 : 69-75. Nahata J.N.M.S. Mahavidyalaya [email protected] Winnicott, D.W. (1960). Ego distortion in terms of true and false self. In The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment. London. Flogarth Press, 1975 : 140-152. Quotations must be carefully checked for accuracy. It should be within inverted commas. Author's own emphasis in quotations must be indicated as, ital mine. A brief abstract (not exceeding 200 words) must accompany each article. All accompanied works like charts, tables, figures, drawings and photographs are to be submitted in original. These should measure 22.5 x 14 cm. The editor reserves the right to alter the accompanied works (keeping its original form intact) suitable to the space available in the journal. The editor does not assume any responsibility for the opinions and statements expressed by the contributors. Articles published in the journal become the copyright of the Indian Psychoanalytical Society, and cannot be republished elsewhere either in the original or in any translated form without the permission of the Council of the Society. Every contributor will receive two copies of the issue of the journal in which his article appears along with 10 reprints of the article free of charge. The management regrets its inability to return the manuscripts of unpublished articles. Books for Review. The journal has a book review section. Two copies of each book may be sent to the Book Review Editor, Indian Psychoanalytical Society, 14, Parsibagan Lane, Kolkata-700 009.

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