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______, The Search for Modern China, New York: W. W. Norton, 1990.

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______, Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.

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Tao, Jing-shen, “The Influence of Jurchen Rule on Chinese Political Institutions,” Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1970, pp. 121-30.

______, The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China: A Study of Sinicization, Seattle: U. of Washington Press, 1976. 490

______, “Barbarians or Northerners: Northern Song Images of the Qidans,” in Rossabi, ed., China among Equals, 1983, pp. 66-86.

Thackston, Wheeler M., translated, edited, and annotated by, The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor, New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Torbert, Preston M., The Ch’ing Imperial Household Department, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977.

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Truman, Harry S., The Autobiography, edited with a new introduction by Robert H. Ferrell, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1980.

Twitchett, Denis, “The Composition of the T’ang Ruling Class: New Evidence from Tunhuang,” in Wright and Twitchett, eds., Perspectives on the T’ang , 1973, pp. 47-86.

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______, and Loewe, Michael, eds., The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.-A.D. 220, London: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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Unger, J. Marshall, “Layers of Words and Volcanic Ash in Japan and Korea,” The Journal of Japanese Studies Vol. 27, No. 1, Winter 2001, pp. 81-111.

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Wagner, Donald B., The State and the Iron Industry in Han China, Copenhagen: NIAS (Nordic Institute of Asian Studies), 2001.

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Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

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CHINESE DYNASTIC CHRONICLES

Shiji (史記 The Grand Scribe’s Records), compiled by Sima Qian (司馬遷 c.145-86 BCE) between c.109-89 BCE in the reign of Wudi (武帝 r.140-87 BCE), covering the legendary Five August Emperors, the Xia-Shang period, Zhou (周 1046-256 BCE), Qin (秦 221-206 BCE) and Former Han (前漢 206 BCE-8 CE) dynasties up to Wu-di. Sima Qian’s father, Sima Tan (司馬談 d.110 BCE) was the originator of the Shiji. Some of the extant chapters were added later by another hand. Chin (2000) notes that “Each chapter of the Shiji ends with an authorial comments, prefaced by ‘The Grand Scribe says.’ Subsequent Standard Histories continued to append authorial comments, and these comments often shed light on how the respective authors evaluated or found historical meaning in their own narratives (ibid: 314). After a series of military victories over the Xiongnu… Li Ling (李陵 d.74 BCE) chose to surrender to the Xiongnu rather than commit suicide. Sima Qian failed to join the chorus of denunciations of Li Ling and was himself condemned [for his inability fully to clarify himself to Wudi]. … but wishing to complete the Shiji so as to fulfill his filial duty to his father, he accepted castration (ibid: 323).” Davis (2004: xIv) states that “Sima Qian created a format for the dynastic history [in East Asia] in later times: the ‘composite annals/ biographical’ form (ji zhuan ti 紀傳體 vs. chronological form bian nian ti 編年體) provided a political chronology at the outset, with a full complement of biographies for individuals and treaties on institutions in later chapters [Imperial annals 帝紀; Tables and charts 表; Monographs 志; Biographies 列傳 including a group of essays on foreign affairs]. … Literary scholars are often baffled that China developed fiction rather late relative to history and poetry. The sheer richness of its historical experience is much to blame.” In a society where real-life drama is much more exciting, perhaps the Shakespearean fiction-drama-play (save the poetry) may more likely fail to entertain the general public as an important source of imagination-cum-inspiration.

Qian Hanshu (前漢書 History of Former/Western Han, 206 BCE-8 CE), compiled by (班固 32- 92) of Later Han in the reign of Mingdi (r.57-75), covering the years from 209 BCE-6 CE. Ban Gu’s father, Ban Biao (班彪 3-54 CE), began compiling it sometime before 54 CE, and his sister Ban (班昭) finished it after Ban Gu’s death in prison, adding some of her own contributions.

495

Hou Hanshu (後漢書 History of Later Han/Eastern Han, 25-220 CE), compiled by Fan (范曄 398-446) of Liu-Song (劉宋 420-79) during 432-40, and incorporates much from the earlier description in the Weishu of Sanguozhi.

Weishu (魏書 History of Wei), compiled by (陳壽 233-97) of Western Jin (西晉 265-317)

sometime between 280-97 as a part of Sanguozhi (三國志 Chronicles of the ), covering the period of ’s Wei (魏 220-65), Shu-Han (蜀漢 221-63), and Wu (吳 222- 58). 晉書 卷八十二 陳壽傳 壽父爲馬謖參軍 謖爲諸葛亮所誅[228] 壽父亦坐被髡

Pei Songzhi (裴松之 372-451) of the Liu-Song (420-79) added footnotes at the order of Wendi in 429. The Wei Lüe 魏略 was compiled between 280-9 CE by 魚豢. About 40 percent of the -zhuan consists of quotations from the Wei Lüe (in the form of the Pei’s commentary on the Sanguozhi).

Songshu (宋書 History of Liu-Song, 劉宋 420-79), compiled by Shen (沈約 441-513) of Southern

(南齊 479-502) and Liang (梁 502-57) in 487 on the basis of an old text compiled by Xu Yuan (徐爰) in 462.

Nan Qishu (南齊書 History of the , 479-502), compiled by Zixian (蕭子顯 489-537) of Liang (502-57).

Weishu (北魏書), History of (386-534), covering 165 years including the reign of Xiaojing’di (孝靜帝 r.534-50) of (東魏), compiled by Wei Shou (魏收 506-72) between 551-4 in the reign of Wenxuan’di (文宣帝 r.550-9) of (北齊 550-77) based on the chronicles

compiled by the Northern Wei court (國紀, 國書, 高祖起居注, 莊帝紀).

Zhoushu (周書 History of , 556-81), compiled by (令狐德棻 583-666) during the ten year period between 618-28 in the reign of Tang Gaozu and Taizong (618-49).

Bei Qishu (北齊書 History of Northern Qi, 550-77), compiled by Li Baiyao (李百藥) of Tang between 629-

36 during the reign of Tang Taizong (太宗 626-49).

Liangshu (梁書 History of Liang, 502-57), completed by (魏徵 580-643) and (姚思廉

557-637) in 636-9.

Chenshu (陳書 History of Chen, 557-89), completed by Yao (姚察) of Sui and his son Yao Silian (姚思

廉) of Tang in 636.

Jinshu (晉書 History of Western Jin, 265-316, and Estern Jin 東晉, 317-420), compiled by

(房玄齡 578-648), Li Yanshou (李延壽 d. before 679) and others in 646-8.

496

Nanshi (南史 History of the Southern Dynasties, 420-589), compiled by Li Yanshou (李延壽) of Tang between 627-49.

Beishi (北史 History of the Northern Dynasties, 386-618), compiled by Li Yanshou (李延壽) of Tang between 627-59.

Suishu (隋書 History of Sui, 581-618), compiled by Wei Zheng (魏徵 580-643), et al., between 629-36.

Jiu Tangshu (舊唐書 Old History of Tang, 618-907), compiled under the supervision of Liu Xu (劉昫 887- 946) and Zhao Ying (趙瑩) of the (後晉 936-46) between 940-5 on the basis of the National History (國史 Guoshi) of Liu Fang (劉芳) and the (實錄 Shilu).

Xin Tangshu (新唐書 New History of Tang), edited by Ouyang Xiu (歐陽脩 1007-72) and (宋祁 998-1061) of Northern Song (960-1127) between 1044-60 on the bases of Sinocentric [cum anti- Buddhist] ideology of the Restoration of the Chinese dynasty and Confucian moral judgment.

Jiu Wudaishi (舊五代史 Old History of the Five Dynasties, 907-60), compiled under the nominal direction of chief minister Xue Juzheng (薛居正 912-81) and the stewardship of his assistant Duoxin (934-85) between April 25, 973 and October 974 in the reign of Song Taizu (960-76).

Xin Wudaishi (新五代史 New History of the Five Dynasties, 907-60), compiled between 1036 and 1053 by Ouyang Xiu of Northern Song. Ouyang Xiu was critical of the Jiu Wudaishi for its lack of subjective moral judgment, and consequently it was banned by the Southern Song court in 1207. Xin Wudaishi was translated by Richard L. Davis (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), who contends that it is “a quintessentially and conservatively Confucian work. Both narrative and commentary are manipulated to maximize moral lessons. …the Old History seemed little more than a sourcebook devoid of selectivity or purpose. … No word exists in classical Chinese for ‘objectivity,’ but…the ideal of objectivity is reflected in the separation of text from commentary, fact from opinion. …[It] is by far the most inte nsively polemical of the twenty-four dynastic histories [in view of the fact that] official hist ories [were] compiled by committees of erudite men often competent with sources but short of conv iction, men who obsess over facts but slight commentary. [Prior to 1077] the book in manuscript form circulated only among friends (xIiv-I).”

Liaoshi (遼史 History of Liao, 916-1125), compiled by 廉惠山海牙, 王沂. 徐昺, 陳繹曾 under the supervision of Toghtō (都總裁官 丞相 托克托/ Tuo Tuo 脫脫) of Yuan dynasty (1206-1368) during the eleven months period between April 1343 and March 1344 on the basis of the various Veritable Records (實錄 Shilu) compiled by the Liao and Jin courts. Standen (2007: 181) states: “It is perhaps in the Liaoshi that we can see most clearly the many hands and attitudes…represented…

497

by its belated and hasty character… This preser vation of radically different viewpoints makes the Liaoshi an even richer text in which to conduct historical excavations.”

Jinshi (金史 History of Jin, 1115-1234), compiled by Ouyang Xuan (翰林學士 歐陽玄 1283-1357) of the Yuan dynasty (1206-1368) under the supervision of Prime Minister (Cheng-xiang) Toghtō and Aludu (脫脫 and 阿魯圖) between March 1343 and November 1344 on the basis of the Jin Veritable Records (金實錄) on nine rulers compiled by the Jin court.

Songshi (宋史 , 960-1127-1279), compiled by Ouyang Xuan (總裁官 歐陽玄) and others (鐵木兒塔識, 賀惟一, 張起巖) of the Yuan dynasty under the supervision of Prime Minister Toghtō and Aludu in the two-and-a-half-year period between 1343-5 on the basis of various records compiled since the reign of Khubilai Khan. Standen (2007: 178) says that, perhaps because of the speed of compilation, it is hard to see a consistent editorial policy at work in the official dynastic histories compiled under the Yuan.

Yuanshi (元史 , 1206-1368), compiled by Song Lian (宋濂)between 1368-70 in the reign of Ming Taizu (1368-98) on the basis of Veritable Records compiled in the Yuan court.

Xin Yuanshi (新元史), compiled by Ke Shao-min (柯紹/ 召力忞) during the reign of Qianlong (1735-96).

Mingshi (明史 , 1368-1644), compiled by (張廷玉) of Qing (1616-1911) between 1679- 1735.

The above, including the New History of the Yuan dynasty (Xin Yuanshi) that is counted as the twenty-fifth Chinese dynastic history, are regarded as the Canonical Twenty-Five Standard Histories (二十五史/zheng shi 正史). The Provisional History of the Qing Dynasty (淸史稿), compiled from 1914-28, may be regarded as the twenty-sixth Chinese dynastic history.

Zizhi Tongjian (資治通鑑 Comprehensive Mirror for the Advancement of Governance), a general chronicle of Chinese history from 403 BCE to 959 CE, compiled by (司馬光 1019-86) with chosen associates, under the auspices of Shenzong (神宗 r.1067-85), with the explicit aim of moralizing historiography and providing instruction for rulers, within the specific political context of the Northern Song court (960-1127). Beasley and Pullyblank (1961: 152) notes: “The annalistic form which he adopted for hishistory…might…be thought retrograde in comparison to the topical arrangement of the Standard Histories—basic annals, monographs, tables, biographies. In practice, however, the mechanical way in which material is split up into the various sections of the standard histories without cross references of any kind means that to get a complete picture even of a man’s biography or of a topic treated in a monograph one must not only look at the immediately relevant chapter but also hunt laboriously through other parts as well.

498

This is even more true if one is interested in seeing the course of events as a whole. By comparison it is easier to follow a sequence of events from day to day and year to year, even though it is often tedious to wade through irrelevant material at the same time. Moreover, Sima Guang does to a limited extent provide connecting links---though he was far from binding events together in a causal nexus and treating them as connected wholes, something never fully achieved by traditional Chinese historians.” wrote the Chun Qiu (春秋 Spring and Autumn Annals) that was the first Chinese chronological history (a month by month sketch of significant events that had occurred during the reigns of the 12 rulers of Lu 魯, 722-479 BCE). Chuqiu Zuoshizhuan (春秋左氏傳) is a commentary (by 左丘明). Sima Guang, unlike Sima Qian, adopted the chronological format (bian nian ti 編年體 ) of Confucius.

The dating of an event between 403 BCE and 959 CE is based on the unless an alternative source is specified.

Lüshichunqiu 呂氏春秋 (Mr. Lü’s Spring and Autumn), as a young prince, the First Emperor (秦始皇帝 r.246-210 BCE) of Qin treated Lü Buwei (呂不韋 ), after whom the Lüshichunqiu was named, as a second father. The essays in the book were writte n by Lü’s protégés, and they were meant to guide the ruler who eventually unified China by 221 BCE.

Huai’nanzi 淮南子, a work of twenty-one essays composed by scholars at the court of Liu An (西漢 劉安), the first king of Huai’nan, is a comprehensive account of all the knowledge the sage ruler needed in order to govern effectively. It was presented by Liu to his nephew, Han Wudi (漢武帝 r.140-87 BCE), on a court visit in 139 BCE.

Zhenguan Zhengyao 貞觀政要 (Essentials of Government of the Zhenguan Period), compiled by Wu Jing (吳兢) between 707-9. It embodies Taizong’s discussions with his ministers on the basic problems of government. It was compiled by Wu Jing in the hope that the early Tang style of governance might be restored.

Tongdian (通典 Comprehensive Canons), compiled by Du You (杜佑 735-812), et al. of Tang.

Cefu Yuangui (冊府元龜 Vestige of Successive Sovereign and Subject or Outstanding Models from the Storehouse of Literature), compiled by Wang Qinruo (王欽若, 楊億) of Northern Song during 1005-13 in order to hand down the successive sovereign’s good examples to future generations.

Qinding Manzhou Yuanliu Kao (欽定滿洲源流考 Researches of Manchu Origins), compiled under the supervision of Augi 阿桂, Jang Giya and Yu Minzhong by an imperial edict dated September 20, 1777, and published in 1783. The editorial staff included the Grand Councilors of Qianlong court.

499

A 9, 310, 314; declares Jin emperor 城 241-2, 248. in 1115; destroys Qidan, 42, 299. Anyang, last Shang capital, 76. 阿保機 (b.872/r.907-26), Treaty (1858), 394, 416. River, 13, 64, 70, 124, 330, founder of Liao, 129, 271-6, 279, Aisin (Golden) Gioro 愛新覺羅, 50, 331, 343, 394, 415, 470. 457; attacks Liaodong of Parhae 365-6, 369, 371, 372, 383. aristocracy, 200, 225-6; in China, 渤海之遼東, 249; drives out Ajige 阿濟格 (1605-51), 373-4. 447; Wei, 178, 188, 220, Kirghiz Turks, 270; chieftain of a-li-xi 阿里喜, assistant, 301. (perception) 452-3; Sui-Tang, 216- Yelü 耶律 tribe, 271; conquers Aizong 哀宗/守緖 (r.1223-33), Jin 22, 226, 259-60, 323; semantic Parhae, 40, 273, 457; attacks emperor, 311. confusion by calling the Chinese Shiwei creating Mongolian force, alphabetic scripts (writing system), “collaborators” as aristocrats, 44, 272-3, 330; attacks , of Uighurs, Qidans, Nüzhens, 225-6; vs. meritocracy, 35-6, 216, 273, 330; offers Uighur Turks to Mongols, and Tibetans, 272, 310, 220, 226, 260, 309, 326, 377; reoccupy Orkhon region, 273; 337; Nüzhen scripts, 310; Hangul rebirth by karma, 252; Korean could speak Chinese but, 281. in Korea, 351; important Peninsula, 216-7, 252, 285, 289, Abbasid dynasty, 357. documents written in, 380, 382. 317-8, 320-2, 350. See nobility. Academy, 33, 217-8, 221, Imperial Altai, mountains/region, 18, 38, 58, aristocratic rule, 36, 88, 214-5, 219, Academy/Superior School 太學 60-1, 63-4, 100, 243, 262, 380, 323, 326, 386-7; medieval China, (), 43, 212, 217, 284, 311, 409, 410, 416. 219-20, Sui and Tang, 35, 217-23, 449, 450; National Academy/ Altaic, languages (speech), 17, 18, 323; demise of aristocratic rule School of the Sons of State 24, 64, 70, 75, 136, 389-90. after Tang, 36, 220, 226-7, 260, (Guozixue) 國子監/學, 213, 217, , nomadic name for Jin 281, 324; hereditary succession to 287; Chong-wen or Hong-wen emperor, 331. office by Liao aristocracy, 278; in Pavilions 崇文/弘文館, 217; River, Black Water 黑水/完水 Korean Peninsula, 252-3, 285, School of the Four Gates (Sixue) /室建河/黑龍江 , 61, 64, 69, 70, 321-3, 326, 350, 411; in Nüzhen 四學, 217-8, 284; students 124, 298-300, 330, 332, 366, 384, Jin, 43, 303; similarity & difference exempt from prefectural exams, 415-6; 混同江 亦號黑龍江, 297; between China and Korea, 323-6; 218; 翰林院, basin, 71; iron products, 470. hereditary banner nobles of Qing, 389, 395-6; Hanlin Academy Anatolia, 357-8, 462-3, 464. 48; conquest elite in Qing, 387-8; Compilers 編修 under Qianlong, 安錄山 (d.757) 122, final days of Qing, 36, 386-7. 49, 375-6, 389; Qing compilers 245-6, 255; - and Shi Siming Aryans, 100; people, 95; had to learn Manchu, 49, 389; no Rebellion (755-63), 38, 247, 255-6, Turco-Mongol genetic impact, 463. public school in Ming-Qing China, 258, 414; Parhae territory, 247-8. Asana 阿史那, -Turks, 63, 243, 309, 362; Koryeo, 320-1. Andong Duhufu 安東都護府 , 261. Acheson, Dean, 423-4. Protectorate-General to Pacify the Ashi River 阿什/安出虎水 administration. See governance. East, 243-5. (Anchuhu), 298-9, 313, 315. agriculture, 73; agricultural Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902-23), assimilation (tonghua 同化) , 14, revolution, 26, 87. 421. 16, 382, 387, 437; policy in China, Aguda 阿骨打 (b.1068/r.1113-23), Anle, princess 安樂公主 , 253, 254. 20, 404, 437-8; Mughal, 21; the founder of Jin, 42, 290, 292, 298- An-shi Fortress (Yingzheng’zi) 安市 Tuoba, 191; myth, 280, 310-2; 500

Abaoji Could speak Chinese but--, 73, 95, 101, 115, 123-4, 131, 140, Nüzhen Jin, 300-1. 281. See Sinicization. 176, 238, 281, 338, 351-2, 362, Bolsheviks (Majority/Russian Austric (Austroasiatic) language, 74- 365, 373-4, 376, 381, 388-9; Communist Party), 405, 427. 5. 398, 402, 405, 423; old bondservant 包衣/家奴 (Booi), 22, Avars, identified with Rouran, 62-3, 薊城, 115; Liulihe site, 137; Yuan 368, 369. 163, 261. capital Dadu 大都 , 339, 345-6; Borodin, Mikhail (1884-1951), 403. Ayusiridara (r.1370-8), first Northern official in Beijing 龍門, 395; bound retainers 部曲. See buqu. Yuan emperor, 346-8; destroys Gevoner-General of 直隷總 義和團 (1898- the Ming army 348. 督, 397; occupation by British in 1901), 383, 401-3, 420. 1860 & by Allied Forces in 1900, Brave Battalions 勇營 (yong-ying), B 399. See Jicheng and Yanjing. army system was sinicized, 396 Beijing Treaty (1860), 394, 395, 397, Bronze Age, 113, early, 66; Upper Babur (1483-1530), 341. 416. Xiajiadian, 67, 112, 115, 137; Baikal Lake, 18, 58, 61, 409. beile, 365, 368. Korean Peninsula, 68, 112, 114; Balkhash, lake, 61, 293, 409, 462. Army 北洋新軍 , 400, 403. mainland China, 74-6, 78; western 班超 (33-102), 99. Bering, Vitus, 415-6. world, 103, 113, 464. Ban Gu 班固 (32-92), appraisal of Bian Qiang 邊牆. See Ming pale. bronze dagger, broad 琵琶形 or Han policy toward Xiongnu, 102-3. bipolar approach, 14, 15, 22, 26; narrow 細形 bladed, 24, 64, 69, Ban Yong 班勇, 99. bipolar world, 52; interactions, 87- 112-3, 114, 138-40. Ban Zhao 班昭 (45-114), Ban 8; balanced partnership, 97. bronze mirror 銅鏡, 112, 140. Gu’s sister, 455. Black Qidan. See Western Liao. Buddha (c.563-483 BCE), banner garrisons (Manchu Cities/ Blackwater-Mohe 黑水靺鞨 bodhisattva (Wisdom-Being) 54, Tartar Quarters), 47, 379-80, 413, (Heishui), 246-7, 290, 297, 298, 339, 437, Manjusri (bodhisattva of 386-7; Beijing, 22; replacements, 385; fighting for Koguryeo, 236-7; compassion and wisdom), 54, 379, 414; died loyally, 385-7. for Koryeo, 285. 382; bodhisattva Maitreya, banner system. See Eight Banners. blast furnace 高爐 , mass Tathāgata, 183, 457; cakravartin bannermen 旗人, 380, 396; banner production of cast iron, 77-8, 464- (reincarnated line of spiritual soldiers, 93, 367, 369; Old Way, 5; in Yan and mainland China, descent), 183, 339; Buddha 50, 381-2; minimum learning of 122-4, 464, 467. incarnate/reincarnate, 31, 50, 383; Confucian classics, 49, 375; bloomery 塊鐵爐, wrought iron, images of Tuoba rulers, 183, 187- special institutions, 375; banner 464-7; Scythians/Korean 9; bodhisattva and cakravartin, families in Manchuria, 376, 412-4; Peninsula, 123-4, 468-70; 279; Red Turbans, 347. burial, 379; died loyally, 385-7. Japanese Islands, 469-70; small Buddhism, 95, 99, 211, 322; Former Battle of Fei River 淝水大戰, 159- scale in Roman Europe, 468. and Later Yan, 182, 228; Northern 60. Bodhisattva. See Buddha. Wei promotes, 30-1, 53, 181-3, Batu (r.1227-55), 333, 356-7, 414. Bohai, bay, 65. See Parhae. images in Wei caves, 39-40, 187- beatings, corporal punishment, Bo-jang 寶藏王 (r.642-68), last 9; émigré regimes in South China, flogging, 235, 304, 362. Koguryeo king, 237, 243, 245. 183-4; Sui-Tang, 34-6, 38-9, 218, Beijing 北京 (Yanjing), 22, 39, 66, Bojin 孛菫, hereditary headman in 227-8, 229; Sui-Tang rulers relied 501

on Buddhist ideology to enhance Cao Cao’ Wei 曹操魏 (220-65), 29, Chaoyang 朝陽, 132, 136, 148, their legitimacy, 35-6, 228-9; 82, 102, 126-7, 131, 148, 177, 162, 238, 246. See also Yingzhou. Confucian historians regard 205, 214, 414, 449, 450; Chen 陳 (557-89), population, 161, Buddhist periods as shameful Buddhism, 229. 235; conquered by Sui, 234. chapters of Chinese history, 229; Cao Xueqin 曹雪芹 (1715-63), 369. Chen Liang 陳亮 (1143-94), 284. curves excesses of Buddhists, Cathay (Kitaia,Cathaia), Qidan, 274. Chen She/Sheng 陳涉/勝 (d.208 183, 279-80; loci of Buddhist art, Cefu Yuan-kui 冊府元龜 , Li Shimin BCE), 79. 200; rebirth based on karma and on the woman ruler of Silla, 458-9. Cheng Yi 程頤 (1033-1107), and aristocracy, 252; Korea, 251, 285, Celtic Migrations, (c.400-178 BCE), his elder brother Cheng Hao 程 286, 305, 321-2, 340, 349-50, 411; 86, 103-7, 162, 167; invasion of 顥 (1032-85), 283, 308; “the clan was an imperial religion in Liao, Italy, 104-6; sacking Rome, 105. system and hereditary ministers of 41, 279-80; civilized concomitant center versus periphery, 14. Tang were in accord with heaven’s of sharmaism in Western Liao, Central China 中國 , central region pattern” 天理, 226-7; advocated 294; , 459, 461; Song, of China, 76-7. See Zhong’guo. well-field system, 448. 284, 285; Jin, 43, 305-6; Yuan, Chaghadai (c.1185-1242), second Cheng-Zhu Daoxue 程朱道學, 339; Qing, protector of Buddhism, son of Chinggis, 342, 346, 356, 283, 308-9, 324-5, 363, 401. See 50, 54, 372, 383; Tibetan Lama, 358. Neo-. 244-5, 461; Chahar Mongols, 370. Chengtian, Liao among the Mongols, 50, 339, 372, Chang’an 長安 (Xi ’an 西安), 32, 承天皇太后 (942-1009), 457. 410, 383; attacked by Chinese 72, 93, 146-7, 158, 161, 181, 191, Chengtian 普速完/承天太后 ministers, 227, 228, 285; Later 193-4, 210, 219, 221, 227, 240, (r.1164-77), empress of Western Zhou, 269; Buddhist ideology of 266, 374, 460; capitals, 73-4, 235; Liao, 458. compassion and wisdom, 228; Tibetan-Turkic kingdoms, 74; Chengzong 成宗, Borzigin Temur, shamanism, 358. abandoned, 258; banner soldiers, Zhenjin’s third son, 6th Yuan buqu 部曲 (bound retainers), 196, 387. emperor (r.1294-1307), 342-3. 448-9, 451-2. Changchun 長春, 407. See Xinjing. Cheong-cheon River 淸川江, 118, bureaucracy, Chinese-style 以漢治 Changle, princess of 120, 133-4, 138; narrow-bladed 漢策, 16, 17; Tang, 221-2. See 長樂公主, 63. bronze dagger, 113. governance. Chang-su 長壽王 (r.413-91), Chifeng 赤峯, 65-6, 114, 132, 138- Byzantine Empire, 163, 164, 168. Koguryeo king, 135, 186-7, 236. 9; definition of Chifeng region, 66; See East Roman Empire. Changsun Daosheng 長孫道生, Upper Xiajiadian copper mines, 173, 185, 209. 67-8, 139; Koguryeo fort, 242. C Changsun Moji 長孫無忌 (d.659), Chinese bannermen 漢軍旗人, 210, 242. Liaodong Banner, Cai Yong 蔡邕 (133-92), 100, 102. Changsun Sheng 長孫晟 (551- 2, 47-8, 372-4, 378; appointed as Cakravartin. See Buddha. 609), 208-9. officials, 47, 374-5; considered… caliph, 462. Changsun (Tuoba) Song 嵩, 173, racial renegades, 372; considered , Portuguese-style artillery, 185, 208. …Manchu, 383; weeding-out 373. Changsun Zhi 長孫稚 , 193-4. and enrolled in Manchu banners, 502

380-1; intermarriages permitted, 349, 351, 354-5, 365, 367; Ming Manchus successfully co-opt 48, 383; language, 12, 387-90. as Neo-Confucian ideal, 356; pro- the Mongols, 46-7, 370-2. Chinese civilization/culture, 13, 50, Ming, anti-Nüzhen policy, 54, 367; collaborator, 30, 222, 223-4, 225; 54, 91; soldierless,18; “traditional relation with Qing, 54, 365-7, 398, Han adviser 漢人謀主, 100; what China,” 281. 400; annexed by Japan, 420-1; they had in mind (excuse), 150; Chinese imperial (dynastic) history, Sea of Chosun 朝鮮海 (Sea of Hui genuinely 37, 230. Korea/Japan), 443. appreciated, 151; Pei Yi’s , 76. See Tibeto- Chu 楚, 75, 79; iron, 467. conquest plan for , 153; Chinese language, and Mandarin. Chul-mun pottery 櫛文土器 . See called aristocrats, 225-6; Chinese people, Chinese identity, comb-patterned pottery. advises Tuoba Si not to reveal 19, 409; soldierless civilization, Chun, prince 醇親王 /赫譞, 397, numerical inferiority, 175; Li Anshi 18; militarization, 50-1, 381; true 459. advises Xiaowen’di to implement Chinese, 20, 394; redefined, 438. Chung-hye 忠惠王/禎 (r.1330-32/ Equal Field system, 451-2; local Chinese words, transcription, 498. 1339-44), Koryeo king, 341, 342, landed-gentry in Tuoba Wei, 178- Chinggis Khan (r.1206-27), Borzigin 346. 9, 189; Chinese elites were willing, Temujin, 13, 15, 25-6, 39, 44-6, Chung-seon 忠宣王/璋 (r.1298.1- 225, 276; “unbounded loyalty,” 130, 270, 273, 294, 331-5, 338-9, 1298.8/1308-13), Koryeo king, 277; prominent collaborators, 278; 342, 356, 370, 414; implies, 332; 321, 322, 341, 342-5. incentives, 178; proportions of dies, 339, 461, 463; “Mongolian” Chung-suk 忠肅王/燾 (r.1313-30, Chinese high officials in conquest appellation, 60, 332; forebears, 1332-39), Koryeo king, 341, 342, dynasties, 179-80, 191, 195, 220, 331; co-opts Turks, calling them 345. 373-4; , 223; limited Mongols, 333; attended Jin court, Chung-yul 忠烈王/諶/昛 (b.1236/ influence, 179-80, 224-5; high- 44, 334; heirs/descendants, 46, r.1274-98/1298.8-1308), Koryeo sounding , 278-9; collaborator 346, 356-8, 370-1; transformed king, 320, 341, 342-3. -cum-aristocracy replaced by into a Chinese hero by PRC, 438. Chunqiu 春秋, 87-8, 102. See meritocracy in Song, 36, 281-2, Choe Yeong 崔瑩 (1316-88), Spring and Autumn. 326; prominent collaborator Koryeo general, 347, 348, 349. Churchill, Winston (1874-1965) 421, families disappear with the fall of Chosun, Jizi (Kija) Chosun 箕子朝 429. Tang, 36, 226-7, 266, 323-4; 鮮 (c.1045-108 BCE), 25, 69, 81, Cixi 慈禧/西太后 (1835-1908), conquerors and conquered, 189; 90, 114-6, 118-9, 121-2, 129, 140; Empress Dowager, 51, 378, 397, partnership of conquerors and arrogated kingship, 115; area, 398, 399, 401, 459. Chinese officialdom, 378, 388, 131; Wudi conquers, 97, 119-20, climate change, 59, 60, 86, 105, 395; Roman Empire, 167-8, 177; 134, 372; Yemaek 穢貉 Chosun, 144. Mongols, 336-8; in Qing, 48-9, 71, 121, 138, 125, 237, 271. coalition-building, ability (to co-opt), 373-4. Chosun (1392-1910) 朝鮮, dynasty, 19, 53, 290-1, 333; a pliable frame comb-patterned (Chul-mun 櫛紋) 25, Koryeo-Chosun ruling class, of mind that the Chinese or the pottery, incised, 65-6, 113-4. 322-6; founded on Neo-Confucian Pen/Insular peoples were unable Comintern (Third International of ideal, 350, 354-5, 411; saved from to readily assimilate, 18-9; Qidans Communist Party), 403, 405. Japanese invasion by Ming, 53, and Nüzhens fail to-, 44, 312-3; Commodore Perry, 420. 503

compatriots, guoren 國人, 30, 179. disputes,” 438. See coalition- 454; Daoist priests ordered to Compendium of Genealogies. See building (ability to co-opt). become Buddhist monks, 200. Shizuzhi. co-opt, ability to, 19, 34, 53-4. See Daozong (r.1055-1101) 道宗, Liao Confucianism, 30, 450; Han made a coalition building ability. emperor, 279, 280. state orthodoxy, 91; denounced, Cossacks, 414-6. Darmabala 塔刺麻八刺, Zhenjin’s 20; revival in Song strengthens Council of Deliberative Princes and second son, 342, 344-5. the sense of Chineseness, 41; Ministers (Yizheng’wang dachen darughachi 達魯花赤, supervising Confucian honeypot, 49, 377; huiyi) 議政王大臣會議 , 380. governor, 336, 347. ingrained with concept of Chinese See also Grand Council. dating of events, 12, 22, 498. superiority, 181; Northern Wei, council of tribal chieftains, the 大同, 95, 274, 281. 182; of , 269; Nüzhens, 304. Daxingcheng, 260. See Chang’an. Liao rulers pay lip service, 279; Cui Chang 處士 崔昌 , 33, 204-5. (1460-1521?), 370. Confucian exam-indoctrination in Cui family of Boling 博陵崔, 178- Deguang, Yelü, 耶律德光/堯骨 Song, 282-3, Ming, 362-3, Qing, 80, 197, 215, 221, 224; some (r.926-47), Liao Taizong, Abaoji’s 377-8; appropriates Buddhism, followed Tai, 223; many second son, 40, 274, 277, 278, 284; Zhu Xi decried Sui-Tang ended career as county officials, 279, 281, 457; defeats Confucianism, 307; essence, 308; 225. forces and obtain Sixteen Koryeo and Chosun, 321-2, 323, Cui Hao 崔浩 (381-450), adviser to prefectures, 267-8; entered 326; Confucian ideology on Tuoba Si and Tao, 175-7, 452-3. , 268. Mandate and Virtue, 36, 228; Czarist Russia, 25, 51, 379, 394, Democratic People’s Republic of legitimation of Qing rule, 49, 54; 414-6, 420. Korea (North Korea). See DPRK. acting a Confucian , 382; Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 (1904-97), Taipings attack Confucian socio- D 20, 405; heard a lecture from Lee political order, 51, 395; universally Kuan Yew, 436. applicable, 437. Dae-nyung River 大寧江 , 118, 133- Deng Yuan 鄧淵, Han Chinese, conquest dynasties 征服王朝, 13, 4, 139. establishes full bureaucratic 15-6, 52-3, 259, 261, 275, 325, 代, 62, 160, 175, 194, 208; in system for Tuoba Gui, 176, 177. 370; emergence of a leader Shiji, 77, 88-9, 95, 120-1; Tuoba descent from heaven motif, Murong (Lattimore) 18, 42; reality of Gui, 173. -Xianbei and Koguryeo, 130. conquest dynasties, 19; native/ Daifang Commandery 帶方郡, 102, Di 狄/氐, tribes, 74, 76-7, 88, 102, interlude, 14; co-opt 120, 126-7, 130-1, 149. 159; originated from Rong-Di 戎 (ability to), 18-9; art of conquest, Daizong 代宗 (r.762-79), Tang 狄, 159-60; 198. 42; conquerors spoke --, 210-1, emperor, 247. Di Li Tu 地理圖, 118-9, 136, 442. 282-3, 388; Liao performance, Daling River 大凌河 , 131, 136, 138; diarchy (parallel positions), 387. 291; influence on Song and Ming, likely candidate of Pei River, 120. , food containers, 68. 312; Qing was the most Damaqun Mountains 大馬群山, 72. Dodo 多鐸 (1614-49), 373-4. successful , Dangxiang 党項, tribes, 460. dolmen, 25, 113-4. 387; “invasions” for conquest Daoguang 道光 (r.1821-50), 384. Dolon Nor assembly, 409. redefined by PRC as “internal Daoism 道敎, Daoist, 181-2, 228, Dong Kou Wai 東口外, vernacular 504

term for Manchuria, 70. Dual System (of governance), 53-4; Eastern Barbarians, See Dongyi. 董卓 (d.192), 126. 以漢治漢策, 16, 325; innovation Eastern Han, see Later Han. Dongbei 東北. See Northeast. of Murong Yan, 28, 29, 152-4, 174; Eastern , See Donghu. Dongdan 東丹國, Eastern Qidan Tuoba Wei, 29-30, 174-80; Sui- Eastern Jin 東晉 (317-420), Sima State, 273. Tang, 34; a unique feature Rui, 147; Murong Hui sends Donghu (Eastern Hu) 東胡, Donghu portrayed by Huan, 184; Liao envoy, 151; , 159; , Xianbei, 14, 15, 25-7, 69-70, 89- with dual government, 40, 277-8; 161. 90, 108, 114-8, 131-2, 136; Western Liao, 293-4; Chinese Eastern Mongols, 53, 351, 370-1, characterized by cattle-breeding, were not misgoverned, 280; the 409-10. 70; first appear, 62; Rourans, 63; principle that guided dual Eastern Turks 東突厥 (552- language, 70; subjugation of, 80- administration, 294; no need for 630/682-741), - empires, 16, 37-9, 1, 94, 121; Li Mu of Zhao, 89; Northern Government in Jin, 43, 193-4, 270; unifies Mongolian threw off the Xiongnu control, 81, 302-3; crippled by Mongols, 45, steppe, 63, 234, 237-8, 254, 261- 99; Qin Kai, 116; ancestor of all 336-8; Qing, 47-50, 369-70, 374- 2, 330; marriage alliances with western Manchurian tribes, 334. 8; gentry-scholars were backbone Northern Zhou and Sui, 64; 261-2; Donghu Yan, 122. of Qing bureaucracy, 395; subjugated by Tang, 219, 229, Dongyi (Eastern Barbarians) 東夷, evolution, 53; Turkic military 241; revolt, 262. 14, 15, 69, 72, 114-5, 131, 136. machine and Persian Eastern Wei 東魏 (534-50), 31, Dorgon 多爾袞 (1612-50), 373-4; administrative system, 463. 193; Sinicized (“Chinese state”), orders the Chinese to shave Duan Xianbei, 段, 128, 148-9, 151; 195-7. foreheads, 374; exam, 375. marriages with the Murong family, (770-256 BCE), 76, Dou Jiande 竇建德 (573-621), 148, 155; crushed by Murong, overthrown by Qin, 91. Xianbei descent, 219. 154. egg conception motif, 75. Dou Yi 竇毅 (518-82), 208. Dugu Xin 獨孤信(d.557), 33, 193-4, Eight Banners 八旗, system, 42, DPRK (Democratic People’s 205, 207, 209; daughters, 455; the 53; Nurhachi, 46, 367; every Republic of Korea), North Korea, Dugu, 259. Manchu, 368-9; society on a 422, 424-7, 430-1, 433; DPRK- Duke Shao. See Shaogong. permanent wartime footing, 369; supporter underground in South Dunhua 敦化, 247. Manchu, 46-7, 301, 368; Mongols, Korea, 426; Nation of the Sun Dunhuang 敦煌, 73, 101, 176, 207, 47, 371-2, 383, 409-10; Han King -- a class society, 434-5; 461; clan lists discovered, 226. Chinese 47, 372-3, 380-1, 383; impoverished but armed with Dushan, 70. garrisons, 379; banner population, nuclear weapons, 435. model, 14. 22, 373, 378-9, 386; reputation of Dream of Red Chamber 紅樓夢, invincibility lost, 385, 394-6. 369. E eight-legged essay style 八股文 droughts, east-west migrations, 144, (ba-gu-wen), 376-7. 162; two high points, 251. East Roman Empire, Byzantine, Eight Pillars of State 八柱國, 34, 杜甫 (712-70), 215. 165-8, 262, 462-3. 194, 198, 207. Du Ruhui 杜如晦 (585-630), 224. East to West Movement, in east, Eisenhower, Dwight, 429, 430. dual official languages, Qing, 49. 144-5; in west, 162. émigré families 僑民, 147-8. 505

émigré regime, in South China, 147, emphasize poetry, 35, 215, 范曄 (398-446), 103, 132. 148, 150, 161, 163, 168, 220, 234; proportion of exam graduates in Fang Xuan-ling 房玄齡 (579-648), Southern Song, 306-7; military, Tang, 35, 218, 222; social mobility 223, 224.. 30, 453-4. in Tang, 222, Empress Wu, 218, Fe Ala 佛阿拉, 365, 366. Emperor’s Army 侍衛親軍, of Later 254; meritocracy in Song, 226, Feng Ba 馮跋 (r.409-30), founder Jin 後晉, 16, 268. 260, 281-4, 309; Song abolishes of Northern Yan, 129, 161. Emperor’s Personal Troops recommendation requirements, 馮弘 (r.430-6), fled to (Embroided Uniform Guard), of 41, 216-7, 283; Liao, 277, 279; Koguryeo, 187, 189. Ming, 362. Song, 283-4, 326; Jin, 43, 302, Feng Wenming. See Wenming. Empress Changsun 長孫皇后, 304; Yuan 45, 337, 345; Liao, Jin Feng Xi 馮熙 (d.495), 189. (601-36) Tang Taizong’s empress, and Yuan, 303; Silla in the Korean Fengtian, 420-1. See Mukden. 194, 208-9. Peninsula, 251, 253; Koryeo, 285- Filiality, 215, 324; Classic of 孝經 Empress Feng 馮太后/文明太皇 6, 318-21; Chosun, 323-5, 350; (Xiaojing), 213, 308, 377. 太后 馮氏. See Feng Wenming. Ming, 326, 362-3; indoctrination Fish Head Party 頭漁宴, 299. Empress Ki 奇皇后. See Ki. and uniformity of thought, 363; in and Sixteen States, Empress Lü 呂后. See Lü Zhi. Qing, 47-9, 376-8; Zhang Cunren, Era of - (304-439) 五胡十六國, Empress Wei 韋后. See Wei. 張存仁 “to purge their minds of 16, 29, 145, 161, 162-3, 186, 414; Empress Wu 武. See . rebellion in the hopes of becoming Chinese gentry officials, 178; Equal Field system 均田制 (Jun- officials,” 374; for bannermen, 49, magnate mfamilies, 452. ’zhi), 31, 53, 176, 180-1, 312; 375; questions asked in exams by Five-Barred Republic Flag 中華民 Northern Qi, 195, 198; 212; Li the Manchu conquerors, 375; Qing 國 五色國旗 (1912-28), 404. Anshi advises Xiaowen’di to system, 376; renewal exams Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, implemement, 451-2; Tang, 34, (suikao) 歲考, 377, 388; privilege (907-79) 五代十國, 16, 39-40, 38, 230; collapses, 255-6, 309. for degree-holders, 48-9, 376-7; 227, 258, 272, 276; five dynasties Erzhu Rong 爾朱榮 (493-530), drilling Confucian moral principles, cast as Chinese, 266, 269; ten 192. 378; had to master Mandarin and kingdoms conquered, 269. Erzhu Zhao 爾朱兆 (d.533), 192, classical written Chinese, 47, 388; Five Emperors, Three August 196. viable institution, 388; linguistic Demigods and, 三皇/五帝, 74, ethnic minority in China, 404, 437-8. uniformity, 47, 388-9; partial 194, 204, 269. ethnonym, ethnonymic unification, to candidates with family traditions flogging. See beatings. 18, 334; “Mohe-Nüzhen,” 297-8; in guanhua and classical written forehead-shaving, 311, 374. “Mongol,” 13, 25, 332-3; “Qidan,” Chinese, 388; replacing eight- Foreign Devils, 20, 394-5. 333-4. legged essay 八股文 with Former Han 前漢 (Western Han eunuchs, 227, 255; in Tang, 257-8, questions and themes 策論, 399; 206 BCE-8 CE), 87, 91-2, 97, 130, 267; in Ming, 363-4; in Qing, 368. system abolished, 401; without 136; the first “plebeian dynasty” examination system 科擧 (Keju), replacements, 402. consolidated, 80; construction in Former Han, 212-3; of Long Wall by Qin 秦築長城 institutionalized by Sui, 35, 214- F and Forts and Fences by Han 漢 6; Tang, 217-8, 222; Sui & Tang 起塞垣, 102. See Han dynasty. 506

Former Qin 前秦 (351-94), Tibetan, 159-60; subjugates the Tuoba, Gao Yang, Wenxuan’di 高洋/文宣 74, 156, 158-9. 173; Buddhism, 181, 252. 帝 (r.550-9), first emperor of Former Yan 前燕 (337-70), Murong Fu Hong 氐王 蒲洪/符洪 (285- Northern Qi, 193, 196-7, 200. -Xianbei, 13, 28-9, 72, 82, 122, 350), 159. 高肇 (Ko Zho), 128, 149, 273, 414; founding, 151- 富弼 (1004-83), on Liao Koguryeo person, 193, 259. 6, Sinicization, 156-8; population, military machine, 275; perspective Gaozong 高宗 (b.622/r.649-83), 158-9, 161; Cui families, 178; on Koryeo, 289-90. Tang, 38, 241, 242; genetically magnates served as local officials, fubing system 府兵制 , territorial 87.5% Xianbei, 209, 228. 452. soldiery system, 31, 34, 47, 180, Gaozong, Zhao Gou 趙構 (r.1127- Former Zhao 前趙 (304-29), 198-9, 211-2, 312; fought for, 198; 62), founder of Southern Song, Xiongnu Zhao, 16, 82, 145-6. in Sui-Tang, 34, 38, 53, 212, 234, 306. 四夷, 222. 239, 258; foundation destroyed, Gaozu (Gaodi), Han. See Liu Bang. Four Books and Five Classics 四書 255, 309; Koryeo, 286; Ming, 352; Gaozu, Tang. See Li Yuan. 五經 (論語,孟子,中庸,大學/ vs. dvoriane in Russia, 415. Gaxian Cave 嘎仙洞窟, 172. 詩經,書經,周易,禮記,春秋), Fuli Expedition (1163), Rout of Song Genealogical Compendium, See 47, 52, 308, 363, 377, 382, 388. army 符離大潰, 307. Shizuzhi 氏族志. four categories of surnames Fu-lin. See Shunzhi. Geng Zhongming 耿仲明, 373 (lineages), Xiaowen’di of Tuoba , 133, 365, 368, 381. geng-i 更役, 92. Wei ranked Chinese shi families gentry, Han Chinese landed-gentry by associating with four G families, 30, 176-81, 223-5, 454; administrative levels, 四海大姓, rise of great landlords, 447-8; 郡姓, 州姓, 縣姓, 177-8, 220. Galdan Boshugtu (r.1671-97), 380, demilitarized landed-magnate Four Great Heavenly Kings 四大天 409-10, 415, 416. families, 181, 453-4; vs. Roman 王, 229. 甘肅省, corridor, 73, 95, Empire, 168; great vs. lesser four great families/ 101, 206-7, 271, 273, 460-1. gentry (Former/Later Han), 213, surnames (si-xing 四姓: 崔,李, Gantian 塔不煙/感天皇后 (r.1144- 214, (Qing), 378; position in Tuoba 盧,張), 178, 221, 223; Li Shimin 50), Western Liao empress, 458. Wei, 30; impact of Equal Field uttered “I do not understand why Gao Aocao 高敖曹 (d.538), 196, system, 31, 180-1, 451-2; control people esteem them,” 224; could 211. over land in Tang, 256; four great not gain greater power, 224-5; Gao Baoning 高寶寧 , 199. Shandong families, 223-4; could great families/clans, 226-7. 高歡 (496-547), founder afford Confucian education, 216, Four Power Treaty (1921), 421. of Western Wei and Northern Qi, 282, 454; anti-Wang Anshi in freezing phenomena, 13, 329. 31-2, 47, 192-3, 195-6, 198, 221; Song, 307-8; wealthieast local frontier Han Chinese, 34; Lattimore, bilingual, 211. elites in Ming, 363-4; Qing, 48-9, 47; honorary Xianbei, 199; takes 高力士 (d.762), 255, 376-8, 402; public functionaries, on a new character, 47, 199, 372. 257. 377-8; fought Taipings to defend Fu Jian 符堅 (r.357-85), 153; Di of 高仙芝 (Ko Seon-ji Confucian social order, 388, 395- Tibetan, 156, conquers Former d.755), Koguryeo person, 255-6, 6; did not rebel against Manchu Yan, 157-9; debacle at Fei River, 257. rulers until –-, 402. 507

gentry-officials, gentry-scholars, elite society, 47-8, 377, 378, 388; Song, 282, 310; Koryeo, 317-8; scholar-officials, literatus 士人, proportion in Qing government, Chosun, 325, 349-50, 354-5; 35, 48-9, 212, 221-2; magnates 383; ’s view, 397. Mongols cripple Dual System, 45, became gentry-scholar, 449-51; Giap, Vo Nguyen (b.1911), 431-2. 336-8; Ming, 362-4; Qing, 48-50, Tuoba Wei, 176-80, 220, 453; Gobi, desert, dry steppe, 61, 151, 370, 374-8, 379, 401-2; rule by proportions of Chinese (high) 176, 241, 348, 380; natual line of tribal tradition 因俗以治, 386; officials in conquest dynasties, cleavage, 346-7, 410. number of officials in Qing, 378; 31-2, 43, 179-80, 191, 195, 220, (Altan-ordo ), Khanate Han Chinese governors became 305, 373-4; typical behavior in Six of Kipchak, 356, 358, 414-5. majority by the 19th century, 383. Garrisons Rebellion, 197; no Gong, Prince (Hexin ) 恭親王/赫訢 system, 235, 238-9. shortage of Chinese bureaucrats, (1832-98), 397, 399. Grand Council (Junji’chu) 軍機處, 276; prominent collaborators, Gongsun 公孫, , rulers, 48, 380, 380-1, 397, 399. 278; rarely exercised military 102, 120, 131. Great Enterprise 大業, 19, 286, command, 224, 225; scholar- Gongsun Du 公孫度 (d.204), 125- 299, 370, 456. official lineages, 222-3; Tang 6, 148. Great Wall, 15, 26, 38, 48, 73, 79, Taizong censures them, 223-4; Gonsun Gong 公孫恭 , 127. 88, 90-1, 107, 118-9, 123, 131, could not gain greater power, 224- Gongsun Kang 公孫康 (d.221), 133, 339, 351, 352, 412, 443; 5; prominent collaborator families 126-7, 148. boundary between--, 95; ending at disappear with the fall of Tang, Gongsun Yuan 公孫淵 (d.238), 82, Shanhai’guan, 133, 443; PRC 226-7, 266, 323; shi in Song, 226; 122, 126-7, 148. replica, 133-4. See Long Walls. Liao enlists literati and ex-officials, governance, Qin with Shang Yang Greater Xing’an Range (Da Xing’an 40, 277; power of Chinese and Shihuang’di, 78-80; Murong- Ling) 大興安嶺山脈, 14, 18, 38, officials, 278, 387; high sounding Xianbei Former Yan, 150-2, 176; 58, 64, 69, 70, 71, 124, 262, 330, titles of Chinese officials, 40, Fu Jian 159; Tuoba Northern Wei, 331, 343, 370, 407, 470. 279; no more than yes-men, 387; 30-1, 175-6, 178-9, 213-4, 452; Sui 綠營軍, 378- local literati and scholar-official in mutual surveillance system, 218; 81. Song, 282-4; meritocracy replaces Sui and Tang, 214, 217, 230; Guan Qiujian 毌丘儉 (d.255), 125. aristocracy in Song, 309, 323; in number of (Chinese/Turkish) Guandong 關東, 92; Army, 405. Jin, 303; employed as clerks, officials in Tang, 219; Tang system, Guangtong canal 廣通渠, 235. judges, and accountants in Jin, 43, 219-27, 230; dual government of Guangwu’di 光武帝/劉秀 (r.25- 303, 305; Mongols exclude them Liao, 43, 277-8; hereditary officials 57), Liu Xiu, founder of Later Han, from government, 336-8; Koryeo, of Liao aristocracy, 278; Jin, 302-5; 80, 92, 99, 213, 214, 449. 321; similarity and difference of conquest regimes in general, Guangxu’di, Aisin-Gioro Zaitian, 光 between China and Korea, 323-6; 280; Han Chinese Song had to 緖帝/載湉 (b.1871/r.1875-1908), Ming, 362-3; Qing, 376-7, 395; create precedents, 282; village 397, 399, 400, 401, 420, 459. prestige and privilege, 48-9, 218, level public functions in Song, 283; guan-hua 官話, 387-90, in Ming, 220, 376-7, 387; number of Korean Peninsula, 285-6, 322-6; 389. See also Mandarin. officials & degree holding gentry in Western Liao, 293-4; Jin, 302-5, Guanlong 關右隴西 aristocracy/ Qing, 49, 378; Mandarin-speaking Song, 304; civilian domination in block, 205, 218, 220, spoke 508

Xianbei language well into the Han Kuang-si 韓匡嗣, 279. horse, wild, 59, 88-9; breeding, 87; Tang period, 210. Han Yanhui 韓延徽 (882-959), feeding, 70; chariot, 76. 關中 plain, 72-4; 193, 457-8, designs Liao Southern horse-riding, 59, 61, 87; in East 210, 212, 218, 235; vs. 關東 Administration, 276, 277, 279. Asia, 68; Xianbei and Turks were Guandong, 34, 47, 91-2; Hanbu 函普/始祖 , ancestor of horsemen, 157. composition of population, 198; Wanyan (Shizu), 43, 298-9, 305; Hu 胡, 14, 88, 126; cultural elites claim descent from, 221. from Koryeo, 259, 313-4. forerunners of Xiongnu, first Güchülüg 屈出律 (r.1211-18), 294. Han-er si 漢兒司, Chinese Office, appear, 62; Warring States build Guo Wei 郭威 (b.904/r.951-4), 277. long walls as a defense against founder of Later Zhou, 16, 269. Hangzhou 杭州, Southern Song Hu, 89; in Shiji, 63, 69, 90, 116-8. Guomindang 國民黨 (GMD), capital Lin’an 臨安 , 147, 235, See Xiongnu. Nationalist Party, 403-4, 406, 414, 238, 306, 338, 389; banner Hu-Maek 胡貉, 88. 421-2; Mongol policy, 404; in soldiers, 379, 386. Hu dress 胡服, to practice riding , 436. Han-ren 漢人, 337. and shooting, 89. Gürk-han 葛兒罕 (Geer-han, Hao 鎬京, 74, 76. Hua-Xia 華夏, 75. Universal Khan/Ruler), 293, 332. 和親 (peace and kinship) 淮水, 74, 147; Former Güyüg (r.1246-8), Ögödei’s son, system, 27, 81, 95-8, 102; peace Yan 152; Tai Wudi and Xiaowen’di counted as the 3rd Yuan emperor, by extortion, 88, 98. cross, 174, 190, 235; Hailing, 357. hereditary officials/officialdom, 世官 281; Chen/Zhou occupies south of shiguan, 222, 278; hereditary Huai River, 199-200; Rout of Fuli H ministers of Tang, 227; Qidan Liao, Expedition, 306-7, border between 40, 219; hereditary succession to Jin and Southern Song, 42, 306. Hada tribe, 354, 360. office (世選 shixuan ), 278; Huai’nanzi 淮南子, 119, 131. Hailing 海陵王/迪古乃 (b.1122/ Murong and Tuoba, 279; Jin, 303; Huaishuo garrison 懷朔鎭, 31, 192. r.1149-61), Jin emperor, 281, 302, Hailing abolished most hereditary 黃巢, rebellion (875- 304, 306, 310, 312; abolished officials, 304; pure-turbid posts in 84/d.884), 36, 38, 93, 227, 253, most hereditary officials, 304. Tang, 222; hereditary shidafu in 258, 265, 266, 272, 460. Hakka (客家: Old. k’ăk-kă / . Korea, 323, 326; Mongols, 339; Huang Shang 黃裳, 118, 442. ke-jia / modern Korean k’ ǽk-kă), Qing hereditary elite, 48, 387-8. Huang’taiji 皇太極 (b.1592/r.1627- guest people, 436. Hetu Ala, 365. 43), Qing Taizong, 47, 50, 366-7, Han Chinese bannermen 漢軍八 Heuk-chi Sang-ji 黑齒常之 , 245. 371-3, 381, 415; genetically 50% 旗. See Chinese bannermen. Ho Chi-minh (1890-1969), 431-2. Mongol, 371; new Manchu Han dynasty 漢 (Former/Western Holipo 劾里鉢/世祖 (b.1038 r.1038 identity, 366; subjugates Chosun, 前/西 206 BCE-8; Later/Eastern - 92), Aguda’s father, 299. 367; civil bureaucracy, 369-70; 後/東 25-220), 16, 26, 75, 80, Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全 (1813-64), Yuan imperial , 370-1; warning 95; Confucian orthodoxy, 91; 394, 396, 436. against Sinicization, 311; Old Way, policy toward Xiongnu, 102-3; Hongshan 紅山 (5000-3000 BCE), 50, 381-2. “plebeian” Former Han dynasty, Neolithic culture, 24, 64-7, 136; Huizong 徽宗 (r.1100-25), Northern 267, 447; built on, 281. bronze, 75-6, 112. Song emperor, 306. 509

Hülegü, ’s son, younger brother , 50, 54, 61, 70, 101, Japanese pirates 倭寇, 347-8, 394. of Möngke and Khubilai Khan, Il- 370-1, 382, 407, 409-11. Jehol, 39, 41, 271, 280, 370, 382, Khan of Persia (c.1217-65), 357. Inner Mongolian Autonomous 406-8, 413. See Rehe. Hulun 呼蘭 tribes, the Haixi 海西 Region 內蒙古自治區 , 18, 53, Jesuits, 20, Mateo Ricci, 373. tribes of the Nüzhen, 365, 371. 408, 410, 411; population, 438. Jia Yi 賈誼 (200-168 BCE), 97-8. Hulun-Buir, lakes/steppe, 69-70, intermarriage, almost none in Jin, Jiang Jieshi 蔣介石 (1887-1975), 330, 343. 302, 310; general ban in Qing, 51, 378, 381, 404-5, 407-8, 421, Hun River 渾江, 25-6, 71, 127, 364, 383. 425; in Taiwan, 436; on ethinic 366. Iron Age, iron-making, 464-70; iron minorities, 438. hundred surnames 百姓 (bai xing), smith, 63; mainland China, 77-8, Jiang Jing-guo (1910-88), 436. 447. 122, 123-4, 454, 464-5, 467; rest Jian’kang/Jian’ye 建康/建業, 19, , 62, 100, 162-3, 165, 167; of the world, 465-7; Yan foundry 147, 234. See . described by annalists, 99, 166; site, 123, 467; western world, 103, Jianwen’di 建文/惠帝 (1398- no stirrups, 166; Germanic Folk 464, 468; Korean Peninsula, 113- 1402), of Ming, 351, 354. Movements, 162-8. 4, 123-4, 466, 468-70; Japanese Jianzhou 建州 tribes, 365-6. Islands, 467, 469. Jiaqing (r.1796-1820), 382, 384. I iron-armored cavalrymen, 127. Jiayuguan 嘉峪關, 73, 91, 134. River, valley, 60-1, 243, 294. Jicheng 薊城, Yanjing 燕京 Il-khan (Subordinate Khan in Ishbara Khaghan 攝圖 /沙鉢略 (modern Beijing area), 115, 131, Persian), Mongol ruler of Persia, (r.581-7), married Yuwen 156, 274, 292, 306, 344. 357-8, 463. princess, 261. Jie 羯, tribe, 146. Ilig Khaghan. See T’umen. Islam, 21, Black Qidans did not 節度使, military governor, Imperial Academy 太學 (taixue), embrace, 294, shamanistic 226; military provinces, 255-7; 449, 450. See Academy. Turkish Islam, 357, 462-3; Chu Wen, 266; Li Cunxu, 267; Imperial Bodyguard 侍衛親軍 Mongols in west adopt, 358; Shatuo Later Han, 268. (Shiwei Qinjun), 268, 269. Manchu rulers, 383, 437; Muslims, Jieshi, mountain 碣石(山), 118-9, imperial dynasty vs. nation state, 15. 409; Sunnis, 462. 121, 130-1; where the Long Wall Imperial Guardsmen 禁軍 (Jinjun), Ismailis the Assassin, 357. began, 75,. of Song, 335. Istämi 室點密 (r.552-76), 261. Jihad, 357. imperial seal, 370-1. Itō Hirobumi 伊藤博文 (1841- jimi 羈靡, loose rein, 103. incised pottery. See comb-patterned 1909), 420. Jin 金 (1115-1234) Nüzhen-, 12, pottery. 14, 42-3, 72, Qidan army Indo-European language, 17. J destroyed, 299; population, 302; Industrial Revolution, revolutionizes capital transferred, 304; Zhongdu military technology, 26, 93; Jade Gate (玉門 Yumen ), 73. (Yanjing) 中都, 313; border modernization in Japan vs. China, Jamqan 啓民, Khaghan (r.599- settled along Huai River, 306; 20. 609), 261. Northern Mandarin, 390; resist In-jo 仁祖 (b.1595/r.1623-49), Japanese invasion of Korea, 52, Sinification, 43; Sinocentric Chosun king, 367. 354-6, 365. perspective, 14; made Song 510

vassal status, 306; fails to co-opt 370. Remembers, 423-9, 431-2. Qidan-Xianbei, 43-4, 53, 312-3; Kammala, Prince of Chin 甘麻刺/ Khubilai 世祖 (r.1260-94), 5th Yuan claims that its founder came from 晉王 (1263-1302), Zhenjin’s first emperor, Tolui’s third son, 44-5, Koryeo, 313-4, 385; fall of dynasty son, 341, 342, 344. 305, 333, 339, 341, 345, 346, 357; by Mongols (Ögödei), 44, 312-3; kang 炕, hypocaust floor (ondol), declares emperor, 336, 343; last emperor killed himself, 338. 139, 300. transfers capital from Jingzong (r.969-82), of Liao, 277. Kang Youwei 康有爲 (1858-1927), to Beijing, 339; props up Jinshi (literatus presented to Hundred Days Reforms, 399-400, marginalized Koryeo king, 320, emperor for appointment) 進士, 403. 342-3; Tibetan Buddhists, 339; Sui, examinations conducted, 215; Kangxi 康熙帝/玄燁 (b.1654/ succession struggles, 341, 346. Tang, 216, 221, 225; Sui and r.1661-1722), Xuanye, 48, 369, khuriltai, 304, 332, 340, 344. Tang emphasize and 374, 379-80, 384, 386, 415, 416; Khutlugh 骨篤祿 (r.682-92), 262. poetic ability, 35, 213, 215-6, 308; grandmother, 47; genetically Ki 完者忽都皇后奇氏, Shundi’s Liao, 277-8, 279; Song, 35, 282; 37.5% Aisin Gioro Manchu, 37.5%, 順帝 empress, 259, 345, 347-8. number of Jinshi in Song, 284; Mongol, and 25% Liaodong Han Kiakhta, 415. in Jin, 303; Nüzhen Jinshi exam, Chinese, 371; attacks Galdan, Kija 箕子, Jizi, 114-5; Eight Clauses 43, 303-4, 310; Mongol Yuan, 45, 379, 380, 409. of Instruction, 129, 138, 271. 337; number of persons who had Karakorum 和寧, 234, 339, 357, Kim, Il-sung (1912-94), Kim I, 52, passed jinshi exam, Tang, Ming 409. 422, 422-8; broaches invasion of and Qing, 35, 49-50, 376; Kashgar, 244. South Korea with Stalin, 422; questions asked, 375; proportion Kaya, Federation (42-562), 25. Stalin asks Kim to obtain Mao’s of jinshi holders in bureaucracy, Kazakhs, steppe, 25, 60-1, 410, 416. approval, 423; Stalin stays clear of 49, (6-10% in Tang) 218, 222, Ke Bineng 軻比能, a Xianbei leader war, 428; South-North Joint 379-80, 383; 19th century, 395. (around 218), 101. Communiqué, 433; cements one- jinshi examination for bannermen, Kedun (Zhenzhou), 292, 293. person rule, 433. Translation Examination, 49, 375- Kereit (Kereyid), as Turks, 333; Kim, Jung-il (b.1941/2), Kim II, 6. as Mongols, 331. 434; develops nuclear weapons, Jiu 乣, of Liao, 275. Kerulen River, 13, 64, 124, 331, 351, 435. Jizi 箕子, see Kija. 379, 470. Kim Pu-sik 金富軾 (1075-1151), Jochi, Chinggis Khan’s first son, Kesig (lit. Guard in Turn), 335, 336, 316, 319. (d.1227), 356. 344; , 340. king, , Warring States period, 89. Juqu 沮渠, Xiongnu, 63, 206. Khaghan 可汗, Khan, 185, 234, Kipchak Turks, 294, 356. 353. Kirghiz Turks, 258, 271; driven out K , 53, 372, 409, 416; by Abaoji, 39, 270, 330; Russian incorporated into banner system, steppe, 294. Kabul Khan, 329, 331, 332. 410. Ko Jin 高震 (700-73), epitaph, 193, Kaidu, Kabul’s grandfather, 32. Khangai plateau, 409. 243, 245. Kaifeng 開封 (Bianjing), 42, 267, Khanka, lake, 71. Ko Un 高雲, , 129, 160-1, 268, 283, 306, 311-3, 314-5, 338, Khrushchev, Nikita (1894-1971), 174. 511

Koguryeo (37 BCE-668 CE), 16, 25- 52-4, 64-5, 67, 71, 112-4, 119, Mongol invasion of the Japanese 6, 29, 37, 39, 69, 71, 82, 114, 124- 139, 409; history, 25, 411; three Islands, 343; assist Mongols 8, 236, 270, 273, 291, 314-5, 384; kingdoms, 252-3; identity, 54, 411; suppressing Chinese rebellions, began using title of king in 32 CE, Buddhism, 252; Manchurian force 347; expels Mongol forces, 345, 126; Han court thinking alliance in could not leave standing the 347; fall, 349-50. 51 CE to attack the Xiongnu, 99; threat, 53, 367-8; Qidan Liao, 288; Koryeo became Mongol emperor’s attacked Liaodong, 126, 128; Yemaek-Tungus, 251; hereditary son-in-law state, kürgen, 259-60, occupies Liaodong/Lelang, 128, aristocracy and Buddhist ideology 342-6; Khubilai’s intention, 319, 130; Murongs, 128, 149, 236; before Chosun, 289, 349-50; had 343; Koryeo woman becomes attacked by Former Yan,154-5; to be neutralized or subdued by empress (Ki 奇) of last Yuan Murong Ping fled to Koguryeo, the Manchurian force, 367-8; first emperor, 259, 345; 3 Koryeo 158; relationship with Northern line of defence for Manchuria and women became Mongol Yuan Wei, 161, 187; population, 224, Qing, 400; annexed by Japan, empress, 346; Kong-min offers to 238, 243; regions and households 420-1; 38th Parallel, 52, 420, 422, help Mongols recover lost empire at its fall, 243; Sui and Tang 427, 429. as a descendant of Khubilai, 348. confront, 37, 237-243; Koguryeo Korean War, 51-3, 420-31, key Ko-zong (r.1213-59), Koryeo king, was only China’s neighbor that factors, 424; North Korean army, 341. could claim to be a “state,” 237-8; 422, 424-5; US army withdrawn , Kunlun Mountains, 61, 380. Sui-Tang ruler’s apprehension, 424; US Eighth Army, 426; kürgen (Gurkani, son-in-law), 341-2. 260. Chinese army intervenes with the Kushan kingdom, 94-5, 162. Koguryeo persons recorded in Cover of Soviet air force, 428; Kwaggaeto 廣開土王 (r.391-413), epitaph, 242-3; resettled by Tang, PRC object, 52; truce negotiation, Koguryeo king, 125, 128, 160, 243-4; macro-Tungusic, 250. 430; China’s gain, 430-1; killed or 186, 236. K’o-lo, Khaghan (r.553), 261. wounded, 430-1. Kwang-hae 光海君 (1575-1641/ Kong, Youde 孔有德, 373. Koryeo 高麗 (918-1392), 25, 285- r.1608-23), Koreo king, 366, 367. Kong-min 恭愍王/顓 (r.1351-74), 90; aristocracy, 317-8; Liao Kwang-zong (r.949-75), Koryeo king, Koryeo king, 320-1, 323, 341, 342, presents Buddhist canon to 317-8. 345-6; attacks Yuan commandery, Koryeo king, 280; Buddhism, 286; Kye-ru 桂婁, Koguryeo clan, 246. 347; took Liaoyang, 348. military machine, 286-7, 317, 350; Korea Proper, definition, 25, 67, 69, claiming successor to Koguryeo, L 71, 112; dolmen, 114; three 287, 313, 315, 348; fights kingdoms, 252; Korean against Qidan Liao, 53, 286-9; Lake Tai 太湖, 147. pretensions to territory of relationship with Song, 289-90; Lamaism, national religion of the Manchuria, 273. begins relations with Nüzhen, 313, Mongols, 45, 339; Xi Xia, 461, Korean communists, allies with 316; yields to Jin, 314-5; 100-year , 73. Chinese communists, 421, in (1170-1270) military rule, 315, Laoha River 老哈河, 65, 69, 132, South Korea, 423-5. 318-9, 340-1, 343; fight against 329. Korean language, 250-1. Mongols, 341-2; Khubilai props up Later Han 後漢 (25-220), Eastern Korean Peninsula, 15, 17, 18, 24, marginalized king, 320; assists Han, 80, 81, 91-2, 99, 101, 124, 512

130, 136; fall of, 102; founders, Lesser Xing’an Range 小興安嶺山 Li Rusong 李如松 (d.1598), 355, 214, 448; administrative capability, 脈, 13, 331-2; swinging round, 71. 365. 448-9; demilitarization, 449-50. Lhasa, kingdom, 244, 380, 382-3, Li Shiji, Li Ji, 李(世)勣, 224, 241, See Han dynasty. 460. 243. Later Han (947-51), Shatuo, 268. Li Bing 李昞, father of Li Yuan, 194, Li Shimin 李世民 (b.598/r.626-49), Later Jin 後晋 (936-46), Shatuo, 207-8, 455; married to the fourth Tang Taizong 唐太宗, 36, 38, 40, 267-8, 274, 281. daughter of Dugu Xin, 209. 208-9, 212, 221, 223-4, 240-1, Later Koguryeo (901-18), 253, 285, Li Bo 李白 (701-63), 215. 254, 258; destroys Turks, 262; 314. Li Chengliang 李成梁 (1526-1615), Heavenly Khaghan 天可汗, 229; Later Liang 後梁 (907-23), Han 355, 365. marriage alliance with Tibetans, Chinese, 265-6, 272. Li Chongke 末帝 (r.934-6), Later 244; Mahāyāna Buddhist, 35, 227- Later Paekche (900-936), 253, 285. Tang emperor, 267, 274. 8; Empress Changsun, 173, 209, 後秦 (384-417), 74, 161; Li Cunxu, Zhuangzong, 李存勖/莊 456; paternal grandmother was Buddhism, 181. 宗 (b.885/923-6), founder of Later Dugu Xin’s 4th daughter and Later Tang 後唐 (923-36), Shatuo, Tang, 266, 267-8, 281; conquers maternal grandmother was 40, 267, 272, 274. Shu, 272. YuwenTai’s daughter, 208, 455; on Later Yan 後燕 (386-397-407), 29, Li Dewang 獻宗 (r.1223-6), Xi Xia, Shandong si-xing, 223-4; invades 122, 128-9, 160, 173; attacked by 461. Koguryeo, 53, 237, 241; timely Tuoba Gui, 174. 李暠 (涼武昭王 d.417), death, 37, 241; portrayed as a Later Zhao 後趙 (319-52 including 206-7. Chinese emperor, 260; solicits the Ran Wei, 350-2), Xiongnu Li Hongzhang 李鴻章 (1823-1901), collaboration of Silla, 244; on Silla Zhao, 16, 45, 146; collapsed, 82, 378, 381, 394, 395-400; identified queen, 458-9. 147, 155, 338; Buddhism, 181. Qing with China, 51, 397. Li Si 李斯 (d.208 BCE), 97. Later Zhou 後周 (951-60), 16, 269. Li Hu 李虎 (d.551), Li Yuan’s Li Siyuan, Mingzong, 李嗣源/明宗 Latter Jin 後金, 366-8. See Qing. grandfather, 34, 193, 207, 209. (r.926-33), Later Tang emperor, Le Yi 樂毅, 116-7. Li Jiancheng 李建成 (589-626), 267, 281. Lee Kuan Yew 李光耀 (b.1923/ 210, 240 Li Xian 末主 李睍 (r.1226-7), Xi r.1959-90), 435-6. Li Jinhang 李謹行 , 244. Xia emperor, 461. Lelang Commandery 樂浪郡, 26, Li Jinzhong, 246. Li Yuan 李淵 (b.566/r.618-26), 102, 120, 126-8, 130-1, 149; Li Jiqian 李繼遷 ( b.963/r.982- Tang Gaozu 唐高祖, 34, 37, 193, governor of, 126; taken over 1004), founder of Xi Xia, 460. 206-8, 212, 220, 227, 235, 240, by Koguryeo, 128; archeological Li Keyong 李克用/ 晉王/武皇帝 241, 262, 456; mother was Dugu findings, 139-40; Murong Hui (856-908), 258, 265, 267-8, 269, Xin’s 4th daughter, 207, 455; wife establishes in name only, 150. 272, 281. was Yuwen Tai’s grand-daughter Lenin, Vladimir (b.1870/r.1917-24), Li Mu 李牧 (d.228 BCE), of Zhao, (Zhou Wudi’s elder sister), 210; 401, 403-4, 427-8, 436. 63; annihilate Xiongnu, 89. genetically 75% Xianbei, 208, lesser gentry, 214, 378. Li Qianshun 崇宗/李乾順 (r.1086- 455; ancestors, 34, 206-7, 210. Lesser 小遼水, 118, 1139), emperor of Western Xia, Li Yuanhao 李元昊/景宗 (r.1032- 136, 442. 458. 48), Xi Xia emperor, 460-1. 513

Li Zheng’ji 李正己 (732-81), 257. Liaodong Chinese dialect, language mid-16th century to the end of 李自成 (c.1605-45), of Chinese bannermen, 12, 47-8, 17th century, 364. 364, 373-4, 376. 387-8; Liaodong dialect becomes Liu Bang, Gaozu/Gaodi of Former Liang (d.1099), empress dowager of Mandarin, 387; has to master to Han, 劉邦/漢高祖/高帝 (r.206- Western Xia, 458. become a central bureaucrat, 388; 195 BCE), 26, 80, 87-8, 93, 95, Liao 遼 (907-1125), Qidan-Xianbei, common spoken language for 122, 214, 353; plebeian dynasty, 25, 38-41-2, 72, 129, 271; literati, 388; Mandarin-speaking 80; peace and kinship (heqin) with successor to Tang, 266, 278; scholar-officials, gentry elite, 388- Xiongnu, 81, 88, 95; on merchant, dynasty’s name, 272, 273, 274; 9; Altaicization of Northern 454. territory, 274; failure to co-opt Mandarin, 389-90; guanhua of 劉聰 (r.310-8), 145. Tungusic people, 41, 53. Ming, 389; becomes official Liu Jing 劉敬, 95. Liao royal clans, Yelü (耶律) and language of modern China, 390. Liu Rengui 劉仁軌 (601-85), 244. Xiao (蕭) clans, 280. Liaodong Commandery 遼東郡, Liu Shouguang 劉守光 (d.914), Liao River 遼水, basin occupied by 116-7, 121, 130-3, 135-6, 187; 277. Chinese, 25-6, 39, 67, 70, 81; 90, established in name only by Liu Song 劉宋 (420-79), founder/ 97, 117-21, 124, 128, 130, 133-6, Tuoba Wei, 136. population, 161. 139, 148-9, 237, 239, 249, 272, Liaodong Han Chinese bannermen, 劉曜 (r.319-29), 146. 365, 372, 407, 412-3, 470; Tang see Chinese bannermen. Liu Yu 劉裕 (r.420-2), founder of expelled, 38; ancient location, Liaoshi 遼史, 249-50. Liu Song, 148, 161. 117-9, 121, 130-40, 442; toponym, 遼西, 28, 39, 65, 69, 112, 劉淵 (r.304-10), founder 140; Koryeo claimed east of Liao 116, 119, 128, 149-50, 237, 270-1, of Former Zhao, 145-6. River, 348-9. 273; steppe, 81, 99; corridor, 70, 劉知遠 (r.947-8), Liaodong 遼東, 25, 65-6, 69, 82, 353; easily cut off, 413. founder of Later Han, 268, 269. 90-1, 101-2, 112-4, 116-21, 125-6, Liaoxi steppe, 13, 14, 65, 69-70. Long Walls 長城, built by Qin-Zhao- 128, 130-1, 133, 139, 241, 273, Liaoyang 遼陽, 118, 121, 132-3, Yan as a defense against Hu, 63, 343, 374; ancient location, 117-8, 245; Liao eastern capital, 274: Jin 70, 73, 89, 116; Shiji states that 136, 140; eastern terminus of the eastern capital, 312. Long Walls began at Jieshi Long Wall, 116-8; Shiji, 131-2; (r.1603-34), 370-1. Mountain 碣石山 長城所起, 74- Murongs occupy, 28, 127-8, 149- light conception motif, of Koguryeo, 5; reached Liaodong, 116-8, 131; 50; Koguryeo occupies, 29,128, Tuoba, Qidan and Mongols,129, Zhongshan starts, 88; Qin, 91, 236-7, 414; Second Qin Emperor, 193, 273. 116-7, 133-4, 139; boundary, 95; 130; pre-Wudi Chinese culture, Lin Biao 林彪, 405, 436. construction of Long Wall by Qin 139-40; Tang, 237, 245; occupied Ling’di, Later Han emperor 靈帝 秦築長城, and Forts and Fences by Parhae, 247-9, 414; occupied (r.168-89), 102. by Han 漢起塞垣, 102, 132; by Ming, 348-9, 353; Ming time, linguistic, uniformity, 47; conquest, Meng Tian, 117; Yan Long Wall, 355, 366, 349; Nurhachi 390. 116-8, 133-4, 138-9; (Schreiber) conquers, 366; after Wudi’s Little Ice Age (c.400 BCE-300 CE), 119; Ming, 351; Alps vs. Great conquest of Chosun, 97, 372, 412; spreading out of Arctic cold air, 86, Wall, 107-8; 133-4; archeological Han Chinese rule, 353, 412-4. 88, 103, 107-8, 144, 162; from findings from “Yan Long Wall,” 514

132-3; Qin Long Wall constructed Lüshichunqiu 呂氏春秋, 119. 53, 370-1; conquers mainland by Meng Tian in six years, 91, 117 China, 373-4; women with big -8; ending at Shanhai’guan, 133, M feet, 383, 459; language, 380, 443; PRC officially extends Long 381-2, 383; population, 438. Walls, replica, 118, 133-4, 445-6. MacArthur, Douglas (1880-1964), Manchu hairstyle and dress, 373-4, Long White (Changbai) Mountains 425, 426-8, 430; landing operation, 387; Nüzhen , 296. 長白山脈, 71, 249-50, 298, 365, 427; stabilizes defense line , 49, 382-3, 384. against PRC army, 428-9; 387-8; documents, 54, 380; Longcheng 龍城, 128, 130, 154-5, sacked by Truman, 429-30. Chinese Halin academicians had 159-60, 174. See Chaoyang. macro-Tungus, formation, 37-8, 53, to learn, 48-9, 389. Longmen Caves 龍門石窟, 266, 72, 186, 250, 289, 291, 384; Manchu Way, idealized, Old Way, Guyang Cave at Longmen, 188; Koguryeo was only China’s 50, 381; Manchu identity, 382-3. images of Chinese local officials, neighbor that could claim to be a Manchuria, 53-4, 64-72; 114, 236; 189. “state,” 237; Sui-Tang ruler’s the commonest vernacular term, Longshan 龍山, Neolithic culture apprehension, 260. Dong Kou Wai 東口外, Outside (3000-2200 BCE), 65, 74. Maek 貉, 88, 126, first appear, 62. the Eastern Pass at Shanhai’guan Lower Xiajiadian 夏家店下層 magnate families (豪族 haozu, 70; origin of conquest dynasties, (2200-1600 BCE), early bronze powerful families ), military power 13; 16; oscillation between culture, 66-8, 112, 136; Liulihe, centers, 30, 167, 447-50, 214; in Mongolic and Tungusic, 42, 332; Beijing, 137. émigré regimes, 161, 453-4; conceptualization, 15, 18; greater Lu Wan 盧綰 (265-193 BCE), 95, control of land, 145, 180, 451-2, Manchurian ethnohistorical sphere 117, 122. 454; served as local officials, 452; of Xianbei-Tungus, 24, 57, 64, 72; Lü Zhi, Han Gaozu’s empress, 呂后 demilitarized to become landed- plain, 71; etymology of Manzhou /雉 (r.195-180), 80, 95, 96. gentry (in East and West), 30, 滿洲, 384; Manzhou shown as a 灤河, 118-21, 130-1, 167, 180-1, 449-54; in Northern place name, 443; population, 407, 135-6, 442. Wei, 180-1, 451-2. 438; overwhelmed by Mongols in Lun Tai 輪臺, Wudi’ declares that mainland China, 15, 19, 65-6, 70, 13th century, 406-7; Qing prohibits “he at last obtained the wisdom 72-80, 90, 112, 140; , immigration, 412; to protect and would never again send an 386. Manchu homeland, 412-3; Han army against the Xiongnu,” 97. Mamlük sultanate (1250-1517), 357, Chinese migration, 406, 413, 438; Luoyang 洛陽, 31, 158, 72, 74, 78, 462-3. Russians and Japanese, 400; 92, 128, 147, 181, 188, 192-3, Manchu 滿洲族, 15, 20, 69; origin Chinese Nationalist vs. 199, 238, 281; Luo 洛邑, 74, 76; of Manchu, 365, 384-5; 滿洲/滿 Communist forces, 422; rule by becomes Tuoba Wei capital, 珠/珠申/肅愼 ethymology of Han Chinese, 15, 412-4; easily cut 190; place of Tuoba nobles’ Man-zhou, 384; Manzhou as a off from China, 413; iron culture registration, 191, 219, 220; place name in a map, 443; new through water ways, 470. reconstruction by Sui Yangdi, 260; identity, 50, 366, 382, 385; no Manchurian Plain, 16. relocates, 266; Shatuo surnames, 365; Manchus co-opt Mandarin (Northern) 北京官話 Tang, 267. Mongols in Inner Mongolia, 46, (guanhua, dialect spoken by 515

officials), 12, 375; official language Barbarian,” 75. Qing, 368-9, 371-3, 380-1; main of modern China, 47, 387-90; a Meng Tian 蒙恬 (d.209 BCE), 63, army system “sinicized,” 396. Manchurian language, 390. See 79-80, 90-1, 94-5, 108, 134; military governor, see Jiedushi. Liaodong Chinese dialect. constructs Qin Long Wall in six millet, farming, 25, 65, 72-4, 112, Manjusri, the bodhisattva of years (215-209 BCE), 91, 117, 272. compassion and wisdom, 54. See (c.220-210 BCE) 118. Min’di 閔帝 (r.933-4), Later Tang Buddha. Meng Xun 蒙遜 (r.401-33), 207. emperor, 267. Manzhou Yuanliu’kao 滿洲源流考, Mengan-Mouke, 猛安 -謀克, 42, 45, Ming 明 (1368-1644), 46, 50, 54, Researches on the Manchu 53, 300-2, 311; magnitude, 301, 93, 351, 362, 382, 386-7; only Origins, 384-5. 302; in Chinggis Khan’s army, 44- extended period of native rule Manzhouguo 滿洲國 (1932-45), 5, 302, 334-5. over all of China proper, 363; 52, 405-7, 408; population, 422. mercenary army, Tang, 38, 255; Great Wall, 91; copied Yuan Mao Zedong 毛澤東 (1893-1976), Song, 307, 309; Ming, 352; Roman military system, 352; military feats 51-2, 378, 381, 405, 407-8, 423, Empire, 164-5. of Yongle, 351; making peace 426-30, 435-6, 437; decided to military, military system of nomads treaty with the Mongols, 352-3; intervene Korean War, 427; let vs. the Warring states, Qin-Han, controls Manchuria with tributary PRC “volunteer army” cross the 88, 90, 92-3, 447-50; Later Han system, 353-4; most sophisticated , 428; Stalin’s betrayal, abolished universal military empire, 364; extinguished, 46, 428-9; Mao’s object, 52, 430; service, 92, 449-50; Former Yan, 373-4. Great Leap Forward, 52, 431, 152-3, 174; émigré Regime in Ming knife coin 明刀錢, 138, 139. 435; Cultural Revolution, 436. South China, 453-4; Tuoba Wei, Ming pale, area surrounded by 邊牆 Maodun 冒頓 (r.209-174 BCE), 16, 30,174-5, 191, 197; Northern Qi, (bian qiang), makeshift fences 17, 19, 25-7, 63, 80-1, 87-8, 96, 196-8; Northern Zhou, 197-8; Sui made of earth, stones, bricks, and 121, 353; conquer Xianbei, Han and Tang,199, 213; gentry-officials woods, 134, 353, 374, 412-4, 444; pays , 93-4; downfall of rarely exercised military number of households, 372. Maodun’s Xiongnu empire, 99- command, 223, 224, 225; Ming’di of Northern Zhou. See 100, 165. mercenary army, 255; Liao ordo Yuwen Yu. marriage alliance, between Murong and tribal army, 275-6; Koryeo, mingjing 明經科, examination of and Tuoba, 172-3; Tuoba leaders, (military machine) 286-7, (became clarifying the classics, 215, 184; Qidans, 271; between Ineffective) 289; Song, 309-10; 216; Tang vs. Song, 216-7. Manchus and Mongols, 371. under the military rule in Koryeo, Mingzong, of Later Tang. See Li Meiji Restoration (明治維新 1868- 319-20; Western Liao, 293; Jin, Siyuan. 1912), Mutsuhito (睦仁 b.1852/ 42, 301-2; Chinggis Khan, 44-5, minorities in China, 16, 20; PRC r.1867-1912) called Meiji 302, 334-6; Mongol soldiers and policies, 437; genetic conquest, posthumously, 356, 420; hereditary generals, 44, 335, 339; 438. Japanese-style Westernization, Zhu Yuanzhang had copied Yuan Minusinsk basin, upper Yenisei 20, 399; after 100 years, 437. military system but Ming came to River area, 123, 470. Mencius 孟子 (371-289 BCE), 447; rely on mercenaries, 352; army Mo-ch’o 默啜 (r.692-716), Eastern “Shun 舜 was an Eastern units in Jin, Yuan and Qing, 42-3; Turkic Khaghan, 254, 262. 516

Mohe soldiers fight for Koguryeo, Mongol son-in-law states, 341-2. Murong Bao 慕容寶 (r.396-8), 236-8. Mongol tribe, Chinggis Khan’s, 13, 151, 155, 160, 174, 192, 195. Mohe-Nüzhen 靺鞨女眞, -Tungus, 70; pre-Chinggis, 292, 330; Murong Chui 垂 (b.326/r.386-96), 15, 25-6, 29, 37-8, 42, 69, 71-2, Mongolic Qidan tribes, 293; pure founder of Later Yan, 153, 155, 82, 114, 236, 248, 250-1,290, 298, Mongols in Chinggis’ army, 333, 157-60; helps Tuoba Gui, 173; 365; society, 300; after Parhae, 335; population, 333, 407-8, 411. attacks Tuoba, 174. 287, 288; Wild Nüzhens, 290-1; Mongolia, 15; Mongolianization, 332. Murong Han 翰, 148, 149, 153, 155, evolution of /Yilou/Wuji, Mongolian steppe, -plateau, 14-6 174. (Blackwater) Mohe, Nüzhens, 18, 24-7, 39, 57, 60-1, 63-5, 70, Murong Huang 皝 (r.333-49), 28, 297-8, 384; appear as great 72, 87, 99, 292; due limelight, 15; 82, 125, 128, 148, 151-2, 153, political power, 299-300. See “Mongolian” appellation, 60, 332; 172-3, 195; establishes Chinese- Nüzhens and also Sushen-Yilou. occupation by Xianbei, 25, 57, style bureaucracy, 152; marriage Mongol (蒙兀: Old. mong-uэt/ 101, 185, 330. alliance with Duan, 154-5; Pinyin. mengwu/ modern Korean Mongolianized Qidans. See Qidans neutralizes Koguryeo, 155, 236. mong-ol. 蒙瓦: Old. mong-uăr/ Mongolianized. Murong Hui 慕容廆 (r.285-333), Pinyin. mengwa/ modern Korean Mongolic language, 70, 72, 234, 28, 122, 125, 128-9, 149-51; mong-) Chinggis’ Mongol tribe, 293, 330-1. marries a daughter of Duan 13; origin, 70, 270-1, 330, 329-32; Mongols of Inner Mongolia, 46, 51, Shanyu, 148; recruits Han ethnonym, 13, 18, 44-6, 329, 332; 54, 370, 410-1; allianace with Chinese, 150-2; Chinese advisors, consciousness, 18; Mongols, 60; Manchus, 371-2, 409. 153. absorbing Qidans (around Mönke Khan, Xianzong, Borzigin Murong Jun 雋/儁 (b.319/r.349- Xilamulun), 45, 53, 291, 333-4; Mönke 憲宗 (r.1251-9), first 60), conquers North China, 82, spread from, 329-30, 343; called son of Tolui, 4th Yuan emperor, 153, 155-6, 174. forest people, 331; ethnogenesis, 338, 341, 346, 357. Murong Ke 恪, 152, 153, 156-7. 332; within the Jin tributary 牧丹江 , 71, 248, 365. Murong Mohuba 莫護跋, 148. network, 331-2, 334; Mongols co- Mughal dynasty (1526-1877), Murong Muyan 木延, 148. opt Turks, 44-5, 53, 333; Pax empire, 21, 341; called itself son- Murong Ping 評, 157-8, 159. Mongolica, 53, 339; had no in-law state, 342. Murong Ren 仁, 128, 148-9, 151. orderly system of imperial Mukden 奉天/盛京/瀋陽 (Fengtian Murong Shegui 涉歸, 148. successions, 346-7; Buddhism, /Shengjing/Shenyang), 366, 368, Murong Sheng 盛 (r.398-401), king 50; massive exodus to 379, 406-7, 412, 413, 420; Qing of Later Yan, 128, 160, 174. monasteries, 283; Mongols in emperors visit, 384. Murong Wei 暐 (r.360-70), 156, west adopt Islam and speak Mu-mun pottery. See plain pottery. 174. Turkic, 357, 358. Muqan Khaghan 俟斤/木汗可汗 Murong Xi 熙 (r.401-7), king of Mongol military, 43, 339, 340; pure (r.553-72), 63, 261. Later Yan, 128-9, 151, 160. Mongols in Chinggis Khan’s army, Muromachi shogunate (1338-1573), Murong-Xianbei, 19, 26, 28, 82, 93, 333, 335; Nüzhen system, 42, 347-8. 137, 148-9, 166, 269, 271, 414; 334; Mengan units, 335; terror Murong 慕容, 148, Tan Shihuai’s fighting Koguryeo,128, stirrups, tactic, 336; non-Mongols, 336. vassal, 101. 144-5; arts, 161-2; destroys 517

Yuwen-Xianbei, 330. Nerchinsk Treaty (1689), 394, 415. 434; most militarized and armed Murong Yan. See Former Yan. Ning’an 寧安, Shangjing 上京龍 with nuclear weapons, 435. See Muzong 璟/述律/穆宗 (r.951-69), 泉府, Parhae, 248. DPRK. Liao emperor, 274. Nikan 尼堪, 365, 372, 380-1. North to South movements, Myo Cheong 妙淸 (d.1135), 315, Nine Rank (Grades) system 九品 migrations, east, 86; west, 103. 319. 制, 29, 177, 214, 450; Xiaowen’di, Northeast 東北 (Dongbei), China’s, 177-8, 180, 190, 452-3; abolished 15, 430; plain, 16, 66, 71, 137. N by Yang Jian, 215-6. See Manchuria. Ningguta 寧古塔, 413. Northern Liang 北凉 (397-439), 63, nabo, temporary residences of Niru (arrow), 367, 368. 174, 206-7. Qidan rulers on the move, 272. nobility 貴戚/豪貴 , Murong, 29, Northern Mandarin, see Mandarin. , 292, 294, 332, 459; as 157-8; Tuoba nobles, 177-8, 188- Northern Mongoloid, 17, 74, 93. Turks, 333; as Mongols, 331. 9, 191, 220; Zhou-Qin, 88, 214, Northern Qi 北齊 (550-77), 32, Nanjing 南京/建康, 19, 147, 350-1, 447; designation for hereditary 193, 195, 200, 207, 210; allegedly 362, 394, 396, 401, 403; Ming Xianbei aristocrats, 225-6; Qidans, “Chinese state of Qi,” 195-7, 211; capital 京師/金陵, 354, 389; 278; Manchu Qing, 369, 386-8. occupies north of Yangzi, 199; Qi banner soldiers, 379, 386-7; nomads, nomadism, 13, 14, 26-8, 59 court spoke Xianbei language, 32, nationalist rule, 408. -60, 68, 87-8, 90; saddles and 210-1; contention that a Chinese Nan-ren 南人, 337. bits, 61; military supremacy, 25, woman cannot become the nationalism, nationalistic history, 21; 26-7, 87, 93; encourage mother of empire, 196-7. in China, 17. 19, 20-1, 438. fragmentation, 101; offensive Northern Song, 42, 88; destroyed by Nayan 乃顔 (d.1287), 343, 346. strategy of Romans vs. defensive Khubilai, 44. See Song. Nen’jiang 嫩江, Nen/Non’ni River, strategy of Chinese, 102, 107; Northern Wei 北魏 (386-534), 29, valley, 13, 64, 71, 124, 329, 331, sedentary people cope with 72, 130, 273, 299; population 161, 407, 470. barbarian invasions, 89, 107-8; 235, 238; boundary, 174; military Neo-Confucianism 道學/新儒家, Manchrian conquest dynasties, machine, 30, 174-5; Murong’s dual 229, 283, 307-9, 322, 324, 377; 184. See stirrups. system, 176; co-opts local gentry appropriates Buddhism, 284, 308; Non’ni River. See Nen’jiang. elites, 176-8, 189; relationship with more totalitarian, 309; Korean North China, 70, 161, 412; conquest Koguryeo, 53, 187, 240; life style, Peninsula, 54, 286, 321-4, 350, dynasties, 13, 29; 39, 42, 47, 92, 189; divided into two parts, 192; 411; in Southern Song and 147, 150, 155-6, 200, 235, 312; great surnames, 178, 220, 205. Mongol Yuan exams, 337; in Ming Han-ren 漢人, 337-8, 394. Northern Xiongnu, 99-100. exams, 362; practical knowledge, North Korea, 16, military forces (sent Northern Yan 北燕 (409-36), 28, 363; Neo-Confucian socio-political to Manchuria) under Soviet 122, 129, 161, 187; Shaogong’s order in Qing, 47-8, 53, 397-8; occupation, 422; Democratic (c.1045-222 BCE), 114-5. orthodoxy destroyed, 401-2. See People’s Republic of Korea Northern Yuan 北元 (1368-91), Cheng-Zhu Daoxue. (DPRK), 422; army, 424; 259, 340, 348, 349-50; first Neolithic, culture, 58, 64-6, 114; impoverished by Self-Support emperor, Ayushiridara, 346-8; Mainland China, 73-4, 112. policy and mass starvation, problem to Koryeo, 348-9. 518

Northern Zhou 北周 (557-81), 32, second Yuan emperor, 44, 331, Palace Corps, 殿前軍 (Dian-Qian- 194, 212, 259; Xianbei-ization, 336, 346, 356-7, 414. Jun), 269. 195-6; 210; unifies North China, Oirat Mongols, Oyirods, 351, 410, palace memorial 奏摺, secret, 380, 197, 200, 210; pure-blooded 353. See Zungars. 381. Xianbei dynasty, 211; marriage ondol, hypocaust flooring, 139. Paleolithic, 73. alliance with Eastern Turks, Önggüd Turks (Onggirad), 332, 335- Pamirs, roof of the world, 58, 61, 73; 261-2; officials, 213. 6. Tang, 241, 244. nuclear ultimatum, for quick Onon River, 13, 64, 124, 331-2, 470. Pang Xun 龐勛 rebellion (868-9), conclusion of truce negotiations Operation Northeast 東北邊疆歷史 258, 265. in Korean War, 430; to prevent 与現狀系列硏究工程 , China’s Pan’geng 盤庚, king of Shang/Yin, PRC invasion of Taiwan, 431-2. territorialization of history, 16-7, 75. Nulu’erhu Mountain, 69-70. 134, 438. paper, (bamboo pieces) in China, numerical inferiority and Opium War (1839-42), 394. 63. administrative deficiency of oracle bones 甲骨文/殷墟文字 , Parhae 渤海 (Bohai 698-926), 25, conquering people, overcoming/ character for Yan, 67; inscriptions, 38, 40, 41, 246-51, 258, 272, 273- rectifying,17, 27, 29; Tuoba, 175. 76. 4, 276, 298; Parhae-Mohe 渤海 Nurhachi 奴爾哈赤 (b.1559 r.1616- ordo 斡魯朵 (wu-lu-duo ), Liao 靺鞨, 246-7; emperor 皇上 and 26), Qing Taizu, 46, 365-6, 368-9, military machine, 40-1, 53, 275-6; empress 皇后, 247; boundary 371, 384. ethnic proportions, 41, 290. reached Qidan in the west, 247; Nüzhen-Manchus, 42. See Manchu. Ordos, (Hetao) steppe, 61, 66, 72-3, capital, 248; prefectures at Nüzhens 女直, 42, 384; and 80, 87, 90-1, 94, 97, 100, 108, Koguryeo fortresses, 248; Koryeo, 287; and Chosun, 349; 117, 219, 132; Tuoba Gui, 173; coexists with Tang, 53; after first appears (evolution of Shatuo Turks, 258, 266; Xi Xia, destruction, 286-8; Parhae Sushen, Mohe, Nüzhens), 297-8; 461. rebellions, 290, 298; Korean Wild Nüzhens vs. Parhae people Orkhon River, 38-9, 60-1, 81, 99, perspective, 316-7; synonymous in Liao history, 290-1; considered 185, 234, 273, 292, 293, 330, 339, with Koguryeo, 243; separate a nomadic people, 300; fails to co- 409, 415. identity from Nüzhen, 290-1, 292, opt the Qidan, 313; begin relations Otchigin 斡赤斤, Temüge, 298; Aguda, 299, 457. with Koryeo, 313; three groups in Temujin’s youngest brother, 343, Parhae Jun (State), king of, 渤海郡 Manchus, 365, missions to 347. (國)王, 238; drops Mohe, 247. Ming, 353-4; grew in power, 355. Ottoman Turkic Empire (c.1300- Parhae (Xiu) person 渤海(蓨)人, See also Sushen-Yilou, and Mohe 1922), conquer Byzantium, 25, Gao Huan, 192; Ko-jin’s epitaph, -Nüzhens. 357-8, 463. 243, 246; in Jin, 310, 311. Outer Mongolia, 53, 61, 101, 352, Parhae territory, 248-50, Liaodong of O 371, 380, 407, 409-11. Parhae 渤海之遼東, 249. Park Chung-hee (1917-79), 432, Oboi 鼇拜, (1661-8), 365. P 436; export-oriented growth, 433- Ögödei (Ugedei b.1186 r.1229-41), 4; sends troops to Vietnam, 432. Chinggis’ third son, counted as Paekche 百濟, 25, 37, 243-4. Park Heon-yung, 423-4, 425. 519

peace by extortion, 88. rhyme-prose style 詩賦 (shifu), 383, 381-2, 384, 404; Buddhism, Pei River 浿水, 120. 376-7. 50; Ten Victories, 381; Pei Yi 裴㠜, Han Chinese, laid polo, 257, 266, 318; Parhae, 290. exterminates Zungars, 380, 410, before Murong Hui a plan to population, Qin, Han and Sui, 96. 415; defines Old Way, 381-2; conquer Central China, 153. Pozhu River 婆猪/佟家江 , 364-5, Manchu origins, 384-5; abdicated, , 426, 428, 429. 365. 380; East Asia after Qianlong, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 人 PRC. See People’s Republic of 385, 389, 394; ruler of five 民解放軍, 424, 427, 414. China. peoples, 437. People’s Volunteer Army 中國人民 PRC volunteers, People’s Volunteer Qiang 羌, 74, 77, 159; ethnonym, 志願軍, 427-8, 430; killed or Army, Chinese volunteers in 78; Qiang-Jie 羌羯, 159-60; 175, wounded, 430-1. Korean War, 422. 198, 460-1. People’s Republic of China (PRC , 325; discontinued by Qidan 契丹, -Xianbei, - tribe, 13, 中華人民共和國 October 1, Wudi of Former Han, 448, 449. 18, 36, 38-9, 44-5, 70, 128-9, 186- 1949 -), 16, 17, 20, 52-4, 134-5, Princess Anle. See Anle. 7, 193, 227, 242, 246, 262, 269, 311, 405, 407-9, 414, 422-3, 426; Princess Pingyang. See Pingyang. 272-5, 289, 329, 340-1; origin of, inherits Qing territory, 51, 53, 380, Princess Taiping. See Taiping. 38-9, 266, 269-70, 460; could 408, 437; unified polyethnic state, prose, parallel-style, 282. uphold nomadic military valor, 39, 408; redefine, 409; first foreign protection privilege. See yin. 254, 270; language, 270-1, 272, excursion, 52, 430; gains from Protectorate-General to Pacify the 331-2; a claimant to Sui-Tang Korean War, 431; tolerance of East. See Andong Duhufu. successor, 39, 266; no surnames, DPRK’s roguery, 435-6; archaic proto-conquest dynasty, Murong- 273; Yuwen-Xianbei splits into Communist dictatorship, 437; Xianbei Former Yan, 慕容鮮卑前 Shiwei, Xi and Qidan, 330; Han-nationalist historiography and 燕 13, 19, 28-9, 52, 154. migration into Ural-Volga regions, territorialization of history, 54, 438. Puyeo 扶餘, 25-6, 69, 71, 101, 114, 294. Ping 平王 (r.770-720 BCE), king of 124-5, 127, 148, 152, 187, 236, Qidans, Mongolianized, 45-6, 51, Zhou, moved capital from Hao to 248; Fuyu, 121; sends envoys to 331, 370, 410, 412; extinct as a Luo, 76, 79. later Han, 124; attacked by separate population, 18, 292, 333- Pingcheng 平城, Han Gaozu, 81, Murong, 82, 128, 154. 4, 407; those living north of 95; capital of Northern Wei 溥儀/宣統帝 (1906-67/r.1909- Liaodong regarded as Mongols (Datong 大同), 30-1, 173-6, 179, 11), 401, 403, 405-6; abdicated on “no matter what their ancestry,” 187, 190. February 12, 1912, 406. 334. Pinglu-Ziqing Military Governor 平 Pyung-yang 平壤, 135, 139, 186, Qilian’shan, 73. 盧淄靑節度觀察使, 247; Li 237, 239, 243, 287, 315. Qin 秦 (?-221-207 BCE), 20, 74, Zheng’ji, 257. 76-7, 87, 89-91, 94, 97, 123, 132; Pingyang 平陽公主, princess Q unification, 117; rise and fall, (d.623), 208, 455-6. 攻守之勢異/取與守不同術 78- plain (Mu-mun 無紋) pottery, 67, Qianlong 乾隆帝/弘歷 (b.1711/ 80, 87, 214, 409; legalistic 112-4. r.1736-96/d.1799), Aisin-Gioro buildup, 90; Zhou/Qin origins, 89- poetry, in jinshi exam, 215, 216; Hongli, 17, 48, 371, 375, 379-80, 91. See Shihuang’di of Qin. 520

Qin Kai 秦開, Yan general, attacks Respect the Greater 事大, Yield to Rouran empire, 44, 63, 331; Chosun and Donghu, 115-7, 138- the Stronger, 53, Koryeo adopts identified with Avars, 163, 262. 9. the strategy with Qidan, 288-9; Ruizong 睿宗/輪/旦 (662-716 Qing 淸 (1616-1911), 46-50, 72; with Jin, 315; Kim Pu-sik, 316; r.684/710-2), Tang emperor, 247, conquers mainland China, 373-4; Chosun continues the strategy 254. founder, 366, 381; co-opts with Ming, 349; after Qing rule of avoidance 回避制, 217. Mongols of Inner Mongolia, 46, invasions, 367-8. rule Han Chinese with Han Chinese 54, 370-2, 394; marriage alliance retainers, bound. See buqu. (in Chinese Way) 以漢治漢, 16, with Mongols, 46, 371; multiethnic re-Xianbei-ization, 31, 195. See 28-9, 53, 395, 276; rule by Buddhist empire, 372; choice of Xianbei-ization. compatriot aristocracy and heir, 379; militarization of culture, Rhee, Syng-man (1875-1965), 421- Chinese collaborators, 36; rule by Pax Majurica, 381-2; presented as 5; obtains mutual defense pact tribal traditions 因俗以治, 386; Confucian Monarch (different from U.S., 430; exile in Hawaii, Mongols, 337-8; symbiotic images of rulership), 54, 392; 432. relationship of Iranian men of pen emperors ruled, 386; “High Qing,” rhyme-prose style (shifu) 詩賦, 376- and Turkish men of sword, 462. both prospered and perished with 8. Russia, 379, 400, 405, 410, 413; own system, 53, 387-8. rice, in Korean Peninsula, 25, 112; in emancipated from Tartar yoke, Qinzong 欽宗 (r.1125-6), last South China, 73-4. 414-5; born out of wreckage, 436- Northern Song emperor, 306, 316. Rituals of Zhou 周禮 (Zhou-li), 195- 7. See Czarist Russia. 7, 325, 448. Russia’s conquest of Outer R ROK (Republic of Korea). See South Manchuria, 414-6. Korea. Russo-Japanese Agreements (1907- Ran Min 冉閔 (300-52), founder of Roman Empire, 106, 162-8; strategy 16), 421. Ran Wei (冉魏 350-2), 146, 338; to contain Germanic barbarians, Russo-Japanese War (1904-5), 52, “exterminated Xiongnu bandits,” 107-8, 164; iron production, 468; 400, 420. 156. Byzantines, 168, 307, 312, 358. scholar-official, see gentry-official. Rebellion of Three Feudatories, 三 Romanov, 401. 藩之亂, 378-9. Rong (Mountain 山)戎, 62, 90, 92; S recommendation system, Han, 214; tribes, 76-9, 115; 198. Cao Cao’s Wei, 214; of Sui and Rong-Di, 88, 107; plundered Central San Francisco Peace Treaty, 430. Tang, 215-6; abolished by Song, China in 781-777 BCE and also in Sanke 三恪, Duke of Han 韓公, 282, 309. 651-619 BCE, 76-7, 78. Duke of Jie 介公, and Duke of Xi Red Turbans Rebellions 紅巾賊, Roosevelt, Franklin, 421, 425-6. 酅公, 32-3, 204-5; Shi Jingtang 326, 347, 351, 370-1. Rouran, 蠕蠕/柔然 confederacy/ selects Duke of Xun 郇國公 for Rehe 熱河 (Jehol), 137, 370, 382, empire (402-552), 25, 29, 37, 39, Tang royal line, 267. 383, 406-7, 408, 433. 44, 63, 162, 173, 175, 184, 185-6, savage 生/野人 (Yeren) tribes, of Renzong 仁宗, Borzigin Ayurbalbad 191, 193, 234, 270, 330; Tuoba the Nüzhen, 365. (r.1311-20), 8th Yuan emperor, Gui, 173; destroyed, 261; Tuoba- Scythian, Scytho-Siberian, peoples,

342, 344-6. Xianbei provoked the creation of (塞 archaic sэk), 60, 62, 77, 91, 521

100, 166; iron-making, 123, 464, Shatuo Turks 沙陀突厥, - dynasties 224-5, 283, 307; Han dynasty, 468. (923-36-47-50), 16, 93, 227, 258, 449; hereditary in Chosun, 326. Selenge (Selenga) River, 61, 409, 266, 269, 275. shiguan 世官, hereditary officials, 415. Shelun 社崘 (r.402-10), 29, 185, 278. See hereditary officials. Self-Strenthening (Zi-Qiang) 自强 330. Shihuang’di of Qin 秦始皇帝, 新改, 396-7, 400, 402. 盛樂, 162; first capital of Zheng 政 (r.246-210 BCE), 78- Seljuk Turks, empire (c.1000-1194), Northern Wei, 173. 80, 90, 94, 97, 134, 102, 108, 134, 462-3; caliphs and sultans, 358. Shen Gua 沈括 (1031-95), scholar 351, 447; forbade scholars to read Seo Hui 徐熙 (942-98), 288, 289. of Northern Song, “hierarchical the classics, 49; burned books, shamanism, 93; word derived from, distinctions between social groups 79, 377; journeyed to Jieshi, 130. 296; Tuoba, 30-1, 182; Mongols, common to all non-Chinese Shilka River, 64, 70, 124, 330, 331, 45-6, 339; Manchu, 50-1, 382-3, peoples,” 222. 415, 470. 437; Xiongnu-Turks, 64, 93; Shen Shao 申紹, 157-8. Shilu 石魯/昭祖 (Zhaozu), Korea, 252; northern Mongoloid, Shengzong 聖宗 Yelü Longxu founding ancestor of Jin, 313. 93; Liao, 279; Western Liao, 294; (r.982-1031), Liao emperor, 288, Shin Chung-il 申忠一 (1554-1622), Xi Xia, 461; Mohe-Nüzhen 457, 461. 366. Tungus, 300; Turco-Mongol Islam shenshi 紳士, members of degree- shixuan 世選, hereditary selections, retains shamanism, 358, 462. holders class, privileges, 376; 278. Shandong 山東, east of Taihang number, 378. Shiwei 室韋, - Mongol, 13, 25, 39, Mountains 太行山脈, 221, great Shenyang (Fengtian/Sheng’jing/ 44, 60, 70, 329-30, 457; Yuwen- Shandong families, 223-5; literati Mukden) 瀋陽/奉天/盛京 , 133, Xianbei splits into Shiwei, Xi and from east of mountains, 92. 365, 366; Prince of Shenyang or Qidan, 38, 330; origin, 44, 269, Shang 商 (c.1600-1046 BCE), also of Shen 瀋(陽)王 , 344-5. See 332; Rouran, 234; migrate, 269- called Yin 殷, 66-7, 74-6, 78, 79, Mukden. 73, 330-1; Qidans provoked the 91, 114-5, 204; culture, 137; Shenzong 神宗 (r.1068-85), creation of Mongolian force, 44, molding-casting, 465. Northern Song emperor, on Wang 331; Dahuang Shiwei, 292. Shang Yang, 商鞅 (390-338 BCE), Anshi, 307. Shizong 院/兀欲/世宗 (b.918/ let Qin implement institutional Shi Chong’gui, 出帝 Chu’di (r.942- r.947-51), Liao emperor, 274, 276, reforms [c.359 BCE], 78-9, 7), Later Jin 後晉 emperor, 268. 457; mother, 458. legalistic buildup of Qin, 90; well Shi Hu 石虎 (r.334-49), 146, 156; Shizong 世宗/烏祿 (b.1123/r.1161- field system 井田制, 447. Buddhism, 181, 229. 89), Jin emperor, 43, 306, 310-1; Shan’haiguan 山海關, 70, 91, 118, Shi Jingtang, Gaozu, 石敬瑭 (r.936 Nüzhen Jinshi , 303-4. 120, 134, 373, 379, 406-7, 412-3, -42), founder of Later Jin, 267-8; Shizong 郭柴榮 (Guo 443. heir to Zhou-Sui-Tang, 268, 269. r.954-9), Later Zhou emperor, 269, Shanyu 單于, 27, 94, 95-6, 98; 石勒 (r.319-33), 146, 147. 280. system of rule, 98-9; origin, 185. Shi Shiming 史思明 (d.761), 122, Shizu 世祖, Yuan. See Khubilai. Shanyuan Peace Treaty 澶淵之盟, 256, 258. Shizuzhi 氏族志 (Compendium of 281, 288, 461. shi-da-fu 士大夫, bureaucratized Genealogies), 218, 220; Emperor Shaogong 召公, Duke Shao, 114-5. gentry-literatus, 223, 323-4; Song, Xiaowen of Tuoba Wei initiates 522

氏姓之書, 177-8; played no Single Family of Five Races 五族 Shandong families. special role in the selection of 共和, 404. slaves, slavery, forced labor, Han Tang officials, 224, Sinicization (Sinification) 漢化, China, 325-6; Qing, 368-9; Korean Shulü, Empress. See Yingtian. thesis, 13, 14, 17, 20, 54, 195, Peninsula, 321-2, 325-6. Shun 舜, 20, 75. See Yao and 260, 311, 388; PRC policy, 437; social mobility, 216, 324; Shun. Murongs, 29, 156-8; Fu Jian, 159- breakthrough, 226; vastly Shundi 順帝 Borzigin Toghon 60; Tuoba Wei, 31, 189-91; increased in Song, 282, 285, 309. Temür (r.1333-68/d.May 1370), Qidans resist, 41, 280; Nüzhens Son-in-law (kürgen, kürägän, last Yuan emperor, 345-6; killed resist, 43; 310-1; Mongols resist, güregen, Gurkani) state, 341-4. 348. 45-6, 339-40; Manchus resist, 50- Song 宋 (960-1127-1279), Northern Shunzhi, Fu-lin, 順治帝/福臨 1, 379, 381-3, 311; Manchu and Southern, 14, 16; birth of Han (b.1638/r.1644-61), Qing Shizu 世 language, 380, 381-2, 383; Chinese dynasty, 41, 269; Song 祖, 46-8, 373, 374, 379; mother, genetic conquest, 409, 438. Transformation, a Chinese 46; genetically 75% Mongol, 371. Sinocentric approach, - perspective, renaissance, 261; paying tributes Shuyuan 書院, system, Song 283; view, ideology, historiography, 13- to Liao, 37, 281, 282; hereditary Manchu Qing, 377. 4, 17, 19-22, 36, 48, 54, 137, 211, aristocracy replaced by gentry- Sibe, Chabuchaer- 察布査爾錫伯, 259-60, 278, 311-2, 390; “Tang scholars, 35, 41, 216, 281-2, 284, 70. was a purely Chinese state,” 36, 309, 322; army under civil officials, Sibir 始畢, Khaghan (r.609-19), 230; conundrum of Sui-Tang wars 282, 310; Imperial Guardsmen, 261-2. against Koguryeo, 260; world 335; agreed to vassalage and pay Sikhote-Alin Range, 71. order, 98; “the Nüzhen became a tributes to Jin, 37, 306; self- silk, 74, 96, 256, 262, 272. Chinese dynasty ”, 14, 311-2; consciousness and self-esteem for Silk Road, 61, 73, 99. sinicization thesis, 20, 388, 437-8; Chinese, 227, 281; state based on Silla 新羅, 25, 252-3, 314, 316, Sino-centric basics in Qing Confucianism, 284; Northern Song 385; alliance with Tang, 38, 243-4, history, 386, 399; “Chinese literati destroyed, 42, 299, 306, 315; 246; Xiongnu roots of Kim clan, dominated Qing governance,” 48; escaped extinction, 306; true heirs 233-4; expels Tang army, 53, 38, PRC’s territorialization of history, to Chinese civilization, 306-7. 244-5; Silla-Tang Six Year War 16, 20; PRC’s historiographical Song-ling, 70. (671-6), 245; exam system, 251, colonialism, 54, 437-8. Song-Ming, Han Chinese dynasties, 253, 320; aristocracy, 252, 253; Sino-French War (1883-5), 425. native interlude, 37, 41. fall of, 285, 321; Buddhism, 286. Sino-Japanese War (1894-5), 397, (Sungari) 松花江/ Sima Qian 司馬遷 (c.145-86 BCE), 398, 400, 402, 420. 粟末水, 25, 71, 124, 248, 343, 26, 62, 74-6, 78-9, 102, 114-5, Six Garrisons 六鎭 , Northern Wei, 384, 407, 413, 470. 121, 135; writing Shiji on bamboo 176; rebellion (523-35), 31, 191, South China, 13, 29, 37, 51, 73-5, pieces, 63; criticizes Wudi, 97. 195, 197, 235, 238; Cui family 99, 147-8, 156, 453, 454, 467; Sima Rui 司馬睿 (r.317-22), members, 223. population, 161; unified by Sui, founder of Eastern Jin, 147, 151. 燕雲十六州, 234-5, Nan-ren 南人, 337-8; not Sima Tan 司馬談 (d.210 BCE), 63. Yan Yun, 40, 268, 274, 291. accustomed to conquest 司馬懿 (179-251), 126. si-xing 四姓. See four great dynasties, 346, 394, 403. 523

South Korea, Republic of Korea history,” 225-6; , 230. founder of Parhae, 246. (ROK), 422; US forces withdrew, Sui 隋 (581-618), dynasty, 38, 200, Tae 大 clan (family), 246, 310. 424; ROK army in Vietnam War, 204-6, 209; unification, 161, 214; Tae- 大同江, 25, 71, 432; rapid growth and democracy, rebellion, 211; ethnic roots, 209- 120, 243. 433. 10; top generals/officials, 213, 220; Tae Hummu 大欽茂 文王 (r.737- Southern Mongoloid, 74, 112. perished by disastrous wars 94), third king of Parhae, tombs Southern Song 南宋 (1127-1279) against Koguyreo (number of for 2nd (貞惠 737-77) and 4th with capital at Hangzhou following soldiers mobilized), 53, 238-40. (貞孝 757-92) daughters, 247. Northern Song (960-1127), agreed Sui and Tang, regarded as Chinese Tae Muye 大武藝 武王 (r.719-37), vassalage to Jin, 306; influence of dynasties, 36; institution, 199, second king of Parhae, 246. Jin, 312; extinction, 336. 230, 325; Xianbei roots, 17, 33-4; Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905), 421. , 269. successors to Xianbei conquest Tai Wudi 太武帝, Northern Wei. Southern Xiongnu, 99, 102, 332. dynasties, 32, 33-8, 204, 211-2, See Tuoba Tao. Southern Yan (398-410), 122, 160. 259-61; founders, 209-10, 214; Taiding 晋宗/泰定帝, 10th Yuan (1922-91), 52, 411, make war against Koguryeo, 37. emperor, Borzigin Yisuntemur 422, 427, 436. Suiko 綏可/獻祖 (Xianzu), founding (r.1324-8), 341, 345. spade coins 布幣/布錢, 132. ancestor of Jin, 313. Taihang Range 太行山脈, Taihang Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu 春秋) sultan, 462. Mountains, 72; great Shandong period (722-481 BCE), 76, 87-8. Sumo-Mohe 粟末靺鞨 , 25, 246, families, 221. Stalin, Joseph (1879-1953), 52, 404, 248, 291, 298. Taiping 太平公主, princess (663- 405, 422, 427, 436; approves Sun Wen/Yatsen 孫文/逸仙 (1866- 713), 253, 254-5. invasion of South Korea, 423-5; 1925), 51, 378, 402-5, 436; on 太平天國 (1851- clears out of Korean War, 425-6; minorities, 437. 64), 51, 374, 386, 388, 394-6, to suck U.S. forces into Korean surnames, great, 205, 206; Tuoba 398, 416, 436; Sun Wen, 403. War, 426; believed war with Wei, 220; Manchus, 365. 太平御覽 (Imperial capitalism inevitable, 428; Sushen-Yilou, Sushen-Wuji, 肅愼挹 Digest of the Taiping 太平興國 manipulates Korean War, 428; on 婁/勿吉, 15, 26, 69, 236, 250, Reign Period: 977-83), by Li Fang Truman, 429; insists firmness on 298, 384; Yilou, 236; Sushen as 李昉 (925-96) et al., 155. the POW issue, 430. ancestor of all peoples in eastern Taiwan, 379, 420, 431-2, 436. steppe turnpike, 61, 73; paving, 333. Manchuria, 297-8. See Mohe- Taixue. See Imperial Academy. stirrups, 26, 28, 129, 144-5, in west, Nüzhens. 太原, 40, 66, 135, 196, 163, Huns did not have, 166. suzerain-subject relationship, 289, 199, 220, 240, 241, 266, 268, 272, Su Dingfang 蘇定方(592-667), 243. 314, 349, 367, (re)definition, 400. 274; great families of Tang, Su Dongpo 蘇軾 東坡居士 (1036- Suzong 肅宗 (r.756-62), Tang 220; banner soldiers, 379. 1101), 289-90. emperor, 256. Taizong, Tang. See Li Shimin. Su Mian 蘇冕, compiled Tang hui Taizong, Liao. See (Yelü) Deguang. yao 唐會要 (Collected T Taizong, Jin. See Wuchimai. Essentials of the Tang), “guizu Taizong, Song. See Zhao Kuangyi. 貴族 never existed in Chinese Tae Cho-yung 大祚榮 (r.698-719), Taizong, Qing. See Huang’tai’ji. 524

Taizu, Liao. See (Yelü) Abaoji. Tarbagatai Range, 60, 380. Timur, Tamerlane (1336-1405), 341, Taizu, Song. See Zhao Kuangyin. Tardu 達頭 (r.577-603), 261-2. 358, 463; assumed Mongol son- Taizu, Ming. See Zhu Yuanzhang. Tarim Basin, 38, 73, 97, garrisons, in-law (kürgen) title, 342. Taizu, Qing. See (Aisin-Gioro 愛新 99; 244, 262, 271. Tokugawa shogunate 德川幕府 覺羅) Nurhachi. Tartar 韃靼, 234, 331, 414-5; new (1603-1867), 20, 355-6, 420; Taklamakan, basin, 73, 97. See dynastic name, 348. policy of seclusion 鎖國, 356. Tarim Basin. Taspar Khaghan 他鉢可汗 (r.572- Tolui (c.1190-1233), Chinggis’s Tan Shihuai 檀石槐 (r.156-80), 19, 81), 261-2. fourth son and Khubilai’s 81, 148, 330; establishes Xianbei tawei 打圍, 301. father, 336, 342, 344, 346, 357. empire, 100-1. Temujin (Borzigin Temuzin). See tomb guardian warrior of Tang 四大 Tang 湯, founder of Shang, 75, 79. Chinggis Khan. 天王 (si da tianwang), barbarian Tang 唐 (618-907), dynasty, 38, territorialization of history in the PRC images, 39-40, 229. 204-9, ethnic roots, 36, 205-11, China, 16, 20; historiographical Ton Yabghu 統葉護, 262. 259-60; pacifies mainland, 240; colonialism, 54, 437-8. Tong 佟, surname, 364, 365. spoken language of Tang court, Three Feudatory Rebellion 三藩亂 Tong Shu 冬壽, 128. 210-1; ruling class, 217-9, 226-7, (1673-81), 378-80, 415. Tong’guan 潼關, pass, 72, 235. 258-9; expelled from Korean Three Han, in Korean Peninsula, Tongji canal 通濟渠, 235, 239. Peninsula in 16 years, 38, 53, 25, 69, 71-2, 119, 385. Tong’jia’jiang 佟家江, 364. 253; Silla-Tang Six Year War, 244- Three Kingdoms, in the Korean Tongzhi’di 同治帝/載淳 (b.1856, 5; expelled from Liaodong, 254; Peninsula, 25, 252-3, 326. r.1862-74), Zaichun, 383, 397, decline and fall, 38, 253-8, 266; Treaty (1858), 395. 459; , 399. glorified as a purely Chinese Tianshan 天山山脈 , Heavenly Touman 頭曼 (d.209 BCE), 63, 80, state, 36-7, 230, 259-60; Mountains, 58-61, 64, 380, 409. 94. successor to the Xianbei conquest Tianshun, 11th Yuan emperor 天順 Toyotomi Hideyoshi 豊臣秀吉 dynasties, 33, 204, 260-1; 帝 (r.1328), 341. (1536/7-98), 52, 354-6. disintegration, 257; interregnum, Tianzuo 天祚帝 (r.1101-25), last Transbaikalia, 58, 68-9, 114, 123, 258; was built on, 257; Liao emperor, 292, 299, 457. 300, 470. cosmopolitanism, 260; population, , society, 61; Tibetans, 74, 78, transcription of Chinese words, 12. 219. See Sui and Tang. 159-60, 244, 255; sheep-breeding, Transoxania, 162, 262, 342, 462. Tang hui yao 唐會要. See Su Mian. 87; defeat Tang army, 38, 254; tributary system 朝貢, 97, 354; Tang Restoration, 227, 266, 267. Tibetan tribes, 159, 460; Tibetan paying tributes to barbarians, Tang-Song, package, 37, 230; Empire subjugates Tanguts, 244-5; payments for peace, 27, 96-9, transition/transformation, 260-1, defeat Tang army, 38, 245, 254; 101-2, to encourage tribal 281, 320, 322, 324. Buddhism, 50, 244-5; 339, 372, fragmentation, 101; Roman Tängri 登利 (r.734-41), 262. 382, 410; Qing, 380; Xi Xia, 460; strategy, 164; Ming, 352-3, 365; Tanguts, 244, 274; Tibetans, 159-60; fight for independence, 408; PRC “legalized extortions,” 353-4; Xi Xia, 460-1. See Tibet-Tibetans. reconquers Tibet, 52, 408. suzerain-subject relationship, 400. taotie (monster mask 饕餐紋), 66- Tibeto-Chinese language 漢藏語 tripolar analytic framework (tripolar 7. (Sino-Tibetan), 64, 74-5, 389. East Asia), 15, 17, 22, 24, 27, 385; 525

ceased to be valid, 51-2, 394; unification, 174, 207; border capital Ordubalïq, 330; still valid, 52; triangle, 15, 409. reached Yangzi, 174, 191; his alphabets, 272; Abaoji, 273; tripolar interactions prior to the era grandson comments on women, Koryeo, 285; Western Liao, 293; of conquest dynasties, 80-2. 455. submitted to Chinggis Khan, 294, Trotsky, Leon (1879-1940.8.20.), Tuoba Wei. See Northern Wei. 341; became Mongol son-in-law 404, 405. Tuoba-Xianbei 拓跋鮮卑 , tribes, state, 341-2. Truman, Harry, 425, 429; US army 29, 39, 137, 148, 151,172, 271, uluses, great Mongol territories, 338, to Korea, 426-7, relieves 461; conquered by Fu Jian, 173; 339. MacArthur, 429-30. marriage ties with Murongs, 174; Umayyad caliphate (661-750), 357. , 384. military machine, 174-5; ordinary Ung-jin Dudufu 熊津都督府, 245. T’u-men 土門, Ilig Khaghan (r.552- Tuoba, 191; art, 200; Xi Xia, 460; Upper Xiajiadian 夏家店上層 3), Asana 阿史那 Turks, 62, 63; state pastureland, 266. (1200-600 BCE), Bronze Age destroys Rouran, 261. Tuoba (Yuan) Xiu 元脩 (r.532-4), culture, 24, 67-9, 112, 115, 132, Tungusic, - language/people, 17, 29, last Northern Wei emperor, 193-4. 137; copper mine, 139. 70, 235, 250, 266; macro-Tungus, Tuoba Yihuai 翳槐 , 172, 174. River, 71, 248, 365, 394, 416. 251; etymology of Tungus, 72; Tuoba Yilu 猗盧, 172. Manchu ideology on Tungusic Tuoba Yulu 鬱律, 172. V people, 384-5. Turan 都藍, Khaghan (r.588-99), Tuoba Gui 拓跋珪 (b.370/r.386- 262. Viet Minh (Vietnam Independence 409), founder of Northern Wei, 29- Turkic, - language, 17, 234, 358. League), 425, 431. 30, 160, 165, 173-4, 185, 209, Turco-Mongols, (Turko-), 15, 24, 62. Vietnam War, 432. 453; establishes hereditary capital Turks, 16, 37-9, 60-1, 70; society, Völkerwanderungen (c.323?-374- army, 30, 174; Chinese style 87; 兜鍪/突厥 Tujue/Türk/Türük, 453), Germanic Folk-Movement, bureaucracy, 176-7. implying war helmet, 63; hair 145, 162-8. Tuoba Hong 弘 (r.465-71), 186, dishelved 被髮 and taking the Vladivostok, 416, 427, 470. 189. wife of deceased-,64; in the west, Tuoba Jun 濬 (Wencheng’di 文成 358; co-opted or flee west, 463. W 帝 r.452-65), 31, 186, 189. See Xiongnu-Turks. Tuoba Shi’ijian 拓跋什翼犍 (b.319 Twenty-Four Armies (Twelve Armies Wang Anshi 王安石 (1021-86), r.338-76), 209; married Murong in the Left and Right) 二十四軍/ reforms, 307, 321, 458. Huang’s sister, 172; his sister for 左右十二軍, 194, 198-9, 211, Wang Jizhong 王繼忠, 281, 457. Huang, 173. 223. Wang Keon 王建 (b.877/r.918-43), Tuoba Si 嗣 (r.409-23), 29, 174, founder of Koryeo, 284-8, 314, 175, 185, 209. U 317. Tuoba Sigong 拓跋思恭 (d.895), 王莽 (45 BCE-23 CE) 460. Ugedei, see Ögödei. deposed the last Han heir and Tuoba Tao 燾 (Tai Wudi 太武帝 Uighur (Uyghur) Turks, - empire presumptive on January 15, 9 CE, b.408/r.423-52), 29, 63, 135, 172, (744-840), 16, 38-9, 254, 256, creating Xin 新 dynasty (9-23 175, 177, 186-7, 192, 209, 452; 258, 262, 270, 271, 380; old CE), 80, 91, 102, 124, 195-6, 448- 526

9; 高/下句麗 125-6. Wendi, of Sui. See Yang Jian. Western Zhou 西周. See Zhou.

Wang Maozhong 王毛仲 (d.731), Wenming, Empress (Dowager) Feng Westernization, 20, 399. 255, 257. 文明(太)皇(太)后馮氏 , empress Whampoa Military Academy 黃埔 王猛 (325-75), 159. of Wencheng’di, Sinification of 軍官學校, 405. (Shouren) 王陽明 Tuoba court, 31, 188-90. 白蓮敎 (守仁 1472-1529), pursued the Wenxuan’di. See Gao Yang. (1796-1804), 51, 374, 394. idea of Liu Jiuyuan 陸九淵 (象 West Liao River, basin, 69. Wild Nüzhen 生女直, 290, 314; vs. 山 Xiangshan 1139-93), 308-9. West Roman empire, fall of, 163-7. Tamed - 熟女直, 291, 298-9; Liao Wang Zhaojun 王昭君, 98. Western Han. See Former Han. attacks, 298. Wanyan 完顔, clan, 43, 259, 298-9, Western Jin 西晉 (265-316), 28, 柳條邊 (Liutiao 304, 313-4, 385; first appear, 298. 102, 127-8, 130-1, 136, 145, 147, Bian), 443-4; Qing Pale, 412-3; warlords, 102; prototype, 395, 397; 151, 158, 192, 448, 451; war of Chinese/English Pale, 414. warlordism, 398, 403; warlord eight princes (291-305), 145. Wilson, Woodrow (1913-21), 421, soldiers in Manchuria, 414; Western Liang 西凉 (400-21), 207. 422; supports Counter-Bolshevik terminated, 405. Western Liao 西遼 (1131-1213), Revolution, 427. Warring States period 戰國時代 Black Qidan/Qara Khitai, 292-4, women, in Han Chinese society, (480/403-221 BCE), 67, 86-8, 88, 341, 463; military machine, 293; 455; Xianbei society, 31, 38, 188, 107, 114, 447; Han-Wei-Zhao 韓 didn’t embrace Islam, and joined 259, 455-8; Tuoba was called a 魏趙 dividing up Jin 晉, 62, 88-9; Mongols, 294; women, 457-8, women’s state, 455; Sui Wendi iron making, 77, 465, 467. 459. and Tang Gaozu, 455; Tang waterways, Manchuria, 124. Western Mongols (/Zungars), women riding horses, 456, 457; Wei, Zhongzong’s empress 韋后 351, 409-10, 415, 353, 358, Qidan-Xianbei society, 457; Wu (660-710), 253, 254. exterminated, 380. Zetian 456; after Wu 武曌, 254-5; Wei Bao 集賢殿學士 衛包, 205. Western Turks, -empire, 38, 241, Western Xia, 458; Manchu society, Wei Man 衛滿, 139-40, fled to 261-2. 384, 459; Manchus prohibit foot- Chosun when Donghu were , Xianbei 鮮卑族 乞卜 binding, 383, 459; Xianbei-Tungus subjugated by Maodun, 122. 氏 西秦 (385-431), 31. society, 455-9; Silla, 458-9. 渭水, basin/valley, 65, Western Turkic Empire (576-657), Wonzong (r.1259.6-74), Koryeo 72-3, 75, 79, 89, 91, 193, 195, 234, 261-2; smashed by Tang, king, 320, 341-3. 210, 235. 243. Wu 吳, dialect, 13, 147; iron, 467. Wei Zheng 魏徵 (580-643), 224. Western Wei 西魏 (535-6), 32, Wu 武王/發 (r.1049/45-43 BCE) , Weishu 魏書, 135, 136. 194, 195; Xianbei-ization, 196, king of Zhou, 74, 76, 79, 114-5, well-field system 井田 (jingtian), 210. 204. 79, 90, 307, 447, 451. Western Xia 西夏 (982-1038- Wu San’gui 吳三桂 (1612-78), 47, Wen 昌/西伯/文王 (r.1099/56- 1227), 458-9, 460-1; Tuoba 373-4, 378-9, 416. 1050 BCE), king of Zhou, 20, 74, roots of ruler, 460-1; Song Wu Shihuo 武士彟, 241. 75-6, 269. pays tributes, 281, 461; Wu Zetian 武則天/曌 Wu Zhao Wencheng’di 文成帝 (r.452-65), annihilated by Mongols, 339, 461. (624-705), Tang Gaozong’s See Tuoba Jun 拓跋濬. Western Yan (385-94), 122, 159-60. empress, 36, 38, 218, 220, 241, 527

242, 253, 456, 459; Buddhism, Wuji 勿吉, 297. See Sushen-Yilou. 221, 259; “mixed-blood” 228; reincarnation of Maitreya, Wukunai 烏古迺/景祖 (1021-74), aristocracy, 260; Buddhism, 228; 457; Wu Shihuo of Taiyuan, 241, founding ancestor of Jin, 299, all became Mongols, 334. conquers Paekche and Koguryeo, 313-4. Xianbei costumes, 30, 188, 190; 53, 243; establishes prefectures in Wuling, king of Zhao 趙武靈王 artifacts, 161-2, 200. Korean Peninsula, 244; Tibetans, (r.325-299 BCE), 63; Hu dress, Xianbei language, 70, 190, 196, 244, 245; pays Turks to destroy 89, 116. 210-1, Chinese elites teach their Qidan, 254, 270; Tang dominated Wuyasu 烏雅束/康宗 (b.1061/ Children, 197, 211; barbarian by women after Empress Wu, 254; r.1103-13), Jin emperor, 299, 313. elites (of Roman Empire) teach great Taiyuan families, 220. Wuzong, 武宗 Borozigin Haisan/ children Latin, 168; Sui-Tang Wuchimai 吳乞買/太宗 (b.1075 Khaishan (r.1307-11), 7th Yuan founders spoke, 34, 206-7, 211; /r.1123-35), Jin Taizong, 42, 305; emperor, 342, 344. Para-Mongolic, 271. conquers Northern Song, 299; Xianbei-ization 鮮卑化, 195, 196. demands Koryeo suzerain-subject X Xianbei-Tungus, state, 18, 24, 44, relationship, 314-5. 58, 64, 290. Wuchuan garrison 武川鎭, 32-4, Xi (庫莫)奚, Kumo-Xi , 173, 269-70; Xiandefu 顯德府, Parhae, 248-9. 192, 194-5, 206, 209. Yuwen-Xianbei splits into Shiwei, Xianfeng’di 咸豊帝/奕詝 (r.1851- Wudi 武帝 (r.140-87 BCE), Former Xi and Qidan, 39, 330. 61), Yizhu, 394, 397-8, 459. Han, 63, 80, 92, 96-8, 351, 372; Xi Liao. See Western Liao. Xiang 襄王 (r.651-619 BCE), king conquest of Chosun, 97, 117-20, Xi Xia 西夏. See Western Xia. of Zhou, 76-7. 130, 134-6, 139, 412, 414; Jieshi, Xia 夏 (c.2070-1600 BCE), 20, 74- 項羽, 80. 118; severing left/right arm of 6; those living inside Zhongguo, Xiangping 襄平, 116, 118, 121, 130- Xiongnu, 81, 97, 120-1, 134; 102; founder Yu 禹, 20, 204. 3, 136, 139. renounces campaigns against Xia, Da Xia (407-31), Xiongnu, 74. 咸陽, 79. Xiongnu, 81, 97; criticized, 97, Xi’an 西安. See Chang ’an. Xianzhou 顯州, of Parhae, 248-9. 102; visits Jieshi before invading Xianbei 鮮卑, 13, 14-6, 69-70, 87, Xiao Defei 蕭德妃, Liao empress, Chosun, 118-9; discontinues 124-5, 271, 334, 384; ethnonym, 292, 457. primogeniture, 448. 70; linguistically, 72; society, 70, Xiao Baiya 蕭排押 (d.1023), 288. Wudi (Yuwen Yong) 武帝/邕(r.560- 101; power of Donghu reached Xiao Kang 孝康, empress of 78), Northern Zhou emperor, zenith before Maodun appeared, Shunzhi, 371. Yuwen Tai’s fourth son, 33-4, 194; 80, 94, 121; tribes, 101, 148; Han Xiao Sun’ning 蕭遜寧, 288. militarism, 230; married a payments to, 99; take over Xiaojing 孝經, Classic of Filiality, daughter of Muqan Khaghan, 64; Xiongnu land, 27, 81, 88, 100, 213, Zhu Xi, 308. See filiality. 206-8, 261; conquers all of North 332-3; stirrups, 144-5; surnames, Xiaowen’di (Yuan Hong) 孝文帝/元 China, 33, 197, 199, 200, 260. 193, 190, 200; surnames on 宏 (r.471-99), Emperor of 烏丸, 15, 69, 99, 121, 126, frontier people making honorary Northern Wei, 31-2, 129, 177-80, 334; Donghu split into Xianbei and Xianbei,199, 200; art, 200; love to 189, 193, 195-6, 220, 453; Wuhuan when destroyed by play lute and singing, 215; Equal Field system, 451-2; Maodun, 80, 94. horsemen, 157; aristocratic clans, Sinification efforts recorded, 190- 528

1; Koguryeo woman as 227-8. 7; Donghu-Xianbei Yan, 122, 137- empress, 187, 193; , Xuan’di 宣帝. See Yuwen Yun. 8; Donghu cultural base, 136-7. 文昭皇太后, 193, 259. Xuantu Commandery 玄菟郡, 121, Yan Commandery 燕郡, 128, 192. Xiao-zhuang 孝莊文皇后, empress 125-6, 131, 192, 195, 236. Yan-Dai 燕代, region, 120. of Huang’taiji, Borjigid-shi (1613- Xuanwu’di (Yuan Ke) 宣武帝/元恪 Yan states, 122, Murong-Xianbei, 87.12.), 371. (b.486/r.499-515), emperor of 299; An Lushan, 246. Xilamulun River 西拉木倫, 39, 65, Northern Wei, Koguryeo woman Yan You 嚴尤 (d.23), on strategy 69, 269, 271, 291-2, 329, 407; as empress, 187, 193, 259. against nomads, 102. copper mine, 139. Xuanzong 玄宗/隆基 (685-762 Yan-Yun 燕雲, region, 274, 303. (9-23), 80. See Wang r.712-56), Tang emperor, 32-3, Yan Zhitui 顔之推 (531-91), 197, Mang. 204, 246, 255, 256. 223; a gentry-official teaching his Xin Tangshu 新唐書, 250. Xuanzong 宣宗/珣 (r.1213-23), Jin son Xianbei language in Northern Xingzong (r.1031-55), Liao emperor, emperor, 312. Qi, 197, 210-1; on Tuoba-Xianbei 279. 薛仁貴 (613-82), 242, customs, 456. 新疆, 379, 381, 388, 410. 244. Yang Guang 楊廣 (b.569/r.604-18), Xinjing (Changchun) 新京/長春, Sui Yangdi 隋煬帝, 33, 206, 227, 406-7. Y 240, 260; conquers South, 234-5; Xiongnu 匈奴, -Turks, 15, 18, 26, killed by a Yuwen, 207; invades 87, 90-3, 97, 108, 121-2, 128, Yabghu 葉護, 64, 234, 261. Koguryeo, 37, 238-40, 242; 131, 140; Hu 胡, 14, 69, 74, 89, Yalu River 鴨綠江 , 25-6, 71, 120, mobilizing women also, 236. 126; Maodun, 26-7, 95-6, 121; 127, 134, 288-9, 314-5, 349, 384, Yang Jian 楊堅 (b.541/r.581-604), civil war, 99; ancestor of Turks 突 413, 444; definitive border, 289, Sui Wendi 隋文帝, 35, 37, 194, 厥, 60, 70; society, 61, 92, 98-9, 350; area between Yalu and 199, 200, 208-9, 221, 227, 237; 332; Shiji account of, 62, 94-6; Tumen, 384. 260-2; non-Chinese, 220; first tripolar interaction, 80; first yam, Mongol postal system, 338-9. unification, 234; ancestors, 33, appears, 63; taking over the wife Yan 燕 (c.1045-222 BCE), early, 205-6; examination system, 35; of father, uncle or brother, 64, 92, Shaogong’s Northern Yan 召公 disguise, 229; confiscation 127; peak of strength, 81, 95; 北燕, 62, 66-7, 76, 81, 90, 114-6, of weapons, 212, 453; beating, never tried to conquer China, 27, 133, 140; smallest and weakest, 235; wife was Dugu Xin’s 7th 98-9; civil war, 27, 81, 88; fled 115-7, 135; moves capital, 131; daughter, 193, 209; henpecked, west to become Huns, 88, 99-100, Eastern Hu in north, 62; assumes 455; canal networks, 235; 165-6, 273, 332-3, 358; portrait, title of king, 89, 115; became principle of filial submission, 213, 166; called themselves Xianbei wealthy, 116; boundary, 121, 124, 324; mutual surveillance system, 皆自號鮮卑, 81, 100, 334. 140, 118; conquered by Qin, 117, 218; invades Koguryeo, 237-9. xiucai () 秀才/擧人, 215, 374, 119, 130; location, 120-1; the very Yang Su 楊素 (d.606), 234, 239. 376, 395. homeland of the Xianbei, 137; Yang Xuan’gan 楊玄感 (d.613), Xizong 熙宗/合刺 (r.1135-49), Jin ironwork, 123-4; character for Yan 239-40. emperor, 304-5, 332. on oracle bones, 137; pictograph Yang Zhong 楊忠 (507-68), 193-4, Xuan Zang 玄奘/陳褘 (602-64), 匽 (0)), 138; Yan Hou 匽侯, 136- 205-6, 209. 529

Yangdi, of Sui. See Yang Guang. 128-30, 271; land, 125; Manchuria Yongle, Chengzu/Zhu-Di, 永樂帝/ Yangzi River 揚子江, basin-valley, and Korean Peninsula, 250, 289, 成祖/朱棣 (r.1402-24), 186, 13, 73-4; 112, 147, 161, 168, 234, 370, 384, 411. 351-4, 356, 362, 389; military 235, 306, 351, 362; Tuoba border, Yenisei (Enisei), river/steppes, 39, exploits, 351; met Taizong (Yi 174, 190-1, 453, 454; Northern Qi, 123, 258, 270, 330, 409, 470. Bang’won) of Chosun, 354. 195, 199; Buddhism, 183; heirs to Yetai, 162. Yongzheng 雍正帝/胤禛 (b.1678/ Chinese Civilization, 307. Yi Bangwon 李芳遠 /太宗 (r.1400- r.1723-35), Yinzhen, 50, 369, Yanjing 燕京/中都 (Beijing), 304, 18), fifth son of Yi Seong-kye, 354, 371, 379-80; Confucianism, 309. 306, 311. See Jicheng. 355. You 幽王 (r.781-777 BCE), king of Yangshao 仰韶, Neolithic culture Yi Seong-kye 李成桂/太祖 Zhou, 76. (5000-3000 BCE), 24, 65-6, 73-4. (b.1335/1392-1408), founder of Yu 禹王, king of Xia, 20, 74. Yanshi Jiaxun 顔氏家訓. See Yan Chosun dynasty, 347-8, 349-50, Yuan 元 (1206-1368), Mongol, 44- Zhitui. 354, 411; ancestor 李隣, 319; 5; conquest of China, 338-9; Yantielun 鹽鐵論, Discourse on other ancestors, 347. capital Karakorum, 339; Salt and Iron, 116, 131, 454, 468. Yilou 挹婁, descendants of Sushen, cripples dual system, 337; thrown Yao and Shun 堯舜, sage 124, 236, 297. See Sushen-Yilou. out by Chinese rebellions, 338, emperors, 74, 78, 92. Yin 殷, 74-5. See Shang. 340; no orderly system of Yao Kun 姚坤, 281. yin 蔭, protection privilege, 35, 40, succession, 346-7; downfall, 348. Ye, 鄴, 31, 135, 146, 156-7, 193, 219, 221, 222, 278, 283, 304, 309; Yuan Hong. See Xiaowen’di. 196, 199. in Jin, 305; in Koryeo, 318. Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 (1859-1916), 黃巾賊, Yindi 隱帝 (r.948-51), emperor of 51, 378, 381, 398-404. 102. Shatuo Later Han, 269. Yuezhi 月氏, people, 94-5. 黃河, basin, 65-6, 72- Ying Shao 應劭, 100. Yun Gae-so-mun 淵[泉]蓋蘇文, 5, 80, 89, 90-1, 94-6, 99, 137, Yingchang 應昌, 348. 242-3, 243. 235, 239. Yingko (Muzong b.1053/r.1094- Yungang Caves 雲崗石窟, first five Yelü Bei 倍/耶律突欲/讓國皇帝/ 1103), Jin emperor, 313. Tuoba emperors, 187-8. 東丹王 King of East Qidan, Yingjin 英金 River, 65. Yuwen Chan 闡/靜帝, Jing’di of Abaoji’s first son (899-936), 273- Yingtian 述律/應天皇太后 (879- Northern Zhou (r.579-81), 194, 4, 457. 953), Liao Empress Dowager 200, 206. Yelü Chun 淳 (r.1122), 292, 457. Shulü, Abaoji’s wife, 274, 457-8. Yuwen Hu 宇文護 (513-72), 194. Yelü Dashi 耶律大石/德宗 (b.1087 Yingzhou 營州, 118, 130, 136, 199, Yuwen Jue, Xiaomin’di of Northern /r.1124-43), founder of Western 238, 246. See also Chaoyang. Zhou, 覺/孝閔帝, Yuwen Tai’s Liao, 279, 292-3, 457. Yingzong 英宗, Borozigin Sidibala third son, (r.Jan.-Aug.557), 194. Yelü Yilie 夷列/仁宗 (r.1151-63), (r.1320-3), 9th Yuan emperor, 345. Yuwen Kai 宇文愷, 260. Western Liao emperor, 458. Yingzong (r.1436-49), Ming emperor, Yuwen Shu 宇文述 (d.616), 207, Yemaek (Weimo) 穢貉 Tungus, 15, captured by Mongols, 352. 239. 25, 38, 54, 69, 71-2, 81, 113-4, Yisugei, Chingghis Kahn’s father, Yuwen Tai 宇文泰 (505-56), 121, 125-6, 236, 251, 300; Maek, 331-2. founder of Western Wei and 62; Xianbei and Yemaek, 82, 101, Yongji canal 永濟渠 , 236, 239. Northern Zhou, 32-4, 47, 192-6, 530

198-9, 200, 205-9, 211, 223, 234, 406, 414. Western Zhou (1046-771 BCE) 261, 455; etymology, 195; compile Zhangzong 章宗/麻達葛 (b.1168/ and Eastern Zhou (770-256 BCE), genealogies, 210, 220; restores r.1189-1208), Jin emperor, 311. 32, 66-7, 74-9, 89-91, 107, 114-5, Xianbei surnames, 206. Zhao 昭王 (r.312-279 BCE), king of 135, 137, 140, 204; matrilineal Yuwen Yu, Mingdi, 毓/明帝 (b.534 Shaogong’s Yan, 89, 115-7, 131. society, 75; feudal nobility, 214, r.Sep.557-60), Yuwen Tai’s eldest Zhao Kuangyi 趙匡義 (r.976-97), 447; iron making, 468. son and first Northern Zhou Song Taizong, 35, 269, 282, 289. Zhou Enlai 周恩來 (1898-1976) emperor/wife was Dugu Xin’s first Zhao Kuangyin 趙匡胤 (r.960-76) 405, 430, 431. daughter, 33-4, 194, 209, 455. founder of Song, Taizu, 269, 280- Zhou-li 周禮. See Rituals of Zhou. Yuwen Yong, See Wudi of Zhou. 1, 335; founders had to create Zhu Wen 朱溫/全忠 (Quanzhong Yuwen Yun, Xuan’di of Northern precedents, 282. . 852-912), founder of Later Liang, Zhou, 宣帝 (b.559/r.578-9), Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 (1811-72), 36, 38, 227, 258, 265, 266-7, 272. 194, 200, 206, 260. 395, 398-9. Zhu Di. See Emperor Yongle. Yuwen-Xianbei 宇文, 13, 25, 39, Zhenfan 眞番, 121. Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130-1200), 283, 128, 148-9, 151, 155, 266, 332; 鄭和 (1371-1435), 351- 307-8, 324, 337, 350; decried Sui- split into Shiwei, Xi 奚 and Qidan 2. Tang Confucianism, 308; ideology branches, 39, 269-70, 330; Zheng Rentai 鄭仁泰 (601-63), 41, attractive to rulers, 309; etymology, 195. 456. interpretation, 363. Yuwen Zhong 宇文仲 (d.612), 239. Zhenguan Zhengyao 貞觀政要, Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋/洪武 223-4, 317. (r.1368-98), , Z Zhengzhou, 72, 74. founder of Ming, 161, 326, 346, Zhenjin 眞金, Khubilai’s Prince 347, 348, 350-1, 354, 362; a Zang Gong 臧宮, “ally with Xianbei- Imperial, 341, 342. northerner, 362; extreme frugality, Koguryeo to attack Xiongnu,” 99. Zhilugu 直魯古/末主 (r.1178- 363. Zhang Dehui 張德輝, Han Chinese, 1211), Western Liao emperor, 294. zhuang yuan 莊園, 255. Khubilai asks whether utilization of Zhong’guo 中國, 75-7, 102. Zhuangzong 莊宗. See Li Cunxu. Chinese scholar-officials was Zhonghang Yue 中行說 , first Zhufu Yan 主父偃(d.126 BCE), 97. responsible for the fall of Jin, 305. distinguished collaborator, 96. 總理衙門, 396-7, Zhang Jianzhang 張建章 (806-66), Zhonghua 中華, 16, 75; Chunqiu, 399. History of Parhae, 317. 102; 408. Zungaria, 38, 262, 380; Zungarian Zhang Li 張礪, Han Chinese, Zhongshan 中山, 89; constructing Gate, 60, 410; Mongols, 358. advised Liao Taizong that only long walls in 369 BCE, 88; capital Zungars (Zunghars/Oirats/Western Chinese should be used to govern of Later Yan, 160, 174. Mongols), 380, 394, 409, 410, Han Chinese, 276. Zhong’yuan, central plain 中原, 75. 416; Qianlong conquers, 380-1; Zhang Xueliang 張學良 (1901- Zhongzong 中宗/顯/哲 (b.656 exterminated, 380, 415. 2001), 405. r.683/705-10), Tang emperor, 254. 張勛 (1854-1923), 372, Zhou 紂王 (r.1086-46), last king of 406. Shang, 76, 114. 張作霖 (1873-1928), Zhou 周 (c.1046-770-256 BCE), 531

DYNASTIC CHRONOLOGY

Han Chinese ZHOU 1046-770-256 BCE QIN 246-221-209-207 BCE Spring and Autumn (722-481 BCE) Warring States (480-403-221 BCE) Xiongnu Maodun (r.209-174 BCE) Xianbei Tan Shihuai (r.156-180 CE)

Han Chinese HAN 206 BCE-9-23-25-220 CE (220-265-316 CE) Three Kingdoms (220-265) Western Jin (265-316) Five Barbarians and Sixteen States (304-439) Xiongnu Zhao (304-329/319-352)

Murong-Xianbei YAN 285-333-337-352-370 Later Yan (386-397-407) Neolithic Hongshan Culture (circa 5000-3000 BCE) Tuoba-Xianbei WEI 386-439-534 Early Bronze Lower Xiajiadian Culture Eastern Wei (534-50) Northern Qi (550-77) (circa 2200-1600 BCE) Western Wei (535-56) Northern Zhou (557-81) Bronze Age Upper Xiajiadian Culture Han Chinese JIN-SONG-QI-LIANG-CHEN in South China (circa 1200-600 BCE) (317-420-479-502-557-589) Macro-Tungusic States Neolithic Yangshao Culture Koguryeo 37 BCE-391 CE- 413-668 CE Parhae 698-926 (circa 5000-3000 BCE) Paekche 18 BCE-660 CE; Silla 57 BCE-935 CE Neolithic Longshan Culture (circa 3000-2200 BCE) SUI-TANG 581-589-618-660-705-(755-763)-907 Bronze Age in Mainland China Empress Wu rules through Gao-zong 660-83; her sons 683-90; herself 690-705 (circa 2200-500 BCE) Five Dynasties 907-923-936-947-951-960 (Xi Xia 982-1038-1227)

Pan-Xianbei-Tungus Manchurian Dynasty Qidan-Xianbei LIAO 907-916-926-936-938-1125 (916) Emperor; (926) Conquer Parhae; (936) 16 Provinces of North China; (938) Liao Mohe-Nüzhen JIN 1115-1126-1234

Han Chinese SONG (960-1127-1279) in South China after 1127

Mongol YUAN 1206-1271-1279-1368 (1271) Capital at Beijing; (1279) Destroys Southern Song Koryeo 918-1392; Chosun 1392-1910 Han Chinese MING 1368-1644

Manchu QING 1616-1636-1644-1911 (1616-36) Latter Jin

532

About the Author Wontack Hong has previously held the positions of Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of Wisconsin (1966-71), Senior Fellow at the Korea Development Institute (1971-7), and Visiting Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, the University of Sussex, UK (1979). He began teaching at SNU in 1977 and served as Director of the Center for Area Studies (1990-1) and Director of the Institute for International and Area Studies (1997-8) there. He founded the International Economic Journal (Routledge, UK) in 1987 and served as its managing editor until 2005. He retired from SNU in 2005.

He is the author of The Relationship between Korea and Japan in WONTACK HONG, Professor Emeritus, the Early Period: Paekche and Yamato Wa (Ilsimsa, 1988), Paekche of Korea Seoul National University (SNU), was and the Origin of Yamato Japan (Kudara, 1994), Kudara Yamato: History of born in Seoul in 1940. He received his Ancient Korea-Japan Relations, in Korean (Iljisa, 2003), “Yayoi Wave, Kofun undergraduate education in economics Wave and Timing: the Formation of the Japanese People and Japanese at SNU. His graduate studies were Language,” Korean Studies, U. of Hawaii, Volume 29, 2005 (US), pp. 1-29, conducted in the United States at Korea and Japan in East Asian History (Kudara, 2006), “Ancient Korea-Japan Columbia University, where he received Relations: Dating the Formative Years of the Yamato Kingdom (366-405 CE) by his M.A. in 1964 and Ph.D. in 1966. the Samguk-sagi Records and Reinterpreting the Related Historical Facts,” The Open Area Studies Journal, 2009, 2, pp. 12-29 (US), East Asian History: A He is the author of Tripolar Approach (Kudara, 2010), and Ancient Korea-Japan Relations: Trade and Growth: Paekche and the Origin of the Yamato Dynasty (Kudara, 2010). A Korean Perspective that was reviewed as: He is also the author of “A Global Equilibrium Pattern of Specialization: A Model to Approximate Linder’s World of Production and “Hong’s volume, as a collection of his Trade,” The Swedish Journal of Economics, December 1969 (Sweden), “The papers over time, shows him to be a Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of Factor Price Equalization and the Indeterminacy in truly versatile economist, proficient in International Specialization,” International Economic Review, June 1970 (US), pure theory analysis, empirical “Distortions and Static Negative Marginal Gains from Trade,” Journal of application of pure theory, economic International Economics, August 1976 (US), “Institutionalized Monopsonistic growth in both theory and application, Capital Market in Developing Economy,” Journal of Development Economics, and trade policy. Economists, 21, 1986 (US), “A Comparative Static Application of the Heckscher-Ohlin Model historians, and policy makers of Factor Proportions: Korean Experience,” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Heft 2, concerned with the transition of Korea 1987 (Germany), “Time Preference in Dynamic Trade Model: An Empirical from undeveloped to NIC status would Critique,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, July 1988 (US), Trade do well to consult Hong’s book.” and Growth: A Korean Perspective, Seoul: Kudara International, 1994, “The Catching-up: Lessons of East Asian Devel opment,” in Justin Yifu Lin, editor, Lawrence H. Officer Contemporary Economic Issues 1, Macmillan/St.Martin’s, 1998, pp. 3-17 (US), University of Illinois at Chicago Catch-up and Crisis in Korea (Edward Elgar, UK), 2002, and “Taking a Turnpike: Economic Development and Cultural A Korean Perspective,” Review of International Economics (Blackwell, UK), Change, Vol. 45: 2, 1997 February 2005.

ATheAnOrigin TripolarSummary overview Macro-TungusRelationship of the Approach andofYamato my Conclusion between studyand to Kingdom East the Korea Pan-Xianbei-Tungus Asian and History Japan Writing East Asian History with a Tripolar Framework533

WONTACK HONG is also the author of Wontack Hong is also the author of Relationship between Korea and Japan in Early Period: Korea and Japan in East Asian Paekche and Yamato Wa History: a Tripolar Approach that was reviewed as: that was reviewed as: “Hong …has applied his considerable “Wontack Hong goes a step beyond the horserider theory in this scholarly and research skills to the problem of provocative work, which sheds new light on early Korea and Japan through … Japan-Korea relations in the period of From the perspective of Korean archaeology the arguments ring true. I hope state formation.…The core of this new Japan specialists will not dismiss the book as a mere polemic …” book continues this dialog. Thus, Sarah M. Nelson, University of Denver although posing as a history of The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 48:4, 1989 northeast Asia (the tripolar region consisting of northern China, “… offers an enlightening and relatively concise overview of historically critical northeastern China plus Korea and process. These features alone are sufficient to make … worthy of reading … it Japan, and northwestern desert and does contribute a fresh and intellectually rewarding perspective on one of the steppe regions) from the Neolithic most significant and problematic issues in northeast Asian history.” through the Qing dynasty, the real message is contained in chapters 5 to Jonathan W. Best, Wesleyan University 11. … As a sweeping historical work, Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 16:2, 1990 it is difficult to find another publication that integrates so much material from across such swaths of time and Paekche of Korea and the Origin of Yamato Japan space. Much of this is new to general that was reviewed as: English readers, precisely because the two northern regions and their “Reading this book has me nearly convinced that Hong’s main thesis, namely, effect on Chinese dynastic formation that the Paekche royal house … conquered and unified Japan … Even for were long neglected in China those who would not for a minute believe the horserider hypothesis in any scholarship—Hong’s main point. For form, the book has gathered in one place a great many of the main arguments this synthesis, we therefore have on either side … Further, Hong can muster creditable, almost convincing Hong to thank for bringing all these arguments for his central hypothesis.” disparate data to our attention.” Leon Serafim, University of Hawaii at Manoa Gina L. Barnes, University of London Korean Studies, Vol. 19, 1995 Korean Studies, Vol. 31, 2007

“Hong does make explicit the political ramifications of the present interpretation of Japanese and Korean ancient history, which is an important contribution in itself. This book should be taken seriously by western scholars.” WONTACK HONG gave a lecture entitled “A New Approach to East Sarah M. Nelson, University of Denver Asian History” at the ASIA HOUSE, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 54:3, 1995 London, UK, on May 3, 2006.

ATheAnOrigin534 TripolarSummary overview Macro-TungusRelationship of the Approach andofYamato my Conclusion between studyand to Kingdom East the Korea Pan-Xianbei-Tungus Asian and History Japan Writing East Asian History with a Tripolar Framework

EASTAbout ASIAN the Author HISTORY: A Tripolar Wontack Approach Hong has previously“Powered held bythe China’s positions inexorable of Assistantrise … DYNASTIC CHRONOLOGY ANCIENT KOREA-JAPAN RELATIONS:Professor Paekche of Economics and the at the Origin University ofscholars Wisconsin are taking (1966-71), another Senior look at theFellow long of the Yamato Dynasty by atWontack the Korea Hong Development in 2010 Institute (1971-7),history and of Visiting East Asian Fellow relations at the … lookingInstitute for Han Chinese ZHOU 1046-that770 were-256 reviewedBCEof Development QINas: 246-221 Studies,-209-207 the BCEUniversity cluesof Sussex, to what a UKmore (1979). Sino-centric He Eastbegan Spring“The and first Autumn of the (722-481 two volumes BCE)teaching isWarring essentially at States SNU a (480-inhandbook 1977403 and-221 of served BCE)East as DirectorAsian order of the might Center look like for inArea the decades Studies AsianXiongnu political Maodun and cultural (r.209-174 history, BCE) chronologically (1990-1)Xianbei Tanandarranged, ShihuaiDirector and (r.156-180of withthe Institute a focus CE) for Internationalto come. Hong and Wontack Area Studies’s East Asian(1997-8) on Manchuria, historiographically the mostthere. neglectedHe founded component the International of the Economic History: Journal A Tripolar (Routledge, Approach UK) offers in 1987an … Hantripolar Chinese complex. HAN … By 206the “tripolar BCE-9-23- approach”25and-220 servedhe CE means (220-265-316as its that managing East Asia CE) editor should until 2005.ambitious He retired reinterpretation from SNU of in East 2005. Asian not be viewed from the traditionalThree KingdomsSinocentric (220-265) perspective Western (= the Jin monopolar (265-316) history as a contest between three poles — Fiveapproach), Barbarians nor andin a Sixteenframework States involvi (304-439) ng China Xiongnu and “the Zhao unified (304-329/319-352) nomads in the Chinese, Mongolian and Manchurian. … WONTACK steppe” (=HONG, the Professorbipolar approach), Emeritus, but, rather, in Heterms is the of author a system of The of Relationship Hong argues between … that Korea the key and development Japan in Murong-XianbeiSeoulinteraction National between University YAN three (SNU),285-333-- actors was of337 equal-the352 weight,Early-370 Period: butLater with PaekcheYan(386-397-407) different and roles: Yamato Wain East(Ilsimsa, Asian 1988),international Paekche relations of priorKorea to bornChina, in Seoul Mongolia, in 1940. and He Manchuria. received …his As aand model the for Origin understanding of Yamato East Japan Asian (Kudara, 1800 1994), wasNeolithic theKudara evolution Hongshan Yamato: in Manchuria Culture History of aof undergraduateTuoba-Xianbeihistory it does education not WEI seem in to 386-economics have439 alternat-534 ives.Ancient Even Korea-Japan so, much research Relations is, stillin Korean “dual (Iljisa, system”(circa 2003), for 5000-3000 ruling “Yayoi steppe Wave, BCE) nomads Kofun and beingat SNU. done His on graduate East Asia studies in the were spiritEastern ofWave obsolete Wei (534-50)and paradigms,Timing: Northern the which QiFormation (550-77) is why of theEarlyChinese Japanese Bronze settlers LowerPeople alike, aXiajiadian processand Japanese that Culture Hong’sconducted two books in the certainly United StatesserveWestern ata pu rposeWeiLanguage,” (535-56) as a healthyKorean Northern reminder Studies Zhou (557-81), ofU. howof Hawaii, started Volume in(circa the 29, 4th 2200-1600 century2005 (US), and BCE) culminated pp. 1-29, in Columbia things Han canUniversity, Chinesealso be where JIN-SONG-QI-LIANG-CHENseen. he …received that makeKorea the readingand Japan in ofSouth Hong’sin East China booksAsian Historyso (Kudara,theBronze rise of Age 2006),the UpperManchu and XiajiadianQing “Ancient Dynasty. Korea-Culture Hong refreshing. his M.A. in 1964 and Ph.D. in 1966. Japan (317-420-479-502-557-589) Relations: Dating the Formative Yearskeeps of thethe(circa Manchurians Yamato 1200-600 Kingdom front BCE) and (366-405 center The second volume by HongCE) is bymore the Macro-TungusicstrictlySamguk-sagi focused Records onStates the and Reinterpretingthroughout his telling the of Related 3,000 years Historical of East protohistorical period,KoguryeoHe isthough the 37author itBCE also of -391 has Facts,”CE- a modern 413-668 The Openpolitical CE AreaParhae dimension. 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This Theory forces of FactorHong toPrice Equalizationinto one imperial and state. the …Indeterminacy How will China in trulycriticize versatile “the claustrophobiceconomist, proficient Pan-Xianbei-Tungusnarrowness in ofInternational the Japanese Manchurian Specialization,” academic Dynasty tradition” International behaveEconomic as it returnsReview, to positionJune 1970 of (US), Qidan-Xianbeias a whole,pure theory a criticismLIAO analysis, that 907 empiricalis-916-926- certainly ju936-“Distortionsstified938 at-1125 least and as farStatic as theNegative fields ofMarginal dominance Gains infrom East Asia?Trade,” How Journalwill the of archaeologyapplication ofand pure history theory, are economic concerned. (916) International… TheEmperor; role of Economics,(926) Paekche Conquer in August the Parhae; early 1976 (US),countries “Institu of Northeasttionalized Asia Monopsonistic and Southeast growthhistory inof both Japan theory is andbeyond application, any(936) doub 16t. CapitalProvinces … The Market politicalof North in Developing China;and military (938) Economy,” Liaoties AsiaJournal respond of Development to China’s resurgence? Economics, Mohe-Nüzhenbetweenand Paekche trade JIN policy. and 1115- YamatoEconomists,1126 suggest-1234 21,an 1986intimate (US), partnership “A Comparative that is Staticbest ApplicationThese are of thethe burning Heckscher-Ohlin questions of Model explainedhistorians, by assuming and policy an ethnic makers affinity . ofHong Factor must Proportions: be right when Korean he claimsExperience,” international Weltwirtschaftliches relations… More…scientists Archiv, Heft 2, concernedthat “aHan member with Chinese the of transition the SONG Paekche of (960-1127-1279) Korea royal family1987 carried (Germany), in South out the China “Time conquest afterPreference 1127of the in Dynamic…should …Trade make Model:a serious An study Empirical of East fromYamato undeveloped region in tothe NIC late status fourth would century,” Critique,”thus laying Economic the foundations Development of Japan and CulturalAsia’s Change,long and complex July 1988 history (US), as aTrade way to Mongolas a politicaldo YUAN well tostate. consult 1206-1271-1279 Much Hong’s of Hong’s book.” book -1368 andis devoted Growth: to Athe Korean summarizing Perspective, of the Seoul:shed Kudara light on International, these questions. 1994, … Hong’s “The archaeological, historical,(1271) folkloric, Capital andat Beijing; evenCatching-up: onomastic(1279) Destroys Lessons evidence Southern of inEast favor SongAsian of Develtripolaropment,” approach in Justin has many Yifu meritsLin, editor, as an this claim. … Hong’sLawrence two books H. Officer are, Koryeo in general,Contemporary 918-1392; much better EconomicChosun argumented Issues1392-1910 than 1, Macmillan/St.Martin’s, explanatory framework 1998, up pp. to the 3-17 Qing (US), …” Hananything ChineseUniversity presented MING of Illinois by Japanese1368-1644 at Chicago historians Catch-up or even and linguists Crisis during in Korea the (Edward recent Elgar, UK), 2002, andJ. Delury, “Taking “Polar a Turnpike: Opposites: Economic decades.” Development and Cultural Studia A Orientalia Korean Perspective,”, Vol.109, 2010, Review pp.136-9 of International EconomicsTwo New Histories (Blackwell, of East UK), Asia” ManchuJuha QINGChange Janhunen 1616-1636-, Vol., Professor 45: 2, 16441997 in -1911EastFebruary Asian Studies 2005. , University(1616-36) ofLatter Helsinki Jin in Global Asia, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2011. 535

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