Latin America’s Left Turn: El Factor Indígena The Role of Indigenous Social Movements in Latin America’s Left Turn Gemma Mc Nulty BA, MA School of Law and Government, Dublin City University Supervisors: Dr. David Doyle & Dr. Eoin O’Malley May 2014 Dissertation submitted for the award of PhD to Dublin City University (DCU) The support of the Irish Research Council is greatly acknowledged by the author. Declaration of Work I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of PhD is entirely my own work, that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed:………………………………. …….. ID No.: 54342445 Date: Acknowledgments Firstly, I would like to thank everyone at the School of Law and Government at Dublin City University (DCU) where I completed my journey from BA to PhD (with a quick stopover in Leiden along the way). The same faces that greeted me as an undergraduate gladly provided me with support as a PhD candidate. Chief among them was our Head of School Prof. Gary Murphy who provided me with great support and mentorship throughout my academic career. I would also like to acknowledge the financial support granted by the school from 2009-2010 and from the Irish Research Council between 2010 and 2013 which enabled me to carry out this research. I am indebted to my supervisors, Dr. David Doyle and Dr. Eoin O’Malley. Dave provided me with support, encouragement and most of all the aspiration to aim high from very early in my career. I couldn’t ask for a better role model. Eoin provided consistently constructive advice, and I am very grateful for his support in the final stages of the PhD in particular. I was lucky to have such a dynamic combination of supervisors who together provided excellent supervision and got me to where I am today, thank you both. I am very grateful to my family for their unwavering faith in everything I do. Mam and Dad, thank you for always encouraging me to work hard, stay grounded and most of all to remember what is most important in life (i.e. Bellewstown, a glass of red and Neil Young records!). Paul and Mark, I couldn’t ask for better brothers or friends, thank you for your support and all that you have done to help me reach my goals. Regina and Goggie, your passion for education and incredible faith in me was of great comfort throughout this process, thank you. Most of all I want to thank Ronan. Without your incredible support and encouragement this PhD simply would not exist. Thank you for always believing in me, for making me laugh uncontrollably when I needed it the most, for being my absolute rock, but most of all thank you for making me want to be the best I can be. Finally, this dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my good friend Mark Haran (1984- 2008) whose passion for life inspired me to follow my dream and write a PhD dissertation on the subject of our beloved América Latina. Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures ........................................................................................... i List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................. iv Abstract .................................................................................................................. iii Map of Latin America ............................................................................................ iiv Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 The puzzle: ‘The Left Turn’ ....................................................................................... 3 The argument.............................................................................................................. 7 The relevancy of the study ....................................................................................... 12 The structure of the thesis ........................................................................................ 15 Chapter 1: Literature Review & Theoretical Framework ............................................ 17 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 17 1.1 Literature review ................................................................................................ 17 1.2 Theoretical framework ....................................................................................... 32 1.3 Summary ............................................................................................................ 48 Chapter 2: Research Design ......................................................................................... 51 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 51 2.1 The causal mechanism ....................................................................................... 51 2.2 The conceptualisation and operationalisation of the central variables ............... 61 2.3 The mixed method approach .............................................................................. 81 2.4 Case selection ..................................................................................................... 83 2.5 Field interviews .................................................................................................. 98 2.6 Expected outcomes ........................................................................................... 101 Chapter 3: Quantitative Analysis ............................................................................... 103 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 103 3.1. Descriptive statistics ........................................................................................ 103 3.2 Macro analysis.................................................................................................. 124 3.3 Individual analysis............................................................................................ 136 3.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 140 Chapter 4: Bolivia ...................................................................................................... 142 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 142 4.1 Historical background ...................................................................................... 144 4.2 The context of the 2005 election ...................................................................... 150 4. 3 The movements ............................................................................................... 163 4.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 185 Chapter 5: Peru .......................................................................................................... 189 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 189 5.1 Historical background ...................................................................................... 191 5.2 The context of the 2006 election ...................................................................... 195 5.3 The movements ................................................................................................ 205 5.4 The results of field interviews .......................................................................... 214 5.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 231 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 235 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 249 Appendices ................................................................................................................. 276 Appendix A. Copy of the Expert Survey ............................................................... 277 Appendix B. Field Interviews ................................................................................ 283 Appendix C. Quantitative Analysis ........................................................................ 296 Appendix D. Map of Bolivia with Department Borders ........................................ 307 Appendix E. Organisational Structure of Movements in Bolivia .......................... 308 Appendix F. Map of Peru with Department Borders ............................................. 310 Appendix G. Trust in Political Parties versus Movements .................................... 311 List of Tables and Figures List of Tables Table 1: Leftist Presidents of Latin America (1998-2013)……………………… 4 Table 1.1: Roberts’ (2002) party system classification by country……………... 38 Table 1.2 : Categories of indigenous-left relations……………………………… 47 Table 2.1: Operationalisation of the dependent variable for the quantitative analysis…………………………………………………………………………... 67 Table 2.2: Indigenous