Le Cas Du Zyklon B Hervé Joly
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Holocaust : the Documentary Evidence / Introduction by Henry J
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State of Florida Resource Manual on Holocaust Education Grades
State of Florida Resource Manual on Holocaust Education Grades 7-8 A Study in Character Education A project of the Commissioner’s Task Force on Holocaust Education Authorization for reproduction is hereby granted to the state system of public education. No authorization is granted for distribution or reproduction outside the state system of public education without prior approval in writing. The views of this document do not necessarily represent those of the Florida Department of Education. 2 Table of Contents Introduction Definition of the Term Holocaust ............................................................ 7 Why Teach about the Holocaust............................................................. 8 The Question of Rationale.............................................................. 8 Florida’s Legislature/DOE Required Instruction.............................. 9 Required Instruction 1003.42, F.S.................................................. 9 Developing a Holocaust Unit .................................................................. 9 Interdisciplinary and Integrated Units ..................................................... 11 Suggested Topic Areas for a Course of Study on the Holocaust............ 11 Suggested Learning Activities ................................................................ 12 Eyewitnesses in Your Classroom ........................................................... 12 Discussion Points/Questions for Survivors ............................................. 13 Commonly Asked Questions by Students -
La Sucia Historia De IG Farben
Startseite home (engl) francais italiano espanol Photo Artículos Fosgeno IG Farben Venezuela Tea Party Bayer USA BAYER Bhopal Bhopal EEUU Institute / USA La sucia historia de IG Farben 6 de diciembre de 2003 La sucia historia de IG Farben Entre 1933 y 1945 la explotación de los obreros alemanes voluntarios, forzados o esclavos y el monopolio químico tenía un nombre: IG Farben. Después de la derrota alemana las potencias victoriosas acabaron con el trust. Así nacieron BASF, Hoechst o Bayer, pero IG Farben siguio existiendo hasta ayer. El pasado 9 de noviembre el antiguo consorcio IG Farben, una especie de INI o SEPI germana, se ha declarado insolvente, pero ese hecho no significa que vaya a desaparecer de forma inmediata: sus acciones siguen siendo objeto de especulación en los corros bursátiles. La historia de la IG Farben se lee como el historial de un criminal. Fundada en 1925 por las mayores empresas alemanas de química, la IG Farben se convirtió en un importante actor en la política alemana de entreguerras. Fue el mayor agente financiero del partido nazi que lideraba Adolf Hitler. Cuando el "Führer" llegó al poder los grandes dirigentes de la IG Farben le aseguraron que habían solucionado el problema de la falta de petróleo: la fabricación de gasolina artificial. Gracias a los ingenieros y técnicos de la IG Farben, Hitler pudo empezar su guerra por el "espacio vital" en Europa. Los estrategas del trust tenían pensando hacerse con los mercados siguiendo a la victoriosa "Wehrmacht". Facilitaron informaciones sensibles al Comando Supremo y colocaron a agentes en sus sucursales. -
Abstract Full Text
1 By ERNIE MEYER; Jerusalem Post Reporter. Jerusalem Post [Jerusalem] 10 Feb 1989: 02. Abstract Degesch is the acronym for Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung, a company for the extermination of vermin. It developed the method of using hydrogen cyanide, Zyklon B, as a powerful ingredient in its fumigation gas for buildings and ships. It was also used to disinfect clothing in special gas chambers and to delouse people protected by gas masks, according to Prof. Raul Hilberg in his study of the Holocaust, The Destruction of the European Jews. In March 1944, just as the SS was preparing to murder 750,000 Hungarian Jews at [AUSCHWITZ], the Zyklon plant at Dessau was bombed and heavily damaged. But Degesch managed to keep up the supply, and when the Hungarian Jews started arriving in May, sufficient Zyklon was on hand. "The SS did not run out of gas," says Hilberg. As an engineer, [Kurt Gerstein] became an expert in the handling of Zyklon B. He was sent to the Treblinka and Belzec extermination camps in order to substitute the more efficient Zyklon B for the gasoline exhaust fumes in use until then. At Belzec he witnessed the killing of several thousand Jews from Lvov. Full Text The involvement of the West German firm Degussa in the supply of chemicals to Libya which may be used to manufacture poison gas, has led to inquiries into the giant company's activities during World War II. The Jerusalem Post reported this week that Degussa (Deutsche Gold Und Silber ScheideAnstalt) had knowingly bought gold and silver confiscated by the Nazis in the Lodz and Pabianice ghettos. -
Complicity with International Core Crimes and Business Dealings
Complicity in international criminal law: A fragmented law in need of a new approach By Patrick Lamarre A thesis submitted to the Graduate Program in Law in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Master of Laws Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada September, 2015 Copyright © Patrick Lamarre, 2015 Abstract Since the advent of the concept of complicity in international crimes in the years following the end of World War 2, the international jurisprudence has had difficulties in conclusively establishing the content of this concept. To that effect, the ICTY, ICTR, SCSL, STL, and the ICC’s jurisprudence contain complicated, unresolved issues that need to be addressed in order to safeguard coherence in ICL. An example of the results of these issues is the discrepancy between the outcome in the cases of Charles Taylor and of Momcilo Perisic where, for essentially the same conduct, the former was convicted and sentenced to 50 years in prison while the latter was acquitted of all charges. In the current situation of on-going legitimacy deficit of international criminal law, this problem must be tackled efficiently. To do so, in this paper, I identified the issues of complicity in ICL and tried to find solutions for them through a proposed definition of the concept of complicity which could be incorporated in the statutes of international criminal tribunals or in the international jurisprudence. According to my proposition, an aid, assistance, or support that has a substantial effect on the commission of the crime by the perpetrator given while the accomplice knew or was wilfully blind that the crime was being committed or that the perpetrator wanted to commit the crime and that, in the normal course of events, it was almost inevitable that the crime would be committed would be the new legal standard for complicity in ICL. -
Paper for B(&N
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 8 • No. 11 • November 2018 doi:10.30845/ijhss.v8n11p1 The Planning and Architecture of Deportation, Imprisonment and Death - Reflections on the Ethical Implications of the Holocaust for Built and Natural Environment Disciplines Richard Kötter Senior Lecturer in Economic /Political Geography Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences School of the Built and Natural Environment Faculty of Engineering and Environment Northumbria University Lewis Preston Formerly Senior Lecturer in Architecture School of the Built and Natural Environment Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST. Abstract This paper is based on an exchange and dialogue between two academics on how the legacy of the Nazi period is relevant for built environment, planning and human geography disciplines.We argue that we should be reflecting on the conduct and utility of spatial and urban planning and design in the Nazi period from the perspective of professional ethics, not just as a historical reflection and remembrance but also to inform current and future generations of professionals. Keywords: National Socialist (NS / Nazi) spatial planning and urban design; professional conduct and ethics, Holocaust / Shoah / Porajnos 1, „tabula rasa“; Oswiecim / Auschwitz; German occupation of Poland from 1939. 2 1.0 Architecture and Planning‚ Post-Auschwitz‘? Taking their cue from Adorno„s text on „education after Auschwitz“ in the 1960s 3, a whole series of professions have asked this question for their respective field: what do the events of Auschwitz (as the central symbolic reference space) and the genocide in Europe more broadly perpetrated by Nazi Germany and her collaborateurs mean for the actors of the following generations ? 4 We shall restrict ourself to a consideration (informed by historiographies) of the disciplines of architecture and urban construction (Rose, 1993, Gutschow, 2001; Willems, 2000), spatial planning and urban design (Rössler, 1989 and 2001, in Szöllösi-Janze, M. -
1 Crimes of War: Antiquity to the Middle Ages
Notes 1 Crimes of War: Antiquity to the Middle Ages 1. The Works of Mencius, in James Legge, ed. and trans., The Four Books: The Great Learning, Confucian Analects, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Works of Mencius (Hong Kong: Hop Kuen Book, 1971), pp. 282–283; see also W. A. P. Martin, “Traces of International Law in Ancient China,” International Review, Vol. 14 (January 1883), p. 69, who, paraphrasing Mencius, said that “the only foundation of national prosperity is justice and charity”; Hauiyu Wang also discusses this subject in “The Way of Heart: Mencius’ Understanding of Justice,” Philosophy East & West, Vol. 59, No. 3 (July 3, 2009), pp. 317–363. 2. Wilhelm G. Grewe, The Epochs of International Law, trans. and rev. Michael Byers (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2000), p. 7. 3. Lassa Oppenheimer, International Law: A Treatise, ed. Arnold D. McNair, Vol. 1 (New York: Longmans, Green, 1905), pp. 4–5. 4. Eric Yong-Joong Lee, “Early Development of Modern International Law in East Asia—With Special Reference to China, Japan and Korea,” Journal of the History of International Law, Vol. 4 (2002), p. 42. 5. Robert Cryer, Prosecuting International Crimes: Selectivity and the International Criminal Law Regime (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 25–31. 6. R. P. Anand, “Universality of International Law: An Asian Perspective,” Essays in International Law, No. 23 (2007), pp. 23, 38. 7. Michael Howard, “Constraints on Warfare,” in Michael Howard, George J. Andreopoulos, and Mark R. Shulman, eds., The Laws of War: Constraints on Warfare in the Western World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), p. -
Complicity of German Industrialists in the Murder of Interned Allied Civilians by Means of Poison Gas
CASE No. 9 THE ZYKLON B, CASE TRIAL OF BRUNO TESCH AND TWO OTHERS BRITISH MILITARY COURT, HAMBURG, 1ST-8TH M A R C H , 1 9 4 6 Complicity of German industrialists in the murder of interned allied civilians by means of poison gas. The Court The Charge The Case for the Prosecution The Evidence for the Prosecution The Opening Statements of Defence Counsel Counsel for Tesch Counsel for Weinbacher Counsel for Drosihn The Evidence for the Defence Dr. Tesch Karl Weinbacher Dr. Drosihn The Remaining Defence Witnesses The Closing Addresses of the Defence Counsel Counsel for Tesch Counsel for Weinbacher Counsel for Drosihn The Prosecutor's Closing Address The Summing up of the Judge Advocate The Verdict The Sentence Notes on the Case A Question of Jurisdiction: The Nationality of the Victims Questions of Substantive Law The Crime Alleged Civilians as War Criminals PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/10c581/ Bruno Tesch was owner of a firm which arranged for the supply of poison gas intended for the extermination of vermin, and among the customers of the firm were the S.S. Karl Weinbacher was Tesch’s Procurist or second-in-command. Joachim Drosihn was the firm’s fist gassing technician. These three were accused of having supplied poison gas used for killing allied nationals interned in concentration camps, knowing that it was so to be used. The Defence claimed that the accused did not know of the use to which the gas was to be put ; for Drosihn it was also pleaded that the supply of gas was beyond his control. -
10-1491 Brief for Nuremberg Historians and International Lawyers in Support of Neither Party
No. 10-1491 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States ESTHER KIOBEL, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF HER LATE HUSBAND, ET AL., Petitioners, v. ROYAL DUTCH PETROLEUM CO., SHELL TRANSPORT AND TRADING COMPANY PLC, SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT CO. OF NIGERIA, LTD., Respondents. ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT BRIEF AMICI CURIAE OF NUREMBERG HISTORIANS AND INTERNATIONAL LAWYERS IN SUPPORT OF NEITHER PARTY JONATHAN S. MASSEY MASSEY & GAIL, LLP 1325 G St. N.W., Suite 500 Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 652-4511 [email protected] Dated: December 21, 2011 BATEMAN & SLADE, INC. BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS TABLE OF CONTENTS INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ................................ 1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ..................................... 4 ARGUMENT ............................................................... 5 I. CORPORATIONS AT NUREMBERG AND OTHER POSTWAR TRIALS ............................... 6 A. CORPORATE LIABILITY WAS NOT CONSIDERED IN THE FIRST, INTERNATIONAL NUREMBERG TRIAL ................ 6 B. CORPORATE LIABILITY AND THE PROPOSED SECOND INTERNATIONAL TRIAL ......... 8 C. INTERNATIONAL CORPORATE LIABILITY IN LATER NUREMBERG TRIALS .............. 9 D. NON-NUREMBERG TRIALS AGAINST ECONOMIC ACTORS .............. 12 II. CORPORATE LIABILITY AND NUREMBERG’S THEORY OF “ORGANIZATIONS” ............................ 14 A. THE LIMITED MEANING OF “ORGANIZATIONS” ........... 15 ii B. ORGANIZATIONS AT THE FIRST NUREMBERG TRIAL .............. 19 C ORGANIZATION THEORY IN LATER WAR CRIMES TRIALS ...................... 21 III. CORPORATIONS AND PUNISHMENT UNDER ALLIED GOVERNANCE .................... 23 A. ALLIED OCCUPATION AND CORPORATIONS ............ 23 B. THE SPECIAL PROBLEM OF IG FARBEN ........................ 30 CONCLUSION .......................................................... 33 iii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES CASES: Doe v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 654 F.3d 11 (D.C. Cir. 2011) ............................ 1 In re Agent Orange Prod. Liab. Litig., 373 F.Supp. 2d 7, 98 (E.D.N.Y. -
Auschwitz - the Final Count by Michael Collins Piper
Auschwitz - The Final Count by Michael Collins Piper A thought-provoking new anthology edited by English historian Vivian Bird casts stark new light on what really happened at Auschwitz during World War II. As the evidence shows, the official "facts" just don't add up. In the summer of 1997 I was invited to speak at a California college seminar about my book, Final Judgment, which contends that Israel's intelligence agency, the Mossad, played a front-line role in the JFK assassination conspiracy alongside the CIA. Almost instantaneously I was hit by a media barrage orchestrated by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) of B'nai B'rith, a lobby for Israel. The ADL told the press I was "a Holocaust denier" and, for that reason alone, I should not be allowed to discuss my book (which, incidentally, never once mentions the Holocaust). Evidently the ADL was determined to shift the focus away from what my book really does address, so they determined the best way to discredit me was to smear me as "a Holocaust denier" (which I am not). The ADL's tactic succeeded, setting off a firestorm of opposition- a "holocaust," so to speak-and the seminar was canceled, illustrating one point most clearly: The Holocaust has become a powerful propaganda tool for the state of Israel. And what is important to remember is this: What did-or did not- happen at the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland is, in fact, integral to the foundation of the basic story of the Holocaust. Auschwitz is central to the Holocaust legend. -
The Stormtrooper Family
THE STORMTROOPER FAMILY : HOW SEXUALITY , S PIRITUALITY , AND COMMUNITY SHAPED THE HAMBURG SA A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Andrew Wackerfuss, M.A. Washington, DC December 15, 2008 Copyright 2008 by Andrew Wackerfuss All Rights Reserved ii THE STORMTROOPER FAMILY : HOW SEXUALITY , SPIRITUALITY , AND COMMUNITY SHAPED THE HAMBURG SA Andrew Wackerfuss, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Roger Chickering, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The dissertation explains the attraction of the stormtroopers ( Sturmabteilung ; SA), the Nazis’ paramilitary band of “political soldiers” in the city of Hamburg. It argues that social networks and personal relationships – including family ties, religious affiliations, and sexual bonds among stormtroopers – represented the primary means of recruiting and integrating new members into the Nazi movement. The SA emphasized the social, emotional, and political benefits that young men could accrue by joining the group, which established an array of social welfare systems during the dismal days of the depression. In return for food and housing, male camaraderie, a sense of ersatz family, and the promise of social and economic integration into the local community, young stormtroopers became the Party’s foot soldiers. SA pubs and barracks were simultaneously places of refuge and sites of violence, where the stormtroopers were taught to strive for a sacrificial death that Party propagandists could use to argue for Nazi heroism, Communist criminality, and republican inability to maintain order in the German state. Hamburg’s stormtroopers claimed to defend their communities and families. -
Rudolf Reder Gegen Kurt Gerstein
R U D O L F R E D E R GEGEN K U R T G ERSTEIN Rudolf Reder gegen Kurt Gerstein Zwei Falschaussagen zum Lager Bełżec analysiert Carlo Mattogno Castle Hill Publishers P.O. Box 243, Uckfield, TN22 9AW, UK Januar 2021 HOLOCAUST HANDBÜCHER, Band 43: Carlo Mattogno: Rudolf Reder gegen Kurt Gerstein: Zwei Falschaussagen zum Lager Bełżec analysiert Übersetzt aus dem Italienischen von Germar Rudolf Uckfield, East Sussex: CASTLE HILL PUBLISHERS PO Box 243, Uckfield, TN22 9AW, UK Januar 2021 ISBN10: 1-59148-261-5 (Druckausgabe) ISBN13: 978-1-59148-261-1 (Druckausgabe) ISSN: 2059-6073 Veröffentlicht von CASTLE HILL PUBLISHERS Weltweit hergestellt © Carlo Mattogno Vertrieb: Castle Hill Publishers, PO Box 243 Uckfield, TN22 9AW, UK https://shop.codoh.com Gesetzt in Times New Roman www.HolocaustHandbooks.com Umschlagabbildungen: oben links: Rudolf Reder; oben rechts: Kurt Gerstein; unten, vorne und Mitte: Szenen des Areals des vormaligen Lagers Bełżec aus dem Jahr 1997; unten, hinten: von Zeugen gezeichnete Lagerpläne (siehe Dok. 7-11); Hintergrund: Schild des Bahnhofs Bełżec, Foto des Autors von 1997. C. MATTOGNO ∙ REDER GEGEN GERSTEIN 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite Einleitung ......................................................................................................... 7 Teil 1: Rudolf Reders Aussagen ................................................................... 11 1.1. Die Aussage vom 22. September 1944 ................................................ 13 1.2. Die Vernehmung vom 1. November 1944 ..........................................