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Notes 1 Crimes of War: Antiquity to the Middle Ages 1. The Works of Mencius, in James Legge, ed. and trans., The Four Books: The Great Learning, Confucian Analects, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Works of Mencius (Hong Kong: Hop Kuen Book, 1971), pp. 282–283; see also W. A. P. Martin, “Traces of International Law in Ancient China,” International Review, Vol. 14 (January 1883), p. 69, who, paraphrasing Mencius, said that “the only foundation of national prosperity is justice and charity”; Hauiyu Wang also discusses this subject in “The Way of Heart: Mencius’ Understanding of Justice,” Philosophy East & West, Vol. 59, No. 3 (July 3, 2009), pp. 317–363. 2. Wilhelm G. Grewe, The Epochs of International Law, trans. and rev. Michael Byers (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2000), p. 7. 3. Lassa Oppenheimer, International Law: A Treatise, ed. Arnold D. McNair, Vol. 1 (New York: Longmans, Green, 1905), pp. 4–5. 4. Eric Yong-Joong Lee, “Early Development of Modern International Law in East Asia—With Special Reference to China, Japan and Korea,” Journal of the History of International Law, Vol. 4 (2002), p. 42. 5. Robert Cryer, Prosecuting International Crimes: Selectivity and the International Criminal Law Regime (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 25–31. 6. R. P. Anand, “Universality of International Law: An Asian Perspective,” Essays in International Law, No. 23 (2007), pp. 23, 38. 7. Michael Howard, “Constraints on Warfare,” in Michael Howard, George J. Andreopoulos, and Mark R. Shulman, eds., The Laws of War: Constraints on Warfare in the Western World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 1. 8. Ibid., p. 186. 9. Ibid., p. 188. 10. William J. Hamblin, Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 46; The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian, trans. and intro. Andrew George (London: Penguin, 2000), xxxi. 11. Hamblin, Warfare in the Ancient Near East, p. 126. 12. The Epic of Gilgamesh, pp. 44–47. 13. Amnon Altman, “Tracing the Earliest Recorded Concepts of International Law: The Early Dynastic Period in Southern Mesopotamia,” Journal of the History of International Law, Vol. 6 (2004), pp. 162–163. 384 Notes 14. Amnon Altman, “Tracing the Earliest Recorded Concepts of International Law (2): The Old Akkadian and Ur III Periods in Mesopotamia,” Journal of the History of International Law, Vol. 7 (2005), pp. 125–126. 15. Hamblin, Warfare in the Ancient Near East, p. 112. 16. Amnon Altman, “The Role of the ‘Historical Prologue’ in the Hittite Vassal Treaties: An Early Experiment in Security Compliance,” Journal of the History of International Law, Vol. 6 (2004), p. 49. 17. Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary, ed. and trans. Wolfgang Hempel (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2003), pp. 283, 298, 349, 355, 366, 368, 396, 479, 566, 606. 18. Ibid., p. 366. 19. Ibid., p. 177; for more on the controversy surrounding Hammurabi’s treatment of Zimri-Lin and Mari, see Jack M. Sasson, “The King and I: A Mari King in Changing Perceptions,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 118, No. 4 (October– December 1998), pp. 460–462. 20. The Code of Hammurabi, ed. Richard Hooker, trans. L. W. King, pp. 1–39. http://www. xmarks.com/site/www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM. For more on the ethical standards of Hammurabi’s law code, see Morris Jastrow, Jr., Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria (New York: Benjamin Blom, 1971), pp. 391–408. 21. Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), p. 20. 22. Hamblin, Warfare in the Ancient Near East, p. 366. 23. Ibid., p. 327. 24. Ibid., p. 364. 25. Ibid. 26. Ibid. 27. Ibid, p. 365. 28. G. Maspéro, Life in Ancient Egypt and Assyria (New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1940), pp. 188–189. 29. Anthony J. Spalinger, War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), pp. 164–165, 236–237. 30. A. Malamat, “Origins and the Formative Period,” in H. H. Ben-Sasson, ed., A History of the Jewish People (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. 31–46. 31. Rabbi Joseph Telushkin, Biblical Literacy: The Most Important People, Events, and Ideas in the Hebrew Bible (New York: William Morrow, 1997), p. 165. 32. Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures: The New JPS Translation according to the Traditional Hebrew Text (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1985), pp. 343–344. 33. H. Tadmor, “The Period of the First Temple, the Babylonian Exile and the Restoration,” in Ben-Sasson, ed., A History of the Jewish People, pp. 107–109, 120–123, 132–133; Werner Keller, The Bible as History, trans. B. H. Rasmussen, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: William Morrow, 1981), p. 245. 34. Keller, The Bible as History, p. 245; A. T. Olmstead, History of Assyria (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923), p. 308. 35. Olmstead, History of Assyria, p. 308. 36. Tanakh, p. 600. 37. Ibid., p. 600. 38. Herodotus, The History, trans. David Grene (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), p. 193; Tadmor, “The Period of the First Temple,” pp. 144–145; Keller, The Bible as History, pp. 260–261. 39. H. W. F. Saggs, The Might that Was Assyria (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1990), p. 248. 40. Ibid., pp. 261–262. Notes 385 41. Georges Contenau, Everyday Life in Babylon and Assyria (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1954), p. 148. 42. Morton Cogan, Imperialism and Religion: Assyria, Judah and Israel in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C.E. (Missoula: Society of Biblical Literature and Scholars Press, 1974), pp. 21–22; Simo Parpola, “National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times,” Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2004), pp. 5–6, 8–10, 14. 43. Nigel Tallis, “Transport and Warfare,” in John Curtis and Nigel Tallis, eds., Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), p. 210. 44. Pierre Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, trans. Peter T. Daniels (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2002), p. 47. 45. Ibid., p. 47. 46. Tom Holland, Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West (New York: Doubleday, 2005), pp. 12, 14, 19. 47. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, p. 50. 48. Herodotus, The History, p. 278. 49. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, trans. Walter Blanco, ed. Walter Blanco and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), p. 122; Josiah Ober, “Classical Greek Times,” in Michael Howard, George J. Andrepoulos, and Mark R. Shulman, eds., The Laws of War: Constraints on Warfare in the Western World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 13 50. Herodotus claimed that Xerxes’s invasion force numbered 2,641,610 and, when you add the crews on Persian ships in the Aegean, 5,283,220 men. Herodotus, The History, pp. 534–536; a more contemporary estimate is that Xerxes’s army ranged from 60,000 to 300,000 men. J. M. Cook, The Persian Empire (New York: Schocken Books, 1993), pp. 113–114; Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, p. 527; Holland, Persian Fire, p. 394, n54. 51. Herodotus, The History, p. 469. 52. Ibid., pp. 553, 555; Nelson, Persian Fire, p. 294. 53. Herodotus, The History, pp. 553, 555, 650; Nelson, Persian Fire, p. 294. 54. Donald Kagan, The Peloponnesian War (New York: Penguin, 2003), pp. 114–117. 55. Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), pp. 65–73. 56. Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, p. 249. 57. Ibid., pp. 306–308. 58. Will Durant, The Life of Greece (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1939), p. 437. 59. James R. Ashley, The Macedonian Empire; The Era of Warfare under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359–323 B.C. (Jefferson: McFarland, 1998), pp. 153–156; A. B. Bosworth, Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 5–19. 60. J. F. C. Fuller, The Generalship of Alexander the Great (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1958), pp. 264–267. 61. Ashley, The Macedonian Empire, pp. 156, 177–180; James Romm, ed., Alexander the Great: Selections from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., 2005), pp. 27–28. 62. Ashley, The Macedonian Empire, pp. 237–249; Bosworth, Conquest and Empire, pp. 66–67. 63. Bosworth, Conquest and Empire, pp. 92, 95–96. 64. Ashley, The Macedonian Empire, p. 306. 65. Ibid., pp. 307–309, 331. 66. Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), pp. 175–178. 386 Notes 67. Roger Boesche, “Kautilya’s Arthaśāstra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India,” Journal of Military History, Vol. 67 (January 2003), pp. 19, 30. 68. Ibid., p. 31. 69. Olga V. Butkevych, “History of Ancient International Law: Challenges and Prospects,” Journal of the History of International Law, Vol. 5 (2003), p. 207. 70. Boesche, “Kautilya’s Arthaśāstra,” p. 34; Butkevych, “History of Ancient International Law,” p. 207. 71. Romila Thapar, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, 2nd ed. (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 255–256. 72. Ibid., pp. 28–37, 166–169. 73. Romila, Early India, pp. 182–183. 74. Mark Edward Lewis, “Warring States Political History,” in Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civiliza tion to 221 B.C. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp.
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    Manning, Roger B. "Notes." War and Peace in the Western Political Imagination: From Classical Antiquity to the Age of Reason. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016. 293–346. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 29 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474258739.0009>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 29 September 2021, 09:37 UTC. Copyright © Roger B. Manning 2016. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. N o t e s Introduction 1 M i c h a e l H o w a r d , Th e Causes of War and Other Essays (Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1983), 11–12; Azar Gat, War in Human Civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 663. 2 H o w a r d , Causes of Wars , 1 3 ; I a n C l a r k , Waging War: A Philosophical Introduction ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1988 ), 4–5 , 12 . 3 R i c h a r d A . G a b r i e l , Th e Culture of War: Invention and Early Development ( New York : Greenwood Press , 1990 ), 128 . 4 S e e , f o r e x a m p l e , M e l v i n S m a l l a n d J . D a v i d S i n g e r , Resort to Arms: International and Civil Confl icts, 1816–1980 ( Beverley Hills , Calif. : Sage , 1982 ) . 5 Richardson also included a seventh category—domestic homicides—which I have omitted.
  • Der Dachau-Altar in Der Lagerkapelle Des Konzentrationslagers Ausgangs- Und Zielpunkt Religiösen Lebens

    Der Dachau-Altar in Der Lagerkapelle Des Konzentrationslagers Ausgangs- Und Zielpunkt Religiösen Lebens

    _________________________________ RUNDBRIEF NR. 50 FEBRUAR 2005 _________________________________ Der Dachau-Altar in der Lagerkapelle des Konzentrationslagers Ausgangs- und Zielpunkt religiösen Lebens 1 Zum Umschlagbild: Die Farbzeichnung hat vermutlich Bruder Raphael Tijhuis OCarm im KZ Dachau für eine Gratulationskarte zur Priesterweihe Karl Leisners gemalt. Das Foto auf der Rückseite außen zeigt den Dachau-Altar heute in einem Andachtsraum des Priesterhauses Berg Moriah (Simmern), das auf der Rückseite innen den Christuskopf vom Kreuz aus der Lagerkapelle, heu- te im Karmel Heilig Blut Dachau. Impressum: Herausgeber: Internationaler Karl-Leisner-Kreis e.V. Kleve (IKLK) Redaktion: Hans-Karl Seeger, Gabriele Latzel Geschäftsstelle: Wasserstraße 1, 47533 Kleve Telefon 02821/92595; Telefax 02821/980331 Konto-Nr.: 5028378, Sparkasse Kleve (BLZ 324 500 00), IBAN: DE 63 32450000 0005028378, BIC: WELADE1KLE Konto-Nr.: 2260431, Postbank Essen (BLZ 360 100 43), IBAN: DE 70 36010043 0002260431, BIC: PBNKDEFF Internetadresse: www.Karl-Leisner.de Bildnachweis: Umschlagbild vorne, S. 25–27, 67, 71, 76, 92, 99 l., 106, 214, 223 f. Archiv IKLK; Umschlagbild hinten außen Priesterhaus Berg Moriah; S. 5 Oskar Bühler; S. 18 Musioł S. 484; S. 34 Lenz S. 451; S. 35 Goldschmitt Nr. 4, S. 67; S. 47 Goldschmitt Nr. 4, S. 38; S. 53 Goldschmitt Nr. 4, S. 34; S. 126 Goldschmitt Nr. 5, S. 59; Umschlagbild hinten innen, S. 44 Karmel Heilig Blut; S. 78 Pierre Laffilé; S. 82 f. Govers S. 144 u. 148; S. 88, 90, 99 r., 101, 105 Hermann Gebert; S. 91 Eleonore Philipp; S. 98 Weiler Bildband S. 20; S. 181, 194, 205, 207 Chronik Coefeld; S. 228 f. Klaus Riße; S.