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Holocaust Archaeology: Archaeological Approaches to Landscapes of Nazi Genocide and Persecution

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Holocaust Archaeology: Archaeological Approaches to Landscapes of Nazi Genocide and Persecution HOLOCAUST ARCHAEOLOGY: ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO LANDSCAPES OF NAZI GENOCIDE AND PERSECUTION BY CAROLINE STURDY COLLS A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham September 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The landscapes and material remains of the Holocaust survive in various forms as physical reminders of the suffering and persecution of this period in European history. However, whilst clearly defined historical narratives exist, many of the archaeological remnants of these sites remain ill-defined, unrecorded and even, in some cases, unlocated. Such a situation has arisen as a result of a number of political, social, ethical and religious factors which, coupled with the scale of the crimes, has often inhibited systematic search. This thesis will outline how a non- invasive archaeological methodology has been implemented at two case study sites, with such issues at its core, thus allowing them to be addressed in terms of their scientific and historical value, whilst acknowledging their commemorative and religious significance. In doing so, this thesis also demonstrates how a study of the physical remains of the Holocaust can reveal as much about the ever-changing cultural memory of these events as it can the surviving remnants of camps, execution sites and other features associated with this period. By demonstrating the diversity and complexity of Holocaust landscapes, a case is presented for a sub- discipline of Holocaust Archaeology. ‘I have buried this among the ashes where people will certainly dig to find the traces of millions of men who were exterminated’ (Salmen Gradowski in Bezwinska 1973:75) This thesis is dedicated to all those whose lives have been, and will be, affected by the Holocaust. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks go to my supervisors: to Emeritus Professor John Hunter for supervising the first two years of this research, for introducing me to the world of forensic archaeology and for helping me establish my career, not only during this project but also throughout my seven years in Birmingham; to Dr John Carman and Patricia Carman for their support and guidance during my final year. Not only have they provided a source of inspiration and motivation during the production of this thesis but they have also been a constant source of help in establishing my career and getting me on the conference circuit! Thanks are due to Dr Roger White who has acted as my advisor throughout this research. For granting permission for the fieldwork at Treblinka and for putting their faith in the project, I would like to thank Dr Edward Kopówka of the Muzeum Walki I Męczeostwa w Treblince and Dr Andrzej Matuszewicz of the Muzeum w Siedlcach. The staff at both museums were instrumental in ensuring that fieldwork ran smoothly. For assisting with permission for this research and for observing the fieldwork, I would like to thank Rabbi Michael Schudrich, Kasia Ober and staff at the Rabbinical Commission in Warsaw. The project would not have been possible without the assistance of the Konserwator Zabytków w Warszawie. For the research relating to Alderney, I would like to extend my thanks to the Alderney Society and Museum, and the States of Alderney for allowing the fieldwork to go ahead and for their understanding. In particular, thanks are due to Royston Raymond, Donald Hughes, Trevor Davenport, Don Oakden, Alex Gordon-Jones, Melanie Broadhurst and Peter Arnold. Julie Turner also assisted in obtaining fieldwork permission. For providing accommodation and logistical support, I would like to thank Roland Gauvain of the Alderney Wildlife Trust. My sincerest thanks are extended to the communities and individuals that I have met at both sites during my fieldwork for their understanding, encouragement and support. For providing me with the opportunity to talk about and reflect on my research, I would like to thank Lucy Vernall and Andy Tootell of the Idea’s Lab, Birmingham. Thanks are also due to Jonathan Charles (formerly of the BBC) and Simon Jacobs (Unique) for producing a Radio 4 documentary about my research at Treblinka and for their keen interest in the project. For the loan of equipment, thanks are due to the staff at Birmingham Archaeology and IBM Vista. For advice on my geophysics results and software provision, thanks are also due to Dr Jamie Pringle at Keele University. For assistance with the survey work in Poland, thanks are due to Krzysztof Karszina at Leica Polska. Fieldwork wouldn’t have been possible without the assistance of fellow students at the University of Birmingham, in particular Emma Login and Jack Hanson. For helping me learn Polish and for assistance with translations, I would like to thank Łukasz Bik and Kasia Berent-Young. Special thanks are also due to Barrie Simpson for his help and advice with regards to forensic archaeology and mass grave investigation. Staff at Jersey Archives, Island Archives (Guernsey), Priaulx Library, National Archives, Yad Vashem, USHMM, Imperial War Museum and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission assisted greatly with the archival research. Thanks are extended to fellow colleagues working in this field: Dr Gilly Carr at the University of Cambridge for discussing her work in the Channel Islands; Ivar Schute and Ruurd Kok from RAAP Archeologisch Adviesbureau for their encouragement and for introducing me to other colleagues; for information concerning work in Germany and Austria to Professor Claudia Theune from University of Vienna; members of the newly-formed Atlantic Wall research group. Thanks also go to Yoram Hamai and his fieldwork team at Sobibor for providing me with information concerning their project and for allowing me to visit them during their fieldwork. For advice on Halacha Law, I would like to thank Marcus Roberts, Rabbi Gluck and Rabbi Elkin Levy. For their assistance and support in the final stages of this research, thanks are due to members of staff in the Forensic and Crime Science department at Staffordshire University in particular Dr Sarah Fieldhouse, Dr Claire Gwinnett, Laura Walton, Jodie Dunnett and Dr Andrew Jackson. For their endless support, I would like to thank my family. I would like to thank my Dad for fostering my interest in history and archaeology (even the bunkers!), for assisting me in my research at the National Archives and for debating/arguing many points in this thesis! To my sister for assisting with the fieldwork and for keeping me calm! To my brother for assistance with some of the three dimensional models. To my grandparents and Uncle Rodney, for contributing to my travel funds. Lastly, to my mum for “keeping me grounded”! Thanks are also due to all of my friends who have endured me discussing this project incessantly. For his love, never ending patience and support, I would like to thank my husband Kevin Colls who has truly shared the trials and tribulations of this research. Without his understanding and help, particularly with the fieldwork, illustrations and proof- reading, my research would not have been possible. Research would not have been possible without funding from the University of Birmingham, Rothschild Foundation Europe (Hanadiv) and the Gilchrist Educational Trust. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………1 1.1. INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT 1 1.2. CONTEXTUALISING ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACHES 5 1.3. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 6 1.4. BASIS OF STUDY 16 1.5. SCOPE OF STUDY 18 1.6. POTENTIAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH 22 1.7. AGENDA 39 2. ISSUES INVOLVED IN THE STUDY OF HOLOCAUST LANDSCAPES……40 2.1. UNIQUENESS OF THE HOLOCAUST 40 2.2. BETWEEN HISTORY AND MEMORY 41 2.3. THE DIVERSITY OF GROUPS AFFECTED 45 2.4. NUMBER OF SITES 68 2.5. CONCLUSION 69 3. METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………….....71 3.1. INTRODUCTION 71 3.2. METHODOLOGICAL STAGES 72 3.3. METHOD SELECTION………………………………………………………………………………………108 3.3. IMPACT 108 4. CASE STUDY: TREBLINKA, POLAND.…………………………………………..…111 4.1. INTRODUCTION 111 4.2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 114 4.3. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 128 4.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS…………………………………………………………………………………..145 4.5. METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………..146 4.6. REINTERPRETING TREBLINKA II 151 4.7. ISSUES AND CULTURAL MEMORY AT TREBLINKA 220 4.8. CONCLUSION 228 5. CASE STUDY: ALDERNEY, BRITISH CHANNEL ISLANDS………………….233 5.1. INTRODUCTION 233 5.2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 237 5.3. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 249 5.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 273 5.5. METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………..274 5.6. REINTERPRETING ALDERNEY 279 5.7. ISSUES AND CULTURAL MEMORY ON ALDERNEY 346 5.8. CONCLUSION 355 6. DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………………………..358 6.1. DISCUSSION FORMATION 358 6.2. COMPARING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD 359 6.3. POST-ABANDONMENT HISTORIES 384 6.4. WHY ARCHAEOLOGY? 413 6.5. CONCLUSION 420 7. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………421 7.1. SUMMARY 421 7.2. RATIONALE FOR INVESTIGATION 422 7.3. CONTEXTUALISING ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACHES 424 7.4. A UNIQUE APPROACH? 426 7.5. ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY: A SYMBIOTIC APPROACH 428 7.6. EASTERN AND WESTERN EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES 430 7.7. BENEFITS OF A NON-INVASIVE METHODOLOGY 431 7.8. METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS 435 7.9. THE ROLE OF EXCAVATION 436 7.10. THE ARCHAEOLOGIES OF THE HOLOCAUST 439 7.11. BEYOND CAMPS? 439 7.12. HOLOCAUST ARCHAEOLOGY: THE FUTURE? 443 APPENDICES 445 REFERENCED SOURCES 548 REFERENCED ARCHIVE SOURCES 580 FIGURES Figure 1.1.The main camps operated by the Nazis from 1933 to 1945 (adapted from Yad Vashem 2007; United States Holocaust Museum 2008 and Beech 2000) Figure 1.2.
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