Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119:398-408. 2006.
A REFEREED PAPER HOST PLANT RANGE OF LOBATE LAC SCALE, PARATACHARDINA LOBATA, IN FLORIDA
FORREST W. HOWARD1*, ROBERT W. PEMBERTON2, GREG S. HODGES3, BRYAN STEINBERG1, DAVID MCLEAN4 AND HONG LIU1 1 University of Florida, IFAS Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center 3205 College Avenue Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314
2USDA-ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory 3225 College Avenue Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314
3Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry Florida State Collection of Arthropods 1911 SW 34th Street Gainesville, FL 32608
4Nova Southeastern University, Health Professions Division Medicinal Garden, 3200 South University Drive Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328
Additional index words. Myrica cerifera, Coccoidea, Kerriidae, scale insect pests, woody plant pests, native plant pests, orna- mental plant pests, fruit tree pests
Abstract. A list of host plant species of lobate lac scale, Parata- chardina lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kerri- idae), in southern Florida was compiled from the authors’ observations and records of the Florida State Collection of Ar- Fig. 1. Lobate lac scales, Paratachardina lobata. thropods. This scale insect was found on 307 plant species, nearly all of which are dicotyledonous trees, shrubs, or lianas. Hosts included plant species grown for fruits and as ornamen- tals, several weeds, and eighty-three species native to south- in its native home in Southern Asia; however it is not reported ern Florida. In addition to tropical plants, which predominate in to be abundant, widely distributed, or a pest there. this region, it was found on many temperate zone plants Knowledge of the host range of this insect is of primary whose ranges extend to southern Florida. Seventeen plant importance in understanding many other aspects of its ecolo- species were consistently highly infested at different sites, gy, including its potential adaptability to different vegetation and are thus considered highly susceptible; of these, ten are types, its impact on plant life, and its potential spread. This plants native to Florida. knowledge is also important for developing methods for man- aging this pest. The lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata (Fig. 1) is an in- The host plants of the lobate lac scale in Southern Asia sect pest of woody plants that was found in Florida for the first have been reported as Flueggea leucopyrus, and Guazuma tomen- time in 1999 (Hamon, 2001). This species is native to India tosa (Ben-Dov et al., 2004; Chamberlin, 1923; Mahdihassan, and Sri Lanka (Chamberlin, 1923, 1925) and adventive in 1946). Additional hosts in India have been identified in re- Florida and the Bahamas. We are conducting research to un- cent exploration for natural enemies of lobate lac scale in derstand its biology and develop methods for managing this that country (Pemberton, unpublished). pest in urban and natural environments. Chemical control Soon after being found in Florida, it became evident that methods are available for the short term (Howard and Stein- the lobate lac scale is highly polyphagous. In preliminary ob- berg, 2005) and biological control methods are being devel- servations on a 0.14 ha (0.35 acre) site, it was found on 37 oped for the long term (Pemberton, 2003a, b; Pemberton et plant species (Pemberton, 2003a, b). As of October 2002, a al., 2006). Very little has been reported concerning its biology few months after studies of the lobate lac scale were initiated in Florida, records of several observers were compiled to pro- duce a host list of 120 plant species in 44 families (Howard *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] and Pemberton, 2003; Howard et al., 2004). Pemberton, com-
398 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119: 2006.
bining published records with his unpublished records in- landscaped sites, natural areas and other field sites, and some cluding host plants in the Bahamas, reported that the scale specimens were obtained from material submitted by the insect had been found on more than 200 species in 55 plant public to the Cooperative Extension Service. As a part of field families in its Florida-Bahamas range (Pemberton, 2003a). surveys on different sites and in maintaining a nursery at the In this paper we provide a list of hosts of lobate lac scale FLREC for growing plants for research, qualitative observa- compiled from records obtained during the period 2002-2006, tions were made on the relative densities of this scale insect identify several species as highly susceptible hosts, and discuss on different host plants, and their damage to plants of differ- the theoretical and applied significance of the host list. ent species. 2. Records of the Division of Plant Industry (DPI), Florida Depart- Materials and Methods ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Specimens of lo- The host plant records of lobate lac scale were compiled bate lac scale and their hosts were observed in the field from two sources. and tentatively identified by qualified agricultural inspec- tors, employed by DPI, during routine inspections of a 1. Records of lobate lac scale and its hosts obtained in the field by large, but undetermined number of nurseries and other any one of the authors of the present paper. During the period areas. Specimens were sent to the Florida Collection of July 2002-May 2006, plants at field sites in urban and nat- Arthropods at the Florida Department of Agriculture and ural areas were examined throughout southeastern Flor- Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry (DPI) ida for the presence of lobate lac scales. This scale insect headquarters in Gainesville, where they were processed infests twigs, branches, and main stems of usually less and examined under the microscope and their identifica- than 2 cm (0.79 inches) in diameter (Howard and Pem- tion confirmed by the third author, and the identity of berton, 2003). Although positive identification of scale their host plant confirmed by DPI botanists. insects generally is accomplished with microscopic exam- ination of slide mounts, lobate lac scale can be reliably The two sources of records were combined to provide a identified in the field by using a 10× hand lens. It is the broad coverage of plant species. The first source, field surveys only species of Kerriidae present in southern Florida and by the authors, had the advantage of being derived from ob- is easily distinguished in the field from other scale insects servations in diverse natural and urban landscapes, although that occur in this region by its maroon color and highly in a limited number of field trips. In contrast, DPI records, convex, four-lobed shape (Fig. 1). Therefore, about 50% which constituted the second source, were mostly from in- of the lobate lac scale host records of the authors were spections in commercial nurseries, but involved about 85 full- based solely on field identifications of this insect. All oth- time inspectors. er records were verified by examination of specimens un- The names of native plants follow that of Wunderlin and der the microscope by the third author. Hansen (2003) and names of exotic plants follow that of Burch et al. (1988). An advantage in determining the host range of species of many of the scale insect families compared to that of many Results and Discussion other kinds of insects is their relative immobility. In many scale insect families, the first instar is the only mobile stage of The lobate lac scale was found on a total of 307 species of females. Adult males of scale insects in general are winged plants shown in alphabetical order in Table 1 and grouped by and mobile, but the male of the lobate lac scale has not been plant family in Table 2. The hosts were woody dicotyledonous seen in Florida and it is presumed to be parthenogenetic plants, including trees, shrubs, and lianas, with a few excep- here. Once the female first instar settles on a plant surface tions discussed later in this paper. and inserts its stylets for feeding, it remains in precisely the We found that seventeen plant species, widely represent- same microsite for life. Thus, the presence of at least one ed in the landscape, were consistently infested by dense pop- sessile mature female lobate lac scale on a plant indicates that ulations of lobate lac scale (Table 3), and therefore may be this plant supports complete development of the insect and considered to be highly susceptible hosts of this scale insect, thus is a true host. although experiments are needed to confirm this. These in- Large areas with diverse native and/or exotic plant spe- clude ten species native to Florida, two exotic species grown cies were examined and included the following: as fruit trees, viz., lychee (Litchi chinensis) and carambola Miami-Dade County: Everglades National Park, Fairchild (Averrhoa carambola), and four exotic species that were intro- Tropical Botanic Garden, Black Point Park, Matheson Ham- duced into Florida as ornamentals, viz., weeping fig (Ficus ben- mock, Simpson Park, Tropical Park, University of Miami cam- jamina), Indian-laurel (F. microcarpa), Brazilian-pepper pus, Florida International University (University Park Campus). (Schinus terebinthifolius) and cajeput (Melaleuca quinquenervia). Broward County: Secret Woods Nature Center, Fern Forest The latter two species have become serious invasive weeds Nature Center, Plantation Heritage Park, Markham Park, Fla- (Austin, 1978). mingo Gardens, Broward Community College (central cam- Wax-myrtle (Myrica cerifera) is apparently the most suscep- pus), Nova-Southeastern University (main campus), Tree tible host of lobate lac scale in southern Florida. Lobate lac Tops Park, University of Florida, IFAS, Fort Lauderdale Re- scale was found at all sites where both wax-myrtle and this search & Education Center (FLREC). scale insect were present, and the plant was consistently high- Palm Beach County: Dagger Wing Park, Gumbo Limbo Na- ly infested at many of the sites (Figs. 2 and 3). The infestations ture Center, Loxahatchee Wildlife Refuge, Mounts Botanical on this plant were often associated with a crust of sooty mold. Garden. Heavily infested wax-myrtles almost always had severe damage In addition, numerous examinations were made in fortu- attributable to the scale insect, including extensive branch itously selected nurseries, residential, public, and commercial die-back and often death of the shrub (Fig. 4). On the FL-
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119: 2006. 399
Table 1. The host range of lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata, in southern Florida, species based on observations during 2002-2006, arranged in alphabet- ical order. *Indicates species native to Florida.
Abutilon sp. (Malvaceae) Calvaria inermis (L.) Dubard (Sapotaceae)—white milkwood Acacia auriculiformis Bentham (Fabaceae)—earleaf acacia *Calyptranthes pallens Grisebach (Myrtaceae)—spicewood *Acacia choriophylla Bentham (Fabaceae)—cinnecord, tamarindillo Calyptranthes thomasiana O. Berg (Myrtaceae)—Thomas’ lidflower *Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willdenow (Fabaceae)—sweet acacia *Calyptranthes zuzygium (L.) Swartz (Myrtaceae)—myrtle-of-the-river Acalypha godseffiana S ander ex Masters (Euphorbiaceae)—copperleaf Cananga odorata (Lamarck) J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson (Annonaceae)—ylang- ylang Acalypha hispida Burman f. (Euphorbiaceae)—chenille plant, rabo de gato *Capparis cynophallophora L. (Capparaceae)—Jamaica caper tree Acalypha wilkesiana J. Mueller (Euphorbiaceae)—copperleaf Casearia arguta Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth (Flacourtiaceae)—mata cartago *Acer rubrum L. (Aceraceae)—red maple Casuarina cunninghamiana Miquel (Casuarinaceae)—Australian-pine Albizia lebbek (L.) Bentham (Fabaceae)—East-Indian-walnut Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Casuarinaceae)—Australian-pine Alectryon coriaceus Radlkofer (Sapindaceae)—smooth rambutan *Celtis laevigata Willdenow (Celtidaceae)—sugarberry Allophylus cominia (L.) Swartz (Sapindaceae)—kan lool Cestrum diurnum L. (Solanaceae)—day cestrum *Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae)—common ragweed Cestrum nocturnum L. (Solanaceae)—night-blooming jasmine *Amorpha herbacea Walter (Fabaceae)—clusterspike false-indigo *Chamaesyce hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)—hairy spurge *Amphitecna latifolia (Miller) A. Gentry (Bignoniaceae)—black calabash *Chrysobalanus icaco L. (Chrysobalanaceae)—cocoplum *Amyris balsamifera L. (Rutaceae)—balsam torchwood Chrysophyllum cainito L. (Sapotaceae)—star-apple *Amyris elemifera L. (Rutaceae)—sea torchwood *Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. (Sapotaceae)—satinleaf Annona cherimola Miller X A. squamosa L. (Annonaceae)—atemoya Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae)—cinnamon *Annona glabra L. (Annonaceae)—pond-apple Citrus × paradisi Macfadyen (Rutaceae)—grapefruit Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae)—soursop Clausena lansium (Loureiro) Skeels (Rutaceae)—wampi Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae)—custard-apple Clusia lanceolata Cambessèdes (Clusiaceae)—cebola-da-restinga Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae)—sugar-apple *Clusia rosea Jacquin (Clusiaceae)—pitch-apple, cupey Antidesma bunius (L.) K. Sprengel (Euphorbiaceae)—bignay Combretum aubletii de Candolle (Combretaceae)—monkey’s brush Antidesma dallachyanum Baillon (Euphorbiaceae)—Herbert River-cherry Combretum obovatum F. Hoffmann (Combretaceae)—spiny combretum bush Antidesma platyphyllum H. Mann, Jr. (Euphorbiaceae)—hamehame *Conocarpus erectus L. (Combretaceae)—buttonwood, mangle botón Antipogon leptopus Hooker & Arnott (Polygonaceae)—coral-vine Cupaniopsis anacardioides (A. Richard) Radlkofer (Sapindaceae)—carrotwood, tuckeroo Archidendron lucyi F. von Mueller (Fabaceae)—scarlet-bean *Dalbergia ecastaphylum (L.) Taubert (Fabaceae)—coin vine *Ardisia escallonioides Schlechtendal & Camisso (Myrsinaceae)—marlberry Dalbergia sissoo de Candolle (Fabaceae)—sissoo tree, Indian rosewood Ardisia hirtella Lundell (Myrsinaceae) *Dalea carthagensensis (Jacquin) J. F. Macbride (Fabaceae)—Cartagena prairie- clover Ardisia revoluta Humbolt, Bonpland & Kunth (Myrsinaceae)—oreja-de-coyote Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxburgh) C.E.C. Fischer (Orchidaceae)—dendrobium orchid Ardisia sieboldii Miquel (Myrsinaceae)—duo-zhi-zi-jin-niu Diospyros digyna Jacquin (Ebenaceae)—black-sapote Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae)—bilimbi, cucumber tree, tree sorrel Diospyros mespiliformis Hochstetter (Ebenaceae)—jackal-berry tree Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae)—carambola, starfruit *Dodonaea viscosa Jacquin (Sapindaceae)—varnishleaf, hopbush *Avicennia germinans (L.) L. (Verbenaceae)—black mangrove Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f.) Schumann (Bigononiaceae)—mangrove trumpet tree *Baccharis halimifolia L. (Asteraceae)—saltbush, groundsel-tree Dovyalis hebecarpa (G. Gardner) Warburg (Flacourtiaceae)—Ceylon gooseberry, kitembila Banara vanderbiltii Urban (Flacourteaceae)—palo de ramon Duranta erecta L. (Verbenaceae)—golden dewdrop Bauhinia sp. (Fabaceae) Durio testudinarium Beccari (Malvaceae)—kura kura *Bidens alba (L) de Candolle (Asteraceae)—romerillo, Spanish-needles Elaeocarpus decipiens Hemsley (Elaeocarpaceae)—Japanese blueberry Begonia sp. (Begoniaceae)—begonia *Erithalis fruticosa L. (Rubiaceae)—black torch Blighia sapida Konig (Sapindaceae)—akee Erythoxylum reticulatum Northrop (Erythoxylaceae) Bridelia monoica (L.) Merrill (Euphorbiaceae)—pop gun seed Eucalyptus bella K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson (Myrtaceae)—ghost gum Brosimum alicastrum Swartz (Moraceae)—Mayan-breadnut, ramón *Eugenia axillaris (Swartz) Willdenow (Myrtaceae)—white stopper eugenia Brunfelsia lactea Krug & Urban (Solanaceae)—vega blanca Eugenia brasiliensis Lamarck (Myrtaceae)—grumichama Brunfelsia nitida Bentham (Solanaceae)—lady-of-the-night *Eugenia confusa de Candolle (Myrtaceae)—redberry stopper Brya ebenus (L.) de Candolle (Fabaceae)—Jamaican raintree *Eugenia foetida Persoon (Myrtaceae)—Spanish stopper, anguila Bucida spinosa (Northrop) × B. buceras L. (Combretaceae)—black-olive hybrid Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg (Myrtaceae)—pitamba *Bucida buceras L. (Combretaceae)—black-olive, ucar Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae)—Surinam-cherry *Bumelia celastrina Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth (Sapotaceae)—saffron-plum Euphorbia leucocephala Lotsy (Euphorbiaceae)—pascuita *Bursera simaruba (L.) Sargent (Burseraceae)—gumbo-limbo, almácigo Evodia ridleyi Hochreutiner (Rutaceae)—lacy lady aralia Butea monosperma (Lamarck) Taubert (Fabaceae)—flame-of-the-forest *Exothea paniculata (Jussieu) Radlkofer (Sapindaceae)—inkwood Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Swartz (Fabaceae)—red-bird-of-paradise Ficus aspera G. Forster (Moraceae)—rough-leaved fig, balemo Caesalpinia violacea (Miller) Standley (Fabaceae)—yurua *Ficus aurea Nuttall (Moraceae)—strangler fig Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth (Fabaceae)—pigeon pea, gandul Ficus benjamina L. (Moraceae)—banyan fig Calliandra emarginata (Humboldt & Bonpland) Bentham (Fabaceae)—powder- Ficus capensis Thunberg (Moraceae)—cape fig puff Calliandra haematocephala Hasskarl (Fabaceae)—powderpuff *Ficus citrifolia Miller (Moraceae)—short-leaved fig Calliandra surinamensis Bentham (Fabaceae)—pink powderpuff Ficus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae)—mistletoe fig, mistletoe plant *Callicarpa americana L. (Verbenaceae)—beautyberry, French-mulberry Ficus elastica L. (Moraceae)—Indian-rubber, Assam-rubber Callistemon viminale (Gaertner) Cheel (Myrtaceae)—weeping bottlebrush Ficus microcarpa L. f. (Moraceae)—Indian-laurel Calophyllum brasiliense Cambessèdes (Clusiaceae)—Brazilian beautyleaf Ficus natalensis Hochstetter (Moraceae)—mistletoe fig, licumo, natal fig Calophyllum calaba L. (Clusiaceae)—Santa María Ficus nota (Blanco) Merrill (Moraceae)—tibig Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Clusiaceae)—Alexandrian laurel, laurelwood Ficus pertusa L. (Moraceae)—frutillo
400 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119: 2006. Table 1. (Continued) The host range of lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata, in southern Florida, species based on observations during 2002-2006, arranged in alphabetical order. *Indicates species native to Florida.
Ficus pumila L. (Moraceae)—climbing fig, creeping fig Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Proteaceae)—macadamia nut Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae)—cluster fig Macadamia tetraphylla L. A. S. Johnson (Proteaceae)—macadamia nut Ficus rubiginosa Ventenat (Moraceae)—rustyleaf fig Mallotus philippinensis (Lamarck) Mueller Argoviensis (Euphorbiaceae)—red kamala, rechanaka Ficus rumphii Blume (Moraceae)—rumphius fig Magnolia champaca (L.) Baillon. ex Pierre (Magnoliaceae)—champaka Ficus salicifolia (Vahl) Berg (Moraceae)—willowleaf fig *Magnolia virginiana L. (Magnoliaceae)—sweet bay Ficus subcordata Blume (Moraceae)—balete, wunut Malvaviscus penduliflorus de Candolle (Malvaceae)—mazapan, turkscap mallow Ficus virens Aiton (Moraceae)—spotted fig Malus sylvestris Miller (Rosaceae)—European crab apple Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arnot) Thwaites (Sapindaceae)—Japanese fern-tree Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae)—mango *Flaveria linearis Lagasca (Asteraceae)—narrowleaf yellowtops *Manilkara jaimiqui (C. Wright) Dubard (Sapotaceae)—wild-dilly Flueggea acidoton (L.) G. L. Webster (Euphorbiaceae)—simpleleaf bushweed Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard. (Sapotaceae)—wongi Fortunella japonica (Thunberg) Swingle (Rutaceae)—round kumquat Manilkara pleeana (Pierre) Cronquist (Sapotaceae)—zapote de costa Garcinia mestonii F.M. Bailey (Clusiaceae)—Australian mangosteen Manilkara roxburghiana (Wight) Dubard (Sapotaceae)—mimusops Garcinia prainiana King (Clusiaceae)—button mangosteen, serapu Manilkara zapota (L.) Van Royen (Sapotaceae)—sapodilla, níspero Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae)—gardenia Marliera edulis Cambessèdes (Myrtaceae)—cambucá Gardenia thunbergia L.f. (Rubiaceae)—Thunberg’s gardenia Melaleuca bracteata F. Mueller (Myrtaceae)—black tea-tree Gigasiphon macrosiphon (Harms) Brenan (Fabaceae)—gigasiphon Melaleuca decora (Salisbury) Britten (Myrtaceae)—sweet tea-tree Ginoria glabra Grisebach (Lythraceae)—clavellina Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cavanilles) S.T. Blake (Myrtaceae)—cajeput Ginoria nudiflora (Hemsley) Koehne (Lythraceae)—guayabillo, pimientillo Melicocca bijuga L. (Sapindaceae)—Spanish-lime, mamoncillo Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griffith (Acanthaceae)—caracature plant, cafe-con- Mesua ferrea L. (Clusiaceae)—Ceylon ironwood, mesua, penaga leche Grewia occidentalis L. (Tiliaceae)—starflower *Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urban (Anacardiaceae)—poisonwood Guaiacum officinale L. (Zygophyllaceae)—lignum-vitae, guayacán Mimusops balata (Aublet) Gaertner (Sapotaceae)—bullet tree, ausubo *Guaiacum sanctum L. (Zygophyllaceae)—lignum-vitae, guayacán Mimusops caffra A. de Candolle (Sapotaceae)—coast red milkwood Hamelia cuprea Grisebach (Rubiaceae)—Bahamas flamebush Mimusops elengi L. (Sapotaceae)—Spanish-cherry *Hamelia patens Jacquin (Rubiaceae)—firebush Montanoa grandiflora Alaman ex de Candolle (Asteraceae)—daisy-tree Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlkofer (Sapindaceae)—magalad *Mosiera longipes (O. Berg) Small (Myrtaceae)—mangroveberry, long-stalked stopper Heritiera littoralis Dryander (Malvaceae)—looking-glass tree Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae)—orange-jasmine Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae)—hibiscus Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumacher & Thonning (Rubiaceae)—summer poin- settia Hibiscus schizopetalus (Masters) Hooker f. (Malvaceae)—fringed hibiscus *Myrcianthes fragrans (Swartz) McVaugh (Myrtaceae)—Simpson’s stopper Hibicus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae)—mahoe, sea hibiscus Myrciaria cauliflora (de Candolle) O. Berg in Martius (Myrtaceae)—jaboticaba *Hypelate trifoliata Swartz (Sapindaceae)—white ironwood Myrciaria vexator McVaugh (Myrtaceae)—false-jaboticaba *Ilex vomitoria Aiton (Aquifoliaceae)—yaupon holly *Myrica cerifera L. (Myricaceae)—wax-myrtle, southern bayberry *Ilex cassine L. (Aquifoliaceae)—dahoon holly *Ocotea coriacea (Swartz) Britton (Lauraceae)—lancewood Inga affinis de Candolle (Fabaceae)—ingá doce Ocimum sp. (Lamiaceae)—Thai basil Inga edulis Martius (Fabaceae)—guamo Pachystachys lutea Nees (Acanthaceae)—golden shrimp plant Ixora sp. (Rubiaceae) Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seemann (Fabaceae)—cow-okra Jacquinia aurantiaca Aiton (Theophrastaceae)—chica *Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon (Vitaceae)—Virginia-creeper Jacquinia armillaris Jacquin (Theophrastaceae)—barbasco Pavonia bahamensis Hitchcock (Malvaceae)—Bahama swampbush Jatropha integerrima Jacquin (Euphorbiaceae)—peregrine *Pavonia paludicola D. H. Nicolson (Malvaceae)—mangrove mallow *Juniperus virginiana L. (Cupressaceae)—redcedar Peltophorum pterocarpum (de Candolle) K. Heyne (Fabaceae)—copperpod Justicia brandegeana Wasshausen & L. B. Smith (Acanthaceae)—shrimp plant Pentas lanceolata (Forsskal) Deflers (Rubiaceae)—star cluster, Egyptian star cluster Koelreuteria elegans (Seemann) A. C. Smith (Sapindaceae)—golden-rain tree Persea americana Miller (Lauraceae)—avocado *Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urban (Rhamnaceae)—black ironwood *Persea borbonia (L.) Sprengel (Lauraceae)—red bay Lagerstroemia indica L. (Lythraceae)—crape-myrtle *Persea palustris (Rafinesque-Schmaltz) Sargent (Lauraceae)—swamp redbay Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Persoon (Lythraceae)—queen’s crape-myrtle Petrea volubilis Jaquin (Verbenaceae)—queen’s wreath *Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertner f. (Combretaceae)—white mangrove Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien (Palmae)—miniature date palm Lansium domesticum Corrêa da Serra (Meliaceae)—duku, langsat Pimenta dioica (L.) Merrill (Myrtaceae)—allspice Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae)—laurel, sweetbay Pimenta racemosa (Miller) J. W. Moore (Myrtaceae)—bay rum Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae)—henna, manjuati Piper sp. (Piperaceae)—pepper Lecythis minor Jacquin (Lecythidaceae)—monkey pod Pithecellobium flexicaule (Bentham) J.M. Coulter (Fabaceae)—Texas ebony Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Brown (Lamiaceae)—lion’s-ear *Pithecellobium keyense ex Britton & Rose (Fabaceae)—Florida Keys blackbead Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Brown (Lamiaceae)—wild dagga, Christmas candle- *Pluchea carolinensis (Jacquin) G. Don (Asteraceae)—cure-for-all stick Leucaena leucocephala (Lamarck) de Wit (Fabaceae)—lead tree Polygala cowellii (Britton) Blake (Polygalaceae)—violet-tree Licania tomentosa (Bentham) Fritsch (Chrysobalanaceae)—oiticica Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae)—pongam *Licaria triandra (Swartz) Kostermans (Lauraceae)—pepper-leaf sweetwood Pouteria caimito Radlkofer (Sapotaceae)—abju Litchi chinensis Sonnerat (Sapindaceae)—lychee Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Bennett (Urticaceae)—Pouzolz’s bush Lonchocarpus sp. (Fabaceae) Pseudosamanea cubana Britton & Rose (Barneby & Grimes) (Fabaceae)— aimiqui, bacona *Ludwigia peruviana (L.) Hara (Onagraceae)—primrose-willow Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Richard) Engler (Anacardiaceae)—nculi *Lysiloma latisiliqua (L.) Bentham (Fabaceae)—wild-tamarind Psidium androsianum (Urban) Correll (Myrtaceae)—long-stalked stopper Lysiloma sabicu Bentham (Fabaceae)—sabicu Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae)—guava
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119: 2006. 401 Table 1. (Continued) The host range of lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata, in southern Florida, species based on observations during 2002-2006, arranged in alphabetical order. *Indicates species native to Florida.
Psidium littorale Raddi (Myrtaceae)—strawberry guava, cattley guava *Sideroxylon salicifolium (L.) H. J. Lam (Sapotaceae)—willow bustic *Psychotria ligustrifolia (Northrop) Millspaugh (Rubiaceae)—Bahama wild-cof- Solanum diphyllum L. (Solanaceae)—amatillo fee *Psychotria nervosa Swartz (Rubiaceae)—wild-coffee Solanum tampicense Dunal (Solanaceae)—aquatic soda-apple Psychotria punctata Vatke (Rubiaceae)—dotted wild-coffee Solanum torvum Swartz (Solanaceae)—turkeyberry, prickly solanum *Psychotria sulzneri Small (Rubiaceae)—velvetleaf wild-coffee Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd (Lamiaceae)-coleus Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pavon (Rubiaceae)—wild-coffee, chacruna, samiruca Spermacoce verticillata L. (Rubiaceae)—shrubby false—buttonweed Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willdenow (Sterculiaceae)—maple leaved bayur Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae)—Java-plum Pyrus sp. (Rosaceae)—pear Sterculia ceramica R. Brown (Sterculiaceae)—Fairchild sterculia *Quercus geminata Small (Fagaceae)—sand live oak Synsepalum dulcifum Schumann (Sapotaceae)—miracle fruit Quercus hemisphaerica Bartram ex Willdenow (Fagaceae)—Darlington oak Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae)—jambolan, Java-plum *Quercus incana W. Bartram (Fagaceae)—bluejack oak Syzygium grande (Wight) Walpers (Myrtaceae)—sea-apple Quercus laurifolia Michaux (Fagaceae)—laurel oak Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae)—rose-apple, pomarrosa *Quercus virginiana Miller (Fagaceae)—live oak Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merrill & Perry (Myrtaceae)—malay-apple *Randia aculeata L. (Rubiaceae)—white indigoberry Syzygium paniculatum Gaertner (Myrtaceae)—Australian brush-cherry *Rapanea punctata (Lamarck) Lundell (Myrsinaceae)—myrsine, colicwood Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merrill & Perry (Myrtaceae)—Java-apple, wax jambu Rheedia acuminata (Ruiz & Pavon) Planchon & Triana (Clusiaceae)—madrono, Talisia olivaeformis (Humbolt, Bonpland & Kunth) Radlkofer (Sapindaceae)— naranjito cotopris, guayo, yellow genip Rheedia aristata Grisebach (Clusiaceae)—manajú *Taxodium distichum (L.) L. Richter (Taxodiaceae)—baldcypress Rheedia edulis (Seemann) Triana et Planchon (Clusiaceae)—waikiki-plum *Tecoma stans (L.) Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth (Bignoniaceae)—yellow elder Rheedia macrophylla Planchon & Triana (Clusiaceae)—charichuela Tecoma capensis (Thunberg) Spach (Bignoniaceae)—cape-honeysuckle *Rhizophora mangle L. (Rhizophoraceae)—red mangrove Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae)—tropical-almond *Rhus copallinum L. (Anacardiaceae)—winged sumac Terminalia muelleri Bentham (Combretaceae)—Mueller terminalia, black-olive Rondeletia leucophylla Kunth (Rubiaceae)—bush pentas, Panama-rose *Tetrazygia bicolor (Miller) Cogniaux (Melastomataceae)—Florida tetrazygia, West Indian-lilac Rosa sp. (Rosaceae)—rose *Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze (Anacardiaceae)—eastern poison-ivy Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)—rosemary Trichospermum mexicanum (de Candolle) Baillon (Malvaceae)—capulín colo- rado Ruizia cordata Cavanilles (Malvaceae)—bois-de-senteur blanc Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae)—tridax, cadillo chisaca Ruellia brittoniana E. Leonard (Acanthaceae)—Britton’s wild-petunia *Trema micrantha (L.) Blume (Celtidaceae)—Florida trema, guacimilla *Salix caroliniana Michaux (Salicaceae)—coastal plains willow Triplaris cumingiana Fischer & C. A. Meyer ex C. A. Meyer (Polygonaceae)—ant tree *Salvia coccinea P. J. Buchoz ex Etlinger (Lamiaceae)—blood sage Trumfetta semitriloba Jacquin (Tileaceae)—burbrush Samanea saman (Jacquin) Merrill (Fabaceae)—samán Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae)—Caesar’s weed Schefflera actinophylla (Endlicher) Harms (Araliaceae)—umbrella tree *Verbesina virginica L. (Asteraceae)—white crownbeard Schefflera elegantissima (Veitch ex Masters) Lowry & Frodin (Araliaceae)—false Viburnum sp. (Caprifoliaceae)—arrow-wood aralia Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae)—California-pepper tree, Peruvian-pepper tree *Vitis rotundifolia Michaux (Vitaceae)—muscadine grape Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae)—Brazilian-pepper Wallaceodendron celebicum Koorders (Fabaceae)—banuyo, lupiji Sideroxylon americanum (Miller) T. D. Penn (Sapotaceae)—bois-de-fer juane Ziziphus mauritiana Lamarck (Rhamnaceae)—Indian jujube, Chinese-apple *Sideroxylon foetidissimum (Jacquin) H. J. Lam (Sapotaceae)—false-mastic
REC, four wax-myrtles in a landscape planting died within less infested at other sites. Such differences may have been due than a year after becoming highly infested with lobate lac to different combinations of genetic and ecological factors scales. In a large natural area at Secret Woods Nature Center, and to different infestation histories between the sites. Pro- wax-myrtles, which are a major component of the understory, nounced differences were observed in the infestation levels were heavily infested by 2002 and within about two years were of some fruit trees at different sites, viz., mango (Mangifera in- virtually eliminated. When we initiated our study of the lobate dica), carambola (Averrhoa carambola), and sapodilla (Manil- lac scale at the FLREC, we maintained populations of the kara sapota), and may have been due, at least in part, to scale insect on containerized wax-myrtles. Later however, we varietal differences. began rearing them on other plant species because the wax- Eighty-three of the plant species identified as hosts are of myrtles infested with lobate lac scales constantly died and had the native flora of southern Florida, which is essentially part to be replaced. of the flora of the West Indies, with elements of temperate Although the consistency with which some plant species eastern North America. The native hosts included flora of di- were heavily attacked distinguished them as major hosts of verse habitats, such as red mangrove (Rhyzophora mangle) lobate lac scale (Table 3), data from controlled experiments growing in a saltmarsh habitat, and plants of various inland is not available for ranking plant species according to their habitats. This scale insect has also been found on many native susceptibility, and the relative infestation levels of many spe- plants in the Bahamas (Pemberton, unpublished). cies varied greatly between sites. For example, silver button- The lobate lac scale survived simulated frost conditions in wood (Conocarpus erectus), black-olive (Bucida buceras) and red the laboratory (Howard, unpublished), but additional studies bay (Persea borbonia) have remained only moderately infested are required to determine whether this species could survive at some sites since we initiated observations, but were highly the winter if were it to spread into northern Florida and fur-
402 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119: 2006. Table 2. The host range of lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata, in southern Florida, species based on observations during 2002-2006, arranged by plant family. *Indicates species native to Florida.
ANGIOSPERMS: DICOTYLEDONS Clusia lanceolata Cambessèdes—cebola-da-restinga Acanthaceae Garcinia mestonii F. M. Bailey—Australian mangosteen Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griffith—caricature plant, cafe-con-leche Garcinia prainiana King—button mangosteen, serapu Justicia brandegeana Wasshausen & L. B. Smith—shrimp plant Mesua ferrea L.—Ceylon ironwood, mesua, penaga Pachystachys lutea Nees—golden shrimp plant Rheedia acuminata (Ruiz & Pavon) Planchon & Triana—madroño, naranjito Ruellia brittoniana E. Leonard—Britton’s wild-petunia Rheedia aristata Grisebach—manajú Aceraceae Rheedia edulis (Seemann) Triana & Planchon—waikiki-plum *Acer rubrum L.—red maple Rheedia macrophylla Planchon & Triana—charichuela Anacardiaceae Combretaceae Mangifera indica L.—mango Bucida spinosa (Northrop) × B. buceras L.—black-olive hybrid *Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urban—poisonwood *Bucida buceras L.—black-olive, ucar Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Richard) Engler—nculi Combretum aubletii de Candolle—monkey’s brush *Rhus copallinum L.—winged sumac Combretum obovatum F. Hoffmann—spiny combretum bush Schinus molle L.—California-pepper tree, Peruvian-pepper tree *Conocarpus erectus L.—buttonwood, mangle botón Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi—Brazilian-pepper *Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertner f.—white mangrove Spondias mombin L.—Java-plum Terminalia muelleri Bentham—Mueller terminalia, black-olive *Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze—eastern poison-ivy Terminalia catappa L.—tropical-almond Annonaceae Ebenaceae Annona cherimola Miller × A. squamosa L.—atemoya Diospyros digyna Jacquin—black-sapote *Annona glabra L.—pond-apple Diospyros mespiliformis Hochstetter—jackal-berry tree Annona muricata L.—soursop Elaeocarpaceae Annona reticulata L.—custard-apple Elaeocarpus decipiens Hemsley—Japanese blue-berry Annona squamosa L.—sugar-apple Erythoxylaceae Cananga odorata (Lamarck) J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson—ylang-ylang Erythoxylum reticulatum Northrop Aquifoliaceae Euphorbiaceae *Ilex cassine L.—dahoon holly Acalypha godseffiana Sander ex Masters—copperleaf *Ilex vomitoria Aiton—yaupon holly Acalypha hispida Burman f.—chenille plant, rabo de gato Araliaceae Acalypha wilkesiana J. Mueller—copperleaf Schefflera actinophylla (Endlicher) Harms—umbrella tree Antidesma bunius (L.) K. Sprengel—bignay Schefflera elegantissima (Veitch ex Masters) Lowry & Frodin—false aralia Antidesma dallachyanum Baillon—Herbert River-cherry Asteraceae Antidesma platyphyllum H. Mann, Jr.—hamehame *Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.—common ragweed Bridelia monoica (L.) Merrill—pop gun seed *Baccharis halimifolia L.—saltbush, groundsel-tree *Chamaesyce hirta L.—hairy spurge *Bidens alba (L) de Candolle—romerillo, Spanish-needles Euphorbia leucocephala Lotsy—pascuita *Flaveria linearis Lagasca—narrowleaf yellowtops Flueggea acidoton (L.) G. L. Webster—simpleleaf bushweed Montanoa grandiflora Alaman ex de Candolle—daisy-tree Jatropha integerrima Jacquin—peregrina *Pluchea carolinensis (Jacquin) G. Don—cure-for-all Mallotus philippinensis (Lamarck) Mueller Argoviensis—red kamala, rechanaka Tridax procumbens L.—tridax, cadillo chisaca Fabaceae *Verbesina virginica L.—white crownbeard Acacia auriculiformis Bentham Begoniaceae *Acacia choriophylla Bentham—cinnecord, tamarindillo Begonia sp. – begonia *Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willdenow—sweet acacia Bignoniaceae Albizia lebbek (L.) Bentham—East-Indian-walnut *Amphitecna latifolia (Miller) A. Gentry—black calabash *Amorpha herbacea (Walter)—clusterpike false-indigo Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f.) Schumann—mangrove trumpet tree Archidendron lucyi F. von Mueller—scarlet-bean *Tecoma stans (L.) Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth—yellow elder Bauhinia sp. Tecoma capensis (Thunberg) Spach—cape-honeysuckle Brya ebenus (L.) de Candolle—Jamaican raintree Burseraceae Butea monosperma (Lamarck) Taubert—flame-of-the-forest *Bursera simaruba (L.) Sargent—gumbo-limbo, almácigo Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Swartz—red-bird-of-paradise Capparaceae Caesalpinia violacea (Miller) Standley—yurua *Capparis cynophallophora L.—Jamaica caper tree Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth—pigeon pea, gandul Caprifoliaceae Calliandra emarginata (Humboldt & Bonpland) Bentham—powderpuff Viburnum sp.—arrow-wood Calliandra haematocephala Hasskarl—powderpuff Casuarinaceae Calliandra surinamensis Bentham—pink powderpuff Casuarina cunninghamiana Miquel—Australian-pine *Dalbergia ecastaphylum (L.) Taubert—coin vine Casuarina equisetifolia L.—Australian-pine Dalbergia sissoo de Candolle—sissoo tree, Indian rosewood Celtidaceae *Dalea carthagenensis (Jacquin) J. F. Macbride—Cartagena prairie-clover *Celtis laevigata Willdenow—sugarberry Gigasiphon macrosiphon (Harms) Brenan—gigasiphon *Trema micrantha (L.) Blume—Florida trema, guacimilla Inga affinis de Candolle—ingá doce Chrysobalanaceae Inga edulis Martius—guamo *Chrysobalanus icaco L.—cocoplum Leucaena leucocephala (Lamarck) de Wit—lead tree Licania tomentosa (Bentham) Fritsch—oiticica Lonchocarpus sp. Clusiaceae *Lysiloma latisiliqua (L.) Bentham—wild-tamarind Calophylum brasiliense Cambessèdes—Brazilian beautyleaf Lysiloma sabicu Bentham—sabicu Calophyllum calaba L.—Santa María Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seemann—cow-okra Calophyllum inophyllum L.—Alexandrian laurel, laurelwood Peltophorum pterocarpum (de Candolle) K. Heyne—copperpod *Clusia rosea Jacquin—pitch-apple, cupey Pithecellobium flexicaule (Bentham) J. M. Coulter—Texas ebony
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119: 2006. 403 Table 2. (Continued) The host range of lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata, in southern Florida, species based on observations during 2002-2006, arranged by plant family. *Indicates species native to Florida.
*Pithecellobium keyense ex Britton & Rose—Florida Keys blackbead *Ficus citrifolia Miller—short-leaved fig Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre—pongam Ficus deltoidea Jack—mistletoe fig, mistletoe plant Samanea saman (Jacquin) Merrill—rain tree Ficus elastica L.—Indian-rubber, Assam-rubber Wallaceodendron celebicum Koorders—banuyo, lupiji Ficus microcarpa L.f.—Indian-laurel Pseudosamanea cubana Britton & Rose (Barneby & Grimes) (Fabaceae)— Ficus natalensis Hochstetter—mistletoe fig, licumo, natal fig aimiqui, bacona Fagaceae Ficus nota (Blanco) Merrill—tibig *Quercus geminata Small—sand live oak Ficus pertusa L.—frutillo Quercus hemisphaerica Bartram ex Wildenow—Darlington oak Ficus pumila L.—climbing fig, creeping fig *Quercus incana W. Bartram—bluejack oak Ficus racemosa L.—cluster fig *Quercus laurifolia Michaux—laurel oak Ficus rubiginosa Desfontaines ex Ventenat—rustyleaf fig *Quercus virginiana Miller—live oak Ficus rumphii Blume—rumphius fig Flacourtiaceae Ficus salicifolia (Vahl) Berg—willowleaf fig Banara vanderbiltii Urban—palo de ramon Ficus subcordata Blume—balete, wunut Casearia arguta Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth—mata cartago Ficus virens Aiton—spotted fig Dovyalis hebecarpa (G. Gardner) Warburg—Ceylon gooseberry, kitembila Myricaceae Lamiaceae *Myrica cerifera L.—wax-myrtle Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Brown—lion’s-ear Myrsinaceae Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Brown—wild dagga, Christmas candlestick *Ardisia escallonioides Chamisso & Schlechtendal—marlberry Ocimum sp.—Thai basil Ardisia hirtella Lundell Rosmarinus officinalis L.—rosemary Ardisia revoluta Humbolt, Bonpland & Kunth—oreja-de-coyote *Salvia coccinea P. J. Buchoz ex Etlinger—blood sage Ardisia sieboldii Miquel—duo-zhi-zi-jin-niu Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd—coleus *Rapanea punctata (Lamarck) Lundell—myrsine Lauraceae Myrtaceae Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume—cinnamon Callistemon viminale (Gaertner) Cheel—weeping bottlebrush Laurus nobilis L.—laurel, sweetbay *Calyptranthes pallens Grisebach—spicewood *Licaria triandra (Swartz) Kostermans—pepperleaf sweetwood Calyptranthes thomasiana O. Berg—Thomas’ lidflower *Ocotea coriacea (Swartz) Britton—lancewood *Calyptranthes zuzygium (L.) Swartz—myrtle-of-the-river Persea americana Miller—avocado Eucalyptus bella K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson—ghost gum *Persea borbonia (L.) Sprengel—red bay *Eugenia axillaris (Swartz) Willdenow—white-stopper eugenia *Persea palustris (Rafinesque-Schmaltz) Sargent—swamp redbay Eugenia brasiliensis Lamarck—grumichama Lecythidaceae *Eugenia confusa de Candolle—redberry stopper Lecythis minor Jacquin—monkey pod *Eugenia foetida Persoon—Spanish stopper, anguila Lythraceae Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg—pitamba Ginoria glabra Grisebach—clavellina Eugenia uniflora L.—Surinam-cherry Ginoria nudiflora (Hemsley) Koehne—guayabillo, pimientillo Marliera edulis Cambessèdes—cambucá Lagerstroemia indica L.—crape-myrtle Melaleuca bracteata F. Mueller—black tea-tree Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Persoon—queen’s crape-myrtle Melaleuca decora (Salisbury) Britten—sweet tea-tree Lawsonia inermis L.—henna, manjuati Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cavanilles) S. T. Blake—cajeput Magnoliaceae *Mosiera longipes (O. Berg) Small—Mangroveberry, long-stalked stopper *Magnolia virginiana L.—sweet bay *Myrcianthes fragrans—Simpson’s stopper Magnolia champaca (L.) Baillon. ex Pierre—champaka Myrciaria cauliflora (de Candolle) O. Berg in Martius—jaboticaba Malvaceae Myrciaria vexator McVaugh—false-jaboticaba Abutilon sp. Pimenta dioica (L.) Merrill—allspice Durio testudinarium Beccari—kura kura Pimenta racemosa (Miller) J. W. Moore—bay rum Heritiera littoralis Dryander—looking-glass tree Psidium androsianum (Urban) Correll—long-stalked stopper Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.—hibiscus Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae)—guava Hibiscus schizopetalus (Masters) Hooker f.—fringed hibiscus Psidium littorale Raddi—strawberry guava, cattley guava Hibicus tiliaceus L.—mahoe, sea hibiscus Syzigium cuminii (L.) Skeels—jambolan, Java-plum Malvaviscus penduliflorus de Candolle—Mazapan, Turkscap mallow Syzygium grande (Wight) Walpers—sea-apple Pavonia bahamensis Hitchcock—Bahama swampbush Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston—rose-apple, pomarrosa *Pavonia paludicola D. H. Nicolson—mangrove mallow Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merrill & Perry—malay-apple Ruizia cordata Cavanilles—bois-de-senteur blanc Syzygium paniculatum Gaertner—Australian brush-cherry Trichospermum mexicanum (de Candolle) Baillon—capulín colorado Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merrill & Perry—Java-apple, wax jambu Urena lobata L.—Caesar’s weed Onagraceae Melastomataceae *Ludwigia peruviana (L.) Hara—primrose-willow *Tetrazygia bicolor (Miller) Cogniaux—Florida tetrazygia, West Indian-lilac Orchidaceae Meliaceae Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxburgh) C.E.C. Fischer—dendrobium orchid Lansium domesticum Corrêa da Serra—duku, langsat Oxalidaceae Moraceae Averrhoa bilimbi L.—bilimbi, cucumber tree, tree sorrel Brosimum alicastrum Swartz—Mayan-breadnut, ramón Averrhoa carambola L.—carambola, starfruit Ficus aspera G. Forster—rough-leaved fig, balemo Piperaceae *Ficus aurea Nuttall—strangler fig Piper sp.—pepper Ficus benjamina L.—banyan fig Polygalaceae Ficus capensis Thunberg—cape fig Polygala cowellii (Britton) Blake—violet-tree
404 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119: 2006. Table 2. (Continued) The host range of lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata, in southern Florida, species based on observations during 2002-2006, arranged by plant family. *Indicates species native to Florida.
Polygonaceae Sapotaceae Antipogon leptopus Hooker & Arnott—coral-vine *Bumelia celastrina Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth—saffron-plum Triplaris cumingiana Fischer & C.A. Meyer ex C.A. Meyer—ant tree Calvaria inermis (L.) Dubard—white milkwood Proteaceae Chrysophyllum cainito L.—star-apple Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche—macadamia nut *Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.—satinleaf Macadamia tetraphylla L. A. S. Johnson—macadamia nut *Manilkara jaimiqui (C. Wright) Dubard—wild-dilly Rhamnaceae Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard—wongi *Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urban—black ironwood Manilkara pleeana (Pierre) Cronquist—zapote de costa Ziziphus mauritiana Lamarck—Indian jujube, Chinese apple Manilkara roxburghiana (Wight) Dubard—mimusops Rhizophoraceae Manilkara zapota (L.) Van Royen—sapodilla, nispero *Rhizophora mangle L.—red mangrove Mimusops balata (Aublet) Gaertner—bullet tree, ausubo Roseaceae Mimusops caffra A. de Candolle—coast red milkwood Malus sylvestris Miller—European crab apple Mimusops elengi L.—Spanish-cherry Pyrus sp.—pear Pouteria caimito Radlkofer—abju Rosa sp.—rose Sideroxylon americanum (Miller) T. D. Penn—bois-de-fer jaune Rubiaceae *Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacquin—false-mastic *Erithalis fruticosa L.—black torch *Sideroxylon salicifolium (L.) Lamarck—willow bustic Gardenia jasminoides Ellis—gardenia Synsepalum dulcificum Schumacher & Thonning—miracle fruit Gardenia thunbergia L.f.—Thunberg’s gardenia Solanaceae Hamelia cuprea Grisebach—Bahamas flamebush Brunfelsia lactea Krug & Urban—vega blanca *Hamelia patens Jacquin—firebush Brunfelsia nitida Bentham—lady-of-the-night Ixora sp. Cestrum diurnum L.—day cestrum Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumacher & Thonning—summer poinsettia Cestrum nocturnum L.—night-blooming jasmine Pentas lanceolata (Forsskal) Deflers—star cluster, Egyptian star cluster Solanum diphyllum L.—amatillo *Psychotria ligustrifolia (Northrup) Millspaugh—Bahama wild-coffee Solanum tampicense Dunal—aquatic soda-apple *Psychotria nervosa Swartz—wild-coffee Solanum torvum Swartz—turkeyberry, prickly solanum Psychotria punctata Vatke—dotted wild-coffee Sterculiaceae *Psychotria sulzneri Small—velvetleaf wild-coffee Sterculia ceramica R. Brown—Fairchild sterculia Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pavon—wild coffee, chacruna, samiruca Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willdenow—maple leaved bayur *Randia aculeata L.—white indigoberry Tiliaceae Rondeletia leucophylla Kunth—bush pentas, Panama-rose Grewia occidentalis L.—starflower Spermacoce verticillata L.—shrubby false-buttonweed Trumfeta semitriloba Jacquin—burbrush Rutaceae Theophrastaceae *Amyris balsamifera L.—balsam torchwood Jacquinia armillaris Jacquin—barbasco *Amyris elemifera L.—sea torchwood Jacquinia aurantiaca Aiton—chica Citrus × paradisi Macfadyen—grapefruit Urticaceae Clausena lansium (Loureiro) Skeels—wampi Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Bennett—Pouzolz’s bush Evodia ridleyi Hochreutiner—lacy lady aralia Verbenaceae Fortunella japonica (Thunberg) Swingle—round kumquat *Avicennia germinans (L.) L.—black mangrove Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack—orange-jasmine *Callicarpa americana L.—beautyberry, French-mulberry Salicaceae Duranta erecta L.—golden dewdrop *Salix caroliniana Michaux—coastal plains willow Petrea volubilis Jacquin—queen’s wreath Sapindaceae Vitaceae Alectryon coriaceus Radlkofer—smooth rambutan, beach bird’s eye *Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon—Virginia-creeper Allophylus cominia (L.) Swartz—kan lool *Vitis rotundifolia Michaux—muscadine grape Blighia sapida Konig—akee Zygophyllaceae Cupaniopsis anacardioides (A. Richard) Radlkofer—carrotwood, tuckeroo Guaiacum officinale L.—lignum-vitae, guayacán *Dodonaea viscosa Jacquin—varnishleaf, hopbush *Guaiacum sanctum L.—lignum-vitae, guayacán *Exothea paniculata (Jussieu) Radlkofer—inkwood ANGIOSPERMS: MONOCOTYLEDONS Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arnott) Thwaites—Japanese fern-tree Palmae Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlkofer—magalad Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien—miniature date palm *Hypelate trifoliata Swartz—white ironwood Coniferales: Koelreuteria elegans (Seemann) A. C. Smith—golden-rain tree Cupressaceae Litchi chinensis Sonnerat—lychee *Juniperus virginiana L.—redcedar Melicocca bijuga L.—Spanish-lime, mamoncillo Taxodiaceae Talisia olivaeformis (Humbolt, Bonpland & Kunth) Radlkofer—guayo, cotopris, *Taxodium distichum (L.) L. Richter—baldcypress yellow genip
ther north. The geographic range of many of the native plants (Baccharis halimifolia), beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), sug- on which it was found in southern Florida extends to north- arberry (Celtis laevigata), yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria) (Fig. 5), ern Florida and beyond, indicating that it could survive on at dahoon holly (I. cassine), red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), least some plants present in these areas. Examples of these in- sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana), wax-myrtle (Myrica cerifera), clude red maple (Acer rubrum), common ragweed (Ambrosia Virginia-creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), redbay (Persea artimisiifolia), Spanish needles (Bidens alba), groundsel-tree borbonia), swamp redbay (P. palustris), sand live oak (Quercus
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119: 2006. 405 Table 3. Partial list of plant species that were highly susceptible to lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata, in southern Florida 2002-2006, arranged by plant family.
Anacardiaceae Brazilian-pepper, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Aquifoliaceae yaupon holly, Ilex vomitoria Aiton Chrysobalanaceae cocoplum, Chrysobalanus icaco L. Myrsinaceae Florida myrsine, Rapanea punctata (Lamarck) Lundell Myricaceae wax-myrtle, Myrica cerifera L. Myrtaceae redberry stopper, Eugenia confusa de Candolle cajeput, Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cavanilles) S. T. Blake Moraceae strangler fig, Ficus aurea Nuttall short-leaved fig, F. citrifolia Miller weeping fig, F. benjamina L. Indian laurel, F. microcarpa L.f. Oxalidaceae carambola, Averrhoa carambola L. Rubiaceae firebush, Hamelia patens Jacquin wild-coffee, Psychotria nervosa Swartz privet-leaf wild-coffee, P. ligustrifolia (Northrop) Millspaugh velvetleaf wild-coffee, P. sulzneri Small Sapindaceae lychee, Litchi chinensis Sonnerat geminata), Darlington oak (Q. hemisphaerica), bluejack oak (Q. incana), laurel oak (Q. laurifolia), live oak (Q. virginiana), coastal plains willow (Salix caroliniana), bald cypress (Taxodi- um distichum), eastern poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia). Most of the exotic host plants of the lobate lac scale are of tropical origin, most of which are not found in northern Florida and beyond, with a few exceptions, such as crape-myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), Fig. 2. A wax-myrtle, Myrica cerifera, infested with lobate lac scale. which is widely planted in the Gulf States. The basis for considering a plant species as a host of the scale insect was the presence of at least one mature female lo- The plant families Fabaceae and Myrtaceae had the larg- bate lac scale. Many of the plant species that are listed as hosts est number of hosts, with 33 and 30 species, respectively. Oth- met this minimal criterion, but may, in fact, be poor hosts. er plant families with at least 10 host species were: Clusiaceae, Conversely, in some cases a plant that initially appeared to be Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindace- a poor host was found to be highly infested later at the same ae, and Sapotaceae (Table 2). The frequency of plant species or at a different site. However, based upon our experience of particular families as hosts may be at least partly a function and observations of recently introduced, polyphagous insect of their frequency in the landscape and/or the number of pests, they often tend to occur sporadically on many plant species of the family that occur in southern Florida. Suscepti- species when their population is high, but do not infest these ble species in some plant families are limited to those belong- hosts at lower population levels. Once brought under control ing to only one or to a few genera. For example, the family in southern Florida, lobate lac scale will probably attack fewer Moraceae is poorly represented in the native flora of south- plant species in this region, as is apparently the case in its na- ern Florida. However, many exotics species of this family, es- tive range in India, where it is under natural control. pecially of the genus Ficus, are grown in the area. Several sites We consider the isolated records on plants other than contained diverse species of Ficus, of which 18 different spe- those of woody dicotyledonous angiosperms, for example cies were found to be hosts. Thus, although Moraceae was redcedar (Juniperus virginiana), bald cypress (Taxodium disti- one of the families with a relatively high number of hosts, chum) (Coniferales), and a palm, viz. miniature date palm about 95 percent of the host species were of one genus, Ficus. (Phoenix roebelinii) (Palmae), to be anomalies, and most likely The relatively high representation of species of Ficus as poor hosts for this pest. Some of the plants that serve as hosts hosts could also be an example of “observer effect”: once that are herbaceous, rather than woody, perennials, e.g., Spanish- it is recognized that a genus or family contains several hosts, needles (Bidens alba), coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides) and species of these taxa may become targets of relatively greater ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia). These plants probably serve scrutiny, resulting in a disproportionate representation of as hosts only when they are older with relatively fibrous stems. them in the host list.
406 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119: 2006. Fig. 4. A wax-myrtle killed by a severe infestation of lobate lac scale.
McKenzie (1956) suggested that H. lataniae could live on any Fig. 3. A dense infestation of lobate lac scale on the stem of a wax-myrtle. woody plant except oaks and certain conifers, but probably the maximum host range for any phytophagous insect in- cludes no more than several hundred different plant species. The results of this study place lobate lac scale among the most polyphagous scale insects known, and its host range will certainly be expanded when records are added from the Ba- hamas (Pemberton, unpublished) and other localities where it might spread. Its wide host range is typical of a cosmopoli- tan insect, since adaptation to a wide range of host plants in- creases the chance that the insect may be moved on a plant to a new region, and can survive on hosts in the new locality. For example, according to records of soft scales (Coccidae) com- piled by Ben-Dov et al. (2004), the brown soft scale (Coccus hesperidum L.), hemispherical scale (Saissetia coffeae (Walker)), and nigra scale (Parasaissetia nigra Nietner) are each reported on 300 or more host plant species. The host range of C. hes- peridum is the highest of these at 440 species. In the armored scale family, Diaspididae, 300 or more host plant species are reported for oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii Bouché), latania scale (Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret)), lesser snow scale (Pin- naspis strachani (Cooley)), and white peach scale (Pseudaula- caspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti)) (Ben-Dov et al., 2004). The host range of H. lataniae, with 370 species, is the highest of these according to the Ben-Dov et al. (op. cit.), but Dzied- zicka (1989) cited by Miller and Davidson (2005) indicated Fig. 5. A hedge with a yaupon holly, Ilex vomitoria, killed by a severe lobate that this scale insect occurs on more than 600 host plants. lac scale infestation.
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119: 2006. 407 Even compared to the host range of these highly poly- Literature Cited phagous scale insects, that of the lobate lac scale is remark- able when it is considered that all of the cosmopolitan insects Austin, D. F. 1978. Exotic plants and their effects in southeastern Florida. En- vironmental Conservation 5:25-34. mentioned above have been known as pests for more than a Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2004. ScaleNet.
408 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 119: 2006.