Acknowledgments

Reviewers: Species included in this guide were reviewed by the following authorities regarding native range, appropriateness for use in individual states, and availability in the nursery trade:

Rodney Bartgis, The Nature Conservancy, West Virginia. Ashton Berdine, The Nature Conservancy, West Virginia. Chris Firestone, Bureau of Forestry, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Chris Frye, State Botanist, Wildlife and Heritage Service, Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Mike Hollins, Sylva Native Nursery & Seed Co. William A. McAvoy, Delaware Natural Heritage Program, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Mary Pat Rowan, Landscape Architect, Maryland Native Plant Society. Rod Simmons, Maryland Native Plant Society. Alison Sterling, Wildlife Resources Section, West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. Troy Weldy, Associate Botanist, New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.

Graphic Design and Layout: Laurie Hewitt, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office.

Special thanks to: Volunteer Carole Jelich; Christopher F. Miller, Regional Plant Materials Specialist, Natural Resource Conservation Service; and R. Harrison Wiegand, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Maryland Wildlife and Heritage Division for assistance throughout this project.

Citation: Slattery, Britt E., Kathryn Reshetiloff, and Susan M. Zwicker. 2003, 2005. Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping: Chesapeake Bay Watershed. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, Annapolis, MD. 82 pp. Document may also be found online at: http://www.nps.gov/plants/pubs/chesapeake/

First printing, 2003

Second printing, 2005

Third printing, 2009

Fourth printing 2012

The Native Plant Center

Citizens, schools, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies use this resource to select native plants to create landscapes to attract wildlife and reduce pollutants going into the Chesapeake Bay. To reach even more citizens, the Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service created an online version of this guide, the Native Plant Center -- Chesapeake Region, www.nativeplantcenter.net.

This online guide includes a geo-locator feature to quickly identify plants suited to your location. Table of Contents

Introduction Benefits of Conservation Landscaping ...... 3 Why Use Native Plants ...... 4 Other Conservation Landscaping Elements...... 4 How to Choose Plants ...... 6 Where to Find Native Plants ...... 6

How To Use This Guide Plant Names and Types ...... 7 Characteristics ...... 7 Growth Conditions ...... 8 Habitat ...... 9 Native To (Where to Use) ...... 9 Wildlife Value ...... 9 Notes ...... 10

Plant Information Pages Ferns ...... 11 Grasses & Grasslike Plants ...... 14 Herbaceous Plants ...... 18 Herbaceous Emergents ...... 41 Shrubs ...... 45 Trees ...... 54 Vines ...... 64

Plants with a Purpose Plants for Coastal Dunes ...... 66 Plants for Saltwater or Brackish Water Marshes ...... 66 Plants for Freshwater Wetlands and Other Wet Sites ...... 67 Plants Appropriate for Bogs or Bog Gardens ...... 68 Plants for Dry Meadows ...... 68 Plants for Wet Meadows ...... 69 Plants for Forest or Woodland Plantings ...... 69 Solutions for Slopes ...... 71 Evergreens ...... 72 Plants to Use as Groundcovers ...... 72 Plants for Spring and Fall Color ...... 72 Deer Resistant Plants ...... 73

Photo Credits ...... 74 References ...... 75 Index ...... 79

1 To the Reader

The use of native plants in landscaping and of course habitat restoration is certainly not new. In fact, their use has grown exponentially in recent years. Natural resources professionals in turn have been flooded with requests for information on native plants to use in various types of planting projects. Communities, schools, businesses, nonprofit organizations, watershed groups, local governments, state and federal agencies and many others are enhancing and restoring habitat, solving ecological problems, reducing maintenance, or just beautifying surroundings, all using locally native plants. Natural resources professionals, in turn, have been flooded with requests for information on native plants to use in various types of planting projects. There are many excellent resources available on native plants - some more technical than others, some more comprehensive than others. The frustration voiced most frequently by users is the lack of color photographs of the plants. After all, it is the striking visual quality of these plants that is their best “selling point.”

This publication includes those pictures as well as user-friendly information on native species appropriate for planting in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and adjacent coastal regions. Although one guide cannot furnish the answers to every question, we have included as much useful information as possible in a limited space. Although the large number of species of plants included here may overwhelm some readers, this guide displays the great diversity of plants available. We hope you will bypass the over-used, non-native and sometimes invasive ornamental plants, and select the equally and often more attractive native plants. Pour through this guide the same way you look through nursery catalogs. Use it to plan and design your next planting, whether it’s a small corner of your front yard, a two-acre meadow seeding, or 100 acres of wetland restoration.

2 Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping: Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Introduction

“Conservation landscaping” refers to landscaping with specific goals of reducing pollution and improving the local environment. In the Chesapeake Bay watershed (the land that drains to the Bay and its many tributaries), this style of landscaping is sometimes called “BayScaping,” or beneficial landscaping.

Conservation landscaping provides habitat for local and migratory animals, conserves native plants and improves water quality. Landowners also benefit as this type of landscaping reduces the time and expense of mowing, watering, fertilizing and treating lawn and garden areas, and offers greater visual interest than lawn. Beneficial landscaping can also be used to address areas with problems such as erosion, poor soils, steep slopes, or poor drainage.

One of the simplest ways to begin is by replacing lawn areas with locally native trees, shrubs and perennial plants. The structure, leaves, flowers, seeds, berries and other fruits of these plants provide food and shelter for a variety of birds and other wildlife. The roots of these larger plants are also deeper than that of typical lawn grass, and so they are better at holding soil and capturing rainwater.

Benefits of conservation landscaping

Americans manage approximately more than 30 million acres of lawn. We spend $800 million per year on grass seed. In managing our yards and gardens, we tend to over-apply products, using 2.5 to 5 million tons of fertilizer and more than 70 million pounds of pesticides annually. The average homeowner spends 40 hours per year behind a power mower, using a quart of gas per hour. Grass clippings consume 25 to 40% of landfill space during a growing season. Per hour of operation, small gas-powered engines used for yard care emit more hydrocarbon than a typical auto (mowers 10 times as much, string trimmers 21 times, blowers 34 times). A yard with 10,000 square feet of turf requires 10,000 gallons of water per summer to stay green; 30% of water consumed on the East Coast goes to watering lawns.

The practices described in this guide reduce the amount of intervention necessary to have attractive and functional landscaping. Conventional lawn and garden care contributes to pollution of our air and water and uses up non-renewable resources such as fuel and water. Many typical landscapes receive high inputs of chemicals, fertilizers, water and time, and require a lot of energy (human as well as gas- powered) to maintain. The effects of lawn and landscaping on the environment can be reduced if properties are properly managed by using organic alternatives applied correctly, decreasing the area requiring gas-powered tools, using native species that can be sustained with little watering and care, and using a different approach to maintenance practices.

With conservation landscaping, there is often less maintenance over the long term, while still presenting a “maintained” appearance. Conservation landscapes, like any new landscape, will require some upkeep, but these alternative measures are usually less costly and less harmful to the environment. New plants need watering and monitoring during the first season until they become established. Disturbed soil is prone to invasion by weeds - requiring manual removal (pulling) instead of chemical application. Over time, desired plants spread to fill gaps and natural cycles help with pest control. Garden maintenance is reduced to only minimal seasonal cleanup and occasional weeding or plant management. The savings realized by using little or no chemicals, and less water and gas, can more than make up for initial costs of installing the landscaping. Redefining landscaping goals overall and gradually shifting to using native species provide even greater rewards in terms of environmental quality, landscape sustainability, improved aesthetics, cost savings, and bringing wildlife to the property.

3 Why use native plants?

Native plants naturally occur in the region in which they evolved. While non-native plants might provide some of the above benefits, native plants have many additional advantages. Because native plants are adapted to local soils and climate conditions, they generally require less watering and fertilizing than non-natives. Natives are often more resistant to insects and disease as well, and so are less likely to need pesticides. Wildlife evolved with plants; therefore, they use native plant communities for food, cover and rearing young. Using native plants helps preserve the balance and beauty of natural ecosystems.

This guide provides information about native plants that can be used for landscaping projects as well as large-scale habitat restoration. All of the plants presented are native to the designated areas, however not all of the native species for that area have been included. Rather, plants have been included because they have both ornamental and wildlife value, and are generally available for sale. This guide covers the entire Chesapeake Bay watershed, including south central New York; most of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia; the District of Columbia; Delaware, west of Delaware Bay; and the eastern panhandle of West Virginia.

The region’s wildlife, plants, habitats and network of streams and rivers leading to the Bay are tremendous resources. As the human population throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed grows and land-use pressures intensify, it is increasingly important to protect our remaining natural areas and wildlife, and restore and create habitat. By working together, these treasures can be conserved for future generations. Individual projects are great, collective measures are even better, yet every action helps no matter what size.

Conservation landscaping elements

We can incorporate elements of natural systems into the existing areas where we live, work, learn, shop and play. Landscaping provides valuable opportunities to reduce the effects of the built environment. These areas can be both aesthetically pleasing and functional. Use of native species will make your garden or landscaping more environmentally beneficial. By combining plant selection with some of the other concepts below, you can achieve more environmental benefits.

Reduce disturbance. Carefully decide where new development will occur to avoid destruction of existing habitat as much as possible. Take advantage of the site’s existing natural features.

Reduce lawn or high maintenance areas. Replace turf or ornamental plantings by adding new landscaping beds and/or enlarge existing ones with native plants.

Think big, but start small. Draw up a plan for your entire yard but choose one small area for your first effort. Trial and error with the first project will help you learn without being overwhelmed. Phase in the whole project over time.

Use native plants. Start by using natives to replace dead or dying non-native plants, or as a substitute for invasive non-natives in existing gardens or landscaping. Plan to use native plants in new landscaping projects. In certain conditions, some native plants can also Avoid invasive species. Non-native plants can be invasive. They have few or no naturally occurring become aggressive spreaders, though their measures to control them, such as insects or competitors. Invasive plants can spread rapidly and spread is more limited by natural controls than smother or out-compete native vegetation. Invasive, non-native plants are not effective in providing non-native aggressors. Plants that seed readily quality habitat. A copy of the publication “Plant Invaders of Mid Atlantic Natural Areas” can be (such as black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia species), downloaded from www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/index.htm. or that spread by lateral roots (such as mint family plants Monarda or Physostegia species) Improve water quality. Native species planted on slopes, along water bodies and along drainage should be used sparingly or controlled in gardens. ditches help prevent erosion and pollution by stabilizing the soil and slowing the flow of rainwater Certain native species that are difficult to control runoff. To collect and filter runoff, depressions can be created and planted with native plants suited to or show up uninvited should not be planted, such temporary wet conditions. These “rain gardens” will capture water and hold it temporarily for a day or as cattail (Typha species). two and remove pollutants washing off of the surrounding land.

4 Enhance and create wildlife habitat. An animal’s habitat is the area where it finds food, water, shelter, and breeding or nesting space, in a particular arrangement. If we want our gardens to have the greatest ecological value for wildlife, we need to mimic natural plant groupings and incorporate features that provide as many habitat features as possible.

Plants are one of the most important features of an animal’s habitat, because they often provide most, or even all of the animal’s habitat needs. Animals in turn help plants to reproduce through dispersal of pollen, fruits or seeds. Consequently, plants and animals are interdependent and certain plants and animals are often found together. So, it is important that plants be selected, grouped, and planted in a way that is ecologically appropriate.

Each plant prefers or tolerates a range of soil, sunlight, moisture, temperature and other conditions, as well as a variety of other factors including disturbance by natural events, animals or human activities. Plants sharing similar requirements are likely to be found together in plant communities that make up different habitat types - particular groupings of plant communities commonly recognized as wetlands, meadows, forests, etc. Some plants may tolerate a wider range of conditions than others, and therefore can be found at more than one type of site, in association with a different set of plants at each. By matching plants with similar soil, sunlight, moisture and other requirements, and planting them to the existing site conditions, the planted landscapes will do a good job of approximating a natural habitat.

Instead of isolated plantings, such as a tree in the middle of lawn, group trees, shrubs and perennials to create layers of vegetation. A forest has, for example, a canopy layer (tallest trees), understory layers (various heights of trees and shrubs beneath the canopy) and a ground layer or forest floor. These layers provide the structure and variety needed for shelter, breeding or nesting space for a diversity of wildlife.

To provide food and cover for wildlife year-round, include a variety of plants that produce seeds, nuts, berries or other fruits, or nectar; use evergreens as well as deciduous plants (those that lose their leaves); and allow stems and seedheads of flowers and grasses to remain standing throughout fall and winter.

All animals need water year-round to survive. Even a small dish of water, changed daily to prevent mosquito growth, will provide for some birds and butterflies. Puddles, pools or a small pond can be a home for amphibians and aquatic insects. A larger pond can provide for waterfowl, such as ducks and geese, and wading birds such as herons. Running or circulating water will attract wildlife, stay cleaner and prevent mosquitoes.

Rock walls or piles, stacked wood, or brush piles provide homes for insects, certain birds and small mammals. Fallen logs and leaf litter provide moist places for salamanders, and the many organisms that recycle such organic matter, contributing nutrients to the soil. Standing dead tree trunks benefit cavity-nesting wildlife such as woodpeckers.

Consider naturalistic planting, or habitat restoration. It may be feasible to create a more natural landscape instead of a formal one. Naturalistic landscaping uses patterns found in nature, and allows some nature-driven changes to occur. Plants multiply, and succession or gradual replacement of species may take place, with less human intervention. A property located near natural areas, such as forests, wetlands and meadows, is a good candidate for a habitat project. Expand existing forest by planting trees and shrubs along the woods line, using native species that grow in the area, and allow birds and wind to bring the understory plants over time. Wet sites, areas with clay soils, or drainage ditches can be converted to wetlands. An open piece of ground or lawn can be planted as a meadow or grassland. Schools, homes, small businesses, large corporate sites, municipalities, military installations, recreational areas and other public lands can all include habitat plantings.

5 How to choose plants

Finding ready information about what plants “go together” for habitat restoration, enhancement, or creation projects is difficult. Often, the professional will examine a nearby natural area and try to mimic the combination of plant species found there. That may not be possible for individuals unfamiliar with natural areas. Fortunately, by following some simple guidelines, you will have garden spaces that grow well on your site and mirror the plant communities found naturally in your area. The plant lists found at the end of this guide will also help give you a start at planting appropriate groupings.

z Know your site and plant to the existing site conditions. Check the sun exposure, soil moisture and soil type where you plan to plant, and choose plants that will grow and thrive in those conditions. For a few dollars your state or local cooperative extension office can analyze a small soil sample you send them (for contact information, see your government listings in the phone book). The results will include soil type (sand, clay, loam, etc.), pH and fertility status and recommendations for amending the soil to make it into “average garden soil.” However, by selecting native species that thrive in the existing conditions, you won’t need to add soil, fertilizer, lime or compost. There are a wide variety of plants that will thrive in most conditions, even the driest, poorest soil or very wet clay soil. If, however, the soil test shows extreme pH - very acidic (pH of less than 5) or very basic (pH 8 or above), your plant choices will be fairly limited. In that case, you might choose to follow the instructions for making the soil more neutral. If the soil is hard, compacted fill dirt, you might want to improve it by adding organic matter and work the ground so that it can more easily be planted. If you alter the site, then select plants suited to the new conditions.

z Choose plants native to your region of your state. Along with planting to the existing site conditions, use locally native plants. Use the map on page 9 to identify which physio- geographic region the planting site lies in. If you’re close to a border dividing two regions, you may choose plants from either or both regions.

z Choose a habitat type. Try to create or emulate a specific habitat, like woods, wetland or meadow, and choose plants that are appropriate to both your site and the habitat. Look through this guide and mark the plants with growth requirements that match conditions at the planting site. This will help improve the success of your planting, the habitat value, and the ecological functioning of the project. This publication will eventually be made available online, in a format that can be electronically sorted by plant characteristics or growth conditions.

Where to find native plants

Most nurseries carry some native plants, and some nurseries specialize and carry a greater selection. As the demand for native plants has grown, so has the supply at nurseries. Some plants will be more readily available than others. Here, we’ve focused on species most appropriate for planting and available through the nursery trade. A limited number of species included here are not commonly available but are able to be nursery grown. Take this guide along with you when you visit nurseries and if you need help, ask for nursery staff familiar with native plants. If you see a plant you like, check to see if it’s included in the guide for your state and physiographic region. For those species that are more difficult to find, the hope and intention is that this publication will spark a demand, and hence a greater supply. If you have a favorite plant that you can’t obtain, be sure to ask your local nursery to consider adding it to their stock. A list of some of the many retail and wholesale native plant nurseries in the Chesapeake Bay region is available from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office at http://chesapeakebay.fws.gov/bayscapes.htm.

For the greatest ecological value, select the “true” native species, especially if planting for wildlife benefit. There are cultivated varieties (cultivars) available for many native plants. These are named using the scientific name (Latin genus and species, such as Rudbeckia fulgida) plus the cultivar name, a third word in single quotation marks (such as Rudbeckia fulgida ‘Goldsturm’). These varieties have been grown to provide plants with certain physical characteristics, perhaps a different flower color, different foliage or a compact shape or size. Although these are suitable for gardening use, use true species (not cultivars) if you are planning a habitat project to provide food for wildlife. These plants are most suited for use by the native wildlife, and will increase your chances of attracting them. 6 Native plants should never be removed from the wild unless an area is about to be developed. Even then, it is difficult to transplant wild-collected plants and to duplicate their soil and other growth requirements in a home garden. Plants that are grown from seed or cuttings by nurseries have a much greater tolerance for garden conditions. Help to preserve natural areas by purchasing plants that have been grown, not collected.

Ask nurseries about the source of the native species sold. Did they come from seed or cuttings of plants found growing locally, or are they from another region? Ideally, the plants you use should come from stock from the same region, say, within about a 200-mile radius in the same physiographic province (coastal plain, Piedmont, or mountain). Differences exist from region to region even in the same plant species, due to differences in climactic conditions between distant locations. For example, a plant grown in Maine may flower at a different time than the same species grown in Maryland. They may have slight physical differences. These characteristics make a difference in designing gardens and they matter to wildlife seeking food sources. The more consumers ask for locally grown plants or seed, the more likely it is that nurseries will carry local stock.

Once you begin to explore and experiment with native plants, you’ll soon discover that many of these plants go beyond just replacing worn out selections in your yard. Native plants will eventually reduce your labor and maintenance costs while inviting wildlife to your yard helping to create your own sense of place.

How to use this guide

Plant Names and Types

Plants are organized within each section alphabetically by scientific name. All scientific plant names used are based on names accepted by ITIS, the Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Plants are indexed at the back of the book by scientific as well as frequently used common names. Scientific names are changed periodically as new information is gathered; for those commonly recognized names that changed during development of this guide, the new names are used here, with a cross reference noted in the index. For example: Aster divaricatus is now Eurybia divaricata, so the plant is listed in the index under both Aster and Eurybia.

Plants are grouped by botanical categories: Ferns; Grasses & Grasslike Plants (includes grasses and plants with long slender leaves that may appear similar to a grass); Herbaceous Plants (includes flowers and groundcovers); Herbaceous Emergents (plants that grow in moist to wet soils, wetlands or in standing water with roots and part of their stems below water but with most of the plant above the water); Shrubs; Trees; and Vines.

A note about groundcovers: English ivy, periwinkle, creeping lily turf and Japanese pachysandra are some commonly used groundcovers, particularly for shade. However, these species are non-natives that are invasive in the landscape, so they should be avoided. What native alternatives can be used instead? A groundcover can be any plant that would physically cover or hide the bare ground from view. For the purposes of environmentally beneficial landscaping and habitat enhancement, any plant in the “herbaceous”category would make a good groundcover. For those gardeners and landscapers still seeking a low-growing, creeping, spreading, or clump-forming plant for a groundcover, these plants are marked with a symbol in the Notes column and a list is included at the end of the guide.

Characteristics

z Height and/or Spread The typical mature height or possible range of heights is given in feet, to the nearest half (0.5) foot. Height may vary depending on conditions (e.g., amount of moisture or sun). For trees and vines, spread is also given in feet. For trees, spread is the measurement of the crown of the plant; for vines, spread is the length a vine will grow along a surface.

z Flowers: bloom period and flower color The typical months in which the plant blooms are given. The exact time and duration of bloom may be shifted by days or weeks for different areas and/or depending on seasonal weather conditions and climactic trends. The basic, overall color of

7 the flower is noted. The color of a flower’s center or throat may not be included due to limited text space. For simplicity, some shades or tones of colors have been grouped, e.g. lavender, pale purple, bluish purple, even fuchsia may have been listed simply as purple; tan, brown, dark brown are all listed as brown; yellows and pinks may be similarly condensed.

z Fruit: fruiting period, color and type This information is provided for plants with more conspicuous fruits or visually interesting seeds. Terms used include: Achene, a dry flat seed such as in clematis; Berry, which includes small single berries such as blueberry, larger berries such as persimmon, aggregates such as blackberry and hips such as a rose hip; Capsule, including various types and sizes of dry fruits with two or more compartments containing seeds, such as iris, sweet pepperbush, hibiscus, or black-eyed Susan; Cone/cone-like such as pines, hemlock, or alder; fleshy pomes or drupes such as hawthorn, beach plum, paw paw, passion flower, or cherry; Nut/ nut-like, as in acorns (oaks) or hickory; Pod, which may include pea-like legumes such as partridge pea or wild senna, follicles or other long pod-like capsules such as milkweeds, delphinium, or trumpet creeper; and Winged, such as the samaras of maples or elm.

z Fall Color The color listed indicates the fall color of the leaves, or of the stems for certain plants such as grasses. Some color shades have been grouped by the basic color, as for flower color. Evergreens, species that retain their leaves throughout the winter (in all plant categories), are designated with a symbol in the Notes column. Evergreens are popular for various landscaping uses and valuable for year-round cover for wildlife.

Growth Conditions

z Light The amount of sunlight a plant requires is defined as: Full Sun , the site is in direct sunlight for at least six hours a day during the growing season; Partial shade , the site receives approximately three to six hours of direct sunlight; and Shade z, the site receives less than three hours of direct sunlight or filtered light.

z Moisture The amount of soil moisture a plant requires is defined as: Dry (D), areas where water does not remain after a rain (areas may be in full sun or in a windy location, on a steep slope, or have sandy soil); Moist (M), areas where the soil is damp, and may be occasionally saturated; and Wet (W), areas where the soil is saturated for much of the growing season, except in droughts. Many of the plants designated for wet areas tolerate specific ranges of water depths (see Flood Depth). Plants with the Dry designation can be considered drought tolerant.

z Soil pH and Type Many of the native plants listed will tolerate a range of soil types. Soil types are listed here as Organic (O), containing a high amount of organic material such as decayed leaves and bark; Clay or fine-textured (C) soils with a high clay content and some silt - very fine soil particles; Loamy or medium-textured (L) soils that contain a mix of mostly silt and sand but may contain some clay; and Sandy or coarse-textured (S) soils with larger particles. Soil information has necessarily been simplified for this guide, and lumped into these main categories, which will suffice for the novice. Soils in actuality are often a mixture or gradations of types, categorized by the percentages they contain of clay, silt or sand, for example clay loam (a certain mix of clay and sand); sandy clay; silt loam; or silty clay loam. For best results, select plants suited to existing site conditions rather than amending the soil. However, be aware that plant selection may be limited if your site has very sandy soil, heavy clay, compacted soil, or extreme soil pH (above 8 or below 5.5). In these cases, seek advice from a nurseryman, horticulturist, botanist, Cooperative Extension agent, or other expert.

z Flood Depth Some plants tolerate prolonged standing water, and occur in specific water depths or range of depths. In the Herbaceous Emergents section, the depth of water tolerated is indicated (in inches). Other types of wetland plants that can tolerate only intermittent flooding appear in other sections of the guide, and their flood tolerance information is included in the Notes column. For more complete information on planning and planting wetlands, see the references listed at the end of this guide.

z Salt Tolerance Some plants that tolerate prolonged standing water can tolerate saltwater or brackish (partly salty) water. For plants in the Herbaceous Emergents section, the salinity range in which each of these plants will grow is given in parts (of salt) per thousand parts (of water) or ppt, 8 from 0 ppt (fresh water) to the maximum salinity tolerated. For plants in other sections of the guide, the maximum salinity is given in the Notes column. Full seawater is approximately 32 ppt. If salinity is not given, then the plant grows in fresh water only or in drier conditions.

4. Habitat For each plant in this guide, we include a description of habitats in which that plant may be found. Several habitat types may be mentioned as each plant is rarely found in one and only one habitat type. There are dozens of forest types, several types of wetlands including forested wetlands and even wet meadows. The habitats described include those that provide the conditions most preferred by each plant species. To help with planning projects, sample lists of plants to use in certain habitat types, or certain site conditions, are given in the back of this guide. More technically detailed information on plant communities can be found in resources listed in the references section.

5. Native To (Where To Use) - States and Physiographic Regions From the sandy dunes of the coast to the rocky slopes of the mountains, the rich variety of habitats found throughout the region is strongly linked to its geology, topography and climate. For this guide, the states in the Chesapeake Bay watershed have been divided into three regions or provinces: (1) the coastal plain (C), an area with fairly flat topography and more southern climate; (2) the Piedmont plateau (P), with its rolling hills; and (3) the mountain zone (M), a more northern climate (see map). For simplicity, the mountain category combines all of the more specific higher-altitude provinces (Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley, Allegheny or Appalachian Plateau). Some native plants are common throughout these provinces, while others are adapted to the unique conditions found only in one or two.

Based on the existing literature and expert input, the physiographic regions and states in which each plant species naturally occurs is noted. However, plants do not follow the political boundaries that define our states, so matching ecological boundaries with political ones is difficult. Certain plants may occur in different regions in different states. For example, the range of a species could extend throughout all of Pennsylvania, but be limited to the mountain and Piedmont regions of Maryland. An effort has been made to be as accurate as possible, while erring on the side of inclusion to cover the widest range of possibilities throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed as a whole. This same New York approach has been used for other characteristics, such as height and bloom period, which may vary slightly from region to region.

Note: Some species native to a state but not commonly found may Cortland Oneonta be officially designated and legally protected as “rare, threatened, or endangered” (RTE). This may be because the plant is at the Corning edge of its natural range there, or its population has declined due to loss of habitat caused by various natural events and/ Pennsylvania or human activities in that region. Species that are listed in St. Mary's City Scranton a state as RTE should generally not be planted there, because importing species from elsewhere could potentially lead to damaging alteration of the gene pool Altoona of the remaining population. This guide lists only those Harrisburg states in which a plant is common and recommended for planting. As a general rule of thumb, if a plant York Hagerstown you like is not designated in this guide for your Elkton Cumberland Frederick state or your region of the state, we strongly Baltimore Maryland encourage you to forego planting that and Delaware Front Royal Washington Annapolis select another plant suited to your site. West Fairfax D.C. Virginia Franklin Bridgeville Harrisonburg 6. Wildlife Value Monterey Fredericksburg The notation “high wildlife value” is Charlottesville based mainly on the value of the Covington Chesapeake Bay Watershed fruits, seeds and/or nectar used as Richmond State lines Lynchburg food for wildlife, and the relative Petersburg Physiographic Provinces number of species using the Coastal Plain Piedmont Virginia Norfolk plant for food. But remember Mountain that animals use leaves, 9 twigs, roots and shoots for food or nesting material, and every plant has value as cover and/or nesting sites. In that respect, although we’ve marked those of higher wildlife (food) value, every plant in this guide has value to wildlife, as well as other environmental values.

The types of wildlife noted here are those desirable species that are likely to use the plants for food, Songbird including pollinators which are critical to plant reproduction, for gardens, natural areas and agricultural crops. The information here is fairly general. The songbird icon indicates use of a plant by small usually Waterfowl migratory birds, but may include upland game birds. The waterfowl icon may include shorebirds and wading birds along with ducks and geese. The hummingbird icon has been indicated separately Hummingbird because many people are interested specifically in attracting them. The butterfly icon may refer to the adults or to the larval stage that uses the plant as a host. The beneficial insect icon, besides butterflies, Butterfly includes ladybugs, bees (essential pollinators) and other insects that serve as a pest control or other desirable role. The small mammal icon is noted for plants used by any of a variety of small animals, Beneficial insect such as raccoons, opossums, foxes, etc., depending upon location and surrounding habitat. Small mammal Absent but not forgotten: Certain wildlife species are not represented, due in part to a lack of available information for every plant related to all types of animals. However, these are all likely to inhabit or occasionally visit a native plant garden or habitat planting, and their importance in the web of life should not be underestimated. Many insects have not been represented here, though they Providing the basic habitat structures described certainly use a wide variety of plants throughout their life cycles and are an integral part of the earlier and planting a diversity of plants (and ecosystems we’re trying to protect, conserve and enhance. Reptiles and amphibians, particularly therefore food sources) will bring a surprising salamanders, frogs and turtles, inhabit our yards as well as natural areas. They use plants for food and and beneficial array of life to your property. cover, and especially need water sources such as lakes, ponds, streams, puddles or even a small dish of water (aerated or changed daily to prevent mosquito breeding). Bats provide a valuable service as insect pest controllers and pollinators.

7. Notes This catchall includes pertinent information that bears emphasizing or is not reflected in the other categories. It may include additional notes or clarification about the plant’s characteristics, growth, and spread; tips or suggestions on cultivation; cultivars; or general use of the plant.

By providing these characteristics for each plant species we hope to provide you with a variety of choices to meet the conditions of your property as well as your personal preferences. Whether you are replacing a few individual plants, designing a new bed or planning for an entirely new look, this guide can help narrow the choices to plants most likely to thrive in your environment and create the landscape you desire.

10 Ferns Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Adiantum pedatum Height: 1-2' Light: moist woods, rocky Region: MP C grows in clumps; delicate shaded habitats texture; herbal uses Fruit: Moisture: M States: DC MD northern Soil pH: 4.5-6.5 NY PA VA maidenhair fern Soil type: LSO WV UWI MC

Asplenium Height: 0.5-1.5' banks, open woods Region: MP C easily transplanted; only platyneuron Light: and thickets, slopes, moderate care needed; Fruit:May-Sep Moisture: M rocky ledges, States: DC MD evergreen swamps ebony spleenwort Soil pH: 4.5-7 NY VA Soil type: CLS WV RHW

Athyrium filix- Height: 1-3' woods, banks, Region: MP C varieties occur throughout femina Light: wooded hillsides, region; in MD, VA can also use Fruit: Moisture: MW sandy bogs States: DC DE subspecies asplenioides (southern lady fern) northern lady fern Soil pH: NY Soil type: LS WV UWI KJS UWI

Botrychium Height: 1-2' rich, woods Region: MP C virginianum Light: Fruit: Moisture: DM States: DC DE MD rattlesnake fern Soil pH: 5.6-6.9 NY VA Soil type: L O WV RHW

Dennstaedtia Height: 1-3' Light: open woods and Region: MP C can spread over large areas of punctilobula fields open understory or pasture Fruit:Jul-Oct Moisture: D M States: DC MD hay-scented fern Soil pH: NY VA Soil type: L WV UWI RWF

Dryopteris Height: 1-2.5' low woods, thickets, Region: MP forms colonies; semi- carthusiana (D. Light: swamps, rich evergreen spinulosa) Fruit:Jun-Aug Moisture: MW woods, rocky slopes States: DC DE MD toothed or Soil pH: 5-6 NY PA VA spinulose Soil type: L O WV woodfern UWI RWF

Dryopteris cristata Height: 1.5-2.5' Light: shallow emergent Region: MP C small rosette fronds marshes, shrub Fruit:Jun-Sep Moisture: MW swamps, wooded States: DC DE MD swamps, open NY PA VA crested wood or Soil pH: 3.5-6.5 shrubby wetlands shield fern, Soil type: CL WV narrow swamp fern UWI RWF

Dryopteris Height: 2.5' Light: rich, moist to dry Region: MP C clump-former; not common on intermedia woods coastal plain; hybridizes with Fruit: Moisture: D MW States: DC DE eight species evergreen wood- Soil pH: NY PA VA fern Soil type: L O WV UWI EJJ

11 Ferns Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Dryopteris Height: 1-3' Light: moist woods, Region: MP C clump-former; attractive; easily marginalis clearings transplanted Fruit:Jun-Oct Moisture: DM States: DC DE MD marginal or Soil pH: NY PA VA evergreen shield Soil type: CLS WV fern, evergreen wood fern UWI RWF

Onoclea sensibilis Height: 1-3.5' Light: fresh tidal and Region: MP C spreads in wet areas; fertile nontidal marshes, fronds dark brown, erect Fruit:Jun-Oct Moisture: MW meadows, swamps, States: DC DE MD woods sensitive fern Soil pH: NY PA VA Soil type: CLS WV UWI KJS UWI

Osmunda Height: 2-5' woods, marshes, Region: MP C tolerates drought; fertile fronds cinnamomea Light: swamps, bogs, reddish brown, wooly Fruit:Apr-May Moisture: MW streamsides States: DC DE MD cinnamon fern Soil pH: 4.5-7 NY PA VA Soil type: CL WV RHW, UWI TK RHW,

Osmunda Height: 1-4' Light: fields, forest and Region: MP grows in clumps claytoniana swamp edges Fruit: Moisture: M States: DC DE MD interrupted fern Soil pH: 4-6 PA VA Soil type: CL WV UWI EJJ UWI

Osmunda regalis Height: 1.5-6' Light: fresh tidal and Region: MP C tolerates full sun if moist; nontidal marshes tolerates drought; tolerates Fruit:Apr-Jun Moisture: MW and swamps, States: DC DE MD irregular, seasonal or woods, irregularly, permanent saturation; only NY PA VA royal fern Soil pH: 4-6 seasonally, or tolerates flooding for a few days Soil type: CLS permanently WV saturated (up to 100% of growing

UWI EJJ season)

Polystichum Height: 0.5-2' woods, thickets, Region: MP C grows in clumps; easily grown acrostichoides Light: rocky slopes in rock gardens and shaded Fruit:Jun-Oct Moisture: M States: DC DE MD places; impartial to soil type

Christmas fern Soil pH: 4.5-7 NY PA VA Soil type: LS WV USFWS BES USFWS

Pteridium aquilinum Height: 1.5-6' Light: dry pine woods, Region: MP C forms large colonies; host for swamps, marshes, several ant types Fruit: Moisture: D MW fields, waste places States: DC DE MD bracken fern Soil pH: NY PA VA Soil type: CLS WV CM NRCS

Thelypteris Height: 1-2.5' Light: forested wetlands, Region: MP C tolerates drought; easily noveboracensis dry to damp woods, transplanted; forms large Fruit:Jun-Sep Moisture: MW thickets States: DC DE MD colonies; spreads easily

New York fern Soil pH: 4-7 NY VA Soil type: CLS WV USFWS BES USFWS 12 Ferns Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Thelypteris palustris Height: 2-3' Light: swamps, bogs, Region: MP C spreads fields, thickets, fresh Fruit:Jun-Oct Moisture: MW marshes, wooded States: DC DE MD streambank marsh fern Soil pH: NY VA Soil type: CLS WV UWI RWF

Woodwardia Height: 0.5-2' bogs, swamps, Region: PC spreads by creeping rhizome areolata Light: woods Fruit:Jul-Oct Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD netted chain fern Soil pH: VA Soil type: PLANTS RM91

Woodwardia Height: 3-6' swampy places, Region: PC spreads by creeping rhizome virginica Light: woods Fruit:Jul-Sep Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD

Virginia chain Soil pH: NY VA fern Soil type: PLANTS RS MNPS Polystichum acrostichoides RHW RHW

Osmunda regalis Osmunda cinnamomea USFWS BES USFWS New fern fiddleheads emerging.

13 Grasses & Grasslike Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Agrostis perennans Height: 1-3' Light: dry or moist thickets, Region: MP C open woods Flowers: Jun-Oct Moisture: D MW States: DC DE autumn bentgrass Soil pH: 5.5-7.5 PA VA

Soil type: CL WV PLANTS RM95

Ammophila Height: 1.5-3.5' Light: maritime beaches, Region: C prefers well-drained, sandy breviligulata dunes, grasslands, sites; spreads rapidly by Flowers: Jul-Sep Moisture: D shrublands States: rhizomes dunegrass, Soil pH: 5.8-7.8 VA American beachgrass Soil type: LS UWI RRK UWI

Andropogon gerardii Height: 2-6.5' Light: dry or wet open Region: MP clump forming; attractive, woods, prairies, with winter interest Flowers: Jun-Sep Moisture: D MW swales, shores; dry States: DC DE open areas big bluestem Soil pH: 6-7.5 NY PA VA Soil type: CLS WV RHW

Andropogon Height: 1.5-5' Light: fresh marshes, coastal Region: MP C tolerates drought; grows in glomeratus (A. areas tufts; reddish fall color virginicus var Flowers: Aug-Oct, reddish Moisture: MW States: DC DE abbreviatus) brown bushy bluestem Soil pH: 5-6.3 VA Soil type: CLS WV PLANTS

Andropogon Height: 1-3' Light: wet meadows, Region: MP C wildlife food and cover; virginicus transition areas tolerates drought; grows in Flowers: Aug-Nov, reddish Moisture: D MW States: DC DE MD tufts; reddish-tan fall color brown broomsedge Soil pH: 4.9-7 NY VA Soil type: CLS WV PLANTS JS

Calamagrostis Height: 1.5-5' meadows, bogs, Region: M canadensis Light: thickets Flowers: Jun-Aug Moisture: MW States: DC DE bluejoint Soil pH: 4.5-8 NY VA reedgrass Soil type: CL WV PLANTS 1995

Carex crinita var. Height: 1-5' swales, thickets, low Region: MP C crinita Light: woods Flowers: Jun-Aug Moisture: MW States: DC DE long hair sedge Soil pH: 4-7.5 NY VA

Soil type: CL WV RHW

Carex glaucodea Height: 0.5-2' Light: moist to dry woods Region: PC clump-forming; alternative to and fields Liriope Flowers: May-Jul, brown to Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD reddish blue wood Soil pH: VA sedge Soil type: NYNHP, NYNHP NYNHP,

14 Grasses & Grasslike Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Carex lurida Height: 1-3.5' Light: swales, swamps, Region: MP C wetland plant; interesting woods seeds Flowers: Jun-Oct Moisture: W States: DC DE sallow sedge, Soil pH: 4.9-6.8 NY PA VA lurid sedge Soil type: CLS WV RHW

Carex pensylvanica Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: open, dry, sandy or Region: PC alternative to lawn; plant rocky woods, wooded densely; fine textured leaves Flowers: Apr-Jul, reddish to Moisture: DM slopes States: DC DE MD less than 6 inches white Pennsylvania Soil pH: NY PA VA sedge Soil type: S WV CM NRCS, NRCS

Carex stricta Height: 1-3.5' Light: fresh tidal and nontidal Region: MP C grows in clumps; partly marshes, shrub persists in winter; tolerates Flowers: May-Aug, reddish Moisture: MW swamps, forested States: DC DE MD flooding to 6 inches to purple brown wetlands, swales, NY VA tussock sedge Soil pH: 3.5-7 fields Soil type: CLS WV CM NRCS

Carex vulpinoidea Height: 0.5-3.5' Light: shallow emergent Region: MP C grows in clumps; tolerates marshes, shrub saturation and flooding to 6 Flowers: Jun-Aug Moisture: W swamps, floodplain States: inches forests, hardwood NY VA fox sedge Soil pH: 6.8-8.9 swamps Soil type: CL WV high wildlife

UWI RWF value

Chasmanthium Height: 2-5' Light: streambanks, alluvial Region: MP C latifolium woods Flowers: Jul-Sep, green Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD then tan wild oats, river Soil pH: 5-7 VA oats, sea oats, spanglegrass Soil type: CLS WV USFWS BES, BES

Danthonia spicata Height: 0.5-2' Light: open woods, pastures, Region: MP C meadows Flowers: May-Jul Moisture: D M States: DC DE poverty oatgrass, Soil pH: NY PA VA poverty grass Soil type: S WV UWI RWF

Dichanthelium Height: 2-5' moist woods, Region: MP C clandestinum Light: roadsides Flowers: May-Oct Moisture: D MW States: DC DE deer-tongue Soil pH: 4-7.5 NY PA VA

Soil type: CLS WV USDA JE

Dichanthelium Height: 1-2.5' rocky or sandy woods Region: MP C commutatum Light: Flowers: May-Oct Moisture: D M States: DC DE variable Soil pH: 4-6.5 NY PA VA panicgrass Soil type: LS WV PLANTS 1997

15 Grasses & Grasslike Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Elymus canadensis Height: 2-6.5' Light: dry, sandy, gravely, or Region: MP C rocky soil Flowers: Jun-Oct Moisture: DM States: DC MD Canada wild rye Soil pH: 5-7.9 VA

Soil type: CLS WV CM NRCS

Elymus hystrix Height: 2-4' alluvial woods Region: MP C (Hystrix patula) Light: Flowers: Jun-Aug Moisture: M States: DC DE MD bottlebrush grass Soil pH: NY PA VA Soil type: L WV RHW

Elymus riparius Height: 0.5-5' Light: rich thickets, Region: PC good for streambank streamsides, alluvial conditions Flowers: Jul-Sep Moisture: D MW flats, meadows States: DE riverbank wild- Soil pH: 4.5-7.2 PA VA rye Soil type: CLSO WV UWI EJJ UWI

Elymus virginicus Height: 1-5.5' Light: rich thickets, shores, Region: MP C tolerates a wide range of meadows conditions; forms clumps Flowers: Jun-Oct Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD Virginia wild rye Soil pH: 5-7 PA VA Soil type: CLSO WV CM NRCS

Festuca rubra Height: 0.5-3' Light: dry woods, roadsides, Region: M can be used as turf grass; waste areas grows best in part shade Flowers: May-Jul Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD red fescue Soil pH: 5-8 VA Soil type: CL RS MNPS

Leersia oryzoides Height: 5' Light: fresh tidal and nontidal Region: MP C good for sediment marshes, meadows, stabilization, erosion control; Flowers: Jun-Oct Moisture: MW ditches, muddy shores States: DC DE tolerates drought; tolerates flooding to 6 inches rice cutgrass Soil pH: 5.1-8.8 NY PA VA Soil type: CLS WV PLANTS 1995

Panicum amarum Height: 1-3' Light: sandy coastal shores Region: C prostrate form, produces and dunes little viable seed, use Flowers: Aug-Oct Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD transplants; Panicum amarum var. amarulum bitter or coastal Soil pH: 5-7.5 VA (coastal panicgrass), taller panic grass, form, can be seeded. beachgrass Soil type: LS CM NRCS

Panicum virgatum Height: 3-6' Light: fresh and brackish tidal Region: MP C food for sparrow species; and nontidal marshes, grows in clumps; controls Flowers: Jul-Oct Moisture: D MW wet meadows, open States: DC DE MD erosion woods, prairies, dunes switchgrass Soil pH: 4.5-8 NY PA VA

Soil type: CLS WV USFWS BES USFWS

16 Grasses & Grasslike Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Saccharum giganteum Height: 3.5-10' Light: swamps, low woods, Region: PC (Erianthus giganteus) swales Flowers: Aug-Oct Moisture: MW States: DC DE giant plumegrass, Soil pH: 3.5-7 VA sugar cane Soil type: LS USDA NRCS

Schizachyrium Height: 1.5-4' Light: open woods, Region: MP C tolerates poor soil; clump scoparium pinelands, clearings grass; winter interest and (Andropogon Flowers: Aug-Oct Moisture: D States: DC DE MD wildlife cover; excellent scoparius) forage grass Soil pH: NY PA VA little bluestem Soil type: LS WV USFWS BES, BES

Sorghastrum nutans Height: 2.5-8' Light: dry slopes, prairies, Region: MP C tall clump grass with borders of woods beautiful seed head; Flowers: Aug-Sep Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD nutritious for livestock Indiangrass Soil pH: 4.8-8 NY PA VA Soil type: CLS WV RHW

Tridens flavus Height: 2-6.5' Light: dry fields, roadsides, Region: MP C openings, forest edges Flowers: Aug-Oct Moisture: D M States: DC DE redtop, purpletop Soil pH: 4.5-6.5 VA Soil type: CLS WV UWI EJJ UWI

Tripsacum Height: 6-10' swales, fields, forest Region: MP C excellent forage grass; often dactyloides Light: edges, shores grows wild near corn fields; Flowers: Jun-Oct Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD can hybridize with corn gama grass Soil pH: 5.7-7.5 VA Soil type: CL WV CM NRCS

See also: Andropogon virginicus In the Herbaceous Plants section: provides a transition between Allium cernuum the road and woods. Liatris pilosa v. pilosa (graminifolia), scariosa, spicata, squarrosa Sisyrinchium angustifolium (graminoides), atlanticum

In the Herbaceous Emergents section: Distichlis spicata Dulichium arundinaceum Iris prismatica, versicolor, virginica Juncus canadensis, effusus Schoenoplectus pungens v. pungens (Scirpus pungens, americanus), validus (Scirpus validus) Scirpus atrovirens, cyperinus Sparganium americanum Spartina alterniflora, cynosuroides, patens, pectinata

Zizania aquatica CM NRCS

Schizachyrium scoparium in a garden with Liatris spicata and Asclepias tuberosa. USFWS BES USFWS USFWS BES USFWS Schizachyrium scoparium in fall. Characteristic swirls of Carex stricta. 17 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Actaea pachypoda Height: 1-3' Light: rich open woods, Region: C interesting berries; thickets infrequent in Piedmont and doll's eyes Flowers: Apr-Jun, whitish Moisture: M States: DE mountain regions Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: Jul-Oct, white or Soil type: C LS WV red, berry RHW, RHW RHW,

Agalinis purpurea Height: 1-4' Light: moist fields, rocky Region: PC shores, serpentine purple false Flowers: Jul-Sep, rose- Moisture: MW barrens States: DC DE MD foxglove purple, white Soil pH: NY VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: S WV RHW

Ageratina altissima Height: 1-5' Light: rich woods, thickets, Region: MP C tough plant; cultivars v. altissima clearings, meadows available; prefers basic soils (Eupatorium Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD rugosum) Flowers: Jul-Oct, white Soil pH: NY PA VA white snakeroot Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV UWI KJS, USFWS BES

Allium cernuum Height: 0.5-2.5' Light: ledges, gravels, Region: M rocky or wooded nodding onion Flowers: Jun-Aug, pink, Moisture: M slopes States: DC MD rose, white Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW

Anemone Height: 0.5-3' Light: damp thickets, Region: P canadensis meadows, gravelly round-leaved or Flowers: May-Jul, white Moisture: M shores States: DC Canadian anemone, Soil pH: NY VA thimbleweed Fruit: Soil type: CL RHW

Anemone virginiana Height: 1-2.5' Light: dry rocky open Region: MP woods, slopes, thimbleweed, tall Flowers: May-Aug, Moisture: D M thickets States: DC DE MD anemone whitish Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Antennaria neglecta Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: upland meadows, Region: MP pastures, open field pussytoes Flowers: Apr-Jul, white Moisture: D M woods States: DC DE MD Soil pH: 5.5-7.5 NY PA VA

Fruit: Soil type: C L WV UWI JRS

Aquilegia Height: 0.5-3' Light: rich rocky woods, Region: MP C commonly cultivated; canadensis slopes, cliffs, spreads by seed eastern or wild Flowers: Apr-Jul, red- Moisture: D M ledges, pastures, States: DC DE MD columbine yellow roadside banks Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW, USFWS BES RHW,

18 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Aralia nudicaulis Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: dry to moist woods Region: MP C aromatic; single-leaved; lacks an above-ground stem; wild sarsaparilla Flowers: May-Jul, white Moisture: DM States: DC DE MD not common in coastal plain or green Soil pH: 5-7.2 NY PA VA

Fruit: May-Jul, purple- Soil type: C LS WV black, berry RHW

Aralia racemosa Height: 1.5-6.5' Light: rich woods, thickets, Region: MP C not common in coastal plain wooded slopes and spikenard Flowers: Jun-Aug, Moisture: M edges States: DC DE MD greenish-white Soil pH: PA VA Fruit: dark purple, berry Soil type: C LS WV RHW, RHW RHW,

Arisaema triphyllum Height: 1-3' Light: woods, bogs Region: MP C red berry clusters appear swamps late summer to fall; unusual Jack-in-the-pulpit Flowers: Mar-Jun, Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD flower; spreads rapidly from striped, purple or seed Soil pH: 4.8-7 NY PA VA green Soil type: LS WV Fruit: berry USFWS BES, RHW

Aruncus dioicus Height: 3.5-6.5' Light: wooded roadsides, Region: M rich woods, ravines goat's-beard Flowers: May-Jul, white Moisture: MW States: DC Soil pH: VA

Fruit: pod Soil type: C LS WV USFWS BES USFWS

Asarum canadense Height: 0.5' Light: rich woods Region: MP C flower inconspicuous; attractive leaves; will wild ginger Flowers: Apr-May, Moisture: M States: DC DE MD spread; semi-evergreen brownish-purple Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: brown, capsule Soil type: CLS WV USFWS BES USFWS

Asclepias incarnata Height: 4-6' Light: fresh tidal and Region: MP C can tolerate drought; nontidal marshes, interesting seed pod swamp milkweed Flowers: May-Jun, pink Moisture: MW meadows, shrub States: DC DE MD to reddish swamps, woods, Soil pH: 5-8 shores, ditches NY PA VA Fruit: Aug-Nov, pod Soil type: C L WV USFWS RL

Asclepias syriaca Height: 3.5-6.5' Light: thickets, roadsides, Region: MP C interesting seed pods; fields fragrant flower common Flowers: May-Aug, pale Moisture: D States: DC DE MD milkweed purple Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: Aug-Nov, pod Soil type: LS WV RHW, RHW RHW,

Asclepias tuberosa Height: 1-3' Light: dry fields, Region: MP C taproot does not transplant roadsides, shale well but seedlings do; butterflyweed, Flowers: May-Jul, orange Moisture: D M barrens States: DC DE MD attractive seed pod butterfly milkweed, Soil pH: 4.8-6.8 NY PA VA butterfly flower Fruit: Aug-Nov, pod Soil type: LS WV USFWS RL, BES

19 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Baptisia australis Height: 3-5' Light: open woods, alluvial Region: MP tolerates poor soils; flowers thickets, very showy; shrublike form wild blue indigo, Flowers: May-Jun, blue, Moisture: DM streambanks, States: DC MD false blue indigo purple floodplains Soil pH: VA

Fruit: Soil type: S WV USFWS BES, BES

Baptisia tinctoria Height: 1-3' Light: open woods, Region: MP C tolerates poor soils clearings yellow wild Flowers: May-Sep, Moisture: D States: DC DE MD indigo yellow Soil pH: 5.8-7 PA VA Fruit: Soil type: LS WV RHW

Bidens cernua Height: 0.5-3' Light: tidal marsh, Region: MP C sloughs, springs, nodding beggar- Flowers: Aug-Oct, yellow Moisture: D M pools, shore States: DC DE MD ticks, nodding bur marigold Soil pH: 5.1-7 NY PA VA Fruit: Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Boltonia asteroides Height: 0.5-2.5' Light: gravelly shores, Region: C sandy thickets star boltonia, Flowers: Jul-Sep, white Moisture: D MW States: DC DE white doll's daisy Soil pH: 5.3-7 VA

Fruit: Soil type: LS WV USFWS BES USFWS

Caltha palustris Height: 1-2' Light: forested wetlands, Region: MC clump-forming; needs some shrub swamps, periods of drier soil; marsh marigold Flowers: Apr-Jun, bright Moisture: W streambanks, seeps, States: DC DE MD tolerates flooding to 6 yellow meadows inches Soil pH: 4.9-6.8 NY VA Fruit: Soil type: CL WV RHW

Campanulastrum Height: 1.5-6.5' Light: rich moist woods, Region: MP americanum rocky wooded (Campanula Moisture: M slopes, streambanks States: DC MD americana) Flowers: Jun-Aug, light blue Soil pH: 5.5-7.5 NY VA American or tall Fruit: capsule bellflower Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Cardamine Height: 1-1.5' Light: rich woods, wooded Region: MP concatenata bottoms, (Dentaria laciniata) Flowers: Apr-Jun, white, Moisture: M calcareous rocky States: DC DE MD purplish banks toothwort Soil pH: NY VA Fruit: Soil type: LS WV RHW

Caulophyllum rich woods Region: MP C thalictroides Height: 1-2.5' Light: blue cohosh Flowers: Apr-Jun, green- Moisture: M States: DC DE MD yellow, green-purple Soil pH: 4.5-7 NY PA VA Fruit: dark blue, berry Soil type: L WV RHW

20 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Chamaecrista Height: 0.5-3' Light: upland meadows, Region: MP C pods coil after split open; fasciculata (Cassia fields, streambanks spreads fasciculata) Flowers: Jul-Sep, yellow Moisture: D States: DC DE MD partridge pea, Soil pH: PA VA prairie senna Fruit: pod Soil type: S WV RHW

Chamerion Height: 3-10' Light: recent clearings, Region: M angustifolium spp burned woodlands, angustifolium Moisture: D M damp ravines, open States: DC DE MD (Epilobium Flowers: Jun-Sep, magenta, pink, rarely sandy areas angustifolium) Soil pH: PA VA white Fruit: capsule WV fireweed Soil type: C LS RHW, PLANTS GAM RHW,

Chelone glabra Height: 1.5-6.5' Light: woods, Region: MP C strong grower; herbal uses; streambanks, host for Baltimore white turtlehead, Flowers: Jul-Oct, white Moisture: MW swamps, thickets States: DC DE MD checkerspot butterfly turtlehead Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Chimaphila Height: 0.5' Light: acidic woods, Region: MP C flowers fragrant maculata frequently under striped Flowers: Jun-Aug, white Moisture: D pines States: DC MD wintergreen, striped prince's Soil pH: NY PA VA pine Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Chrysogonum Height: 0.5-1' Light: open woods on Region: MP C will bloom longer if kept virginianum limestone, rocky moist green-and-gold, Flowers: Mar-Jun, yellow Moisture: D M open woods States: DC MD golden knees Soil pH: VA Fruit: Soil type: L WV USFWS BES USFWS

Chrysopsis mariana Height: 0.5-2.5' Light: woods, openings, Region: PC roadsides, golden aster, Flowers: Jul-Oct, yellow Moisture: D serpentine barrens States: DC DE MD Maryland golden aster Soil pH: VA Fruit: Soil type: S RHW

Cimicifuga Height: 2.5-8.5' Light: rich woods, wooded Region: MP C racemosa slopes, ravines, Moisture: M thickets States: DC DE MD black snakeroot, Flowers: Jun-Sep, white black cohosh, Soil pH: NY PA VA fairy candles Fruit: pod Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Claytonia virginica Height: 0.5-1' Light: rich woods, thickets, Region: MP C clearings narrowleaf spring Flowers: Mar-May, white Moisture: M States: DC DE MD beauty, spring with pink beauty Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

21 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Clitoria mariana Height: 6' Light: open areas Region: MP C vine-like

Maryland Flowers: Jun-Sep, pale Moisture: D States: DC DE butterfly pea blue or pinkish Soil pH: VA

Fruit: pod Soil type: S WV RHW

Conoclinium Height: 1-3.5' Light: old fields, Region: C coelestinum meadows; dry sandy (Eupatorium Moisture: D MW woods and States: DC DE coelestinum) Flowers: Jul-Oct, blue, violet or purple clearings, damp Soil pH: thickets, VA mistflower, wild streambanks Fruit: capsule Soil type: C L WV ageratum RHW

Coreopsis tripteris Height: 3.5-10' Light: thickets, old fields, Region: MP C flower has anise scent forest edges, tall coreopsis, tall Flowers: May-Sep, Moisture: D M roadsides States: DC tickseed yellow Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW

Coreopsis Height: 0.5-3.5' Light: dry open woods, Region: P verticillata clearings, roadsides threadleaf Flowers: Jun-Oct, yellow Moisture: DM States: DC MD coreopsis Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV USFWS BES USFWS

Delphinium tricorne Height: 0.5-3' Light: rich woods, Region: MP calcareous slopes, dwarf larkspur Flowers: Apr-Jun, blue, Moisture: M thickets, river bluffs States: DC violet, white, Soil pH: VA variegated Fruit: pod Soil type: WV RHW

Desmodium Height: 1-3.5' Light: clearings, edges of Region: MP C not found near coast paniculatum moist or dry woods panicled or Flowers: Jul-Sep, Moisture: D States: DC DE MD narrow-leaf tick- purplish or green trefoil Soil pH: 6-7 NY VA Fruit: pod Soil type: C L WV RHW

Dicentra canadensis Height: 0.5-1' Light: rich woods Region: MP flowers hyacinth scented

squirrel corn Flowers: Apr-May, Moisture: M States: DC MD greenish-white, rose Soil pH: NY PA VA tinge Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Dicentra cucullaria Height: 0.5-1' Light: rich woods Region: MP leaves basal; dormant in summer Dutchman's Flowers: Apr-Jun, white Moisture: M States: DC DE MD breeches to cream Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW

22 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Dicentra eximia Height: 1.5-2' Light: rocky woods and Region: MP sometimes cultivated cliffs, rich woods wild bleeding Flowers: Apr-Sep, pink/ Moisture: DM States: DC MD heart white Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Dodecatheon Height: 0.5-2' Light: open woods, Region: M meadia meadows, slopes, shooting star Flowers: Apr-Jun, white Moisture: M prairies States: DC MD with yellow, lilac Soil pH: VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW, RHW RHW,

Doellingeria open areas, woods Region: MP umbellata var. Height: 1-7.5' Light: umbellata (Aster Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD umbellatus) Flowers: Aug-Oct, white Soil pH: NY PA VA flat-top white aster, parasol Fruit: Soil type: LS WV whitetop RHW

Erigeron pulchellus Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: open woods, Region: MP C meadows, wooded robin's plantain Flowers: Apr-Sep, blue, Moisture: DM slopes, roadsides States: DC DE MD pink, white Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW

Erythronium Height: 0.5-1' Light: woods, rich slopes, Region: MP americanum bottomlands, trout lily, yellow Flowers: Mar-Jun, yellow Moisture: MW meadows States: DC DE MD trout lily, dogtooth violet Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW

Eupatorium dubium Height: 2-5' Light: swamps, bogs, Region: MP C marshes, swales Joe-Pye weed Flowers: Jul-Oct, purple, Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD rarely white Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: S RHW

Eupatorium Height: 1.5-10' Light: floodplains, Region: MP C herbal uses fistulosum meadows, thickets, Joe-Pye weed, Flowers: Jul-Oct, pink- Moisture: D MW roadsides States: DC DE MD trumpet weed purple Soil pH: 4.5-7 NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: C L WV RHW

Eupatorium Height: 1-4.5' Light: dry fields, Region: C hyssopifolium roadsides, railroad hyssop-leaved Flowers: Jul-Oct, white Moisture: D M right of ways, States: DC DE MD thoroughwort, woods, fields, salt hyssop-leaved Soil pH: meadows VA eupatorium Fruit: capsule Soil type: S RHW

23 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Eupatorium Height: 2-6.5' Light: floodplains, Region: MP maculatum swamps, alluvial spotted Joe-Pye Flowers: Jul-Sep, purple Moisture: M thickets, grasslands States: DC weed to pale lavender Soil pH: 5.5-7 NY

Fruit: capsule Soil type: C L WV CAB

Eupatorium Height: 1-5' Light: floodplains, Region: MP C perfoliatum swamps, bogs, common boneset Flowers: Jul-Oct, white Moisture: MW streambanks, States: DC DE MD meadows Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Eupatorium Height: 2-6.5' Light: open woods, fields, Region: MP C occurs in drier, shadier purpureum floodplains habitats than other joe-pye- green-stemmed Flowers: Jul-Oct, pink, Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD weeds; injured or dried plant Joe-Pye weed purple, cream has vanilla scent Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Eurybia divaricata dry woods, clearings Region: MP (Aster divaricatus) Height: 0.5-3' Light: white wood aster Flowers: Jul-Oct, white Moisture: DM States: DC DE MD Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: Soil type: WV RHW, USFWS BES RHW,

Gentiana clausa Height: 1-3.5' Light: moist open woods, Region: MP C streambanks, closed gentian, Flowers: Aug-Oct, blue Moisture: MW meadows States: DC MD bottle gentian Soil pH: 5.8-7.2 PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV USFWS BES USFWS

Geranium Height: 1-2' Light: woods, roadsides, Region: MP C adaptable plant; long bloom maculatum fields time; spreader; herbal uses; wild geranium, Flowers: Apr-Jul, Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD explosive seed capsule wood geranium lavender or pink Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Goodyera Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: dry to moist woods Region: MP C very handsome throughout pubescens winter downy Flowers: Jun-Aug, Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD rattlesnake whitish plantain Soil pH: NY VA Fruit: Soil type: C LS WV USFWS BES USFWS

Helenium Height: 1.5-6' Light: woods, swamps, Region: MP C tolerates wet areas; showy autumnale riverbanks, alluvial flowers; herbal uses yellow or Flowers: Jul-Nov, yellow Moisture: M thickets, meadows, States: DC DE MD common marshes, ditches sneezeweed Soil pH: 4-7.5 NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: CLS WV USFWS BES USFWS

24 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Helianthus Height: 1.5-5.5' Light: swamps, moist, Region: C angustifolius sandy areas swamp sunflower Flowers: Aug-Oct, yellow Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD Soil pH: 4-7 VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS RHW

Helianthus Height: 1.5-5' Light: fields, bottomlands, Region: MP C decapetalus stream banks, ten-petaled or Flowers: Jul-Oct, yellow Moisture: M roadsides States: DC DE thin-leaved sunflower Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: S WV BZ

Helianthus Height: 1.5-6.5' Light: dry open woods, Region: MP C divaricatus wooded slopes, woodland Flowers: Jul-Sep, yellow Moisture: D M shale barrens, States: DC DE MD sunflower, rough roadsides sunflower Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: S WV RHW

Heliopsis Height: 1-5' Light: fields, open woods, Region: PC long bloom time helianthoides floodplains, oxeye sunflower, Flowers: Jun-Sep, pale Moisture: DM thickets, States: DC DE MD oxeye yellow streambanks Soil pH: 5.6-6.8 PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW

Hepatica nobilis var. Height: 0.5-2' Light: rich upland woods, Region: M may bloom throughout year acuta (H. acutiloba) rocky slopes (rarely) sharp-lobed Flowers: Mar-Jun, bluish, Moisture: D M States: hepatica white, pink Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS UWI KJS, UWI KJS, UWI JRS UWI KJS, UWI KJS, UWI

Hepatica nobilis var. Height: 0.5-2' Light: dry or rocky woods, Region: MP C obtusa (H. dry upland slopes americana) Flowers: Mar-Jun, white Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD to lavender round-lobed Soil pH: NY PA VA hepatica, liverleaf Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW

Heracleum Height: 3.5-10' Light: rich woods, wooded Region: MP C can cause a dermatitis (skin) maximum (H. roadside banks, reaction lanatum) Flowers: May-Aug, white Moisture: MW marshy flats, States: DC DE MD to pink streambanks, cow parsnip Soil pH: 5.4-7.3 ditches NY PA VA Fruit: Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Heuchera americana Height: 1-3.5' Light: rich woods, rocky Region: MP long bloom time; many slopes, shale cliffs cultivars and hybrids; semi- alumroot Flowers: Apr-Jun, green, Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD evergreen white, pink, purple Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV MOBOT

25 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Heuchera villosa Height: 1-2.5' Light: damp rocks, rich Region: M wooded slopes hairy heuchera, Flowers: Jun-Oct, white Moisture: D M States: DC MD hairy alumroot to greenish to pinkish Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: PLANTS JSP

Houstonia caerulea Height: 0.5-1' Light: meadows, fields, Region: MP C and thickets, open bluet, innocence, Flowers: Apr-Jun, blue, Moisture: M woods, forest edges States: DC DE MD Quaker-ladies lilac, white Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: WV RHW

Hydrophyllum Height: 1-2.5' Light: woods, thickets, Region: MP C virginianum streambanks Virginia waterleaf Flowers: May-Aug, Moisture: M States: DC DE MD lavender, white Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Hylotelephium Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: dry rocky places Region: M naturally occurs in bare rock telephioides (Sedum outcrops, but does well in telephioides) Flowers: Aug-Sep, pale Moisture: States: DC MD garden; rare in PA, pink threatened in NY Allegheny Soil pH: NY VA stonecrop Fruit: pod Soil type: WV RHW

Impatiens capensis Height: 1.5-5' Light: moist meadows, Region: MP C ripe seed pod explodes with (I. biflora) swamps, contact; remedy for poison jewelweed, Flowers: May-Oct, Moisture: MWstreambanks, open States: DC DE MD ivy itching touch-me-not orange, yellow, white woods Soil pH: 5.4-7.4 NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV USFWS BES USFWS

Ionactis linariifolius Height: 0.5-2' Light: grasslands, Region: MP C (Aster linariifolius) successional stiff-leaf aster, Flowers: Aug-Oct, blue, Moisture: D M shrublands, oak- States: DC DE MD flaxleaf whitetop yellow eye hickory forest, dry aster Soil pH: rocky woods and NY VA edges Fruit: Soil type: S WV RHW

Jeffersonia diphylla Height: 0.5-1' Light: rich woods Region: MP

twinleaf Flowers: Apr-May, white Moisture: M States: DC MD Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Lespedeza capitata Height: 2-6' Light: fields, thin woods Region: MP C

round-head bush Flowers: Jul-Sep, Moisture: D States: DC DE clover yellowish white Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: Soil type: LS WV UWI KJS

26 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Liatris pilosa v. pilosa Height: 1-3.5' Light: open woods, forest Region: PC (L. graminifolia) edge, salt marsh Flowers: Aug-Oct, purple Moisture: DM edges, dune hollows States: DC DE MD grass-leaf Soil pH: VA blazingstar Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS RHW

Liatris scariosa Height: 1-3.5' Light: dry upland woods Region: MP C eastern or Flowers: Aug-Sep, Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD northern blazing lavender to rose- Soil pH: VA star, tall purple gayfeather Soil type: LS WV Fruit: capsule RHW

Liatris spicata Height: 1-6.5' Light: moist meadows, Region: PC open areas gayfeather, Flowers: Jul-Aug, rose- Moisture: D M States: DC DE blazingstar, purple or white spiked blazing Soil pH: 5.6-7.5 VA star Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV USFWS RL

Liatris squarrosa Height: 0.5-2.5' Light: dry open fields and Region: PC banks plains blazing star Flowers: Jul-Sep, rose Moisture: M States: DC DE Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS RHW

Lilium canadense Height: 1.5-6.5' Light: fields, thickets, Region: MP woods Canada lily Flowers: Jun-Aug, Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD yellow, orange, red Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Lilium Height: 1-3.5' Light: open woods, forest Region: MP C philadelphicum edges, thickets wood Lily Flowers: Jun-Aug, Moisture: D States: DC DE yellow, red-orange Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW

Lilium superbum Height: 4-8' Light: meadows, Region: MP C leaves in whorl around streamsides stem; takes several years to Turk's cap lily Flowers: Jul-Aug, yellow- Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD bloom orange, orange-red Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RS MNPS

Limonium Height: 0.5-2' Light: irregularly flooded Region: C tolerates salinity to 30 ppt carolinianum high salt marshes sea lavender Flowers: Jul-Oct, Moisture: MW States: DE MD lavender Soil pH: 6-8.5 NY VA Fruit: Soil type: CLS PLANTS LA

27 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Lobelia cardinalis Height: 2-4' Light: fresh tidal and Region: MP C long bloom time; biennial, nontidal marshes, must reseed cardinal flower Flowers: Jul-Oct, red Moisture: MW wooded swamps, States: DC DE MD seeps, banks of Soil pH: 5.8-7.8 ponds, rivers, NY PA VA streams Fruit: Soil type: C L WV RHW

Lobelia siphilitica Height: 1-5' Light: woodlands, Region: MP long bloom time; white meadows, swamps cultivars available great blue lobelia Flowers: Aug-Oct, blue, Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD violet Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW, USFWS BES RHW,

Lupinus perennis Height: 1-2' Light: open woods, fields, Region: MP C prefers acidic soil roadsides, lupine, sundial Flowers: Apr-Jul, blue, Moisture: D M streambanks States: DC DE lupine rarely pink or white Soil pH: NY VA

Fruit: pod Soil type: S WV RHW

Maianthemum woods Region: MP C fragrant flowers canadense Height: 0.5' Light: Canada Flowers: May-Jul, white Moisture: M States: DC DE MD mayflower Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: pale red speckled, Soil type: C LS WV berry RHW

Maianthemum Height: 1-3.5' Light: dry to moist woods, Region: MP C flowers in plume-like racemosum ssp. clearings, bluffs clumps at tip of stem; herbal racemosum Moisture: M States: DC DE MD uses (Smilacina Flowers: May-Jul, white racemosa ) Soil pH: NY PA VA

false Solomon's Fruit: red, berry Soil type: CLS WV seal PLANTS JA, WSJ

Medeola virginiana Height: 1-3.5' Light: woods Region: MP C rhizome is edible

Indian cucumber Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: M States: DC DE MD yellowish Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: dark purple or Soil type: LS WV black, berry RHW, RHW RHW,

Melanthium Height: 2.5-6.5' Light: woods, seepages, Region: PC virginicum clearings Virginia Flowers: Jun-Aug, Moisture: M States: DC DE MD bunchflower greenish Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Mertensia virginica Height: 1-2.5' Light: rich wooded slopes, Region: MP C dormant in summer; flower floodplains color blue, pink, or white Virginia bluebells Flowers: Mar-Jun, pink Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD according to soil acidity turning blue Soil pH: 4.5-8 NY PA VA Fruit: Mar-May, nut/ Soil type: CL WV nut-like RHW

28 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Mimulus ringens Height: 1-3' Light: open swamps, Region: MP C interesting flowers meadows, shores monkeyflower, Flowers: Jun-Oct, blue Moisture: W States: DC DE Allegheny monkeyflower Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Mitchella repens Height: 0.5' Light: dry acidic woods Region: MP C two flowers form one fruit; berry edible; slow creeper, partridgeberry Flowers: May-Jul, white Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD forms mats under trees Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit:July-Dec, scarlet, Soil type: LS WV berry USFWS, RHW

Mitella diphylla Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: rich, woods Region: MP C twoleaf Flowers: Apr-Jun, white Moisture: M States: DC DE MD miterwort, bishop's cap Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW, RHW RHW,

Monarda Height: 1.5-5' Light: fields, thickets, Region: MP C confused with bee-balm (M. bradburiana (M. roadsides, forest didyma); aromatic; herbal fistulosa) Flowers: Jun-Sep, pink to Moisture: DM edges States: DC DE MD uses purple wild bergamot, Soil pH: 6-8 NY PA VA horsemint Fruit: nut/nut-like Soil type: C L WV RS MNPS

Monarda didyma Height: 2-5' Light: creek banks, Region: M showy flowers; aromatic; floodplains, woods herbal uses beebalm, Oswego Flowers: Jul-Sep, red Moisture: MW States: DC MD tea Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: nut/nut-like Soil type: L WV USFWS BES USFWS

Monarda punctata Height: 0.5-3.5' Light: open sandy fields Region: MP C horsemint, Flowers: Jun-Oct, yellow Moisture: D States: DC DE MD spotted bee-balm and purple Soil pH: NY VA

Fruit: nut/nut-like Soil type: LS RHW

Nuttallanthus Height: 0.5-2.5' Light: maritime grasslands Region: MP C delicate flowers; prefers canadensis (Linaria and shrublands, well-drained soil canadensis) Flowers: Apr-Sep, light Moisture: D M successional States: MD blue shrubland, woods, blue, old-field, or Soil pH: NY VA Canada toadflax fields Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV PLANTS WSJ

Oenothera biennis Height: 1.5-6.5' Light: cultivated fields, Region: MP C flowers open in evening; waste ground, biennial common evening Flowers: Jun-Oct, yellow Moisture: D roadsides States: DC DE MD primrose Soil pH: 5-7 NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: CLS WV RHW

29 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Oenothera fruticosa Height: 1-3' Light: fields, meadows, Region: MP C roadsides narrow-leaved Flowers: May-Sep, Moisture: DM States: DC DE MD sundrops yellow Soil pH: 4.5-7 NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Oenothera perennis Height: 0.5-3' Light: fields, pastures, Region: MP similar to evening primrose roadsides, shaly (O. biennis); long bloom sundrops Flowers: May-Aug, Moisture: D M slopes States: DC DE MD time; spreader yellow Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV UWI RWF

Opuntia humifusa Height: 0.5-1' Light: sandy coastal Region: MC fruit edible, used for jelly (O. compressa) dunes, shaly soils eastern prickly- Flowers: Jun-Jul, yellow Moisture: D States: DC DE MD pear cactus Soil pH: VA

Fruit: purplish to deep Soil type: LS WV red, fleshy RHW

Osmorhiza Height: 1.5-4' Light: rich woods, wooded Region: MP C all plant parts have anise longistylis slopes, thickets scent sweet cicely, Flowers: May-Jun, white Moisture: M States: DC DE MD anise root to green Soil pH: NY VA

Fruit: Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Oxalis violacea Height: 0.5' Light: woods Region: MP

violet wood sorrel Flowers: Apr-Jul, violet Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD Soil pH: PA Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Packera aurea Height: 0.5-2.5' Light: moist fields, woods, Region: MP C wetland plant; long bloom (Senecio aureus) floodplains, time; aggressive spreader golden ragwort, Flowers: Apr-Aug, yellow Moisture: MW roadsides States: DC DE MD golden groundsel Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Penstemon digitalis Height: 2-5' Light: open woods, Region: MP C tolerates poor drainage; meadows variety of cultivars beardtongue, tall Flowers: Jun-Aug, white Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD white or foxglove or faintly purple beardtongue Soil pH: 5.5-7 NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV USFWS BES, RHW

Penstemon rich woods, fields Region: M laevigatus Height: 1-3.5' Light: smooth or eastern Flowers: May-Jul, Moisture: M States: DC MD beardtongue purplish Soil pH: VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: WV UWI MRB

30 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Phlox carolina Height: 1-2.5' Light: open woods Region: M thick-leaved Flowers: May-Jun, pink Moisture: D MW States: DC phlox to purple, rarely white Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS PLANTS WSJ

Phlox divaricata Height: 1.5' Light: rich woods Region: MP aromatic; showy flower; dormant in summer (leaves woodland or wild Flowers: Apr-Jun, blue, Moisture: M States: DC MD disappear); frequently blue phlox, wild lavender, white cultivated; evergreen sweet William Soil pH: 5.5-7.2 NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Phlox maculata Height: 1-3' Light: meadows, Region: MP C aromatic; showy flowers; a streambanks, frequent escapee from phlox, meadow Flowers: May-Sep, rose, Moisture: MW thickets States: DE cultivation phlox, wild sweet pink, purple, rarely Soil pH: 5.9-6.8 PA VA William white Soil type: CL WV Fruit: capsule PLANTS WSJ

Phlox paniculata Height: 1.5-6.5' Light: rich, open woods, Region: MP C aromatic; showy flowers roadsides, frequently escapes from summer phlox, Flowers: Jul-Oct, pink, Moisture: M streambanks, States: DC cultivation garden phlox red-purple, white thickets Soil pH: PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW, USFWS BES RHW,

Phlox stolonifera Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: rich woods Region: M creeping phlox Flowers: Apr-Jun, blue, Moisture: D M States: DC MD red-purple, violet Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW, USFWS BES RHW,

Phlox subulata Height: 0.5' Light: rock crevices, Region: MP nice rock garden plant ledges moss phlox, Flowers: Apr-Jun, rose, Moisture: D States: DC MD moss-pink pink, white Soil pH: 5.7-7.5 NY VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: CLS WV USFWS BES, RHW

Physostegia Height: 1.5-5' Light: moist open areas, Region: MP flowers showy; spreads virginiana streambanks, rapidly by underground obedient plant, Flowers: Jun-Sep, pink Moisture: D M shorelines States: DC MD stems; best in full sun; can false dragonhead to purple escape cultivation Soil pH: PA VA

Fruit: nut/nut-like Soil type: C LS WV USFWS BES, BES

Podophyllum Height: 1-2' Light: rich woods, open Region: MP C ripe fruit edible; woodland peltatum fields groundcover; mottled foliage Mayapple Flowers: Apr-May, white Moisture: M States: DC DE MD Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: yellow, berry Soil type: L WV RHW

31 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Polemonium reptans Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: rich or rocky woods, Region: MP attractive flowers; slow wooded floodplains spreader; herbal uses Jacob's ladder, Flowers: Apr-Aug, blue Moisture: M States: DC DE MD Greek valerian Soil pH: PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW

Polygonatum woods Region: MP C flowers dangle along stalk biflorum Height: 0.5-6.5' Light: Solomon's seal, Flowers: Apr-Jun, white Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD dwarf Solomon's or green seal Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: blue to black, berry Soil type: L WV RHW

Polygonatum dry to moist woods Region: MP C herbal uses; edible pubescens Height: 1-3.5' Light: Solomon's seal, Flowers: Apr-Jun, Moisture: D M States: DE downy Solomon's yellowish-green seal Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: blue to black, berry Soil type: CLS WV UWI KJS

Porteranthus Height: 1.5-4' Light: open upland woods, Region: MP established plants drought trifoliatus (Gillenia clearings, rocky tolerant; spreads to form trifoliata) Flowers: May-Jul, white Moisture: M slopes, roadsides States: DC DE MD tight clumps; seldom needs dividing; yellow fall color Bowman's root Soil pH: PA VA

Fruit: pod Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Pycnanthemum Height: 3' Light: upland woods, Region: MP C incanum fields, thickets, hoary mountain Flowers: Jul-Sep, white Moisture: D barrens States: DC DE MD mint to lavender, purple Soil pH: NY PA VA spots Fruit: nut/nut-like Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Pycnanthemum Height: 1.5-2.5' Light: streambanks, Region: MP C tenuifolium floodplains, moist narrow-leaved Flowers: Jul-Sep, purple Moisture: D M fields States: DC DE mountain mint to white Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: nut/nut-like Soil type: S WV PLANTS RM89

Rhexia virginica Height: 1-3.5' Light: open areas Region: MP C also R. mariana for MD

Virginia meadow- Flowers: Jun-Sep, dark Moisture: W States: DC DE beauty pink Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Rudbeckia fulgida Height: 1.5-3.5' Light: moist fields, Region: P cultivars have nice foliage meadows early, eastern, or Flowers: Jul-Oct, yellow- Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD orange orange, black eye coneflower Soil pH: VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: L USFWS RL 32 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Rudbeckia hirta Height: 1-3.5' Light: fields, meadows, Region: MP C roadsides black-eyed Susan Flowers: Jun-Oct, yellow, Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD black eye Soil pH: 6-7 NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: C L WV USDA MG

Rudbeckia laciniata Height: 1.5-10' Light: floodplains, Region: MP C herbal uses streambanks, fields tall, green- Flowers: Jul-Sep, yellow Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD headed, or cutleaf coneflower Soil pH: 4.5-7 NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Rudbeckia triloba Height: 1.5-4.5' Light: fields, open woods, Region: MP rocky slopes three-lobed Flowers: Jun-Oct, yellow Moisture: D M States: DC MD coneflower or orange Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV PLANTS WSJ

Ruellia caroliniensis Height: 0.5-3' Light: woods, roadsides, Region: C actually in the nightshade thickets, waste family, flower fragile; a Carolina wild Flowers: May-Aug, Moisture: M places States: DC DE MD highly variable species petunia lavender-blue Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Sabatia angularis Height: 1-3' Light: moist open woods, Region: MP C fields, marshes, rose pink, Flowers: Jul-Oct, pink or Moisture: M meadows; uplands, States: DC DE MD common marsh- white shores pink Soil pH: VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Salvia lyrata Height: 1-2' Light: moist pastures, Region: MP C upland woods, lyre-leaf sage Flowers: Apr-Jun, violet Moisture: D M thickets, waste States: DC DE areas Soil pH: VA Fruit: nut/nut-like Soil type: LS WV RHW

Sanguinaria Height: 0.5' Light: rich woods, open Region: MP C showy flowers, but blooms canadensis roadsides fleetingly; herbal uses bloodroot Flowers: Mar-May, white Moisture: M States: DC DE MD Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Saxifraga Height: 1-3' Light: wet woods, bogs, Region: MP C pensylvanica swamps eastern swamp Flowers: Apr-Jun, white Moisture: W States: DC DE MD saxifrage to green Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS RHW

33 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Saxifraga Height: 0.5-1' Light: rock crevices, dry Region: MP C virginiensis slopes, woods early saxifrage Flowers: Mar-May, white Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: WV RHW

Scutellaria Height: 1-2.5' Light: swamps, bogs, Region: MP C integrifolia moist woods, fields rough or hyssop Flowers: May-Jul, blue, Moisture: D MW States: DC DE MD skullcap, helmet pink, white flower Soil pH: VA Fruit: blackish, nut/ Soil type: WV nutlike RHW

Sedum ternatum Height: 0.5' Light: damp rocks, rocky Region: MP C creeping stems; used in rock banks, cliffs, woods gardens mountain Flowers: Apr-Jun, Moisture: M States: DC DE MD stonecrop, wild greenish-white stonecrop Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: pod Soil type: WV RHW

Senna marilandica Height: 3-6.5' Light: dry roadsides, Region: MP C pods important food for (Cassia marilandica) thickets, open upland gamebirds Flowers: Jul-Aug, yellow Moisture: D M woods States: DC DE MD Maryland or southern wild Soil pH: 4-7 VA senna Fruit: pod Soil type: LS WV USFWS BES, BES

Silene caroliniana Height: 0.5-1' Light: dry open woods, Region: MC semi-evergreen; native to rocky slopes, limestone areas wild pink Flowers: Apr-Jun, white Moisture: D M roadside banks, States: DC DE MD to pink shale barrens Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: L RHW

Silene stellata Height: 1-3.5' Light: wooded slopes, Region: MP C drought-tolerant; naturalizes roadside banks, in woods starry campion, Flowers: Jun-Sep, white Moisture: D M barrens States: DC DE MD widow's frill Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: WV RHW

Silene virginica Height: 1-3' Light: upland woods, Region: MP wooded slopes, fire pink Flowers: Apr-Jul, dark Moisture: D M streambanks, States: DC DE pink to red clearings Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Silphium Height: 3-8' Light: floodplains, fields, Region: MP perfoliatum moist meadows, cup plant Flowers: Jul-Oct, yellow Moisture: D M woods States: DC Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV PLANTS DL

34 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Sisyrinchium Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: grassy areas, damp Region: MP C grasslike leaves; also S. angustifolium (S. woods montanum in NY graminoides) Flowers: Apr-Jun, blue- Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD violet blue-eyed grass Soil pH: 5-7 NY VA

Fruit: brown, capsule Soil type: C L WV CM NRCS

Sisyrinchium Height: 0.5-2.5' Light: marshes, meadows, Region: PC leaves grasslike, more atlanticum low woods slender than S. coastal or eastern Flowers: May-Jul, blue- Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD angustifolium blue-eyed grass violet Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: UWI JS

Solidago caesia Height: 1-3.5' Light: rich deciduous Region: MP C stems bluish or purplish woods bluestem Flowers: Aug-Oct, yellow Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD goldenrod, wreath goldenrod Soil pH: 5.5-7 NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: CL WV RHW

Solidago canadensis Height: 3.5-6.5' Light: woods, fields, Region: MP C v. scabra (S. riverbanks, altissima) Flowers: Jul-Nov, yellow Moisture: D M roadsides States: DC DE MD tall or late Soil pH: NY PA VA goldenrod Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV UWI, RRK UWI,

Solidago canadensis Height: 1-6.5' Light: fields, roadsides Region: MP C

Canada goldenrod Flowers: Jul-Oct, yellow Moisture: D M States: DE Soil pH: 4.8-7.5 NY VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV UWI MRB

Solidago flexicaulis Height: 1-3.5' Light: moist woods, rocky Region: MP wooded slopes broad leaf or zig Flowers: Jun-Oct, yellow Moisture: DM States: DC DE MD zag goldenrod Soil pH: 5.3-7 NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Solidago juncea Height: 1-4' Light: fields, meadows, Region: MP C rocky slopes, early goldenrod Flowers: Jun-Oct, yellow Moisture: D M roadsides States: DC DE MD Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: S WV RHW

Solidago nemoralis Height: 0.5-3' Light: fields, open woods, Region: MP C tolerates poor soils roadsides gray, dwarf, old- Flowers: Jun-Nov, yellow Moisture: D States: DC DE MD field, or one-sided goldenrod Soil pH: 6.5-7.5 NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW

35 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Solidago odora Height: 1.5-5' Light: dry open woods, Region: MP C barrens sweet goldenrod Flowers: Jul-Oct, yellow Moisture: D M States: DC DE Soil pH: NY VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Solidago rugosa Height: 1-6.5' Light: fields, woods, Region: MP C tough plant; aggressive; floodplains, strongly colonial wrinkle-leaf or Flowers: Aug-Nov, yellow Moisture: MW roadsides, waste States: DC DE MD rough-stemmed places goldenrod Soil pH: 5-7.5 NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW

Solidago Height: 1-6.5' Light: coastal areas, dunes Region: C coastal plant, may occur sempervirens where road salts are used seaside Flowers: Jul-Nov, yellow Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD goldenrod Soil pH: 5.5-7.5 VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS RHW

Solidago speciosa Height: 2-6.5' Light: dry to moist open Region: MP woods and fields showy or slender Flowers: Jul-Oct, yellow Moisture: D M States: DC MD goldenrod Soil pH: NY VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS PLANTS TGB PLANTS

Spiranthes cernua Height: 0.5-2' Light: meadows, open Region: MP C orchid flowers; herbal uses woods, roadsides, nodding ladies' Flowers: Jul-Nov, white Moisture: MW bogs States: DC DE MD tresses Soil pH: 4.5-6.5 NY PA VA

Fruit: Soil type: C LS WV USFWS BES USFWS

Stachys tenuifolia Height: 1.5-3.5' Light: wooded Region: PC (S. hispida) bottomlands, hedge nettle Flowers: Jun-Aug, white Moisture: MW streambanks, States: DC DE MD to pink meadows, fields Soil pH: 5.7-7.4 VA Fruit: nut/nut-like Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Stellaria pubera Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: woods, shaded Region: MP ? rocky areas star chickweed, Flowers: Mar-Jun, white Moisture: M States: DC MD great chickweed Soil pH: VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: WV RHW

Symphyotrichum Height: 1-5' Light: upland meadows, Region: MP C cordifolium (Aster woods cordifolius) Flowers: Aug-Oct, blue- Moisture: D M States: DC violet to rose Soil pH: NY PA VA heart-leaved aster Fruit: Soil type: C LS WV RHW

36 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Symphyotrichum Height: 0.5-6.5' Light: dry fields, forest Region: MP forms dense mounds ericoides var. edges, woods, ericoides (Aster Moisture: DM thickets States: DC DE MD ericoides) Flowers: Jul-Nov, white, rarely blue, violet, rose Soil pH: NY heath, white Fruit: heath, or dense- Soil type: LS WV flowered aster; frostweed RHW

Symphyotrichum Height: 1-5' Light: D open areas, forest Region: MP C laeve var. laeve edges (Aster laevis) Flowers: Aug-Oct, pale Moisture: D States: DC DE MD blue, violet, white Soil pH: NY PA VA smooth blue aster Fruit: Soil type: C LS WV MOBOT

Symphyotrichum Height: 1-6' Light: open woods, Region: MP C showy, frequently cultivated; novae-angliae seasonal wetlands, tolerates drier soils and (Aster novae- Moisture: M shores, meadows States: DC DE MD seasonal flooding angliae) Flowers: Aug-Oct, violet capsule Soil pH: NY PA VA New England Fruit: WV aster Soil type: L USFWS

Symphyotrichum Height: 1-4.5' Light: thickets, meadows, Region: PC novi-belgii var. novi- shores belgii (Aster novi- Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD belgii) Flowers: Jul-Oct, blue- violet Soil pH: NY VA New York aster Fruit: Soil type: L RHW

Symplocarpus Height: 1-3' Light: M fresh tidal and Region: MP C flower inconspicuous, foetidus nontidal marshes emerges before leaves; sap skunk cabbage Flowers: Feb-May, green Moisture: W and shrub swamps, States: DC DE MD has skunk-like odor to purple-brown forested wetlands, Soil pH: 4-7 seeps NY VA Fruit: Soil type: CLS WV RHW, USFWS BES RHW,

Thalictrum dioicum Height: 1-2.5' Light: rich rocky woods, Region: MP C ravines, alluvial early meadow rue Flowers: Apr-May, green Moisture: M terraces States: DC MD to purple Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Thalictrum rich woods, low foliage similar to Height: 1.5-9'Apr-May, Light: M Region: MP C pubescens (T. thickets, swamps, columbines; clump-forming; polygamum) maroon, purple, green Flowers: Jun-Aug, white Moisture: MW meadows, States: DC DE MD delicate flowers; species streambanks very variable tall meadow rue , berry Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: Soil type: WV RHW

Thalictrum Height: 0.5-1' Light: M wooded banks and Region: MP C foliage similar to thalictroides thickets columbines (Anemonella Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD thalictroides) Flowers: Apr-Jun, white Soil pH: NY PA VA rue anemone, Fruit: Soil type: C LS WV windflower RHW

37 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Tiarella cordifolia Height: 0.5-1' Light: rich woods, moist Region: MP C attractive, long-blooming; rocky wooded creeping, clump-forming; foamflower, false Flowers: Apr-Jul, white Moisture: M slopes States: DC MD many cultivars miterwort Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV USFWS BES USFWS

Tradescantia Height: 1-3' Light: wooded slopes, Region: MP C flowers showy virginiana shale outcrops, Virginia Flowers: Apr-Jul, deep Moisture: M fields, roadsides States: DC DE MD spiderwort, blue-purple widow's tears Soil pH: 4-8 VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: C L WV RHW

Trillium erectum Height: 1-1.5' Light: woods Region: MP flowers ill-scented

purple or red Flowers: Apr-Jun, purple Moisture: M States: DC MD trillium, or greenish to white wakerobin Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: dark red, berry Soil type: L WV RHW

Trillium grandiflorum Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: woods Region: MP C showy flowers; common, often in large colonies white or large- Flowers: Apr-Jun, white Moisture: M States: DC MD flowered trillium then pink Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: black, berry Soil type: L WV RHW

Trillium sessile Height: 0.5-1' Light: woods, floodplains Region: MP

toadshade Flowers: Apr-May, Moisture: M States: DC MD maroon, purple, green Soil pH: VA Fruit: berry Soil type: L WV RHW

Trillium undulatum Height: 1-1.5' Light: woods Region: MP

painted trillium Flowers: May-Jun, white Moisture: M States: DC MD with purple Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: bright red, berry Soil type: L WV RHW

Uvularia grandiflora Height: 2.5' Light: woods Region: M rhizome can be cooked and eaten; young shoots can be large-flowered Flowers: Apr-Jun, Moisture: M States: DC substituted for asparagus bellwort orange-yellow Soil pH: NY VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Uvularia perfoliata Height: 0.5-2' Light: woods Region: MP C rhizome can be cooked and eaten; young shoots maybe perfoliate Flowers: Apr-Jul, yellow Moisture: M States: DC DE MD substituted for asparagus bellwort, mealy bellwort Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

38 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Uvularia sessilifolia Height: 0.5-1' Light: dry to moist Region: MP C rhizomes may be cooked woodlands and eaten; young shoots straw lily Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: DM States: DC DE MD may be substituted for yellow asparagus Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW

Veratrum viride Height: 2-5' Light: swamps, woods Region: MP C leaf edges will brown if soil dries and plant is in windy green false Flowers: May-Jul, Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD area; does best in cooler hellebore, white yellow-green temps; slugs like the foliage hellebore Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Verbena hastata Height: 1.5-5' Light: meadows, swamps, Region: MP C bright flowers; herbal uses floodplains, ditches, blue vervain, Flowers: Jun-Oct, blue to Moisture: MW roadsides States: DC DE MD simpler's joy purple Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: nut/nut-like Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Verbesina Height: 3.5-8' Light: wooded slopes, Region: MP C threatened in NY alternifolia open woodlands, wingstem, yellow Flowers: Aug-Oct, yellow Moisture: M riverbanks, shaded States: DC DE MD ironweed lowlands, roadsides, Soil pH: fields NY VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: WV RHW

Vernonia Height: 3.5-8' Light: streambanks, fields, Region: MP C brilliant flowers; tall upright noveboracensis freshwater marshes form adds structure to New York Flowers: Aug-Oct, purple Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD garden; spreads ironweed Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Veronicastrum Height: 3-6.5' Light: rich woods, Region: MP virginicum (Veronica meadows, thickets, virginica) Flowers: Jun-Sep, white, Moisture: MW swamps States: DC DE MD pink Culver's root Soil pH: NY VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: C LS WV RHW

Viola conspersa Height: 0.5-1' Light: woods, fields, Region: MP C delicate plant and flower; swamps edible American dog Flowers: Apr-Jul, pale Moisture: MW States: violet blue, violet Soil pH: NY PA VA

Fruit: green, capsule Soil type: WV UWI RWF

Viola cucullata Height: 0-0.5' Light: bogs, meadows, Region: MP C stemless; self-sows; can swamps become a nuisance marsh blue violet, Flowers: Apr-Jul, pale Moisture: MW States: DC DE blue marsh violet purple Soil pH: PA VA Fruit: green, capsule Soil type: CLS WV RHW

39 Herbaceous Plants Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Viola hastata Height: 0.5-1' Light: rich deciduous Region: M woods halberdleaf Flowers: Apr-May, yellow Moisture: D States: DC MD yellow violet w/ violet Soil pH: VA

Fruit: green, capsule Soil type: WV RHW

Viola pedata Height: 0-0.5' Light: sandy or rocky Region: MP C stemless barrens, dry forested bird's foot violet Flowers: Mar-Jun, pale Moisture: D M slopes States: DC DE MD blue or w/ purple- Soil pH: VA black tips Fruit: green, capsule Soil type: LS WV RHW

Viola pubescens var. Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: moist or dry woods, Region: MP pubescens (V. swamps pennsylvanica) Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: M States: DC DE yellow, purple veins 6-7 NY PA VA yellow violet, Soil pH: downy violet Fruit: green, capsule Soil type: L WV RHW

Viola sororia (V. Height: 0.5' Light: dry to moist woods, Region: MP C delicate plant and flower; papilionacea) swamps, thickets edible; spreader; stemless common blue Flowers: Mar-Jun, dark Moisture: M States: DC DE MD violet blue, violet Soil pH: 6-7.8 NY PA VA

Fruit: green with purple, Soil type: C L WV capsule RHW

Viola striata Height: 0.5-1' Light: alluvial woods, Region: MP C swamps, fields striped cream Flowers: Apr-Jun, ivory Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD violet, striped w/ purple violet Soil pH: NY PA VA Fruit: green, capsule Soil type: L WV MP

Yucca filamentosa Height: 2-2.5' Light: coastal sand dunes, Region: C flower stalk can rise 5-15 (Y. flaccida) outcroppings on thin feet above foliage Adam's needle Flowers: Jun-Sep, white Moisture: D rocky soils States: DC DE MD Soil pH: 5.5-7.5 VA

Fruit: Soil type: LS RHW

Zizia aurea Height: 1-2.5' Light: wooded Region: MP C bottomlands, golden- Flowers: Apr-Jun, yellow Moisture: D M streambanks, moist States: DC DE alexanders meadows, Soil pH: floodplains NY PA VA Fruit: Soil type: C LS WV RHW

See also:

In the Vines section: Smilax herbacea

In the Herbaceous Emergents section: Iris prismatica, versicolor, virginica

40 Herbaceous Emergents Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes Distichlis spicata Height: 0.5-1.5' Light: tidal salt marshes, Region: C often intermixed with Moisture: MW from Mean High tide Spartina patens, forms dense Flowers: Aug-Oct above to spring tide States: DC DE MD mats Soil pH: 6.4-10.5 level; high salinity; wet saltgrass depressions VA Fruit:pod Soil type: CL Flood Depth:

UWI EJJ UWI Salinity: 0-50 ppt

Dulichium Height: 1-3.5' Light: fresh tidal and nontidal Region: MP C grows best where water arundinaceum Moisture: W marshes, bogs, rarely draws down Flowers: Jul-Oct swamps, pond edges States: DC DE Soil pH: 4.7-7.5 three-sided sedge NY PA VA Fruit: brown, nut/nut-like Soil type: CLS WV Flood Depth: 0-12” UWI AH

Hibiscus Height: 3-6' Light: fresh to brackish tidal Region: C common along coast; moscheutos (H. Moisture: MW marshes, occasionally persists in winter; split seed palustris) Flowers: Jul-Sep, cream, nontidal marshes States: DC DE MD capsules; use H. laevis in pink Soil pH: 4-7.5 Piedmont rose mallow, VA eastern Fruit: Sep-Mar, brown, Soil type: CL rosemallow capsule WV Flood Depth: 0-6”

CM NRCS Salinity: 0-15 ppt

Iris prismatica Height: 1-3' Light: fresh to moderately Region: C leaves 1/4-inch wide, Moisture: MW brackish tidal marshes, narrower than Iris versicolor Flowers: May-Jun, blue meadows, shores, States: DC DE Soil pH: swamps, forested slender blueflag wetlands VA Fruit: green to brown, Soil type: capsule Flood Depth: 0-6”

RHW Salinity: 0-0.5 ppt

Iris versicolor Height: 3' Light: fresh to moderately Region: MP C Moisture: MW brackish tidal marshes, Flowers: May-Jun, blue meadows, shores, States: DC DE MD Soil pH: swamps, forested blue flag wetlands NY PA VA Fruit: green to brown, Soil type: LS capsule Flood Depth: 0-6”

RHW Salinity 0-0.5 ppt

Iris virginica Height: 1-2' Light: fresh to moderately Region: PC Moisture: W brackish tidal marshes, Flowers: May-Jul, blue meadows, shores, States: DC Soil pH: 4.8-7.3 swamps, forested Virginia blue flag wetlands VA Fruit: green to brown, Soil type: CL capsule WV Flood Depth: 0-6”

RHW Salinity: 0-0.5 ppt

Juncus canadensis Height: 1-4' Light: fresh to slightly Region: PC Moisture: MW brackish tidal and Flowers: Jul-Oct, greenish nontidal marshes, States: DC DE MD brown Soil pH: 4.5-5.9 swamps, ponds and Canada rush pond borders, shores, NY PA Fruit: brown, capsule Soil type: CLS wet meadows, shallow WV Flood Depth: water

UWI AH Salinity: 0-0.5 ppt

Juncus effusus Height: 1-4' Light: fresh tidal and nontidal Region: MP C often grows in clumps Moisture: MW marshes, shrub Flowers: Jun-Sep, greenish swamps, meadows, States: DC DE MD brown Soil pH: 5.5-7 ditches soft rush NY PA VA Fruit: brown, capsule Soil type: CLS WV Flood Depth: 0-12” CM NRCS, USFWS BES USFWS NRCS, CM

41 Herbaceous Emergents Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes Juncus roemerianus Height: 1-4' Light: brackish and salt Region: C some nitrogen fixing value Moisture: MW marshes, above Mean Flowers: May-Oct, yellow- High tide to spring tide States: DE MD green Soil pH: 3.5-7 level black needlerush, VA needlegrass rush, Fruit: July-Nov, brown, Soil type: CL needlegrass rush capsule Flood Depth:

PLANTS LA Salinity: 0-25 ppt

Justicia americana Height: 1-3' Light: muddy edges of Region: MP has underground stems and Moisture: W shallow freshwater forms colonies Flowers: Jun-Oct, white streams, lakes, ponds; States: DC MD with purple Soil pH: 5.4-7.6 shores American PA VA water-willow Fruit: achene (dry, flat Soil type: CLS seed) WV Flood Depth: RHW

Kosteletzkya Height: 1.5-4.5' Light: irregularly flooded salt Region: C common near the coast; virginica Moisture: W and brackish marshes, looks similar to Hibiscus Flowers: Jul-Sep, pink above Mean High tide States: DC DE MD Soil pH: to spring tide level seashore mallow VA Fruit: brown, capsule Soil type: Flood Depth:

RHW Salinity: 0-10 ppt

Nuphar lutea (N. Height: 1-1.5' Light: fresh tidal and nontidal Region: MP C large leaves floating but advena) Moisture: W marshes, swamps, rooted; fruit berry-like, many Flowers: May-Oct, yellow ponds States: DC DE MD seeded, somewhat flattened, Soil pH: leathery spatterdock, NY VA yellow water lily, Fruit: green, berry Soil type: CLS cow-lily, WV American lotus Flood Depth: 12-36” RHW

Nymphaea odorata Height: 1-4' Light: tidal and nontidal fresh Region: PC large leaves floating but Moisture: W waters, shallow lakes, rooted; fruit berry-like, many Flowers: Jun-Sep, white ponds States: DC DE MD seeded, somewhat flattened, Soil pH: leathery fragrant water lily, NY VA American water Fruit: green, berry Soil type: CLS lily, white water lily

RHW Flood Depth: 12-48”

Orontium aquaticum Height: 1.5-2' Light: edges of regularly Region: C fruit is a thick fleshy spike Moisture: W flooded tidal fresh covered with small dark Flowers: Apr-Jun, yellow marshes, inland States: DC DE MD green berry-like structures Soil pH: shores, pond borders, golden club on mud or in shallow VA Fruit: green, berry Soil type: CLS water WV Flood Depth: RHW

Peltandra virginica Height: 2' Light: fresh to moderately Region: C globular head of berries Moisture: W brackish tidal and enclosed in green leathery Flowers: Apr-Jul, green to nontidal marshes, States: DC DE MD case, curved downward white Soil pH: 5.2-9.5 swamps, shallow arrow arum waters of lakes and NY VA Fruit: green or black Soil type: CLS ponds WV Flood Depth: 0-12”

RHW, RHW RHW, Salinity: 0-2 ppt

Pontederia cordata Height: 3.5' Light: fresh to moderately Region: PC spreads vigorously; a small Moisture: W brackish, tidal and bladder-like structure crested Flowers: Jun-Nov, purple nontidal marshes, States: DC DE MD with toothed ridges holds Soil pH: 6-8 shallow water of one seed pickerelweed ponds or lakes NY VA Fruit: Soil type: CLS Flood Depth: 0-18”

UWI MC Salinity: 0-3 ppt

42 Herbaceous Emergents Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes Sagittaria latifolia Height: 0.5-4' Light: fresh tidal and nontidal Region: PC Moisture: W marshes, swamps; Flowers: Jul-Sep, white borders of lakes, States: DC DE MD Soil pH: 4.7-8.6 streams and ponds duck potato, NY PA VA arrowhead, Fruit: green, achene (dry, Soil type: CL broadleaf flat seed) WV arrowhead Flood Depth: 0-24”

RHW Salinity:

Saururus cernuus Height: 1.5-4.5' Light: fresh tidal and nontidal Region: C fragrant flower; often forms Moisture: W marshes, swamps, extensive colonies Flowers: Jun-Sep, greenish shallow water States: DC DE MD white Soil pH: lizard's tail VA Fruit: capsule Soil type: CLS WV Flood Depth: 0-12” RHW

Schoenoplectus Height: 4' Light: fresh and brackish tidal Region: MP C spike above flower is up to 5 pungens v. pungens Moisture: W and nontidal marshes, inches tall (Scirpus pungens, Flowers: Jun-Sep, brown shores, shallow water States: DC DE MD Scirpus americanus) Soil pH: common three- VA square Fruit: Jun-Sep, brown, Soil type: CLS achene (dry, flat seed) Flood Depth: 0-6” high wildlife

CM NRCS Salinity: 0-15 ppt value

Schoenoplectus Height: 6-10' Light: fresh to brackish tidal Region: MP C spreads rapidly validus (Scirpus and nontidal marshes, validus) Moisture: W Flowers: Jun-Sep, brown pond edges, quiet States: MD Soil pH: waters, emergent great bulrush, soft marshes NY PA VA stem bulrush Fruit: Jun-Sep, brown, Soil type: CLS achene (dry, flat seed) Flood Depth: 0-12” high wildlife

PLANTS 1995 Salinity: 0-5 ppt value

Scirpus atrovirens Height: 3-6' Light: shallow emergent Region: MP C grows in clumps or sod- Moisture: W marshes, shrub forming Flowers: Jun-Aug, brown swamps, floodplain States: MD Soil pH: 4-8 forests, wooded black or green NY PA VA Fruit: Jun-Aug, brown, swamp, bogs, wet bulrush, dark Soil type: CL meadows, swales, green bulrush achene (dry, flat seed) WV Flood Depth: ditches high wildlife

PLANTS JA Salinity: value

Scirpus cyperinus Height: 4-5' Light: fresh tidal and nontidal Region: MP C grows in large clumps, often Moisture: MW marshes, swamps, extensive colonies Flowers: Aug-Sep, brown forested wetlands, States: DC DE MD Soil pH: 4.8-7.2 meadows, ditches, woolgrass, ponds, bogs NY PA VA woolgrass Fruit: Aug-Sep, brown, Soil type: CLS bulrush achene (dry, flat seed) WV Flood Depth: high wildlife

USDA JK Salinity: value

Sparganium Height: 5' Light: fresh nontidal Region: MP C good for sediment americanum Moisture: W marshes, shallow stabilization Flowers: May-Aug, greenish waters, muddy shores States: DC DE Soil pH: 4.9-7.3 American bur- NY PA VA reed Fruit: green to brown, Soil type: CLS achene (dry, flat seed) WV Flood Depth: 0-6” RHW

Spartina alterniflora Height: 2-7' Light: salt and brackish tidal Region: C good for shore stabilization; Moisture: MW marshes (mid-tide up important in seaside Flowers: Jul-Sep to Mean High tide States: DC DE MD habitats; short form (<1.5 ft) Soil pH: 5.4-7 level) found in irregularly flooded salt marsh or VA high marsh, tall form in Fruit: smooth cordgrass Soil type: CLS regularly flooded low marsh Flood Depth:

USFWS Salinity: 0-35 ppt

43 Herbaceous Emergents Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes Spartina Height: 3.5-10' Light: fresh and brackish tidal Region: C soil stabilizer; not drought cynosuroides Moisture: MW marshes, near Mean tolerant Flowers: Aug-Oct High tide and above to States: DC DE MD Soil pH: 5.8-7.5 spring tide level big cordgrass NY PA VA Fruit: Soil type: CLS Flood Depth:

PLANTS LA Salinity: 0-10 ppt

Spartina patens Height: 1-3' Light: coastal salt and Region: C forms large mats; good for Moisture: MW brackish tidal marshes; shore erosion control Flowers: Jul-Sep irregularly flooded high States: DC DE MD Soil pH: 5.3-7.5 marsh at or above salt meadow hay Mean High tide line VA Fruit: achene (dry, flat Soil type: CLS seed) Flood Depth:

CM NRCS Salinity: 0-35 ppt

Spartina pectinata Height: 4' Light: brackish and fresh tidal Region: MP C shore stabilizer; low drought Moisture: MW and nontidal marshes, tolerance Flowers: Jul-Sep shores, wet meadows; States: DC DE MD Soil pH: 6-8.5 upper half of intertidal freshwater cordgrass, zone and above to NY PA VA prairie cordgrass Fruit: achene (dry, flat Soil type: L seed) spring tide level WV Flood Depth: 0-6”

CM NRCS Salinity: 0-3 ppt

Zizania aquatica Height: 6-10' Light: fresh tidal and nontidal Region: C annual; edible Moisture: MW marshes, streamsides, Flowers: Jun-Sep shallow waters States: DC DE MD Soil pH: 6.4-7.4 wild rice NY VA Fruit: achene (dry, flat Soil type: CLS seed) Flood Depth: 0-36”

RHW Salinity:

See also: Wetland plants (Spartina In the Ferns section: alterniflora, here) stabilize Dryopteris cristata the shoreline without Onoclea sensibilis obstructing the Osmunda cinnamomea, regalis homeowner’s view. Thelypteris palustris Woodwardia areolata, virginica

In the Grasses & Grasslike Plants section: Andropogon glomeratus (virginicus var abbreviatus), virginicus Calamagrostis canadensis Carex crinita var. crinita, lurida, stricta, vulpinoidea Elymus virginicus Leersia oryzoides Panicum amarum, virgatum

In the Herbaceous Plants section: Asclepias incarnata Bidens cernua Caltha palustris Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellata (Aster umbellatus) Lobelia cardinalis Sabatia angularis Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (Aster novae-angliae) Symplocarpus foetidus Verbena hastata

Vernonia noveboracensis USFWS

Wetlands of any size provide valuable habitat for wildlife. USFWS RM USFWS USFWS BES USFWS

44 Shrubs Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Alnus serrulata Height: 12-20' Light: fresh tidal and Region: MP C forms thickets along nontidal marshes, watercourses; nitrogen smooth alder, Flowers: Mar-Apr, purple Moisture: MW shrub swamps, States: DC DE MD fixing; tolerates flooding to 3 hazel alder forested wetlands inches Fruit: Aug-Feb, brown, Soil pH: 5.5-7.5 NY PA VA cone/cone-like Soil type: CL WV Fall color: yellow, red high wildlife

USFWS BES, PLANTS WSJ value

Aralia spinosa Height: 20-30' Light: moist woods, Region: MP C seeds are poisonous if stream banks, chewed; low maintenance; Devil's walking Flowers: Jul-Aug, white Moisture: D M roadsides States: DC DE MD spreads from new shoots; stick thorny, clublike stem Fruit: Aug-Sep, black, Soil pH: 5.5-7.1 VA berry Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: yellow high wildlife

RHW value

Baccharis Height: 6-12' Light: fresh to salt Region: C volunteers in disturbed halimifolia marshes, ditches, places; shallow, lateral high-tide bush, Flowers: Aug-Sep, white Moisture: D MW shores, dunes States: DE MD roots; tolerates flooding to 6 groundsel tree, inches; tolerates salinity to VA sea myrtle Fruit: Oct-Nov, silvery Soil pH: 7-8.5 15 ppt white, achene Soil type: CLSO Fall color: purple USFWS BES USFWS

Callicarpa Height: 6' Light: Region: C flowers from new growth; if americana overgrown prune to 6-18 American Flowers: Jun-Aug, Moisture: DM States: DC inches tall; will regain beautyberry, lavender-pink height in one season VA French mulberry Fruit: Sep-Mar, lavender, Soil pH: 4.8-7 berry Soil type: CLS Fall color: USFWS BES USFWS

Ceanothus Height: 3' Light: meadows, fields, Region: MP C tough; tolerates moist soil if americanus glades, open woods, well drained; fixes nitrogen; New Jersey tea Flowers: May-Sep, white Moisture: D borders, rocky States: DC DE MD tolerates dryness areas, openings Fruit: Sep-Oct, black Soil pH: 4.3-6.5 NY PA VA Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: yellow to tan RHW

Cephalanthus Height: 6-12' Light: fresh tidal and Region: MP C needs sun to flower; flowers occidentalis nontidal marshes, fragrant; interesting fruit; buttonbush Flowers: Jul-Aug, creamy Moisture: MW shrub swamps, States: DC DE MD tolerates drought; leaves white forested wetlands; may persist into winter; Fruit: Sep-Jan, green to Soil pH: 6.1-8.5 stream, lake and NY PA VA tolerates flooding to 36 brown pond edges inches Soil type: CLSO WV Fall color: yellow-green RHW

Clethra alnifolia Height: 6-12' Light: tidal and nontidal Region: C very fragrant; tolerates forested wetlands, some flooding by partly salty sweet Flowers: Jul-Aug, white/ Moisture: MW shrub swamps, States: DC DE MD water pepperbush, pink bogs, woods, NY VA summersweet Fruit: Sep-Feb, brown, Soil pH: 4.5-6.5 coastal river capsule floodplains, Soil type: CLS lakeshores Fall color: yellow USFWS

Comptonia Height: 3' Light: hillsides, cliffs, Region: MP C fragrant; fixes nitrogen, peregrina woods openings, leaves may persist into sweetfern Flowers: Apr-May, Moisture: D sand flats and States: DC DE MD winter yellow-green barrens, fields, Fruit: Aug-Oct, green to Soil pH: 4-7 dunes NY PA VA brown, cone/cone-like Soil type: LSO WV Fall color: brown USFWS BES USFWS

45 Shrubs Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Cornus amomum Height: 6-12' Light: forested wetlands, Region: MP C floodplains, shrub silky dogwood, Flowers: May-Jun, white Moisture: MW wetlands, stream States: DC DE MD red willow, silky and pond banks, NY PA VA cornel Fruit: Aug, blue, berry Soil pH: 6.1-7.5 clearings Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: orange, red or high wildlife purple

RHW value

Cornus racemosa Height: 6-12' Light: open wooded Region: MP tolerates a variety of floodplains, forested conditions; berries are food red-panicled or Flowers: May-Jun, white Moisture: D M wetlands, shrub States: for many songbirds and gray dogwood swamps, rocky small mammals Fruit: Aug-Sep, white, red Soil pH: 6.1-8.5 woods or ledges, NY VA stems, berry fencerows Soil type: CL WV Fall color: purple high wildlife

UWI KJS, KJS value

Corylus americana Height: 10-15' Light: dry woodlands, Region: MP forms large thickets; edible forest edges, nut; male catkins brown, American Flowers: Mar-Apr, brown Moisture: D M hillsides, fence States: DC DE MD female red hazelnut or filbert or red rows, ravines, Fruit: Aug-Sep, light Soil pH: 6.1-7.5 floodplain woods, NY PA VA brown, nut/nut-like brushy pastures Soil type: CL WV Fall color: yellow orange UCONN, UCONN

Gaultheria Height: 0.5' Light: clearings, steep Region: MP C dense, mat-like form; forms procumbens rocky open slopes, colonies; edible fruits, wintergreen, Flowers: May-Aug, white Moisture: DM sandy oak woods, States: DC DE MD leaves; wintergreen taste checkerberry to pink hummocks in bogs and scent Fruit: Jul-Apr, red, berry Soil pH: 4-6.5 NY PA VA Soil type: LSO WV Fall color: evergreen RHW, RHW RHW,

Gaylussacia baccata Height: 1.5-3' Light: woods, thickets Region: MP C very common; fruits edible but many-seeded black huckleberry Flowers: May-Jun, white Moisture: D MW States: DC DE MD to pink Fruit: Jul-Sep, black, Soil pH: 4.5-6.5 NY PA VA berry Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: reddish-purple high wildlife

RHW value

Gaylussacia Height: 2-4' Light: woods and thickets Region: MC berries borne on long, frondosa drooping stems dangleberry Flowers: Apr-Jun, Moisture: D MW States: DC DE MD greenish to purple Fruit: Jul-Oct, blue, berry Soil pH: 4.5-6.5 NY VA Soil type: S Fall color: reddish-purple high wildlife

CM NRCS value

Hamamelis Height: 15-30' Light: woods or brushy Region: MP C noted for fall/winter bloom; virginiana fields, moist or dry medicinal uses, leaves may witch hazel Flowers: Sep-Dec, yellow Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD persist into winter

Fruit: Oct-Nov, tan brown, Soil pH: 5.5-6.5 NY PA VA capsule Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: yellow RHW

Hydrangea Height: 3-6' Light: rich upland or Region: MP eaves poisonous to humans; arborescens floodplain woods, does best on loamy soils wild or smooth Flowers: Jun-Aug, white Moisture: M streambanks States: DC MD hydrangea Fruit: Oct-Jan, brown, Soil pH: 6.1-8.5 PA VA capsule Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow RHW

46 Shrubs Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Hypericum Height: 1.5-6' Light: low boggy places, Region: MP C blooms small but form densiflorum seepage slopes, dense flat-topped clusters; dense St. John's Flowers: Jul-Sep, yellow Moisture: D MW pond and lake States: DC DE MD can spread aggressively wort edges, wet Fruit: Oct-Apr, brown, Soil pH: 5.5-7 meadows, VA capsule streambanks, Soil type: CLSO ditches, moist Fall color: yellow green pinelands RHW

Ilex glabra Height: 6-10' Light: forested wetlands, Region: C berries persist through shrub swamps, winter; male and female inkberry Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: D M sandy woods States: DE flowers on separate plants; greenish white tolerates some salt flooding; Fruit: Sep-Mar, black, Soil pH: 4.5-6 NY VA short cultivars (4-5') berry available Soil type: CLSO Fall color: evergreen high wildlife

USFWS BES, BES value

Ilex laevigata Height: 10-12' Light: wooded swamps Region: C berries provide winter bird food; prefers soil with a smooth Flowers: May-Jul, white Moisture: M States: DC DE MD calcareous layer winterberry to cream Fruit: Sep-Feb, red, Soil pH: 4.5-6.5 VA scarlet, berry Soil type: CLSO Fall color: yellow high wildlife

RHW, RHW RHW, value

Ilex verticillata Height: 6-12' Light: fresh tidal swamps, Region: MP C berries provide winter bird shrub swamps, food, poisonous to humans; winterberry, Flowers: Jun-Jul, Moisture: MW forested wetlands States: DC DE MD berries on female plants, winterberry holly, greenish white need male plant to pollinate NY PA VA black alder Fruit: Aug-Feb, red, berry Soil pH: 4.5-6.5 Soil type: CLSO WV Fall color:yellow to brown high wildlife

USFWS BES USFWS value

Itea virginica Height: 6-10' Light: forested wetlands, Region: C fruit capsules on stalk; plant shrub swamps, will sucker, form thickets; tassel-white, Flowers: Jun-Jul, white Moisture: MW streambanks, States: DC DE MD tolerates flooding to 6 Virginia shallow water inches VA sweetspire Fruit: Aug-Mar, brown, Soil pH: 5.1-7.5 capsule Soil type: CLS Fall color: red to purple USFWS BES USFWS

Iva frutescens Height: 2-10' Light: tidal brackish and Region: C similar to Baccharis salt marshes halimifolia but with opposite marsh elder, high Flowers: Aug-Oct, Moisture: D M States: DE MD leaves; tolerates salinity to tide bush greenish white 15 ppt Fruit: not conspicuous, Soil pH: 5-5.7 VA capsule Soil type: CLS Fall color: PLANTS LA, RHW

Kalmia angustifolia Height: 2-3' Light: pastures, barrens, Region: C foliage poisonous to hoofed slow wooded browsers (not eaten by deer) sheep laurel, Flowers: May-Jul, white, Moisture: MW streams, swamp States: DC DE MD lambkill pink, purple, red borders, bogs, Fruit: Sep-Mar, brown, Soil pH: 4.5-6 thickets NY PA VA capsule Soil type: CLSO Fall color: evergreen CM NRCS

Kalmia latifolia Height: 12-20' Light: woods, ridge tops, Region: MP C foliage poisonous to hoofed fields, swamps, browsers; PA state flower mountain laurel Flowers: May-Jul, white Moisture: D MW mountain meadows States: DC DE MD to pink/purple and slopes Fruit: May-Jun, brown, Soil pH: 4.5-6 NY PA VA capsule Soil type: CLSO WV Fall color: evergreen USFWS BES USFWS

47 Shrubs Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Leucothoe Height: 13' Light: swamps, woods, Region: MP C zig-zag twigs, reddish or racemosa thickets greenish; tends to sucker, fetterbush, Flowers: May-Jun, white, Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD forming thickets sweetbells pinkish Fruit: brown, capsule Soil pH: 4.5-6 NY PA VA Soil type: CL Fall color: RHW, PLANTS WSJ RHW,

Lindera benzoin Height: 6.5-16' Light: woods, wooded Region: MP C all parts edible and slopes, dunes, aromatic; herbal uses spicebush Flowers: Mar-May, yellow Moisture: MW floodplain forests States: DC DE MD

Fruit: Sep-Oct, scarlet, Soil pH: 4.5-6.5 NY PA VA berry Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow high wildlife

CM NRCS, RHW, CM NRCS CM NRCS, RHW, value

Lyonia ligustrina Height: 6-12' Light: open areas, Region: MP C berry-like capsules persist swamps, woods through winter male-berry Flowers: May-Jul, white Moisture: M States: DC DE MD

Fruit: Sep-Mar, brown, Soil pH: 4-6 NY PA VA capsule Soil type: CLSO WV Fall color: orange to red RHW

Lyonia mariana Height: 0.5-6.5' Light: swamps, moist or Region: C interesting woody capsules dry woods persist through winter stagger-bush Flowers: May-Jun, white, Moisture: DM States: DC DE MD pale pink Fruit: Sep-Feb, brown, Soil pH: 4-6 VA capsule Soil type: S Fall color: red RHW, CM NRCS RHW,

Morella Height: 8-12' Light: dry or moist Region: C glossy dark green leaves, caroliniensis thickets, woods, leaves larger than M. (Myrica Flowers: Apr-Jun, Moisture: D MW bogs States: DE cerifera, plants fuller heterophylla) yellowish-green Fruit: Sep-Apr, bluish Soil pH: 4.5-7 VA southern or white, berry swamp bayberry Soil type: CLS Fall color: evergreen PLANTS

Morella cerifera Height: 6-15' Light: tidal and nontidal Region: C fragrant; loses leaves north (Myrica cerifera) fresh and brackish and west of Ches. Bay, MD Flowers: Mar-Jun, Moisture: D MW marshes, swamps, States: DE MD north; may reach 30 feet; yellowish-green sandy dune swales, can be pruned as hedge; wax myrtle, Fruit: Sep-Apr, bluish Soil pH: 5.5-7 upland woods VA nitrogen fixer; tolerates southern white, berry salinity to 10 ppt bayberry Soil type: CLS Fall color: evergreen in southern areas USFWS BES, PLANTS

Morella Height: 5-10' Light: tidal and nontidal Region: C fragrant leaves; tends to pensylvanica fresh and brackish sucker and form large (Myrica Flowers: Mar-Apr, Moisture: D MW marshes, swamps, States: DC DE MD colonies; waxy berries pensylvanica) yellowish-green sand flats, dunes persist through winter; Fruit: Sep-Apr, bluish Soil pH: 5.1-6.5 NY VA northern tolerates salinity to 20 ppt white, berry bayberry, Soil type: CLS candleberry Fall color: high wildlife

CM NRCS value

Photinia Height: 3-6' Light: bogs, swamps, Region: MP C can be pruned as hedge melanocarpa springs, dunes, (Aronia Flowers: Apr-May, white Moisture: D MW cliffs, fields, States: DE MD melanocarpa) or pink-tinged clearings, wet or dry Fruit: Sep-Nov, black, Soil pH: 5.1-6.5 NY PA VA black chokeberry thickets, creek berry banks, balds, rock Soil type: CLSO WV outcroppings Fall color: crimson red USFWS BES USFWS

48 Shrubs Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Photinia pyrifolia Height: 1.5-13' Light: forested wetlands, Region: MP C tolerates infrequent flooding (Aronia arbutifolia) shrub bogs, upland by water with some salt; red chokeberry Flowers: Mar-May, white, Moisture: D MW forests, fields, States: DC DE MD can be pruned as hedge purple-tinged dunes Fruit: Sep-Dec, red, berry Soil pH: 5.1-6.5 NY PA VA Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: orange to red USFWS BES, VT

Physocarpus Height: 5-12' Light: thickets, along Region: MP papery bark continually opulifolius streams in sand or molts in thin strips; very ninebark Flowers: May-Jul, white, Moisture: MW gravel bars, rocky States: DC drought tolerant; adaptable pink slopes Fruit: Jul-Mar, orange to Soil pH: 6.1-8.5 NY PA VA red, capsule Soil type: CL WV Fall color: yellow to purple USFWS BES USFWS

Prunus maritima Height: 1-8' Light: ocean dunes, Region: C edible fruit, prized for jams roadsides, and jellies; salt tolerant beach plum Flowers: Apr-May, white Moisture: D M hedgerows States: DE MD

Fruit: Aug, blue-purple, Soil pH: 5.8-7.7 fleshy Soil type: LS Fall color: high wildlife

CM NRCS value

Rhododendron Height: 1-2.5' Light: coastal, sandy soils Region: C flowers very fragrant; atlanticum colonial, arising from dwarf or coast Flowers: Apr-May, white, Moisture: M States: DE MD spreading underground azalea purple-tinged stems; Fruit: brown, capsule Soil pH: 4.2-5.7 VA Soil type: S Fall color: GM ARS, USFWS BES

Rhododendron Height: 5-9' Light: open oak woods, dry Region: M calendulaceum rocky woodlands, flame azalea Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: D M damp slopes, States: yellow, orange, red mountain Fruit: Aug-Feb, brown, Soil pH: 5.1-6 streambanks, heath VA capsule balds Soil type: CL WV Fall color: yellow green RHW

Rhododendron Height: 3-10' woods Region: C canescens Light: sweet azalea Flowers: Apr-May, white Moisture: M States: DC DE MD or pink Fruit: brown, capsule Soil pH: 4.2-5.7 Soil type: S Fall color: PLANTS, PLANTS

Rhododendron Height: 15-20' Light: mountain slopes, Region: MP needs space; may form maximum woods, sheltered dense thicket great laurel, Flowers: May-Aug, white, Moisture: MW coves, ravines, States: DC MD rosebay pink streamsides NY PA VA rhododendron Fruit: Sep-Nov, tan to red, Soil pH: 4.5-6 capsule Soil type: L WV Fall color: evergreen RHW, USFWS BES RHW,

Rhododendron Height: 3-10' Light: woods, low swampy Region: MP C will tolerate thin soils over periclymenoides areas, limestone bedrock; open, airy quality; pinxterbloom, Flowers: Apr-May, pink, Moisture: D MW cliffs States: DC DE MD susceptible to disease and pink azalea, purple, white insects NY PA VA pinxter flower Fruit: Aug-Mar, brown, Soil pH: 4.5-5.5 capsule Soil type: L WV Fall color: dull yellow RHW

49 Shrubs Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Rhododendron Height: 2-8' Light: rocky or rich woods Region: M may reach 15 feet tall, but prinophyllum rarely; flowers have clove- rose, roseshell, Flowers: May-Jun, pink Moisture: DM States: like scent mountain or early PA VA azalea Fruit: May-Sep Soil pH: Soil type: O WV Fall color: PLANTS

Rhododendron Height: 6.5-10' Light: wet floodplain Region: MP C attractive spreading, loose- viscosum woods, branched habit; demands swamp azalea Flowers: May-Aug, white, Moisture: MW streambanks, States: DC DE MD acid soil; susceptible to pink swamp edges, disease and insects Fruit: Aug-Mar, brown, Soil pH: 4-6 hillside bogs, ditch NY VA capsule banks, clearings Soil type: CLSO Fall color: yellow, orange, to purple RHW

Rhus aromatica Height: 6' Light: limestone cliffs, Region: MP fuzzy edible berry clusters; open upland woods, aromatic leaves; shorter fragrant sumac Flowers: Mar-May, Moisture: D rocky bluffs, oak States: DC MD cultivars available; male and greenish yellow barrens, foredunes, female separate plants Fruit: Jul-Mar, dark wine Soil pH: 6.1-8.5 barren rock NY VA red, berry Soil type: LS WV Fall color: red high wildlife

RHW, RHW RHW, value

Rhus copallina Height: 20-35' Light: thickets, fields, Region: MP C forms large colonies; winter open woods, food for wildlife shining, winged, Flowers: Jul-Sep, Moisture: D roadsides, States: DC DE MD flameleaf, or greenish yellow fencerows NY PA VA dwarf sumac Fruit: Oct-Nov, red, berry Soil pH: 5.3-7.5 Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: rich red high wildlife

RHW, CM NRCS RHW, value

Rhus glabra Height: 2-20' Light: dry or moist open Region: MP C fuzzy berry clusters; male areas, shale and female may be on sweet or smooth Flowers: Jun-Jul, Moisture: D M barrens, fields, dry States: DC DE MD separate plants; extremely sumac greenish open slopes, drought resistant Fruit: Aug-Oct, red, berry Soil pH: 5.3-7.5 roadsides, NY PA VA fencerows Soil type: LS WV Fall color: red high wildlife

CM NRCS value

Rhus hirta (R. Height: 35-50' Light: fields, roadsides, Region: MP C spreads by lateral roots to typhina) forest edges form colonies; female plants staghorn sumac Flowers: Jun-Jul, yellow- Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD produce seed; winter food green for wildlife Fruit: Jul-Feb, red, berry Soil pH: 4.5-7.2 NY PA VA Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: orange-red high wildlife

RHW value

Ribes rotundifolium Height: 3-6' Light: rocky upland woods Region: MP do not use near apple orchards; may spread cedar Appalachian or Flowers: May-Jul, Moisture: D States: DC MD apple rust eastern greenish purple NY VA gooseberry Fruit: Jul-Aug, purple or Soil pH: 6.1-8.5 greenish, berry Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: red USFWS BES USFWS

Rosa carolina Height: 0.5-3' Light: dry fields, open Region: MP C edible fruit is a berry-like woods; rocky banks, hip; thorns pasture rose Flowers: May-Jun, pale Moisture: D M shale barrens States: DC DE MD pink Fruit: Aug-Mar, red, berry Soil pH: 6.1-8.5 NY VA Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: yellowish to high wildlife orange

RHW, RS MNPS RHW, value 50 Shrubs Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Rosa palustris Height: 8' Light: fresh tidal and Region: MP C edible fruit is a berry-like nontidal marshes, hip; thorns; tolerates swamp rose Flowers: Jun-Aug, pink Moisture: MW forested wetlands, States: DC DE MD flooding to 3 inches shrub swamps, Fruit: Jul-Mar, red, berry Soil pH: 4-7 streambanks NY PA VA Soil type: CL WV Fall color: high wildlife

PLANTS WSJ value

Rubus Height: 3-9' Light: roadsides, fence Region: MP prickly; juicy edible fruit allegheniensis rows, fields, used by people and wildlife Allegheny Flowers: May-Jun, white Moisture: D M thickets, open States: DC DE MD blackberry woods, clearings Fruit: Jul-Sep, black, Soil pH: 4.5-7.5 NY PA VA berry Soil type: CL WV Fall color: orange, red, to high wildlife purple

USFWS BES, RHW value

Rubus odoratus Height: 3-6' Light: forest edges, rocky Region: MP feels sticky; fruit edible; ledges, rocky spreads by suckers purple flowering Flowers: Jun-Sep, rose Moisture: M wooded slopes States: DC DE MD raspberry, purple NY PA VA fragrant Fruit: Jul-Sep, dull red, Soil pH: 5.1-6 berry thimbleberry Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: pale yellow high wildlife

PLANTS WSJ value

Salix humilis Height: 6-12' Light: dry thickets, Region: MP C typically spreads up to twice openings, boggy it's height; flowers are prairie willow Flowers: Apr-May, Moisture: D MW swales; mountain States: DC DE catkins greenish yellow ridges, barrens, Fruit: May-Jun, brown, Soil pH: 6.1-7.5 meadows, PA VA capsule roadsides Soil type: CLSO WV Fall color: dull yellow high wildlife

PLANTS 1997 value

Sambucus nigra Height: 6-12' Light: fresh tidal and Region: MP C berries eaten by 48 species ssp. canadensis (S. nontidal marshes, of birds canadensis) Flowers: Jun-Jul, white Moisture: D MW swamps, wet States: DC DE MD meadows, moist common Fruit: Aug-Sep, purple to Soil pH: 6.1-7.5 woods, fields NY PA VA black, berry elderberry, Soil type: CLSO WV American elder Fall color: yellow green high wildlife

RS MNPS, USFWS value

Sambucus Height: 6-12' Light: rich woods, dry Region: M important summer wildlife racemosa v. rocky woods, along food; one of earliest racemosa (S. Flowers: May, white Moisture: D M creeks, rock States: blooming shrubs; fragrant pubens) crevices, sheltered Fruit: Jun-Jul, red, berry Soil pH: 6.1-8.5 coves, ravines PA VA red elderberry, WV scarlet elder Soil type: L Fall color: yellow green high wildlife

RHW, RHW RHW, value

Spiraea alba v. Height: 3-6' Light: bogs, woods, Region: M similar to S. alba but twigs latifolia (Spiraea barrens, swamps more purplish or red latifolia) Flowers: Jun-Sep, white Moisture: M States: DC DE MD or pinkish broad-leaved Fruit: Sep-Mar, brown, Soil pH: NY VA meadow-sweet capsule Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow RHW

Spiraea alba Height: 3-6' Light: bogs, swamps, Region: M bark may be shaggy, orange- meadows brown narrow-leaved Flowers: Jun-Sep, white Moisture: M States: DC DE MD meadow-sweet Fruit: Sep-Mar, brown to Soil pH: 6.6-7.5 NY VA red brown, capsule Soil type: CLSO WV Fall color: yellow RHW

51 Shrubs Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Spiraea tomentosa Height: 3-6' Light: meadows, fields, Region: MP C cultivars available with bogs, swamps, lake white or red flowers steeplebush, Flowers: Jul-Sep, pink to Moisture: MW edges, marshes, States: DC DE MD hardback spirea purple dunes, swales Fruit: Sep-Mar, brown, Soil pH: 5.1-6 NY VA capsule Soil type: CLSO WV Fall color: yellow green RHW

Staphylea trifolia Height: 3-15' Light: rich woods, Region: MP fruit is 3-lobed, papery, floodplain woods, balloon-like capsule; American Flowers: May, greenish Moisture: M ravines, shores of States: DC MD branches green-white bladdernut white lakes and ponds, striped Fruit: Aug-Dec, red- Soil pH: 6.1-8 rocky wooded PA VA brown, capsule streambanks, Soil type: L WV shaded dunes Fall color: yellow RHW

Vaccinium Height: 1-2' Light: dry woods, barrens, Region: MP edible berries often angustifolium rock outcroppings harvested, makes a nice lowbush Flowers: May-Jun, white Moisture: D M States: DC MD ground layer blueberry or pink-tinged Fruit: Jul-Aug, blue to Soil pH: 4-6 NY PA VA black, berry Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: red high wildlife

BES value

Vaccinium Height: 6-12' Light: forested wetlands, Region: MP C edible berries commonly corymbosum shrub swamps, cultivated highbush Flowers: Apr-Jun, white Moisture: D MW bogs, dry to wet States: DC DE MD blueberry or pink-tinged woods, thickets, Fruit: Jul-Aug, blue to Soil pH: 4-6.5 streambanks, rock NY PA VA black, berry outcroppings Soil type: LSO WV Fall color: yellow to red high wildlife

USFWS BES, BES value

Vaccinium Height: 0.5-1' Light: sphagnum bogs, Region: MC low mat form, can spread macrocarpon cool swampy areas indefinitely; edible cranberry Flowers: Jun-Jul, white to Moisture: W States: DC DE MD cranberries pink Fruit: Sep-Nov, red, berry Soil pH: 4-6 NY PA Soil type: LSO WV Fall color: dark green to purple to red RHW

Vaccinium pallidum Height: 1.5-2' Light: dry woods and Region: MP C sweet berries (V. vacillans) barrens early lowbush Flowers: Apr-May, white, Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD blueberry reddish Fruit: Jul-Aug, blue, berry Soil pH: PA VA Soil type: LS WV Fall color: high wildlife

RHW value

Vaccinium Height: 6-12' Light: dry woods, Region: MP C berries edible but sour stamineum openings, barrens; deerberry Flowers: Apr-Jun, white Moisture: D M uplands, floodplain States: DC DE MD or purple forests, clearings, Fruit: Sep-Oct, bluish Soil pH: 4-6.5 thickets, rock NY PA VA black, berry outcroppings Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: red high wildlife

RHW value

Viburnum Height: 3-6' Light: floodplain forests, Region: MP C dry, edible berries acerifolium dry wooded slopes, maple-leaved Flowers: Jun, creamy- Moisture: D M woods,rocky slopes, States: DC DE MD arrowwood white, pink rock outcrops, Fruit: Aug-Dec, blue to Soil pH: 5.1-6 wooded ravines NY PA VA black, berry Soil type: CL WV Fall color: orange, red, high wildlife purple

RHW, RHW RHW, value 52 Shrubs Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Viburnum dentatum Height: 10-15' Light: swamps, wet Region: MP C stems very straight, nice (V. recognitum) woods, bogs, structure in winter southern Flowers: May-Jun, white Moisture: D MW floodplain forests, States: DC DE MD arrowwood streambanks, low, Fruit: Sep-Nov, blue to Soil pH: 5.1-6.5 wet acid-sand NY PA VA black, berry habitats Soil type: LSO WV Fall color: reddish-purple high wildlife

USFWS BES, RS MNPS value

Viburnum nudum v. Height: 6-12' Light: swamps, bogs, Region: MP C handsome stature; multiple cassinoides (V. moist woods, fruit colors at once cassinoides) Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: D MW barrens States: MD creamy white witherod Fruit: Aug-Sep, pink to Soil pH: 5.1-6.5 PA blue-black, berry Soil type: L O Fall color: orange-red to purple USFWS BES USFWS

Viburnum nudum Height: 6.5-20' Light: wet woods, rich Region: MP C edible fruit but very acidic; upland woods, shallow fibrous roots, naked witherod, Flowers: Jun-Jul, white to Moisture: MW swamps, margins of States: DC DE MD transplants well possum-haw cream vernal ponds, heath VA viburnum Fruit: Sep-Oct, red to Soil pH: 5.1-6 bogs blue, then black, berry Soil type: LS Fall color: red to purple high wildlife

RHW value

Viburnum Height: 12-24' Light: woods, thickets, Region: MP C fruits edible, used for prunifolium fields, roadsides preserves black haw Flowers: Apr-May, white Moisture: D MW States: DC DE MD

Fruit: Jul-Nov, pink to Soil pH: 4.8-7.5 NY PA VA bluish-black, berry Soil type: CL WV Fall color: reddish purple high wildlife

RHW value

Rhus copallina Rosa palustris Itea virginica See also:

In the Trees section: Castanea pumila Cornus alternifolia Juniperus virginiana Magnolia virginiana Malus (Pyrus) coronaria Quercus ilicifolia CM NRCS CM NRCS Vaccinium corymbosum in fall. Kalmia angustifolia USFWS BES USFWS

Kalmia latifolia USFWS BES USFWS RHW RHW 53 Trees Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Acer negundo Height: 30-60' Light: along rivers, Region: MP C brittle wood; thicket-forming Spread: 30-60' streams, ponds, box elder, ash leaf Flowers: Apr-May, yellow- Moisture: MW and seasonally States: DC DE MD maple, Manitoba green flooded areas NY PA VA maple Fruit: Jul-Sep, tan brown, Soil pH: 5.2-7 winged Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: yellow, red USFWS BES, RHW

Acer rubrum Height: 40-100' Light: swamps, uplands, Region: MP C earliest spring bloomer; Spread: 30-75' rocky hillsides, adaptable red, scarlet, Flowers: Mar-Apr, Moisture: MW dunes States: DC DE MD swamp, or soft (inconspicuous) 5.4-7.1 NY PA VA maple Fruit: Apr-Jun, red-brown Soil pH: or yellow, winged Soil type: C LS WV Fall color:red, orange, yellow USFWS BES, RHW

Acer saccharinum Height: 50-100' Light: floodplains, Region: MP Spread: 75-100' streamsides, river silver, white, river, Flowers: Feb-Mar, Moisture: MW bottoms, pond and States: DC DE MD or soft maple greenish yellow lake edges Fruit: Apr-May, tan Soil pH: 5.2-7.1 NY PA VA brown, winged Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: yellow PLANTS DEH

Acer saccharum Height: 60-100' Light: upland woods, Region: MP fall color; maple syrup; state Spread: 50-75' mountain coves tree of New York and West sugar maple Flowers: Apr-May, yellow- Moisture: M and slopes States: DC DE Virginia green Fruit:Sep-Oct, green, tan Soil pH: 4-7.3 NY PA VA at maturity, winged Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow, orange, high wildlife red

USDA JE value

Acer spicatum Height: 20-35' Light: cool rich woods, Region: M short-lived, strong acid Spread: 20-35' moist rocky slopes preference mountain maple Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: M and flats, along States: MD yellow green small streams Fruit: Jul-Sep, red or Soil pH: 5.5-7 NY PA VA yellow, winged Soil type: L WV Fall color: orange to red high wildlife

RHW value

Amelanchier Height: 15-25' Light: wooded river Region: M used by 58 wildlife species; arborea Spread: banks, swamps, 35 bird species; important downy Flowers: Mar-May, white Moisture: D M rocky slopes States: DC DE MD early summer food; berries serviceberry, edible to people 5.5-7.5 NY PA VA shadbush Fruit:red to dark purple, Soil pH: fleshy Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow, red RHW

Amelanchier Height: 35-50' Light: swamps, low Region: MP C canadensis Spread: 35-50' ground, woods, serviceberry, Flowers: Apr-May, white Moisture: MW thickets States: DC DE MD shadbush, NY VA shadblow Fruit:Jun-Jul, red to Soil pH: 5.6-7.5 purple, fleshy Soil type: C LS Fall color: orange to red CM NRCS

Asimina triloba Height: 20-35' Light: river valleys, Region: C Spread: 20-35' bottomlands, paw-paw Flowers: Apr-Jun, purple Moisture: M understory of States: DC DE MD woods. Fruit:Aug-Sep, yellow, Soil pH: 5.2-7.2 PA VA berry Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow/ copper- red PLANTS JSP, USFWS BES PLANTS JSP,

54 Trees Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Betula Height: 60-80' Light: rich uplands, low Region: M fall color; attractive winter alleghaniensis Spread: 35-50' swamps, texture and color; prefers yellow birch Flowers: Apr-May, yellow Moisture: MW streamsides, States: MD cool, moist conditions, green elevated floodplain common on calcareous soils Fruit: Jul-Oct, green to Soil pH: 4.6-8 terraces and knobs NY PA VA tan, cone/cone-like Soil type: LS WV Fall color: golden yellow high wildlife

PLANTS RM PLANTS value

Betula lenta Height: 50-75' Light: steep rocky land Region: MP excellent fall color; prefers Spread: 35-50' and lower slopes moist sites, tolerates dry; sweet birch, Flowers: Apr-May, yellow Moisture: D M States: DE MD colonizes open or disturbed black birch, green areas NY PA VA cherry birch Fruit: Aug-Nov, green to Soil pH: 4.8-6.8 tan, cone/cone-like Soil type: LS WV Fall color: golden yellow high wildlife

USFWS BES, RHW value

Betula nigra Height: 50-75' Light: along streams, Region: MP C attractive peeling bark; Spread: 35-50' rivers, ponds and river birch, red Flowers: Apr-May, dark Moisture: MW swamps States: DC DE MD birch, black birch brown Fruit: Jun-Aug, tan brown, Soil pH: 4-6 NY PA VA cone/cone-like Soil type: C L WV Fall color: yellow high wildlife

USFWS BES, BES value

Carpinus caroliniana Height: 13-40' Light: river margins, Region: MP slow growing and short Spread: 35-50' bottomlands, lived American Flowers: Apr-May, red or Moisture: M swamps States: DC DE MD hornbeam, reddish-green NY PA VA musclewood, Fruit: Jun-Oct, nut/nut- Soil pH: 4-7.4 like ironwood Soil type: LS WV Fall color: orange, red USFWS BES USFWS

Carya alba (C. Height: 60-100' Light: ridges, dry hills, Region: MP C good fall color tomentosa) Spread: 35-50' hillsides mockernut Flowers: May-Jun, light Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD hickory green Fruit: Sep-Oct, light Soil pH: 6.5-7.4 NY PA VA reddish brown, nut/nut- like Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow USDA NRCS

Carya cordiformis Height: 60-100' Light: rich bottomlands, Region: MP C Spread: 60-100' swamps, bitternut or Flowers: Apr-May, Moisture: MW frequently States: DC DE MD swamp hickory, yellow-green flooded areas, NY PA VA pignut Fruit: Aug-Oct, yellowish Soil pH: 6.5-7.4 dry hillsides green, nut/nut-like Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: yellow PLANTS

Carya glabra Height: 60-100' Light: dry woods on Region: MP C Spread: 35-50' hillsides and ridges pignut, sweet Flowers: Apr-May, Moisture: D MW States: DC DE MD pignut, or smooth yellow-green NY PA VA bark hickory Fruit: Sep-Oct, dark brown, Soil pH: 6.5-7.4 nut/nut-like Soil type: L WV Fall color: yellow CM NRCS

Carya ovata Height: 70-100' Light: dry upland slopes, Region: MP C attractive peeling bark Spread: 35-50' lowlands, valleys shagbark, Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: M States: DC DE MD scalybark, or yellow-green NY PA VA shellbark hickory Fruit: Sep-Oct, dark or Soil pH: 4-6.7 reddish brown, nut/nut- like Soil type: LS WV Fall color: brown USDA NRCS

55 Trees Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Castanea pumila Height: 12-20' Light: rocky slopes, steep Region: MP C sweet, edible fruit Spread: 12-20' rocky land, rocky chinquapin, Flowers: Jun, pale yellow Moisture: D streambanks, States: DC DE MD eastern or sandy ridges, VA Allegany Fruit: Sep-Oct, dark brown, Soil pH: 4.5-7.5 swamp edges, nut/nut-like open woods chinkapin Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow or purple RHW

Celtis occidentalis Height: 40-100' Light: drainage basins, Region: MP C butterfly larval host; drought Spread: 40-100' floodplains, tolerant; tolerates common Flowers: Apr-May, yellow Moisture: D MW wooded slopes, States: DC DE MD occasional flooding; hackberry, green, brown tint high rocky saplings can sprout in deep NY PA VA sugarberry, Fruit: Sep-Dec, purple Soil pH: 6-7.8 limestone bluffs shade, common on brown, berry bordering streams, limestone soils nettletree Soil type: C LS WV windbreaks Fall color: yellow high wildlife

UWI KK value

Cercis canadensis Height: 20-35' Light: river bottoms and Region: MP C fixes nitrogen Spread: 20-35' streambanks eastern redbud Flowers: Apr-May, pink to Moisture: DM States: DC DE MD lavender Fruit: Jul-Dec, black, pod Soil pH: 4.5-7.5 PA VA Soil type: LS WV Fall color: golden yellow USFWS BES, BES

Chamaecyparis Height: 75' Light: freshwater Region: C thyoides Spread: swamps, woods Atlantic white Flowers: Mar-Apr, Moisture: MW States: DE MD cedar greenish brown Fruit: bluish, cone/cone- Soil pH: 4.5-5.5 VA like Soil type: C LS Fall color: evergreen PLANTS 1997, GFR

Chionanthus Height: 20-35' Light: moist streambanks, Region: MP C virginicus Spread: 20-35' ridges, hillsides in white fringetree Flowers: May-Jun, white Moisture: D M sandy to deep-rich States: DC DE MD soils Fruit: Sep-Oct, bluish Soil pH: 4.5-6.5 VA black, berry Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow USFWS RS, RHW

Cornus alternifolia Height: 15-25' Light: dry woods, forest Region: M used by 64 wildlife species; Spread: 15-35' edges, rocky slopes 43 bird species; keep root alternate-leaf or Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: M States: DE MD zone moist and acidic; pagoda dogwood creamy white tolerates full sun; young Fruit: Jul-Aug, bluish Soil pH: 5.8-7.5 NY PA VA stems often purple black, berry Soil type: L WV Fall color: maroon high wildlife

CM NRCS value

Cornus florida Height: 20-50' Light: woods, woodland Region: MP C fall migrant birds eat Spread: 20-50' edges and berries; tolerates sun, best flowering Flowers: Apr-May, white Moisture: D M openings, States: DC DE MD in moist, well-drained, dogwood mountain slopes, acidic soil with organic Fruit: Sep-Dec, red to Soil pH: 5-7 coves NY PA VA matter, VA state tree orange, berry Soil type: L WV Fall color: scarlet red high wildlife

RHW, USFWS RM RHW, value

Crataegus crus-galli Height: 20-35' Light: thickets, open Region: MP C Spread: 20-35' areas, especially in cockspur Flowers: May-Jun, white Moisture: D M dry or rocky places, States: DC DE MD hawthorn low rich slopes Fruit: Aug-Jan, dull red or Soil pH: 4.5-7.2 NY PA VA green, fleshy Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: orange to red USDA JE

56 Trees Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Crataegus viridis Height: 20-35' Light: lowlands and Region: C Spread: valleys southern thorn, Flowers: Apr, white Moisture: MW States: DE MD green hawthorn Fruit: bright red to orange, Soil pH: 6-7.3 NY VA fleshy Soil type: CL Fall color: purple, scarlet PLANTS

Diospyros virginiana Height: 50-75' Light: open, disturbed Region: MP C edible fruits Spread: 35-50' areas, deciduous common Flowers: Jun, greenish Moisture: D M woods States: DC DE MD persimmon yellow to cream Fruit: Sep-Nov, orange Soil pH: 5-7 PA VA purple, berry Soil type: C L WV Fall color:yellow or purple high wildlife

PLANTS 1997, 1997 value

Fagus grandifolia Height: 50-100' Light: rich uplands and Region: MP C edible nuts; attractive bark; Spread: 50-75' lowlands leaves may persist into American beech Flowers: Apr-May, Moisture: M States: DC DE MD winter yellow-green Fruit: Sep-Nov, orange- Soil pH: 4.1-6.5 NY PA VA green, nut/nut-like Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow/ tan; high wildlife retains leaves till spring

CM NRCS, NRCS value

Fraxinus americana Height: 50-100' Light: upland slopes, Region: MP C fast growth; fall color Spread: 50-75' valleys, coves, white ash Flowers: Apr-May, deep Moisture: M bottomlands States: DC DE MD purple Fruit: Aug-Feb, tan brown, Soil pH: 5-7.5 NY PA VA winged Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: yellow, maroon UWI KJS

Fraxinus Height: 50-75' Light: tidal and nontidal Region: MP C tolerates drought; tolerates pennsylvanica Spread: 35-50' freshwater infrequent flooding and green ash, red Flowers: Apr-May, purple Moisture: D MW forested wetlands; States: DC DE MD some salt; male and female ash, swamp ash seasonally to flowers on separate plants Fruit: Aug-Dec, tan brown, Soil pH: 5-8 regularly flooded or NY PA VA winged saturated Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: yellow to orange UWI KK

Ilex opaca Height: 15-50' Light: sandy woods Region: MP C birds eat berries; state tree Spread: 18-40' of Delaware American holly Flowers: May-Jun, white Moisture: M States: DC DE MD or cream Fruit: red, fleshy Soil pH: 4-7.5 VA Soil type: C L Fall color: evergreen USFWS BES USFWS

Juglans nigra Height: 70-90' Light: woods, slopes, Region: MP C may stunt growth of nearby Spread: 75-100' streamsides planst black walnut, Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: M States: DC DE MD American walnut yellow-green Fruit: Aug-Sep, yellow- Soil pH: 5.5-8 NY PA VA green, nut/nut-like Soil type: L WV Fall color: yellow PLANTS DEH

Juniperus virginiana Height: 50-75' Light: broad range of Region: MP C berries consumed by over 50 Spread: 35-50' habitats species of birds; berries eastern red cedar Flowers: Mar-Apr, red Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD have culinary use purple Fruit: Jul-Mar, pale green Soil pH: 5-8 NY PA VA to dark blue, cone/cone- like Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: evergreen RHW, CM NRCS RHW,

57 Trees Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Liquidambar Height: 60-100' Light: upland woods, Region: MP C styraciflua Spread: 50-75' slopes, ravines, sweet gum, red Flowers: Apr-May, Moisture: MW floodplains, States: DC DE MD gum, sap gum yellow-green streambanks Fruit: Jul-Jan, brown, Soil pH: 4.5-7 NY VA capsule Soil type: C LS Fall color: yellow, red CM NRCS

Liriodendron Height: 70-100' Light: bottomland woods, Region: MP C fast growth tulipifera Spread: 35-50' mountain coves, tulip tree, tulip Flowers: Jun, greenish Moisture: M lower slopes States: DC DE MD poplar, yellow yellow NY PA VA poplar Fruit: Aug-Nov, brown, Soil pH: 4.5-6.5 winged Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow RHW

Magnolia acuminata Height: 70-100' Light: slopes, ravines, Region: M Spread: 35-50' valleys, cucumber Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: M streamsides States: MD magnolia greenish-yellow Fruit: Sep-Nov, brown Soil pH: 5.2-7 NY VA cone w/ scarlet seed, Soil type: CLS WV pod Fall color: ashy brown DFT DL, DFT HW, DFT HW DFT HW, DFT DL, DFT

Magnolia virginiana Height: 12-30' Light: forested wetlands, Region: PC semi-evergreen; fragrant Spread: 12-30' seeps, stream and flowers; tolerates sweetbay Flowers: May-Jul, white Moisture: MW pond edges, sandy States: DC DE MD occasional flooding, some magnolia to cream woods salt Fruit: Sep-Oct, red, berry Soil pH: 5-6.5 VA Soil type: C LS Fall color: semi-evergreen RHW, USFWS BES RHW,

Malus coronaria Height: 10-30' Light: forest edges, rocky Region: MP C flowers fragrant; susceptible (Pyrus coronaria) Spread: 20-30' streams, fields to insects and diseases; sweet crabapple, Flowers: Apr-May, pink to Moisture: M States: DC DE MD plant at least 500 feet from American white cedars; attracts bees and PA VA crabapple Fruit: Sep-Oct, greenish, Soil pH: wasps; fruit sour; fleshy Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: high wildlife

PLANTS WSJ value

Morus rubra Height: 35-60' Light: floodplains, river Region: MP C fruit sweet Spread: 35-60' valleys, hillsides red mulberry, Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: M States: DC DE MD moral greenish Fruit: Jun-Jul, red, berry Soil pH: 5-7 PA VA Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: yellow UWI KK

Nyssa sylvatica Height: 30-75' Light: forested seasonal Region: MP C outstanding fall color Spread: 20-50' wetlands, swamp black gum, Flowers: Apr-Jun, Moisture: D MW borders, upland States: DC DE MD sourgum, black or greenish white woods, dry slopes; NY PA VA swamp tupelo Fruit: Sep-Oct, blue-black, Soil pH: 4.5-6 seasonally flooded fleshy or saturated Soil type: LS WV Fall color: red high wildlife

CM NRCS, RHW value

Ostrya virginiana Height: 25-50' Light: slopes and ridges Region: MP C leaves may persist into Spread: 20-35' winter eastern hop- Flowers: May, red-brown Moisture: M States: DC DE MD hornbeam, NY PA VA ironwood Fruit: Jun-Oct, green Soil pH: 4.2-7.6 turning brown, nut/nut- Soil type: CLS WV like Fall color: yellow PLANTS WSJ

58 Trees Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Pinus echinata Height: 100' Light: dry mountain Region: MP C best used for naturalizing Spread: ridges, fields, shortleaf pine, Flowers: Moisture: D M floodplains States: DC DE MD shortstraw pine, VA southern yellow Fruit: reddish brown, Soil pH: 4.6-6 pine cone/cone-like Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: evergreen BUG RFW

Pinus rigida Height: 50-75' Light: slopes and ridges Region: MP C many birds feed on the Spread: 50-75' of mountains, seeds; provides winter pitch pine Flowers: May, red- purple Moisture: D river valleys, and States: DC DE MD cover; old trees are fire swamps resistant due to thick bark Fruit: light brown, cone/ Soil pH: 3.5-5.1 NY PA VA cone-like Soil type: LS WV Fall color:evergreen high wildlife

CM NRCS value

Pinus serotina Height: 50-60' Light: swamps, pocosins, Region: C many birds feed on the Spread: bays, pond seeds; provides winter cover pond pine, marsh Flowers: Moisture: MW margins, flatwoods States: DE pine, pocosin pine Fruit: yellowish brown, Soil pH: 4.8-6.8 PA VA cone/cone-like Soil type: LS Fall color: evergreen high wildlife

VT value

Pinus strobus Height: 75-100' Light: variety of Region: MP many birds feed on the Spread: 50-75' habitats; does seeds; provides winter cover white pine, Flowers: May-Jul, red to Moisture: D M best on moist, States: DC MD Eastern white purplish well drained, NY PA VA pine Fruit: Aug-Oct, green to Soil pH: 4-6.5 sandy loam soils light brown, cone/cone- of ridges like Soil type: L WV Fall color: evergreen high wildlife

USDA NRCS value

Pinus taeda Height: 70-90' Light: floodplains fields, Region: C many birds feed on the Spread: slopes seeds; provides winter cover loblolly, old field, Flowers: Moisture: D MW States: DE MD or North Carolina VA pine Fruit: yellowish, cone/ Soil pH: 4.5-7 cone-like Soil type: C LS Fall color: evergreen high wildlife

USFWS BES USFWS value

Pinus virginiana Height: 50-80' Light: well drained sites; Region: MP C many birds feed on the Spread: often a pioneer seeds; provides winter cover Virginia pine, Flowers: Moisture: D M species States: DC DE MD scrub pine, Jersey 4.5-7.5 PA VA pine Fruit: reddish brown, Soil pH: cone/cone-like Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: evergreen high wildlife

USDA NRCS value

Platanus Height: 75-100' Light: river bottoms, lake Region: MP C leafs out late spring; showy occidentalis Spread: 75-100' shores bark; leaves may persist into American Flowers: Apr-Jun, yellow- Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD winter sycamore, green NY PA VA American Fruit: Aug-Dec, brown, Soil pH: 4.9-6.5 achene (dry, flat seed) planetree Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow PLANTS LA, USDA NRCS

Populus deltoides Height: 75-100' Light: along waterways Region: P best used for naturalizing; Spread: 50-100' grows fast but short lived eastern or Flowers: Mar-Apr, red Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD southern NY VA cottonwood, Fruit: May-Jul, yellow- Soil pH: 5.2-7.3 green, capsule Carolina poplar Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: yellow high wildlife

UWI JK value 59 Trees Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Populus Height: 80' Light: swamps and Region: P heterophylla Spread: bottomlands swamp Flowers: Mar Moisture: W States: DE MD cottonwood, VA swamp poplar, Fruit: Apr-May, , capsule Soil pH: 4.6-5.9 black Soil type: C L cottonwood, Fall color: yellow downy poplar VT, PLANTS 1997 PLANTS VT,

Prunus americana Height: 20-35' Light: woods, pastures, Region: MP edible fruit, used for making Spread: 20-35' fencerows, pies and jellies American wild Flowers: Apr-May, white Moisture: D M streamsides States: DC DE MD plum Fruit: Aug-Sep, orange to Soil pH: 5-7 NY PA VA red, fleshy Soil type: LS WV Fall color: pale yellow high wildlife

RHW value

Prunus pensylvanica Height: 20-35' Light: woods Region: M Spread: 20-35' pin cherry, fire Flowers: May, white Moisture: D States: MD cherry Fruit: Jul-Sep, bright red, Soil pH: 4.3-6.6 NY PA VA fleshy Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: yellow high wildlife

RHW value

Prunus serotina Height: 40-75' Light: forests, fence Region: MP C birds eat fruit Spread: 20-35' rows, fields, forest black or wild Flowers: May-Jun, white Moisture: D M edges States: DC DE cherry, black NY VA chokecherry Fruit: Aug-Sep, black, Soil pH: 5-7.5 fleshy Soil type: L WV Fall color: yellow/ red high wildlife

CM NRCS, RHW value

Prunus virginiana Height: 25-50' Light: open moist sites; Region: M fast growing, short lived; Spread: 20-35' pioneer species fruit sometimes used for choke cherry Flowers: May-Jun, white Moisture: M after fires States: DC DE MD making jelly

Fruit: Aug-Sep, red, black, Soil pH: 5.2-8.4 NY PA VA or yellow, fleshy Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: dark red-purple RHW

Quercus alba Height: 75-100' Light: dry to moist Region: MP C acorns food for wildlife; Spread: 75-100' woods majestic; MD state tree; white oak, stave Flowers: Mar-May, Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD leaves may persist into oak yellow-green winter Fruit: Sep-Oct, brown, Soil pH: 4.5-6.8 NY PA VA nut/nut-like Soil type: LS WV Fall color: red high wildlife

CM NRCS value

Quercus bicolor Height: 60-100' Light: bottomlands, Region: MP C acorns food for wildlife Spread: 50-75' swamp and swamp white oak, Flowers: May, yellow- Moisture: W stream edges States: DC DE MD swamp oak green Fruit: Sep-Oct, tan Soil pH: 4.3-6.5 NY PA VA brown, nut/nut-like Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: red/brown high wildlife

PLANTS RM89, OSU value

Quercus coccinea Height: 40-75' Light: dry uplands and Region: MP C acorns food for wildlife Spread: 50-75' slopes scarlet oak, red Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD oak, black oak yellow-green Fruit: Sep-Oct, reddish Soil pH: 4.5-6.9 NY PA VA brown, nut/nut-like Soil type: LS WV Fall color: scarlet high wildlife

CM NRCS value 60 Trees Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Quercus falcata Height: 70-80' Light: uplands Region: C acorns food for wildlife Spread: southern or Flowers: Apr-May Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD swamp red oak, VA Spanish oak Fruit: Oct, orange Soil pH: 4.8-7 brown, nut/nut-like Soil type: CLS Fall color: brown DFT HW

Quercus ilicifolia Height: 12-20' Light: barrens, balds, Region: MP leaves may persist into Spread: 12-20' woods, dunes, winter bear oak, scrub Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: D fields States: oak yellow-green or reddish Fruit: Sep-Jan, light Soil pH: 4-7.5 PA VA brown, nut/nut-like Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: yellow, scarlet high wildlife red to purplish CM NRCS value

Quercus marilandica Height: 35-50' Light: woods, ridges, Region: PC acorns food for wildlife, Spread: 35-50' slopes, sandy leaves may persist into blackjack oak, Flowers: Apr-Jun, Moisture: D flatwoods States: DC DE MD winter Jack oak yellow-green Fruit: Sep-Oct, tan brown, Soil pH: 4.6-5.6 VA nut/nut-like Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow/brown high wildlife

CM NRCS value

Quercus michauxii Height: 50-80' Light: bottomlands, Region: MP C acorns food for wildlife (Q. montana) Spread: 75-100' ravine slopes, swamp chestnut Flowers: May, yellow- Moisture: MW flatwoods over States: DE MD oak, basket oak, green limestone NY VA cow oak Fruit: Sep-Oct, tan brown, Soil pH: 4.5-6.5 nut/nut-like Soil type: L WV Fall color: red/ brown high wildlife

PLANTS 1995 value

Quercus Height: 35-50' Light: rich, woods, Region: MP C muehlenbergii Spread: 35-50' uplands, outcrops, Chinquapin or Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: D M dry bluffs, slopes States: DC MD chinkapin oak, yellow-green 6.5-8 NY VA yellow oak, Fruit: Sep-Oct, light Soil pH: brown, nut/nut-like chestnut oak Soil type: L WV Fall color: yellow-brown high wildlife

UWI KJS value

Quercus nigra Height: 50-80' Light: upland woods, Region: C acorns food for wildlife Spread: bottomlands, water oak Flowers: Apr-May Moisture: MW hammocks, fields States: DC DE MD

Fruit: Oct, black, nut/nut- Soil pH: 4.8-5.8 VA like Soil type: C L Fall color: green persists late PLANTS LA

Quercus palustris Height: 50-80' Light: bottomlands or Region: MP C popular shade tree; fall Spread: 50-75' upland flats color; acorns food for pin oak, swamp Flowers: Apr-May, Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD wildlife; leaves may persist oak, Spanish oak yellow-green into winter Fruit: Sep-Oct, light Soil pH: 4.5-6.5 NY PA VA brown, nut/nut-like Soil type: C L WV Fall color: red high wildlife

PLANTS RM91 value

Quercus phellos Height: 80-100' Light: bottomlands, low Region: PC acorns food for wildlife Spread: flatwoods, upland willow oak, pin Flowers: Feb-May Moisture: MW fields States: DC DE MD oak, peach oak Fruit: light yellow or Soil pH: 4.5-5.5 VA greenish brown, Soil type: CL WV nut/nut-like Fall color: red USFWS BES USFWS

61 Trees Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Quercus prinus (Q. Height: 40-80' Light: rocky ridges and Region: MP C acorns food for wildlife; fall montana) Spread: slopes color chestnut oak, Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: D States: DC DE MD rock oak yellowish Fruit: Sep-Oct, brown, Soil pH: 4.5-7 NY PA VA nut/nut-like Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow/orange high wildlife

PLANTS 1997 value

Quercus rubra Height: 90' Light: slopes, coves, and Region: MP C acorns food for wildlife; Spread: drier ridges hardy and long-lived; fall northern red oak Flowers: Apr-May Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD color

Fruit: scales reddish- Soil pH: 4.3-6.5 NY PA VA brown, nut/nut-like Soil type: C L WV Fall color: red or yellow high wildlife UWI KJS value

Quercus stellata Height: 35-50' Light: upland dry ridges Region: MP C acorns food Spread: 35-50' to moist post oak, iron oak Flowers: Apr-Jun, yellow- Moisture: DM flatwoods States: DC DE MD green Fruit: Sep-Oct, light Soil pH: 4.8-7 VA brown to almost black, Soil type: C LS WV nut/nut-like high wildlife Fall color: brown CM NRCS value

Quercus velutina Height: 75-100' Light: dry upland ridges Region: MP C acorns food for wildlife; Spread: 75-100' and slopes, leaves may persist into black oak, yellow Flowers: Apr-May, Moisture: DM flatwoods States: DC DE MD winter bark oak, yellow-green NY PA VA quercitron oak Fruit: Sep-Oct, light red- Soil pH: 4.5-6 brown, nut/nut-like Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: red/brown high wildlife

BUG DJM value

Salix nigra fresh tidal Height: 35-50' Light: marshes and Region: MP C streambank stabilizer; 20-35' Spread: swamps, forested spreads by suckers; black willow, Flowers: Mar-Apr, yellow Moisture: MW wetlands, States: DC DE MD preferred food of ruffed swamp willow green grouse and pine grosbeak; Soil pH: 6-8 floodplains, wet NY PA VA Fruit: Apr-May, green meadows; tolerates flooding; tolerates yellow, cone/cone-like salinity to 0.5 ppt Soil type: C LS seasonally to WV Fall color: yellow green regularly flooded or saturated high wildlife CM NRCS value

Salix sericea Height: 12' Light: marshes, ditches, Region: MP Spread: low woods silky willow Flowers: Jun-Jul Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD

Fruit: Soil pH: 5.2-7 NY PA VA Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: yellow high wildlife

CM NRCS value

Sassafras albidum Height: 35-50' Light: moist, open woods Region: MP C edible and medicinal uses; Spread: 35-50' provides spring and fall sassafras Flowers: Apr, yellow- Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD color green Fruit: Sep-Oct, dark blue, Soil pH: 4.5-7.2 NY PA VA fleshy Soil type: LS WV yellow, orange, Fall color: high wildlife purple

USFWS BES, RHW value

Sorbus americana Height: 30-40' Light: areas from Region: M slow-growing, short-lived; (Pyrus americana) Spread: borders of not drought or heat tolerant; American Flowers:May-Jul, white Moisture: M swamps to rocky States: MD plant at least 500 feet from mountain ash hillsides; cedars Fruit: Aug-Dec, orange, Soil pH: 5.3-6.8 openings, VA fleshy uplands along Soil type: CLS WV forest edges, Fall color: orange, purple roadsides high wildlife

RHW, RHW RHW, value

62 Trees Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Taxodium distichum Height: 50-100' Light: rivers, lake and Region: C deciduous conifer Spread: 20-35' pond margins, bald cypress, Flowers: Mar-Apr, deep Moisture: W swamps, coastal States: DE MD cypress, swamp purple marshes, pocosins, VA cypress Fruit: Oct-Dec, brown, Soil pH: 4.5-6 river bottoms cone/cone-like Soil type: CLS Fall color: purple to brown USFWS BES, BES

Thuja occidentalis Height: 50-75' Light: calcareous areas Region: M prefers wet calcareous Spread: 35-50' areas arborvitae, Flowers: May, red brown Moisture: MW States: northern white NY VA cedar Fruit: Aug-Dec, reddish- Soil pH: 5.2-7 brown, cone/cone-like Soil type: CLS Fall color: evergreen USFWS BES, BES

Tilia americana Height: 70-100' Light: woods, slopes Region: M fragrant flowers; important Spread: 50-75' pollen source for honey bees American Flowers: Jun-Jul, yellow Moisture: M States: DC DE MD basswood, linden Fruit: Sep-Oct, tan brown, Soil pH: 4.5-7.5 NY PA VA winged Soil type: LS WV Fall color: yellow or brown PLANTS DEH, PLANTS DEH PLANTS DEH,

Tsuga canadensis Height: 75-100' Light: cool valleys Region: MP susceptible to wooly adelgid Spread: 35-50' and red spider mite; also T. eastern hemlock Flowers: May-Jun, tan Moisture: M States: DE MD caroliniana for VA brown Fruit: Sep-Jan, light Soil pH: 4.2-5.7 NY PA VA brown, cone/cone-like Soil type: LS WV Fall color: evergreen high wildlife

USDA NRCS value

Ulmus americana Height: 75-100' Light: river bottoms, Region: MP C Dutch elm disease caused Spread: 75-100' swamps, disturbed decline; distinctive vase American elm, Flowers: Mar-Apr, red Moisture: MW fields, road sides, States: DC DE MD shape; favorite nesting site white elm, soft brown cutover forests of Baltimore oriole NY PA VA elm Fruit: May, tan brown, Soil pH: 5.5-8 winged Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: bright yellow high wildlife

USDA NRCS value

Ulmus rubra Height: 70' Light: moist slopes and Region: P Spread: bottomlands, drier slippery elm, red Flowers: Mar-May Moisture: D M sites on calcareous States: DC DE MD elm, soft elm soils Fruit: winged Soil pH: 5.5-7 NY PA VA Soil type: C LS WV Fall color: yellow high wildlife value

Ilex opaca See also:

In the Shrubs section: Hamamelis virginiana Morella (Myrica) cerifera A diverse forest offers food and cover throughout all seasons. Rhododendron maximum Cornus florida Rhus copallina, hirta (typhina) Viburnum prunifolium CM NRCS USFWS BES USFWS USFWS RM USFWS 63 Vines Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Aristolochia Spread: Light: rich woods, Region: M occasionally escapes from macrophylla (A. streambanks cultivation; host for pipevine durior) Flowers: May-Jun, Moisture: M States: swallowtail butterfly yellowish to purplish pipevine, Soil pH: 6.1-8.5 VA Dutchman's pipe Fruit: green to brown, pod Soil type: L O WV Fall color: yellow green RHW

Bignonia capreolata Spread: 20-35' Light: swampy forests, Region: C spreads across ground and calcareous river banks, climbs any structure it meets Flowers: May-Jun, orange Moisture: D MW cliffs, dry open woods, States: MD (control by cutting); semi- with red bogs, fence rows, rock evergreen crossvine Soil pH: 6.1-8.5 VA Fruit: Aug-Oct, brown, pod outcrops Soil type: CLS Fall color: semi-evergreen; reddish-purple USFWS BES USFWS

Campsis radicans Spread: 20-35' Light: moist woods, fence Region: MP C thick, twisted, aged woody rows, roadside vines; leaves/flowers may Flowers: Jul-Sep, orange Moisture: D M thickets, floodplain States: DC DE MD cause dermatitis (skin forests, rocky hillsides, irritation) PA VA trumpet vine, Soil pH: 6.1-7.5 open woods, trumpet creeper Fruit: Aug-Mar, brown, pod Soil type: CLS streambanks, fields Fall color: yellow green USFWS BES USFWS

Celastrus scandens Spread: 6-20' Light: roadsides, forest Region: MP C distinguished from nonnative edges, fence rows, invasive Oriental bittersweet Flowers: May-Jun, greenish Moisture: D M pastures, hedges, States: DC DE MD by flowers/fruits in clusters bluffs, rocky slopes, at ends of twigs NY PA VA American Soil pH: 6.1-7.5 dunes, sandy oak bittersweet Fruit:Sep-Dec, orange and red, capsule Soil type: CLS woods WV Fall color: yellow PLANTS TGB, UWI DK

Clematis viorna Spread: Light: rich wooded banks, Region: P feathery seeds thickets Flowers: May-Aug, purple Moisture: D M States: DC DE MD leather flower, Soil pH: VA vasevine Fruit: Aug-Nov, dark brown, achene (dry, flat seed) Soil type: WV Fall color: RHW

Clematis virginiana Spread: 6-12' Light: fencerows, riverbanks, Region: MP C fragrant flowers; feathery thickets, woods edge, seeds; young plants can be Flowers: Jul-Sep, white Moisture: D M roadside swales, States: DC DE MD transplanted; yellow, green swamps, overhanging or purplish fall color virgin's bower Soil pH: 6.1-8.5 NY PA VA Fruit:Aug-Nov, brown, cliffs achene (dry, flat seed) Soil type: CLSO WV Fall color:yellow, green or purplish USFWS BES USFWS

Lonicera Spread: 6-12' thickets, fence rows, Region: MP C flowers intermittently until sempervirens Light: open woods, dry stony frost; flowers/fruits present Flowers: Apr-Oct, coral to Moisture: D M woods, forest edges, States: DC DE MD together; transplants well; red with yellow cliffs may have aphids - hose off, trumpet or coral Soil pH: 6.1-7.5 NY VA snip new growth and Fruit: Aug-Mar, red, berry honeysuckle damaged buds; semi- Soil type: CLS Fall color: semi-evergreen evergreen RHW, USFWS BES RHW,

Mikania scandens Spread: Light: swamps, thickets Region: MP C vines herbaceous, not woody

Flowers: Jun-Oct, pink or Moisture: MW States: DC DE MD whitish climbing Soil pH: 5.7-7.5 NY VA hempvine Fruit: blue Soil type: CL Fall color: RHW

64 Vines Characteristics Conditions Habitat Native to Wildlife Notes

Parthenocissus Spread: 25-35' fence rows, forest Region: MP C bank stabilizer; control by quinquefolia Light: edges, open woods, trimming; fruits eaten by Flowers: Jun-Aug, greenish Moisture: D MW ravines, bluffs, cliffs States: DC DE MD variety of wildlife; purple to white crimson fall color Virginia creeper Soil pH: 5.1-7.5 NY PA VA Fruit:Sep-Feb, bluish black, berry Soil type: CLS WV Fall color:purple to crimson high wildlife

RHW, USFWS BES RHW, value

Passiflora incarnata Spread: Light: fields, rocky slopes, Region: C herbaceous vine; large fleshy thin woods, roadsides, berry edible; fragrant Flowers: Jun-Sep, purple Moisture: D M fencerows, thickets States: MD and white passionflower, Soil pH: VA Maypops Fruit:Sep-Oct, yellow, fleshy Soil type: CLS Fall color: RHW

Smilax herbacea Spread: Light: thickets, woods, Region: MP C herbaceous, climbing vine, floodplains not prickly; flower Flowers: Apr-Jun, greenish- Moisture: M States: DC DE MD malodorous; male and yellow female plants separate smooth carrion Soil pH: NY flower Fruit:Jul-Nov, blue-black, berry Soil type: CLS WV Fall color: RHW, RHW RHW,

Wisteria frutescens Spread: Light: forest and forested Region: C swamp edges, Flowers: Apr-Aug, lilac Moisture: MW streambanks, thickets States: DE Atlantic wisteria, Soil pH: 4-7 VA American Fruit: brown, pod wisteria Soil type: CLS Fall color: SMSU, SMSU

Lonicera sempervirens may bloom year-round. Characteristic pipe-shaped flower of Aristolochia macrophylla. See also:

In the Herbaceous Plants section: Clitoria mariana RHW Bignonia capreolata in bloom adorns a porch.

Parthenocissus quinquefolia used as a groundcover. USFWS BES USFWS BES USFWS BES USFWS 65 Plants With a Purpose

This section includes lists of plant combinations that can be used to mimic the natural communities of plants found in wetlands, meadows, forests, etc. They can be used to create, restore or enhance existing habitat for wildlife. Also included are plants that can be used in solving problems such as stabilizing soils, or for specific landscaping uses. No matter what the purpose, it is imperative that species are chosen to suit planting site conditions and the physiographic location of the site. None of these lists are complete – there are additional suitable plants in this guide (and even more native species not included in this publication) that would suit these purposes. This document is intended to give project planners guidance in choosing appropriate plants for various projects, and additional learning is encouraged. For the most ecologically “correct” habitat restoration projects, consultation with professionals is recommended, as there are other factors to consider that are not addressed here.

Plants For Coastal Dunes

Note: the shrubs and trees listed would occur on Herbaceous Plants Trees the inner or secondary dunes and/or on Baptisia tinctoria Acer rubrum interdunal swales. Liatris pilosa v. pilosa (graminifolia) Amelanchier arborea Nuttallanthus canadensis (Linaria canadensis) Diospyros virginiana Grasses and Grasslike Plants Opuntia humifusa (compressa) Juniperus virginiana Ammophila breviligulata Oenothera biennis Pinus rigida Panicum amarum (and var. amarulum) Solidago sempervirens Prunus pensylvanica, serotina Spartina patens Yucca filamentosa (flaccida) Panicum virgatum Vines Shrubs Celastrus scandens Baccharis halimifolia Parthenocissus quinquefolia Morella (Myrica) cerifera, pensylvanica Prunus maritima Rhus copallina Rosa carolina

Plants For Saltwater or Brackish Water Marshes

Plants in this list can be used for marsh plantings Grasses and Grasslike Plants Herbaceous Plants or to stabilize tidal fresh, brackish or saltwater Ammophila breviligulata * Agalinus purpurea shorelines based on salinity and wetness Distichlis spicata * Limonium carolinianum tolerances. Check the salinity and moisture Juncus canadensis Solidago sempervirens * requirements given in this publication for each Juncus roemerianus * plant, so they will be planted in the appropriate Panicum amarum (and var. amarulum) * Herbaceous Emergents conditions. Those species for use in salinity Panicum virgatum Hibiscus moscheutos (palustris) greater than 15 ppt are marked (*). Schoenoplectus pungens v. pungens (Scirpus Iris prismatica, versicolor, virginica pungens, americanus) Kosteletzkya virginica Schoenoplectus (Scirpus) validus Peltandra virginica Spartina alterniflora * Pontederia cordata Spartina cynosuroides Spartina patens * Shrubs Spartina pectinata Baccharis halimifolia * Iva frutescens * Note: Although grasslike, Distichlis, Juncus, Morella (Myrica) cerifera *, pensylvanica * Schoenoplectus, and Spartina species information can be found in the Herbaceous Emergents section of the guide.

66 Plants for Freshwater Wetlands and Other Wet Sites

The following plants may be used to create or Saxifraga pensylvanica Salix humilis enhance freshwater marshes or swamps or to Scutellaria integrifolia Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (S. canadensis) stabilize and enhance streambanks, riverbanks or Sisyrinchium atlanticum Spiraea alba v. latifolia (latifolia), tomentosa pond edges. Spiranthes cernua Vaccinium corymbosum, macrocarpon Stachys tenuifolia (hispida) Viburnum dentatum (recognitum), nudum, nudum Remember to match the plants’ growth Symphyotrichum (Aster) novae-angliae, novi- v. cassinoides (cassinoides), prunifolium requirements with the site conditions. Wetness belgii tolerated by these plants is provided in this guide Symplocarpus foetidus Trees in terms of frequency and duration of soil Thalictrum pubescens (polygamum) Acer negundo, rubrum, saccharinum saturation or inundation (flooding), and depth of Veratrum viride Amelanchier canadensis standing water. Verbena hastata Betula alleghaniensis, nigra Vernonia noveboracensis Carpinus caroliniana Ferns Veronicastrum virginicum (Veronica virginica) Carya cordiformis, glabra Athyrium filix-femina Viola conspersa, cucullata, striata Celtis occidentalis Dryopteris carthusiana (spinulosa), cristata, Chamaecyparis thyoides intermedia Herbaceous Emergents Crataegus viridis Onoclea sensibilis Dulichium arundinaceum Fraxinus pennsylvanica Osmunda cinnamomea, regalis Hibiscus moscheutos (palustris) Liquidambar styraciflua Pteridium aquilinum Iris prismatica, versicolor, virginica Magnolia virginiana Thelypteris noveboracensis, palustris Juncus effusus Nyssa sylvatica Woodwardia areolata, virginica Justicia americana Pinus serotina, strobus, taeda Nuphar lutea (advena) Platanus occidentalis Grasses and Grasslike Plants Nymphaea odorata Populus deltoides, heterophylla Agrostis perennans Orontium aquaticum Quercus bicolor, michauxii (montana), nigra, Andropogon gerardii, glomeratus, virginicus Peltandra virginica palustris, phellos Calamagrostis canadensis Pontederia cordata Salix nigra, sericea Carex crinita var. crinita, lurida, stricta, Sagittaria latifolia Taxodium distichum vulpinoidea Saururus cernuus Thuja occidentalis Dichanthelium clandestinum Schoenoplectus (Scirpus) validus Tsuga canadensis Elymus riparius Scirpus atrovirens, cyperinus Ulmus americana Festuca rubra Sparganium americanum Leersia oryzoides Spartina pectinata Vines Panicum virgatum Zizania aquatica Bignonia capreolata Saccharum giganteum (Erianthus giganteus) Mikania scandens Tripsacum dactyloides Shrubs Parthenocissus quinquefolia Alnus serrulata Wisteria frutescens Herbaceous Plants Cephalanthus occidentalis Arisaema triphyllum Clethra alnifolia Asclepias incarnata Cornus amomum Caltha palustris Gaylussacia baccata, frondosa Chelone glabra Hypericum densiflorum Conoclinium (Eupatorium) coelestinum Ilex verticillata Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellata (Aster Itea virginica umbellatus) Kalmia angustifolia, latifolia Eupatorium dubium, perfoliatum Leucothoe racemosa Gentiana clausa Lindera benzoin Helianthus angustifolius Lyonia ligustrina Heracleum maximum (lanatum) Morella (Myrica ) caroliniensis (heterophylla), Impatiens capensis (biflora) cerifera, pensylvanica Lobelia cardinalis, siphilitica Photinia (Aronia) melanocarpa, pyrifolia Mertensia virginica (arbutifolia) Mimulus ringens Physocarpus opulifolius Monarda didyma Rhododendron maximum, periclymenoides, Packera aurea (Senecio aureus) viscosum Phlox maculata Rosa palustris Rudbeckia laciniata Rubus allegheniensis 67 Plants Appropriate for Bogs or Bog Gardens

Ferns Herbaceous Emergents Trees Athyrium filix-femina Dulichium arundinaceum Acer rubrum Onoclea sensibilis Juncus effusus Chamaecyparis thyoides Osmunda cinnamomea Orontium aquaticum Nyssa sylvatica Thelypteris noveboracensis , palustris Sagittaria latifolia Woodwardia areolata Scirpus atrovirens, cyperinus Vines Sparganium americanum Bignonia capreolata Grasses and Grasslike Plants Calamagrostis canadensis Shrubs Carex stricta Clethra alnifolia Leersia oryzoides Gaultheria procumbens Hypericum densiflorum Herbaceous Plants Kalmia angustifolia Arisaema triphyllum Morella caroliniensis (Myrica heterophylla) Caltha palustris Photinia (Aronia) melanocarpa, pyrifolia Chelone glabra (arbutifolia) Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellate (Aster Rhododendron viscosum umbellatus) Salix humilis Eupatorium dubium, perfoliatum Spiraea alba, alba v. latifolia (latifolia) Gentiana clausa Spiraea tomentosa Saxifraga pensylvanica Vaccinium corymbosum, macrocarpon Scutellaria integrifolia Viburnum dentatum (recognitum), nudum, nudum Spiranthes cernua v. cassinoides (cassinoides) Symplocarpus foetidus Veratrum viride Viola cucullata

Plants for Dry Meadows

Grasses and Grasslike Plants Lespedeza capitata Shrubs Andropogon gerardii Liatris spicata, squarrosa Note: Listed are a few of the shorter shrubs that Danthonia spicata Lupinus perennis may appear in or at the edges of meadows. Elymus canadensis, riparius, virginicus Monarda bradburiana (fistulosa), punctata Using shrubs in a planting that is to remain as a Schizachyrium scoparium (Andropogon scoparius) Nuttallanthus (Linaria)canadensis meadow is not recommended, as they provide Sorghastrum nutans Oenothera biennis, fruticosa, perennis perching spots for birds, whose droppings will Tridens flavus Penstemon digitalis seed in unwanted plants, including trees. If the Pycnanthemum incanum meadow is to be allowed to succeed eventually Herbaceous Plants Rudbeckia fulgida, hirta, triloba to forest, then adding shrubs is one prescribed Ageratina altissima v. altissima (Eupatorium Solidago canadensis, canadensis v. scabra method. rugosum) (altissima), juncea, nemoralis, speciosa Antennaria neglecta Symphyotrichum (Aster) cordifolius, ericoides var. Ceanothus americanus Asclepias syriaca, tuberosa ericoides, laeve var. laeve (laevis), novae-angliae Comptonia peregrina Chamaecrista (Cassia) fasciculata Rhus glabra Conoclinum (Eupatorium) coelestinum Rosa carolina Coreopsis tripteris, verticillata Rubus allegheniensis Desmodium paniculatum Dodecatheon meadia Erigeron pulchellus Eupatorium hyssopifolium, purpureum Heliopsis helianthoides Ionactis (Aster) linariifolius

68 Plants for Wet Meadows

Ferns Eupatorium fistulosum, maculatum, perfoliatum Herbaceous Emergents Onoclea sensibilis Helenium autumnale Iris prismatica, versicolor, virginica Osmunda cinnamomea Impatiens capensis (I. biflora) Juncus effusus Thelypteris palustris Lilium canadense, superbum Scirpus atrovirens, cyperinus Lobelia cardinalis, siphilitica Spartina pectinata Grasses and Grasslike Plants Mimulus ringens Andropogon gerardii, virginicus Packera aurea (Senecio aureus) Shrubs Calamagrostis canadensis Phlox maculata Note: Listed are a few of the shorter shrubs that Carex glaucodea, stricta Rudbeckia laciniata may appear in or at the edges of meadows. Elymus riparius Sabatia angularis Using shrubs in a planting that is to remain as a Leersia oryzoides Scutellaria integrifolia meadow is not recommended, as they provide Panicum virgatum Silphium perfoliatum perching spots for birds, whose droppings will Tripsacum dactyloides Sisyrinchium atlanticum seed in unwanted plants, including trees. If the Solidago rugosa meadow is to be allowed to succeed eventually Herbaceous Plants Spiranthes cernua to forest, then adding shrubs is one prescribed Agalinis purpurea Stachys tenuifolia (hispida) method. Asclepias incarnata Symphyotrichum (Aster) novi-belgii Caltha palustris Thalictrum pubescens (polygamum) Cephalanthus occidentalis Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellata (Aster Verbena hastata Ilex verticillata umbellatus) Viola conspersa Rhododendron viscosum Gentiana clausa Viola striata Rosa palustris Spiraea tomentosa

Plants for Forest or Woodland Plantings

Forests contain a diversity of plant types arranged Forest Types, Basic Structure in vertical layers, from the tallest (canopy or overstory) trees, through the understory of shorter Oak-Mixed Forest (Coastal Plain) trees and shrubs, to the forest floor or ground Canopy trees for well-drained sites Understory shrubs layer of low shrubs and herbaceous plants. Forest Carya cordiformis, tomentosa Comptonia peregrina types are classified by the dominant trees present Quercus alba, falcata, marilandica, phellos, Gaylussacia frondosa (e.g., oak-hickory-pine forest). Plant species prinus, stellata, velutina Ilex glabra occurring together in these different forest types Pinus species, occasional intermixed with Kalmia angustifolia, latifolia are a function of the climate, altitude, geology the above Morella (Myrica) cerifera, pensylvanica and physiographic location, soil type, moisture, Vaccinium pallidum (vacillans), stamineum sunlight, and other conditions. So many Canopy trees for moist sites Viburnum dentatum (recognitum), prunifolium combinations of plants occur in these different Acer rubrum forests that space limitations prevent listing them Fagus grandifolia all. Instead, the following represent plants found Quercus bicolor, michauxii, nigra, palustris, Pine Forest (Coastal Plain) in a few of the more common forest types in the phellos Overstory trees Chesapeake Bay watershed. These lists provide Liquidambar styraciflua Pinus taeda, virginiana, rigida (occasional) the basis for a viable forest or woodland project. Liriodendron tulipifera Common ferns, grasses and herbaceous plants Nyssa sylvatica Understory trees for the ground layer are listed separately, as they Ilex opaca may occur in many of the forest types in various Understory trees Sassafras albidum combinations. Remember to match the plants’ Asimina triloba growth requirements with the site conditions. Cercis canadensis Understory shrubs Cornus florida Clethra alnifolia For new projects at open sites, it may take years Ilex opaca Morella (Myrica) cerifera, pensylvanica for young trees to provide adequate shade. Magnolia virginiana Rhus copallina Consult other restoration resources and/or professionals for alternative methods of developing the ground layer, and for more comprehensive forest community information.

69 Oak-Hickory Forest (Piedmont and Mountain, Hemlock-White Pine Forest (Mountain) These plants can also be used for gardens in or occasional on Coastal Plain) Dominant overstory trees adjacent to wooded areas. Refer to specific Dominant overstory trees Acer saccharum habitat and growing conditions to match plants in Carya cordiformis, ovata Betula alleghaniensis (lutea) appropriate groupings. Quercus alba, prinus, rubra, velutina Fagus grandifolia Pinus strobus Ferns Other trees Tilia americana All species included in this guide occur in Amelanchier arborea, canadensis Tsuga canadensis woodlands. Carya alba, glabra, tomentosa also Picea rubens (red spruce, not included Celtis occidentalis in this guide, but native in the Bay Grasses and Grasslike Plants Cercis canadensis watershed in mountain region) Agrostis perennans Cornus florida Andropogon gerardii Crataegus viridis Other trees Carex crinita var. crinita, glaucodea, lurida, Fraxinus Americana Acer rubrum pensylvanica, vulpinoidea Juglans nigra Betula lenta Chasmanthium latifolium Prunus serotina Liriodendron tulipifera Danthonia spicata Quercus coccinea, falcata, lyrata, marilandica, Quercus rubra, velutina Dichanthelium clandestinum, commutatum muhlenbergii, stellata Elymus hystrix (Hystrix patula) Sassafras albidum Shrubs Festuca rubra Tilia americana Hamamelis virginiana Panicum virgatum Ulmus Americana Rhododendron maximum Saccharum giganteum (Erianthus giganteus) Viburnum acerifolium Schizachyrium scoparium (Andropogon scoparius) Additional trees for more moist sites Sorghastrum nutans Acer rubrum Tridens flavus Liquidambar styraciflua Mixed Mesophytic Forest (Mountain) Tripsacum dactyloides Liriodendron tulipifera These forests are relicts of ancient mesic (moist) Ulmus americana broadleaf deciduous forests. They can be very Herbaceous Plants diverse. Actaea pachypoda Shrubs Dominant overstory trees Ageratina altissima v. altissima (Eupatorium Kalmia latifolia Acer saccharum rugosum) Vaccinium angustifolium, corymbosum, Betula lenta Aquilegia canadensis pallidum (vacillans), stamineum Carya ovata Aralia nudicaulis, racemosa Viburnum acerifolium Carpinus caroliniana Arisaema triphyllum Fagus grandifolia Aruncus dioicus Fraxinus americana Asarum canadense Red Oak - Mixed Hardwood Forest (Piedmont) Juglans nigra Campanulastrum americanum (Campanula Dominant overstory trees Liriodendron tulipifera americana) Acer rubrum Magnolia acuminata Cardamine concatenata (Dentaria laciniata) Carya ovata, tomentosa Prunus serotina Caulophyllum thalictroides Betula alleghaniensis (lutea), lenta Quercus rubra Chelone glabra Fraxinus americana Tilia americana Chimaphila maculata Fagus grandifolia Chrysogonum virginianum Liriodendron tulipifera Understory trees and shrubs Cimicifuga racemosa Quercus alba, rubra, velutina Cercis canadensis Claytonia virginica Pinus strobus* Hamamelis virginiana Delphinium tricorne Tsuga canadensis* Hydrangea arborescens Dicentra canadensis, cucullaria, eximia Lindera benzoin Erythronium americanum * These would be in the Hemlock-White Pine-Red Rhododendron maximum Eurybia divaricata (Aster divaricatus) Oak-Mixed Hardwood Forest (Piedmont and Staphylea trifolia Geranium maculatum Mountain regions). Helenium autumnale Helianthus divaricatus Woodland Floor or Ground Layer Plants Heliopsis helianthoides Understory trees and shrubs Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (acutiloba), var. obtusa Amelanchier species (americana) Carpinus caroliniana Heracleum maximum (lanatum) Hamamelis virginiana Heuchera americana, villosa Lindera benzoin Viburnum acerifolium, dentatum (recognitum) (continued) 70 Hydrophyllum virginianum Packera aurea (Senecio aureus) thalictroides (Anemonella t.) Impatiens capensis (biflora) Penstemon laevigatus Tiarella cordifolia Ionactis (Aster) linariifolius Phlox carolina, divaricata, stolonifera Tradescantia virginiana Jeffersonia diphylla Podophyllum peltatum Trillium erectum, grandiflorum, sessile, undulatum Liatris scariosa Polemonium reptans Uvularia grandiflora, perfoliata, sessilifolia Lilium canadense, philadelphicum Polygonatum biflorum, pubescens Veratrum viride Maianthemum canadense, racemosum Sanguinaria canadensis Viola conspersa, hastata, pubescens (Smilacina racemosa) Saxifraga pensylvanica, virginiensis (pennsylvanica), sororia (papilionacea), striata Medeola virginiana Scutellaria integrifolia Zizia aurea Melanthium virginicum Sedum ternatum Mertensia virginica Silene caroliniana, stellata, virginica Vines Mitchella repens Solidago caesia, flexicaulis, rugosa Any of the vines included in this guide may be Mitella diphylla Stachys tenuifolia (hispida) found in woodlands, occupying various vegetative Monarda didyma Stellaria pubera layers, from the ground up. Osmorhiza longistylis Thalictrum dioicum, pubescens (polygamum), Oxalis violacea

Solutions for Slopes

Slopes of any kind are prone to erosion from rain, runoff; wave action, stream or river currents, and foot or lawnmower traffic. Plants with deep, spreading root systems help prevent erosion by holding soil in place. Some plants that are particularly well suited to and recommended for holding or stabilizing soils on a dry upland slope or hillsides such as a sloping yard or road embankment are listed below.

However, any plant suited to the site’s sun, soil, and moisture conditions that could be planted on a flat surface could be planted on a slope, as long as the slope is accessible. Plants that naturally occur on slopes or hillsides can be found by searching the “habitat” notes provided with each plant in this guide.

For plants to use on a tidal shoreline, see the list of saltmarsh or freshwater marsh plants. For plants to use on a stream, pond or riverbank, see the list of freshwater marsh plants.

Plants That Provide Stabilization on Dry, Sunny Slopes or Hillsides

Grasses & Grasslike Plants Hypericum densiflorum Celtis occidentalis Ammophila breviligulata Kalmia latifolia Chionanthus virginicus Andropogon gerardii Morella pensylvanica Cornus alternifolia, florida Dichanthelium clandestinum Physocarpus opulifolius Crataegus crus-galli Elymus canadensis Rhus aromatica Fraxinus americana Panicum virgatum Rhus copallina Juglans nigra Panicum amarum Rhus glabra Liquidambar styraciflua Schizachyrium scoparium Rosa carolina Liriodendron tulipifera Rubus allegheniensis Magnolia acuminata Herbaceous Plants Vaccinium angustifolium Morus rubra Any of the herbaceous plants that thrive in a Viburnum acerifolium Nyssa sylvatica sunny, dry site tend to be deep-rooted and would Ostrya virginiana provide good slope stabilization. See the dry Pinus rigida, taeda meadow plants list on for additional choices. Trees Quercus coccinea The following are some of the tree species that Quercus marilandica, michauxii, muehlenbergii, Baptisia tinctoria may occur on slopes. However, for stabilization prinus, rubra, velutina Lespedeza capitata purposes, practitioners recommend planting Sorbus (Pyrus) americana Chamaecrista (Cassia) fasciculata herbaceous plants and shrubs, as trees will Ulmus rubra appear in time through succession. Shrubs Vines Comptonia peregrina Acer rubrum, saccharum, spicatum Campsis radicans Ceanothus americanus Amelanchier arborea Celastrus scandens Clethra alnifolia Betula lenta Passiflora incarnata Cornus racemosa Carya alba (tomentosa), cordiformis, glabra, ovata Parthenocissus quinquefolia Gaylussacia baccata, frondosa Castanea pumila

71 Evergreens Trees Ferns Silene caroliniana Chamaecyparis thyoides Asplenium platyneuron Solidago sempervirens Ilex opaca Dryopteris carthusiana (spinulosa), cristata, Yucca filamentosa (flaccida) Juniperus virginiana intermedia, marginalis Magnolia virginiana Polystichum acrostichoides Shrubs Pinus any species in this guide Gaultheria procumbens Thuja occidentalis Herbaceous Plants Ilex glabra Tsuga canadensis Asarum canadense Kalmia angustifolia, latifolia Goodyera pubescens Morella (Myrica) caroliniensis (heterophylla), Vines Heuchera americana cerifera Bignonia capreolata Mitchella repens Rhododendron maximum Lonicera sempervirens Phlox carolina, stolonifera, subulata Vaccinium macrocarpon Sedum ternatum

Plants to use as Groundcovers

Ferns Coreopsis verticillata Sedum ternatum Any species in this guide Erigeron pulchellus Silene caroliniana Eurybia divaricata (Aster divaricatus) Tiarella cordifolia Grasses and Grasslike Plants Geranium maculatum Uvularia sessilifolia Carex glaucodea, pensylvanica Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (acutiloba), nobilis var. Viola conspersa, cucullata, hastata, pedata Danthonia spicata obtusa (americana) Festuca rubra Heuchera americana, villosa Shrubs Hylotelephium (Sedum) telephioides Gaultheria procumbens Herbaceous Plants Maianthemum canadense Vaccinium angustifolium, macrocarpon Aquilegia canadensis Mitchella repens Vaccinium pallidum (vacillans) Asarum canadense Opuntia humifusa (compressa) Chimaphila maculata Oxalis violacea Vines Chrysogonum virginianum Phlox carolina, stolonifera, subulata Bignonia capreolata Chrysopsis mariana Podophyllum peltatum Campsis radicans Polemonium reptans Celastrus scandens Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Plants for Spring and Fall Color

A search through this guide will reveal literally hundreds of plants of all types that will flower or fruit in spring or fall, providing a wide variety of choices to color a native landscaping project and to offer a diversity of food for wildlife. Remember to consider trees, shrubs and vines when choosing plants for their flower color; and to include fruit color in the palette. The fall color of many plants, particularly grasses, trees, shrubs and vines adds interest to the landscape. A landscape planned for seasonal color, throughout all seasons of the year, can also provide year-round food, cover and nesting structure for wildlife.

72 Deer Resistant Plants

Gardeners challenged by browsing deer often look for a definitive list of plants that deer will leave alone. Unfortunately, deer are not quite that predictable. In areas where high populations of deer have over-browsed the woodland understory, they are likely to eat any plant they can find to survive. Gardeners and habitat restorationists are strongly encouraged to use other appropriate barriers to exclude deer, in consultation with a local wildlife agency. Plants marked with an asterisk (*) may be browsed occasionally.

The list below was compiled from Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve and Deer Proofing Your Yard (Hart), see references.

Grasses and Grasslike Plants Shrubs Vines Andropogon gerardii Aralia spinosa Celastrus scandens Panicum virgatum Clethra alnifolia Clematis virginiana * Cornus amomum Lonicera sempervirens Herbaceous Plants Hamamelis virginiana Wisteria frutescens * Actaea pachypoda Hypericum densiflorum Allium cernuum Ilex glabra, laevigata, verticillata Aquilegia canadensis Kalmia latifolia Arisaema triphyllum Leucothoe racemosa Aruncus dioicus Lindera benzoin Asarum canadense * Morella (Myrica) cerifera, pensylvanica Asclepias tuberose Ribes rotundifolium Baptisia australis Spiraea alba, alba v. latifolia (latifolia), tomentosa Campanulastrum americanum (Campanula Viburnum acerifolium, dentatum (recognitum), americana) prunifolium Coreopsis tripteris Dicentra eximia Trees Geranium maculatum Acer negundo, rubrum Helenium autumnale Amelanchier canadensis Hibiscus moscheutos (H. palustris) Betula nigra Jeffersonia diphylla Carpinus caroliniana Lobelia cardinalis *, siphilitica * Cercis canadensis Lupinus perennis Cornus alternifolia Monarda didyma Cornus florida * Phlox divaricata, stolonifera Diospyros virginiana Podophyllum peltatum * Fagus grandifolia Polemonium reptans Fraxinus americana, pennsylvanica Rudbeckia fulgida, hirta Ilex opaca Solidago species Juniperus virginiana Symphyotrichum (Aster) novae-angliae Magnolia acuminata, virginiana Veronicastrum virginicum (Veronica virginica) Nyssa sylvatica Pinus — any species in this guide Herbaceous Emergents Quercus — any species in this guide Iris prismatica, versicolor, virginica Sambucus racemosa v. racemosa (S. pubens)

73 Photographic Credits

All photographs in this publication were used with permission of the photographers. Most images are copyrighted by the photographers and/or the sources listed below, and may not be used for commercial purposes without prior written permission of the copyright holders. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is grateful for the generosity and cooperation of these photographers.

Each photograph is marked with an abbreviated form for the corresponding photographer, due to space limitations. Those abbreviations are listed here in alphabetical order, followed by the full credit information.

The Bugwood Network and Forestry Images Image PLANTS USDA-NRCS. 2003. The PLANTS Database, UCONN Mark Brand, UConn Plant Database, University Archive and Database Systems, The University of Georgia- www.plants.usda.gov. National Plant Data of Connecticut. www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/ Warnell School of Forest Resources and College of Center. Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. about.html Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Department of PLANTS Database images that were used in Entomology. www.bugwood.org this guide were contributed by the following: USDA NRCS U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural PLANTS 1995 U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, BUG DJM David J. Moorhead Resources Conservation Service. 1995 National Plant Materials Center, Beltsville, BUG RFW Robert F. Wittwer Midwestern Wetlands Flora. MD. http://plant-matrials.nrcs.usda.gov/ PLANTS 1997 U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural mdpmc BZ Bob Zuberbuhler, Resources Conservation Service. 1997 USDA JE John Englert www.westernpawildflowers.com Northeastern Wetlands Flora. USDA JK Jennifer Kujawski PLANTS DEH Herman, D.E. et.al. 1996 North Dakota Tree USDA MG Martin van der Grinten CAB Carole Ann Barth, Heal Earth Gardens, Silver Handbook. USDA NRCS. ND State Soil Spring, Maryland. Conservation Committee. NDSU Extension USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Western Area Power Chesapeake Bay Field Office, Annapolis, CM NRCS Christopher F. Miller, Regional Plant Materials Administration. Bismark, ND. MD 21401. http://chesapeakebay.fws.gov Specialist, U.S. Department of PLANTS DL Douglas Ladd. U.S. Department of USFWS BES Britt Slattery Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Agriculture Soil Conservation Service. 1989 USFWS RL Randy Loftus Service, Somerset, New Jersey. Midwest Wetland Flora: Field Office USFWS RM Rich Mason Illustrated Guide to Plant Species. Midwest USFWS RS Rich Starr Digital Flora of Texas Vascular Plant Image Library. National Technical Center, Lincoln, NE. www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/galfolks.htm, or PLANTS GAM Gary A. Monroe University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin State Herbarium, www.texasflora.org PLANTS GFR George F. Russell Madison, WI 53706-1381. www.botany.wisc.edu/herbarium DFT DL David Lemke, Texas State University-San PLANTS JA Jennifer Anderson Marcos, Department of Biology Herbarium. PLANTS JS Jim Stasz UWI AH Andrew Hipp, University of Wisconsin- PLANTS JSP J.S. Peterson Madison. DFT HW Hugh Wilson, TAMU Herbarium, Texas A&M PLANTS LA Larry Allain UWI DK Darrin Kimbler, University of Wisconsin- University. PLANTS RM89 Robert H. Mohlenbrock. U.S. Department of Madison. Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1989 UWI DWW Dennis W. Woodland, Andrews University. GM ARS George McLellan, Species Study Group of the Midwest Wetland Flora: Field Office UWI EJJ Emmet J. Judziewicz University of Wisconsin- Middle Atlantic Chapter, American Illustrated Guide to Plant Species. Midwest Stevens Point and Madison. Rhododendron Society. www.tjhsst.edu/ National Technical Center, Lincoln, NE. UWI JK John Kohout, donated to Wisconsin ~dhyatt/azaleas/atlanticum.html PLANTS RM91 Robert H. Mohlenbrock. U.S. Department of Department of Natural Resources. Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1991 UWI JRS James R. Sime, Middleton, Wisconsin. MOBOT Missouri Botanical Garden. www.mobot.org/ Southern Wetland Flora: Field Office Guide UWI JS Janice Stiefel, Bailey’s Harbor, Wisconsin. gardeninghelp/plantfinder/service.shtml. to Plant Species. South National Technical UWI KJS Kenneth J. Sytsma, University of Wisconsin- Digital images in this database were Center, Fort Worth, TX. Madison. contributed by Martha Hill, Glenn Kopp and PLANTS RM95 Robert H. Mohlenbrock. U.S. Department of UWI KK Kitty Kohout, donated to Wisconsin Alan Stentz. Agriculture,Natural Resources Conservation Department of Natural Resources. Service. 1995 Northeast Wetland Flora: UWI MC Michael Clayton, University of Wisconsin- MP Dan Tanaglia, Missouriplants. Field Guide to Plant Species. Northeast Madison. www.missouriplants.com Technical Center, Chester, PA. UWI MRB Merel R. Black, University of Wisconsin- PLANTS TGB Thomas G. Barnes Madison. NYNHP Stephen M. Young, New York Natural Heritage PLANTS WSJ William S. Justice UWI RRK Robert R. Kowal, University of Wisconsin- Program. www.dec.state.ny.us/website/ Madison. dfwmr/heritage RHW R. Harrison Wiegand, Maryland Department of UWI RWF Robert W. Freckmann, University of Wisconsin- Natural Resources, Wildlife and Heritage Stevens Point. OSU Scott Biggs, Ohio State University. Service. www.dnr.state.md.us UWI TK Tim Kessenich, Wisconsin Department of http://PlantFacts.osu.edu Natural Resources. RS MNPS Rod Simmons, Maryland Native Plant Society. www.mdflora.org VT Virginia Tech (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), College of Natural Resources, SMSU Paul Redfearn, Ozarks Regional Herbarium, Forest Biology and Dendrology Educational Southwest Missouri State University. Sites. www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/wwwmain.html www.biology.smsu.edu/Herbarium

74 References

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Burrell, C. Colston. A Gardener’s Encyclopedia of Wildflowers: An Organic Guide to Choosing and Growing over 150 Beautiful Wildflowers. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, PA. 1997.

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75 Luttenberg, Danielle, Deborah Lev and Michael Feller. Native Species Planting Guide for New York City and Vicinity. City of New York Parks and Recreation, New York, NY. 1993.

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Reed, Clyde F. The Ferns and Fern Allies of Maryland and Delaware including District of Columbia. The Science Press, Lancaster, PA. 1953.

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Water and Ecosystems Team. Roadside Use of Native Plants. Federal Highway Administration. Washington D.C. 1999. 76 Internet References

American Forests (www.americanforest.org/resources/bigtrees/register.php).

Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve (www.bhwp.org).

Brooklyn Botanic Garden (www.bbg.org).

Connecticut Botanical Society (www.ct-botanical-society.org).

Harvard University Herbaria (www.huh.harvard.edu).

Horticopia (www.horticopia.com).

Horticopia Plant Information (www.hortpix.com).

Kentucky Native Plant Society (www.knps.org).

Missouri Botanical Garden (www.mobot.org).

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The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org).

77 Catalogs

Adkins Arboretum. Fall 2001 Native Plant Sale: Plant Sale List. Ridgely, MD (www.adkinsarboretum.org).

Bluemount Nuseries, Inc. Catalog 2001. Monkton, MD (www.bluemount.com).

Carroll Gardens. America’s Selection of Rare and Unusual Plants 1997. Westminster, MD (www.carrollgardens.com).

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Ernst Conservation Seeds. Wholesale Price List – Spring/Summer 2003. Meadville, PA (www.ersntseed.com).

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Lower Marlboro Nursery. Spring 1999. Dunkirk, MD (www.lowermarlboronursery.com).

Maryland Natives Nursery, Inc. 2002 Catalog. Baltimore, MD (www.marylandnativesnursery.com).

North Creek Nurseries, Inc. 2001 Wholesale Catalog. Landenberg, PA (www.northcreeknurseries.com).

North Creek Nurseries, Inc. 1999 Wholesale Starters. Landenberg, PA (www.northcreeknurseries.com).

Octoraro Native Plant Nursery. 2002 Wholesale Nursery Catalog. Kirkwood, PA (www.octoraro.com).

Talmage Farm. Native Plants Naturally 2000 Wholesale Catalog. Riverhead, NY (www.talmagefarm.com).

Virginia Natives. 2001 Catalog. Hume, VA. (www.vnps.org).

Wild Earth Native Plant Nursery. 1999 Catalog. Freehold, NJ.

78 Index Celastrus scandens ...... 64 Geranium maculatum ...... 24 Mitchella repens ...... 29 Celtis occidentalis ...... 56 Gillenia trifoliata (see Porteranthus Mitella diphylla ...... 29 Latin name Cephalanthus occidentalis ...... 45 trifoliatus) Monarda bradburiana ...... 29 Acer negundo ...... 54 Cercis canadensis ...... 56 Goodyera pubescens ...... 24 Monarda didyma ...... 29 Acer rubrum ...... 54 Chamaecrista fasciculata ...... 21 Hamamelis virginiana ...... 46 Monarda fistulos (see M. bradburiana) Acer saccharinum ...... 54 Chamaecyparis thyoides ...... 56 Helenium autumnale ...... 24 Monarda punctata ...... 29 Acer saccharum ...... 54 Chamerion angustifolium Helianthus angustifolius ...... 25 Morella caroliniensis ...... 48 Acer spicatum ...... 54 spp angustifolium ...... 21 Helianthus decapetalus ...... 25 Morella cerifera ...... 48 Actaea pachypoda ...... 18 Chasmanthium latifolium ...... 15 Helianthus divaricatus ...... 25 Morella pensylvanica ...... 48 Adiantum pedatum ...... 11 Chelone glabra ...... 21 Heliopsis helianthoides ...... 25 Morus rubra ...... 58 Agalinis purpurea ...... 18 Chimaphila maculata ...... 21 Hepatica acutiloba Myrica (see Morella) Ageratina altissima v. altissima ...... 18 Chionanthus virginicus ...... 56 (see H. nobilis var. acuta) Nuphar lutea ...... 42 Agrostis perennans ...... 14 Chrysogonum virginianum ...... 21 Hepatica americana Nuttallanthus canadensis ...... 29 Allium cernuum ...... 18 Chrysopsis mariana ...... 21 (see H. nobilis var. obtusa Nymphaea odorata ...... 42 Alnus serrulata ...... 45 Cimicifuga racemosa ...... 21 Hepatica nobilis var. acuta ...... 25 Nyssa sylvatica ...... 58 Amelanchier arborea ...... 54 Claytonia virginica ...... 21 Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa ...... 25 Oenothera biennis ...... 29 Amelanchier canadensis ...... 54 Clematis viorna ...... 64 Heracleum maximum ...... 25 Oenothera fruticosa ...... 30 Ammophila breviligulata ...... 14 Clematis virginiana ...... 64 Heuchera americana ...... 25 Oenothera perennis ...... 30 Andropogon gerardii ...... 14 Clethra alnifolia ...... 45 Heuchera villosa ...... 26 Onoclea sensibilis ...... 12 Andropogon glomeratus ...... 14 Clitoria mariana ...... 22 Hibiscus moscheutos ...... 41 Opuntia humifusa ...... 30 Andropogon scoparius (see Schizachyrium) Comptonia peregrina ...... 45 Houstonia caerulea ...... 26 Orontium aquaticum ...... 42 Andropogon virginicus ...... 14 Conoclinium coelestinum ...... 22 Hydrangea arborescens ...... 46 Osmorhiza longistylis ...... 30 Anemone canadensis ...... 18 Coreopsis tripteris ...... 22 Hydrophyllum virginianum ...... 26 Osmunda cinnamomea ...... 12 Anemone virginiana ...... 18 Coreopsis verticillata ...... 22 Hylotelephium telephioides ...... 26 Osmunda claytoniana ...... 12 Anemonella thalictroides (see Thalictrum Cornus alternifolia ...... 56 Hypericum densiflorum ...... 47 Osmunda regalis ...... 12 thalictroides) Cornus amomum ...... 46 Hystrix patula (see Elymus hystrix) Ostrya virginiana ...... 58 Antennaria neglecta ...... 18 Cornus florida ...... 56 Ilex glabra ...... 47 Oxalis violacea ...... 30 Aquilegia canadensis ...... 18 Cornus racemosa ...... 46 Ilex laevigata ...... 47 Packera aurea ...... 30 Aralia nudicaulis ...... 19 Corylus americana ...... 46 Ilex opaca ...... 57 Panicum amarum ...... 16 Aralia racemosa ...... 19 Crataegus crus-galli...... 56 Ilex verticillata ...... 47 Panicum virgatum ...... 16 Aralia spinosa ...... 45 Crataegus viridis ...... 57 Impatiens capensis ...... 26 Parthenocissus quinquefolila ...... 65 Arisaema triphyllum ...... 19 Danthonia spicata ...... 15 Ionactis linariifolius ...... 26 Passiflora incarnata ...... 65 Aristolochia durior (see A. macrophylla) Delphinium tricorne ...... 22 Iris prismatica...... 41 Peltandra virginica ...... 42 Aristolochia macrophylla ...... 64 Dennstaedtia punctilobula ...... 11 Iris versicolor ...... 41 Penstemon digitalis ...... 30 Aronia (see Photinia) Dentaria laciniata (see Cardamine Iris virginica ...... 41 Penstemon laevigatus ...... 30 Aruncus dioicus ...... 19 concatenata) Itea virginica ...... 47 Phlox carolina ...... 31 Asarum canadense ...... 19 Desmodium paniculatum ...... 22 Iva frutescens ...... 47 Phlox divaricata ...... 31 Asclepias incarnata ...... 19 Dicentra canadensis ...... 22 Jeffersonia diphylla ...... 26 Phlox maculate ...... 31 Asclepias syriaca ...... 19 Dicentra cucullaria ...... 22 Juglans nigra ...... 57 Phlox paniculata ...... 31 Asclepias tuberosa ...... 19 Dicentra eximia ...... 23 Juncus canadensis ...... 41 Phlox stolonifera ...... 31 Asimina triloba ...... 54 Dichanthelium clandestinum ...... 15 Juncus effuses ...... 41 Phlox subulata ...... 31 Asplenium platyneuron ...... 11 Dichanthelium commutatum ...... 15 Juncus roemerianus ...... 42 Photinia melanocarpa ...... 48 Aster (see Doellingeria, Eurybia, Ionactis, Diospyros virginiana ...... 57 Juniperus virginiana ...... 57 Photinia pyrifolia ...... 49 Symphyotrichum) Distichlis spicata ...... 41 Justicia americana ...... 42 Physocarpus opulifolius ...... 49 Athyrium filix-femina ...... 11 Dodecatheon meadia ...... 23 Kalmia angustifolia ...... 47 Physostegia virginiana ...... 31 Baccharis halimifolia ...... 45 Doellingeria umbellata var. umbellata ...... 23 Kalmia latifolia ...... 47 Pinus echinata ...... 59 Baptisia australis ...... 20 Dryopteris carthusiana ...... 11 Kosteletzkya virginica ...... 42 Pinus rigida ...... 59 Baptisia tinctoria...... 20 Dryopteris cristata ...... 11 Leersia oryzoides ...... 16 Pinus serotina ...... 59 Betula alleghaniensis ...... 55 Dryopteris intermedia ...... 11 Lespedeza capitata ...... 26 Pinus strobes ...... 59 Betula lenta ...... 55 Dryopteris marginalis ...... 12 Leucothoe racemosa ...... 48 Pinus taeda ...... 59 Betula nigra ...... 55 Dulichium arundinaceum ...... 41 Liatris pilosa v. pilosa ...... 27 Pinus virginiana ...... 59 Bidens cernua ...... 20 Elymus canadensis ...... 16 Liatris scariosa ...... 27 Platanus occidentalis...... 59 Bignonia capreolata ...... 64 Elymus hystrix ...... 16 Liatris spicata ...... 27 Podophyllum peltatum ...... 31 Boltonia asteroides ...... 20 Elymus riparius ...... 16 Liatris squarrosa ...... 27 Polemonium reptans ...... 32 Botrychium virginianum ...... 11 Elymus virginicus ...... 16 Lilium canadense ...... 27 Polygonatum biflorum ...... 32 Calamagrostis canadensis ...... 14 Epilobium angustifolium Lilium philadelphicum ...... 27 Polygonatum pubescens ...... 32 Callicarpa americana ...... 45 (see Chamerion) Lilium superbum ...... 27 Polystichum acrostichoides ...... 12 Caltha palustris ...... 20 Erianthus giganteus (see Saccharum Limonium carolinianum ...... 27 Pontederia cordata ...... 42 Campanula americana (see Campanulastrum giganteum) Linaria canadensis (see Nuttallanthus Populus deltoides ...... 59 americanum) Erigeron pulchellus ...... 23 canadensis) Populus heterophylla ...... 60 Campanulastrum americanum ...... 20 Erythronium americanum ...... 23 Lindera benzoin ...... 48 Porteranthus trifoliatus ...... 32 Campsis radicans ...... 64 Eupatorium coelestinum Liquidambar styraciflua ...... 58 Prunus americana ...... 60 Cardamine concatenata ...... 20 (see Conoclinium coelestinum) Liriodendron tulipifera ...... 58 Prunus maritima ...... 49 Carex crinita var. crinita ...... 14 Eupatorium dubium ...... 23 Lobelia cardinalis ...... 28 Prunus pensylvanica ...... 60 Carex glaucodea ...... 14 Eupatorium fistulosum ...... 23 Lobelia siphilitica ...... 28 Prunus serotina ...... 60 Carex lurida ...... 15 Eupatorium hyssopifolium ...... 23 Lonicera sempervirens ...... 64 Prunus virginiana ...... 60 Carex pensylvanica ...... 15 Eupatorium maculatum ...... 24 Lupinus perennis ...... 28 Pteridium aquilinum ...... 12 Carex stricta ...... 15 Eupatorium perfoliatum ...... 24 Lyonia ligustrina ...... 48 Pycnanthemum incanum ...... 32 Carex vulpinoidea ...... 15 Eupatorium purpureum ...... 24 Lyonia mariana ...... 48 Pycnanthemum tenuifolium...... 32 Carpinus caroliniana ...... 55 Eupatorium rugosum Magnolia acuminata ...... 58 Pyrus americana (see Sorbus americana) Carya alba ...... 55 (see Ageratina altissima v. altissima) Magnolia virginiana ...... 58 Pyrus coronaria (see Malus coronaria) Carya cordiformis ...... 55 Eurybia divaricata ...... 24 Maianthemum canadense ...... 28 Quercus alba ...... 60 Carya glabra ...... 55 Fagus grandifolia ...... 57 Maianthemum racemosum Quercus bicolor ...... 60 Carya ovata ...... 55 Festuca rubra ...... 16 ssp.racemosum ...... 28 Quercus coccinea ...... 60 Cassia fasciculata (see Chamaecrista Fraxinus americana ...... 57 Malus coronaria ...... 58 Quercus falcata ...... 61 fasciculate) Fraxinus pennsylvanica ...... 57 Medeola virginiana ...... 28 Quercus ilicifolia ...... 61 Cassia marilandica (see Senna) Gaultheria procumbens ...... 46 Melanthium virginicum ...... 28 Quercus marilandica ...... 61 Castanea pumila ...... 56 Gaylussacia baccata ...... 46 Mertensia virginica ...... 28 Quercus michauxii ...... 61 Caulophyllum thalictroides ...... 20 Gaylussacia frondosa ...... 46 Mikania scandens ...... 64 Quercus montana (see Quercus michauxii and Ceanothus americanus ...... 45 Gentiana clausa ...... 24 Mimulus ringens ...... 29 prinus) 79 Quercus muehlenbergii ...... 61 Solidago juncea ...... 35 Viola sororia ...... 40 blue vervain ...... 39 Quercus nigra ...... 61 Solidago nemoralis ...... 35 Viola striata ...... 40 blueberry, Quercus palustris ...... 61 Solidago odora ...... 36 Wisteria frutescens ...... 65 early lowbush ...... 52 Quercus phellos ...... 61 Solidago rugosa ...... 36 Woodwardia areolata ...... 13 highbush ...... 52 Quercus prinus ...... 62 Solidago sempervirens ...... 36 Woodwardia virginica ...... 13 lowbush ...... 52 Quercus rubra ...... 62 Solidago speciosa ...... 36 Yucca filamentosa (flaccida) ...... 40 bluestem, Quercus stellata ...... 62 Sorbus americana ...... 62 Zizania aquatica ...... 44 big ...... 14 Quercus velutina ...... 62 Sorghastrum nutans ...... 17 Zizia aurea ...... 40 bushy ...... 14 Rhexia virginica ...... 32 Sparganium americanum...... 43 little ...... 17 Rhododendron atlanticum ...... 49 Spartina alterniflora ...... 43 Common Name bluet ...... 26 Rhododendron calendulaceum ...... 49 Spartina cynosuroides ...... 44 boltonia, star ...... 20 Rhododendron canescens ...... 49 Spartina patens ...... 44 Adam’s needle ...... 40 boneset, common ...... 24 Rhododendron maximum ...... 49 Spartina pectinata ...... 44 alder, smooth ...... 45 Bowman’s root ...... 32 Rhododendron periclymenoides ...... 49 Spiraea alba ...... 51 alumroot ...... 25 bulrush, Rhododendron prinophyllum ...... 50 Spiraea alba v. latifolia ...... 51 anemone, black ...... 43 Rhododendron viscosum ...... 50 Spiraea latifolia round-leaved ...... 18 great ...... 43 Rhus aromatica ...... 50 (see Spirea alba v. latifolia) rue ...... 37 woolgrass ...... 43 Rhus copallina ...... 50 Spiraea tomentosa ...... 52 arrow arum ...... 42 bunchflower, Virginia ...... 28 Rhus glabra ...... 50 Spiranthes cernua ...... 36 arrowwood, bur-reed, American ...... 43 Rhus hirta (typhina) ...... 50 Stachys tenuifolia (hispida) ...... 36 maple-leaved ...... 52 butterfly pea, Maryland ...... 22 Ribes rotundifolium ...... 50 Staphylea trifolia ...... 52 southern ...... 53 butterflyweed ...... 19 Rosa carolina ...... 50 Stellaria pubera ...... 36 ash, buttonbush ...... 45 Rosa palustris ...... 51 Symphyotrichum cordifolium ...... 36 American mountain ...... 62 cactus, prickly-pear, eastern ...... 30 Rubus allegheniensis ...... 51 Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides ... 37 green ...... 57 Canada mayflower ...... 28 Rubus odoratus ...... 51 Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve ...... 37 white ...... 57 cardinal flower ...... 28 Rudbeckia fulgida ...... 32 Symphyotrichum novae-angliae ...... 37 aster, cedar, Rudbeckia hirta ...... 33 Symphyotrichum novi-belgii flat-top white ...... 23 Atlantic white ...... 56 Rudbeckia laciniata ...... 33 var. novi-belgii ...... 37 golden ...... 21 eastern red ...... 57 Rudbeckia triloba ...... 33 Symplocarpus foetidus ...... 37 heart-leaved ...... 36 northern white ...... 63 Ruellia caroliniensis ...... 33 Taxodium distichum ...... 63 heath ...... 37 cherry, Sabatia angularis ...... 33 Thalictrum dioicum ...... 39 New England ...... 37 black ...... 60 Saccharum giganteum ...... 17 Thalictrum pubescens ...... 37 New York ...... 37 choke ...... 60 Sagittaria latifolia ...... 43 Thalictrum thalictroides ...... 37 smooth blue ...... 37 pin ...... 60 Salix humilis ...... 51 Thelypteris noveboracensis ...... 12 stiff-leaf ...... 26 chickweed, star ...... 36 Salix nigra ...... 62 Thelypteris palustris ...... 13 white wood ...... 24 chinquapin ...... 56 Salix sericea ...... 62 Thuja occidentalis ...... 63 autumn bentgrass ...... 14 chokeberry, Salvia lyrata ...... 33 Tiarella cordifolia ...... 38 azalea, black ...... 48 Sambucus canadensis (see Sambucus nigra Tilia americana ...... 63 dwarf ...... 49 red ...... 49 ssp. canadensis) Tradescantia virginiana ...... 38 flame ...... 49 climbing hempvine ...... 64 Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis ...... 51 Tridens flavus ...... 17 pinxterbloom ...... 49 clover, round-head bush ...... 26 Sambucus pubens (see Sambucus racemosa Trillium erectum ...... 38 rose ...... 50 columbine, eastern ...... 18 v. racemosa) Trillium grandiflorum ...... 38 swamp ...... 50 coneflower, Sambucus racemosa v. racemosa ...... 51 Trillium sessile ...... 38 sweet ...... 49 early ...... 32 Sanguinaria canadensis ...... 33 Trillium undulatum ...... 38 basswood, American ...... 63 tall ...... 33 Sassafras albidum ...... 62 Tripsacum dactyloides ...... 17 bayberry, three-lobed ...... 33 Saururus cernuus ...... 43 Tsuga canadensis ...... 63 northern ...... 48 cordgrass, Saxifraga pensylvanica ...... 33 Ulmus americana ...... 63 southern ...... 48 big ...... 44 Saxifraga virginiensis ...... 34 Ulmus rubra ...... 63 beardtongue ...... 30 freshwater...... 44 Schizachyrium scoparium ...... 17 Uvularia grandiflora ...... 38 smooth ...... 30 salt marsh ...... 43 Schoenoplectus pungens v. pungens ...... 43 Uvularia perfoliata ...... 38 beautyberry, American ...... 45 coreopsis, Schoenoplectus validus ...... 43 Uvularia sessilifolia ...... 39 beebalm ...... 29 tall ...... 22 Scirpus atrovirens ...... 43 Vaccinium angustifolium ...... 52 spotted ...... 29 threadleaf ...... 22 Scirpus cyperinus ...... 43 Vaccinium corymbosum ...... 52 beech, American ...... 57 cottonwood, Scirpus pungens (see Schoenoplectus Vaccinium macrocarpon ...... 52 beggar-ticks, nodding ...... 20 eastern ...... 59 pungens v. pungens) Vaccinium pallidum (vacillans) ...... 52 bellflower, American ...... 20 swamp ...... 60 Scirpus validus Vaccinium stamineum...... 52 bellwort, cow parsnip ...... 25 (see Schoenoplectus validus) Veratrum viride ...... 39 large-flowered ...... 38 crabapple, sweet ...... 58 Scutellaria integrifolia...... 34 Verbena hastata ...... 39 perfoliate ...... 38 cranberry ...... 52 Sedum telephoides (see Hylotelephium Verbesina alternifolia ...... 39 bergamot, wild ...... 29 creeper, Virginia ...... 65 telephoides) Vernonia noveboracensis ...... 39 birch, crossvine ...... 64 Sedum ternatum ...... 34 Vernonia virginicum river ...... 55 Culver’s root ...... 39 Senecio aureus (see Packera aurea) (see Veronicastrum) sweet ...... 55 cup plant ...... 34 Senna marilandica ...... 34 Veronicastrum virginicum...... 39 yellow ...... 55 cutgrass, rice ...... 16 Silene caroliniana ...... 34 Viburnum acerifolium ...... 52 bittersweet, American ...... 64 cypress, bald ...... 63 Silene stellata ...... 34 Viburnum cassinoides (SeeViburnum nudum blackberry, Allegheny ...... 51 dangleberry ...... 46 Silene virginica ...... 34 v. cassinoides) black-eyed Susan ...... 33 deerberry ...... 52 Silphium perfoliatum ...... 34 Viburnum dentatum ...... 53 bladdernut, American ...... 52 deer-tongue ...... 15 Sisyrinchium angustifolium ...... 34 Viburnum nudum ...... 53 blazing star ...... 27 Devil’s walking stick ...... 45 Sisyrinchium atlanticum ...... 34 Viburnum nudum v. cassinoides ...... 53 eastern ...... 27 dogwood, Sisyrinchium graminoides (see Sisyrinchium Viburnum prunifolium ...... 53 grass-leaf ...... 27 alternate-leaf ...... 56 angustifolium) Viburnum recognitum plains ...... 27 flowering ...... 56 Smilacina racemosa (see Maianthemum (see Viburnum dentatum) bleeding heart, wild ...... 23 red-panicled ...... 46 racemosum ssp. racemosum) Viola conspersa ...... 39 bloodroot ...... 33 silky ...... 46 Smilax herbacea ...... 65 Viola cucullata ...... 39 bluebells, Virginia ...... 28 doll’s eyes ...... 18 Solidago altissima (see S. canadensis v. Viola hastate ...... 40 blue cohosh ...... 20 duck potato ...... 43 scabra) Viola papilionacea (see Viola sororia) blue flag, ...... 41 dunegrass ...... 14 Solidago caesia ...... 35 Viola pedata ...... 40 slender ...... 41 Dutchman’s breeches ...... 22 Solidago canadensis ...... 35 Viola pennsylvanica Virginia ...... 41 dwarf larkspur ...... 22 Solidago canadensis v. scabra...... 35 (see Viola pubescens var. pubescens elder, Solidago flexicaulis ...... 35 Viola pubescens var. pubescens ...... 40 box ...... 54 80 marsh ...... 47 bitternut ...... 55 New Jersey tea ...... 45 fox ...... 15 elderberry, mockernut ...... 55 ninebark ...... 49 long hair ...... 14 common ...... 51 pignut ...... 55 oak, Pennsylvania ...... 15 red ...... 51 shagbark ...... 55 bear ...... 61 sallow ...... 15 elm, high-tide bush ...... 45 black, ...... 62 three-sided ...... 41 American ...... 63 holly, blackjack ...... 61 tussock ...... 15 slippery ...... 63 American ...... 57 chestnut...... 62 senna, Maryland wild ...... 34 false foxglove, purple ...... 18 inkberry...... 47 Chinquapin ...... 61 serviceberry, ...... 54 fern, winterberry ...... 47 northern red ...... 62 downy ...... 54 bracken ...... 12 winterberry, smooth ...... 47 pin ...... 61 shooting star ...... 23 Christmas ...... 12 honeysuckle, trumpet ...... 64 post ...... 62 skullcap, rough ...... 34 cinnamon ...... 12 hornbeam, scarlet ...... 60 skunk cabbage ...... 37 crested wood ...... 11 American ...... 55 southern red ...... 61 smooth carrion flower ...... 65 evergreen wood ...... 11 eastern hop ...... 58 swamp chestnut ...... 61 snakeroot, hay-scented ...... 11 huckleberry, black ...... 46 swamp white ...... 60 black, ...... 21 interrupted ...... 12 hydrangea, wild ...... 46 water ...... 61 white ...... 18 marginal shield ...... 12 hyssop-leaved thoroughwort ...... 23 white ...... 60 sneezeweed, yellow ...... 24 marsh ...... 13 Indian cucumber ...... 28 willow ...... 61 Solomon’s seal, ...... 32 netted chain ...... 13 Indiangrass ...... 17 oats, wild ...... 15 dwarf ...... 32 New York ...... 12 indigo, obedient plant ...... 31 false ...... 28 northern lady ...... 11 wild blue ...... 20 onion, nodding ...... 18 spatterdock ...... 42 northern maidenhair ...... 11 wild yellow ...... 20 panicgrass, variable ...... 15 spicebush ...... 48 rattlesnake ...... 11 iris (see blue flag) partridge pea ...... 21 spiderwort, Virginia ...... 38 royal ...... 12 ironweed, New York ...... 39 partridgeberry ...... 29 spikenard ...... 19 sensitive ...... 12 Jack-in-the-pulpit...... 19 passionflower ...... 65 spleenwort, ebony ...... 11 sweet ...... 45 Jacob’s ladder ...... 32 paw-paw ...... 54 spring beauty ...... 21 toothed ...... 11 jewelweed ...... 26 persimmon, common ...... 57 squirrel corn ...... 22 Virginia chain ...... 13 Joe-Pye weed, ...... 23 petunia, Carolina wild ...... 33 St. John’s wort, dense ...... 47 fescue, red ...... 16 green-stemmed ...... 24 phlox, stagger-bush ...... 48 fetterbush ...... 48 spotted ...... 24 creeping...... 31 starry campion ...... 34 field pussytoes ...... 18 trumpet weed ...... 23 meadow ...... 31 steeplebush ...... 52 fire pink ...... 34 ladies’ tresses, nodding ...... 36 moss ...... 31 stonecrop, fireweed ...... 21 laurel, summer ...... 31 Allegheny ...... 26 foamflower ...... 38 great ...... 49 thick-leaved ...... 31 mountain ...... 34 fringetree, white ...... 56 mountain ...... 47 woodland...... 31 sumac, gentian, closed ...... 24 sheep ...... 47 pickerelweed ...... 42 fragrant...... 50 geranium, wild ...... 24 leather flower ...... 64 pine, shining ...... 50 ginger, wild ...... 19 lily, loblolly ...... 59 staghorn ...... 33 goat’s-beard ...... 19 Canada...... 27 pitch ...... 59 sweet ...... 50 golden club ...... 42 fragrant water...... 42 pond ...... 59 sundrops, ...... 30 golden ragwort ...... 30 straw...... 39 shortleaf ...... 59 narrow-leaved...... 30 golden-alexanders ...... 40 trout ...... 23 Virginia ...... 59 sunflower, goldenrod, Turk’s cap ...... 27 white ...... 59 oxeye ...... 25 bluestem...... 35 wood ...... 27 pipevine ...... 64 swamp ...... 25 broad leaf ...... 35 lizard’s tail ...... 43 plantain, ten-petaled ...... 25 Canada...... 35 lobelia, great blue ...... 28 downy rattlesnake ...... 24 woodland...... 25 early ...... 35 lupine ...... 28 robin’s ...... 23 sweet cicely ...... 30 gray ...... 35 lyre-leaf sage ...... 33 plum, sweet pepperbush ...... 45 seaside ...... 36 magnolia, American wild ...... 60 switchgrass ...... 16 showy ...... 36 cucumber ...... 58 beach ...... 49 sycamore, American ...... 59 sweet ...... 36 sweetbay ...... 58 plumegrass, giant ...... 17 tassel-white ...... 47 tall ...... 35 male-berry ...... 48 poplar, tulip ...... 58 thimbleweed ...... 18 wrinkle-leaf ...... 36 mallow, primrose, common evening ...... 29 three-square, common ...... 43 gooseberry, Appalachian ...... 50 rose ...... 41 raspberry, purple flowering ...... 51 tick-trefoil, panicled ...... 22 grass, seashore ...... 42 redbud, eastern ...... 56 toadflax, blue ...... 29 bitter or coastal panic ...... 16 maple, redtop ...... 17 toadshade ...... 38 blue-eyed...... 34 mountain ...... 54 reedgrass, bluejoint ...... 14 toothwort ...... 20 bottlebrush ...... 16 red ...... 54 rice, wild ...... 44 trillium, coastal blue-eyed ...... 34 silver ...... 54 rose, painted ...... 38 gama ...... 17 sugar ...... 54 pasture ...... 50 purple ...... 38 poverty ...... 15 marigold, marsh ...... 20 swamp ...... 51 white ...... 38 salt ...... 41 Mayapple ...... 31 rose pink ...... 33 trumpet vine ...... 64 green-and-gold ...... 21 meadow-beauty, Virginia ...... 32 rush, turtlehead, white ...... 21 gum, meadow rue, Canada...... 41 twinleaf ...... 26 black ...... 58 early ...... 37 soft ...... 41 violet, sweet ...... 58 tall ...... 37 rye, American dog ...... 39 hackberry, common ...... 56 meadow-sweet, Canada wild ...... 16 bird’s foot ...... 40 haw, black ...... 53 broad-leaved ...... 51 riverbank wild ...... 16 common blue ...... 40 hawthorn, narrow-leaved ...... 51 Virginia wild ...... 16 halberdleaf yellow ...... 40 cockspur ...... 56 milkweed, salt meadow hay ...... 44 marsh blue ...... 39 green ...... 57 common ...... 19 sarsaparilla, wild ...... 19 striped cream ...... 40 hazelnut, American ...... 46 swamp ...... 19 sassafras...... 62 yellow ...... 40 hedge nettle ...... 36 mint, saxifrage, virgin’s bower ...... 64 hellebore, green false ...... 39 hoary mountain ...... 32 early ...... 34 walnut, black ...... 57 hemlock, eastern ...... 63 narrow-leaved mountain ...... 32 eastern swamp ...... 33 waterleaf, Virginia ...... 26 hepatica, mistflower ...... 22 sea lavender ...... 27 wax myrtle ...... 48 round-lobed ...... 25 miterwort, twoleaf ...... 29 sedge, wild pink ...... 34 sharp-lobed ...... 25 monkeyflower ...... 29 blue wood...... 14 willow, heuchera, hairy ...... 26 mulberry, red ...... 58 broom...... 14 American water ...... 42 hickory, needlerush, black ...... 42 black ...... 62 81 prairie ...... 51 silky ...... 62 wingstem, yellow ironweed ...... 39 wintergreen, ...... 46 striped ...... 21 wisteria, Atlantic ...... 65 witch hazel ...... 46 witherod, ...... 53 naked ...... 53 wood sorrel, violet ...... 30

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