DOCSLIB.ORG

Invasive Plants Why They Must Go

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Invasive Plants Why They Must Go Make informed choices at the nursery Instead of planting non-native rhododendrons, choose mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia). Each of Periwinkle Pachysandra many delightful varieties has evergreen foliage and INVASIVE flowers in June. Lowbush blueberry Wintergreen Get rid of those privet hedges. Consider planting inkberry holly (Ilex glabra). It is evergreen, grows Groundcovers: know your friends in sandy soil and takes pruning well. If you would WHY THEY MUST GO and foes like your plants to produce berries for birds, then PLANTS you will need to Periwinkle (Vinca minor) plant both Still found in nurseries, this groundcover remains a female and popular choice. Unfortunately, it is not as innocent male shrubs as it looks. The aggressive plant can easily escape (one male for from your yard to a nearby forest and quickly take five female). over the forest floor. Remove those invasive burning bushes! Instead use Pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis) huckleberries (Gaylussacia baccata). This small or Another common groundcover—and another medium-sized native shrub produces stunning hazard to the natural world. Has been found autumn color. growing in a few reservations on its own. Even In addition, you though it is less aggressive in our climate than (and local periwinkle, this is still an alien plant that does not birds) will add, but only subtracts from the environment. munch on the Instead of these aliens, consider the berries. † Sheep’s-Bit ¢ following lovely native plants for your groundcover: Aka Jasione montana looks pretty! However, this Instead of barberries, try winterberry holly (Ilex alien annual is rapidly invading southeastern Lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium) verticillata). Its piercing red berries will brighten Massachusetts—including the unique pine barrens This easy going plant will thrive in a sunny, open your life during those cold and dark days, from in and around Myles Standish State Forest. location with poor, sandy, or rocky soil. Blueberries November right through February. They also can Together we can prevent sheep’s-bit and others like can be found in nurseries, including a few provide food for birds. Keep in mind, for berries it from ruining the globally rare pine barrens. Learn horticultural varieties. You will have a nice, natural you will have to more about identifying, controlling, and replacing groundcover and besides enjoy an annual crop of have both sexes invasive plants in your own yard. Let’s keep our juicy blueberries! (one male pine barrens intact! Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) shrub for about If you prefer an evergreen groundcover, choose every five Friends of Myles Standish wintergreeen. In addition to glossy foliage all year females). round, your garden will be adorned by bright red State Forest fruit all the way through the winter. They will stand Looking for native trees that work well in www.friendsmssf.com out against snow, sometimes even lasting into the home gardens? Try flowering dogwood (Cornus next spring! florida) and American holly (Ilex opaca). Photos courtesy of Salicicola.com What is an invasive plant? Common Invasive Plants in Southeastern Massachusetts While modest and harmless in their native Why should I be concerned? environment, some plants may become Non-native plant invasions have already Glossy Buckthorn unpredictable and aggressive when introduced to contributed to the complete disappearance of many a faraway country, finding themselves in a new native plants in eastern Massachusetts. One aggressive Birds feed on shiny black berries of this highly invasive setting away from their natural competitors and clone of periwinkle can take the place of wintergreen, consumers. Escaping from gardens and front shrub and thus disperse its wild sarsaparilla, dewberry, Indian pipe, and scores of seeds. Especially harmful in lawns, they first spread to open spaces along other natives! Each loss of a native plant can trigger roads, abandoned fields, and other altered wetlands, it has found its way to multiple losses of insects, birds, and other dependent MSSF pond shores. habitats. While some remain there, those most organisms. If we remain indifferent about invasive plants vigorous advance even farther—right into natural advancing on us, the pine barrens we know may Garlic Mustard habitats. Those alien plants that find their way eventually be lost to groves of Norway spruce, thickets of into forests, rivers, and ponds where they displace Japanese knotweed, ponds circled by reeds, glossy One of the most notorious native plants are considered invasive. buckthorn, and rusty willow! intruders in the New World, garlic mustard produces How can I help? chemicals that hamper growth Constant vigilance. Start in your own yard. Is there of other plants. a Japanese honeysuckle climbing on the fence? Or is there a row of barberry bushes displaying bright red fruit in front of your house? The only way to effectively deal Japanese Knotweed with an invasive plant infestation is to remove invasive A well-known urban invader, plants right away. If YOU fail to act on time, the this aggressive plant makes it problem plants may spread, ruining the natural landscape from the roadside to as they go. conservation land, once it finds a foothold in a disturbed habitat. Oriental Bittersweet The dangerous vine acts like a boa constrictor winding its way up tree trunks , suffocating trees. It has been recently spotted in MSSF. Common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) and Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) are invasive shrubs. Both are now banned from all sales and propagation, though they can still often be found in yards. Remove! Rusty Willow Avoid using alien plants in your garden! The alien willow has become Beware. Many non-native plants are rather aggressive, the most common willow in SE even though they are not yet labeled “invasive”. Research Massachusetts, displacing each plant before you buy it. Ask your local nursery what Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) produces leafy native plants in wetlands and rosettes during the first year. The next year: little bluestem native plants they can offer. For more information visit around ponds. Find out more and golden asters are forced aside by the invasive newcomer, Mass Wildlife’s Natural Heritage & Endangered Species about it at salicicola.com/ whose roots emit chemicals that kill other plants. Program (Google “mass wildlife invasive plants”). announcements/atrocinerea/..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Checklist of Common Native Plants the Diversity of Acadia National Park Is Refl Ected in Its Plant Life; More Than 1,100 Plant Species Are Found Here
    National Park Service Acadia U.S. Department of the Interior Acadia National Park Checklist of Common Native Plants The diversity of Acadia National Park is refl ected in its plant life; more than 1,100 plant species are found here. This checklist groups the park’s most common plants into the communities where they are typically found. The plant’s growth form is indicated by “t” for trees and “s” for shrubs. To identify unfamiliar plants, consult a fi eld guide or visit the Wild Gardens of Acadia at Sieur de Monts Spring, where more than 400 plants are labeled and displayed in their habitats. All plants within Acadia National Park are protected. Please help protect the park’s fragile beauty by leaving plants in the condition that you fi nd them. Deciduous Woods ash, white t Fraxinus americana maple, mountain t Acer spicatum aspen, big-toothed t Populus grandidentata maple, red t Acer rubrum aspen, trembling t Populus tremuloides maple, striped t Acer pensylvanicum aster, large-leaved Aster macrophyllus maple, sugar t Acer saccharum beech, American t Fagus grandifolia mayfl ower, Canada Maianthemum canadense birch, paper t Betula papyrifera oak, red t Quercus rubra birch, yellow t Betula alleghaniesis pine, white t Pinus strobus blueberry, low sweet s Vaccinium angustifolium pyrola, round-leaved Pyrola americana bunchberry Cornus canadensis sarsaparilla, wild Aralia nudicaulis bush-honeysuckle s Diervilla lonicera saxifrage, early Saxifraga virginiensis cherry, pin t Prunus pensylvanica shadbush or serviceberry s,t Amelanchier spp. cherry, choke t Prunus virginiana Solomon’s seal, false Maianthemum racemosum elder, red-berried or s Sambucus racemosa ssp.
    [Show full text]
  • Reduction of Diplycosia Indica (2009) to Gaultheria Akaensis (2006)
    Panda, S., J.L. Reveal, and M. Sanjappa. 2012. Reduction of Diplycosia indica (2009) to Gaultheria akaensis (2006). Phytoneuron 2012-35: 1–7. Published 23 April 2012. ISSN 2153 733X REDUCTION OF DIPLYCOSIA INDICA (2009) TO GAULTHERIA AKAENSIS (2006) (ERICACEAE) SUBHASIS PANDA Taxonomy & Biosystematics Laboratory, Post-Graduate Department of Botany Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling-734101 INDIA [email protected] JAMES L. REVEAL L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Department of Plant Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-4301 USA [email protected] MUNIVENKATAPPA SANJAPPA Former Director, Botanical Survey of India Presently at Botanical Garden, University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bengaluru-560064 INDIA ABSTRACT Diplycosia indica M.R. Debta & H.J. Chowdhery is reduced to synonymy under Gaultheria akaensis Panda & Sanjappa due to a misinterpretation of immature floral features of the type material used by Debta and Chowdhery to establish their new species. KEY WORDS : nomenclature, synonymy, India, Singalelah National Park Diplycosia indica was described by Debta and Chowdhery (2009) based on two specimens collected by M.R. Debta in the Singalelah National Park area of the Darjeeling Himalaya. During the course of recent field studies (mid-December 2011) at different locations in Singalelah National Park as part of post-revisionary work in Indian Ericaceae, specimens of a species of Gaultheria L. were collected near Megma, Megma-Tonglu road and in the Kainyakata-Kalapokhri area on rocky slopes near adjacent road sides. The Gaultheria was identified as G. akaensis Panda & Sanjappa (2006), a critically endangered species then known only from Aka Hill in the Arunachal Himalaya. This expression of G. akaensis from the Singalelah National Park then proved to be identical to the type of D.
    [Show full text]
  • Flavored Tobacco Products, Effective As of January 1, 2021
    ORDINANCE NO. ______ (CODE AMENDMENT NO. 772) AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF EL MONTE AMENDING CHAPTER 8.10 (RETAIL SALES OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS) OF TITLE 8 (HEALTH AND SAFETY) OF THE EL MONTE MUNICIPAL CODE TO PROHIBIT THE SALE OF FLAVORED TOBACCO PRODUCTS, EFFECTIVE AS OF JANUARY 1, 2021 WHEREAS, the potential failure of tobacco retailers to comply with tobacco control laws, particularly laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco products to minors, presents a threat to the public health, safety, and welfare of the residents of the City of El Monte (the “City”); WHEREAS, the federal Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (Tobacco Control Act), enacted in 2009, prohibited candy- and fruit-flavored cigarettes,i largely because these flavored products were marketed to youth and young adults,ii and younger smokers were more likely than older smokers to have tried these products;iii WHEREAS, although the manufacture and distribution of flavored cigarettes (excluding menthol) are banned by federal law,iv neither federal law nor California law restricts the sale of menthol cigarettes or flavored non-cigarette tobacco products, such as cigars, cigarillos, smokeless tobacco, hookah tobacco, electronic smoking devices, and the solutions used in these devices; WHEREAS, flavored tobacco products are very common in California tobacco retailers as evidenced by the following: • 97.4% of stores that sell cigarettes sell menthol cigarettes;v • 94.5% of stores that sell little cigars sell them in flavored varieties;vi • 84.2% of stores
    [Show full text]
  • Coptis Trifolia Conservation Assessment
    CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT for Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Originally issued as Management Recommendations December 1998 Marty Stein Reconfigured-January 2005 Tracy L. Fuentes USDA Forest Service Region 6 and USDI Bureau of Land Management, Oregon and Washington CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT FOR COPTIS TRIFOLIA Table of Contents Page List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. 2 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 2 Summary........................................................................................................................................ 4 I. NATURAL HISTORY............................................................................................................. 6 A. Taxonomy and Nomenclature.......................................................................................... 6 B. Species Description ........................................................................................................... 6 1. Morphology ................................................................................................................... 6 2. Reproductive Biology.................................................................................................... 7 3. Ecological Roles ............................................................................................................. 7 C. Range and Sites
    [Show full text]
  • Preparation of Aspirin, Methyl Salicylate and Nylon Experiment #6
    Preparation of Aspirin, Methyl Salicylate and Nylon Experiment #6 Objective: To observe the contrasts in appearance and odor of two different esters of salicylic acid, namely aspirin and methyl salicylate. The preparation of nylon will be demonstrated. Introduction Salicylic acid is a phenolic acid, indicating it has two functional groups on the benzene ring, an -OH group and a -COOH group. Aspirin and oil of wintergreen are esters of salicylic acid. Aspirin is the ester of salicylic acid and acetic acid (acetyl salicylic acid), whereas oil of wintergreen is the ester of salicylic acid and methanol (methyl salicylate). The chemical name for aspirin, acetyl salicylic acid, is not easily recognized as the name of an ester. However, the chemical name for oil of wintergreen, methyl salicylate, should readily be recognized as the name of an ester. In the preparation of aspirin the -OH group of salicylic acid reacts with the acetyl group of acetic acid or acetic anhydride to form acetyl salicylic acid. The formation of aspirin will proceed faster if acetic anhydride is used in place of acetic acid. However, acetic anhydride will hydrolyze in the presence of water to form acetic acid, slowing down the reaction. Hence, the reaction vessel must be very DRY to ensure a complete reaction. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is used as a dehydrating agent. The aspirin will be isolated by filtration and washed several times with ice cold deionized water to remove the water soluble impurities (acetic acid and sulfuric acid). Aspirin is quite insoluble in ice cold water, but is relatively soluble in warm water (1 g dissolves in 100 mL water at 37EC).
    [Show full text]
  • Salal Gaultheria Shallon
    Mountain Loop Conservancy Fact Sheet: Salal Gaultheria shallon Range: Salal grows only in North America and ranges from southeastern Alaska south to central California and east through the western slopes of the coastal ranges and Cascade Mountains. Salal grows from sea level to an elevation of 2,500 feet (763 m). Identification: This shrub grows to a height of 1.3 to 10 feet (0.4 - 3 m). Its evergreen leaves are thick, leathery, and shiny. Leaves are a pointed egg shape and are 2 - 4 inches (5 – 10cm) long. The green leaves grow alternately off stems that are often reddish in color. The lantern- shaped flowers are white to pinkish in color and grow along the ends of stems in showy clusters of 5 -15. They bloom from May 15 – July 1. Salal has a “pseudo berry” that is actually fleshy flower sepals. The berries are 0.24 - 0.4 inch (6 - 10mm) in diameter and reddish-blue to dark purple in color. They are covered with tiny hairs. The fruit is edible and is ripe by August 15. The berries taste a little like huckleberries but they are sweeter and have a drier texture. Salal with berries. Photo by Angie Goodloe © Unique characteristics: This is one of the most common understory plant species in the Pacific Northwest. Salal varies widely in height depending on where they are growing. Their growth can be a low, scraggly form or a tall, almost impenetrable, thicket. Habitat: Salal grows in a wide variety of habitats from coastal dunes to montane forests. It can grow in dry to very wet sites and tolerates sun or shade.
    [Show full text]
  • Focuson MOUTHRINSES
    v16F_mouthrinsetable_Layout 1 3/28/14 11:04 AM Page 30 FOCUSonMOUTHRINSES This informative table provides details about the therapeutic and cosmetic mouthrinses currently available. Do patients truly understand how mouthrinses work? Some may think of them as “magic bullets” that will cure their dental ailments with just a swish and spit. Oral health professionals, however, know that this is not the case. Patients still need advice on the proper usage and selection of mouthrinses, and the best resource for mouthrinse information is you—their dental hygienist. As the dental team member whose focus is prevention, your knowledge of mouthrinses is paramount to providing excellent patient care. With so many different mouthrinses on the market today, keeping up to date on the prod- ucts available is challenging. This Dimensions of Dental Hygiene mouthrinse guide is intended to help you sort through both the therapeutic and cosmetic mouthrinse options. When consider- ing over-the-counter therapeutic mouthrinses, noting which products have received the American Dental Association’s Seal of Acceptance is also helpful, as they have been evaluated for safety and efficacy. We hope you find this guide useful when making product recommen- dations to patients who wish to add rinsing to their daily oral care regimens. —Jill Rethman, RDH, BA Editor in Chief Note: Mouthrinse manufacturers in the United States were invited to submit information for this table. This list includes those companies that responded to our request for information. There may be inadvertent
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- ERICACEAE
    Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- ERICACEAE ERICACEAE (Heath Family) A family of about 107 genera and 3400 species, primarily shrubs, small trees, and subshrubs, nearly cosmopolitan. The Ericaceae is very important in our area, with a great diversity of genera and species, many of them rather narrowly endemic. Our area is one of the north temperate centers of diversity for the Ericaceae. Along with Quercus and Pinus, various members of this family are dominant in much of our landscape. References: Kron et al. (2002); Wood (1961); Judd & Kron (1993); Kron & Chase (1993); Luteyn et al. (1996)=L; Dorr & Barrie (1993); Cullings & Hileman (1997). Main Key, for use with flowering or fruiting material 1 Plant an herb, subshrub, or sprawling shrub, not clonal by underground rhizomes (except Gaultheria procumbens and Epigaea repens), rarely more than 3 dm tall; plants mycotrophic or hemi-mycotrophic (except Epigaea, Gaultheria, and Arctostaphylos). 2 Plants without chlorophyll (fully mycotrophic); stems fleshy; leaves represented by bract-like scales, white or variously colored, but not green; pollen grains single; [subfamily Monotropoideae; section Monotropeae]. 3 Petals united; fruit nodding, a berry; flower and fruit several per stem . Monotropsis 3 Petals separate; fruit erect, a capsule; flower and fruit 1-several per stem. 4 Flowers few to many, racemose; stem pubescent, at least in the inflorescence; plant yellow, orange, or red when fresh, aging or drying dark brown ...............................................Hypopitys 4 Flower solitary; stem glabrous; plant white (rarely pink) when fresh, aging or drying black . Monotropa 2 Plants with chlorophyll (hemi-mycotrophic or autotrophic); stems woody; leaves present and well-developed, green; pollen grains in tetrads (single in Orthilia).
    [Show full text]
  • Experiment 22 Synthesis of Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen
    Experiment 22 Synthesis of Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen GOALS: In this two-week experiment the important area of organic chemistry will be illustrated by the preparation and characterization of two compounds. The usefulness of functional groups will be illustrated as well as the use of NMR, IR, and melting point in characterizing a product. The analysis will be done next week in Experiment 23. INTRODUCTION: Synthesis and use of organic compounds is an extremely important area of modern chemistry. Approximately half of all chemists work with organic chemicals. In everyday life, many if not most of the chemicals you come in contact with are organic chemicals. Examples include drugs, synthetic fabrics, paints, plastics, etc. Synthesis of Aspirin and Methyl Salicylate. The two compounds we will be preparing, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate), are both organic esters. An ester is a compound that is formed when an acid (containing the –COOH group) reacts with an alcohol (a compound containing an –OH group). O O + C O C + O Eqn 1 R O H 1 H R2 R O R H H 1 2 ester water acid alcohol Here R1 and R2 represent groups such as CH3– or CH3CH2–. The reaction type shown above may be called a condensation reaction because the small molecule H2O is eliminated from the reactants while the remaining bits of the reactants condense together to give the main product. This reaction may also be called an esterification, since the product of the reaction is an ester, a compound containing the CO2R group (see chapter 20 for definitions of acids, esters, and alcohols).
    [Show full text]
  • INDEX for 2011 HERBALPEDIA Abelmoschus Moschatus—Ambrette Seed Abies Alba—Fir, Silver Abies Balsamea—Fir, Balsam Abies
    INDEX FOR 2011 HERBALPEDIA Acer palmatum—Maple, Japanese Acer pensylvanicum- Moosewood Acer rubrum—Maple, Red Abelmoschus moschatus—Ambrette seed Acer saccharinum—Maple, Silver Abies alba—Fir, Silver Acer spicatum—Maple, Mountain Abies balsamea—Fir, Balsam Acer tataricum—Maple, Tatarian Abies cephalonica—Fir, Greek Achillea ageratum—Yarrow, Sweet Abies fraseri—Fir, Fraser Achillea coarctata—Yarrow, Yellow Abies magnifica—Fir, California Red Achillea millefolium--Yarrow Abies mariana – Spruce, Black Achillea erba-rotta moschata—Yarrow, Musk Abies religiosa—Fir, Sacred Achillea moschata—Yarrow, Musk Abies sachalinensis—Fir, Japanese Achillea ptarmica - Sneezewort Abies spectabilis—Fir, Himalayan Achyranthes aspera—Devil’s Horsewhip Abronia fragrans – Sand Verbena Achyranthes bidentata-- Huai Niu Xi Abronia latifolia –Sand Verbena, Yellow Achyrocline satureoides--Macela Abrus precatorius--Jequirity Acinos alpinus – Calamint, Mountain Abutilon indicum----Mallow, Indian Acinos arvensis – Basil Thyme Abutilon trisulcatum- Mallow, Anglestem Aconitum carmichaeli—Monkshood, Azure Indian Aconitum delphinifolium—Monkshood, Acacia aneura--Mulga Larkspur Leaf Acacia arabica—Acacia Bark Aconitum falconeri—Aconite, Indian Acacia armata –Kangaroo Thorn Aconitum heterophyllum—Indian Atees Acacia catechu—Black Catechu Aconitum napellus—Aconite Acacia caven –Roman Cassie Aconitum uncinatum - Monkshood Acacia cornigera--Cockspur Aconitum vulparia - Wolfsbane Acacia dealbata--Mimosa Acorus americanus--Calamus Acacia decurrens—Acacia Bark Acorus calamus--Calamus
    [Show full text]
  • ZEROMA7- Peppermint Oil, Camphor Oil Gel Ingenue Care Inc Disclaimer
    ZEROMA7- peppermint oil, camphor oil gel Ingenue Care Inc Disclaimer: Most OTC drugs are not reviewed and approved by FDA, however they may be marketed if they comply with applicable regulations and policies. FDA has not evaluated whether this product complies. ---------- Zeroma7 Uses Uses Aroma therapy blend essential oil for temporary relieves minor aches, pains of muscles and joints associated with: Arthritis Simple backache Strains Bruises Sprains Warnings For external use only Do not use on wounds or damaged skin with a heating pad if you are allergic to any ingredients of this product with other external analgesic products When using this product Use only as directed avoid contact with eyes, mucous membranes or rashes do not bandage tightly Stop use and ask a doctor if rash, itching, or excessive skin irritation develops conditions worsen symptoms persist for more than 7 days symptoms clear up and occur again within a few days Keep out of reach of children If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222) right away. If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use Active Ingredients Peppermint Oil 8% ------------------------------------ Topical Analgesic Camphor Oil 8% --------------------------------------- Topical Analgesic Purpose Topical Analgesic Directions Adults and children 12 years of age and over: Clean and dry affected area Remove patch from film Apply to affected area no more than 3 to 4 times daily for 7 days Remove patch from skin after at most 8 hours’ application
    [Show full text]
  • One-Flowered Pyrola Moneses Uniflora
    Natural Heritage One-flowered Pyrola & Endangered Species Moneses uniflora (Linnaeus) A. Gray Program www.mass.gov/nhesp State Status: Special Concern Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife Federal Status: None DESCRIPTION: One-flowered Pyrola is a small, 3–10 cm tall, evergreen, herbaceous perennial in the family Ericaceae (Heath Family). As its name implies, it has one, waxy, creamy-white flower that blooms in June and July. It is borne on a stalk above one to four whorls of basal leaves. The flowers are fragrant and attract pollinating bumblebees. Plants grow from horizontal roots in a clonal group in cool, mesic shade in pine woodlands or bogs, in litter or on mossy banks. One-flowered Pyrola is mycoheterotrophic (dependent or parasitic on host fungi for nutrients) during seed germination and seedling development (Johnson 2014) Seedlings remain underground for several years before forming above-ground basal leaves and then become autotrophic (nutrients synthesized using energy from Photo by William Moorhead photosynthesis) (Johnson et al. 2015) AIDS TO IDENTIFICATION: One-flowered Pyrola is erect marginal lobes, and ten anthers. Leaves are sub- fairly easy to identify. The single, nodding, rotate orbicular, 1–2 cm (1/2 to 1 in.), glossy green on the (radially symmetrical) flower is 1.5–2.5 cm (3/4 to 1 in.) upper-side and dull green on the underside with slightly across. It has five petals that are 8–12 x 4–8 mm (3/8" x dentate-crenate (rounded teeth) margins. Fruit is a sub- ¼") with minute teeth on the margins, a stigma with five orbicular capsule approximately 4–8 x 5–9 mm (¼" x ¼") which is borne upright and opens from the top down with approximately 1000 dust (minute) seeds.
    [Show full text]