Biology 152 – Axial Skeleton Anatomy Objectives

For this assignment, we will be learning bone names, specialized structures, and left/right/medial aspects of the skull, vertebrae, and ribcage. You will want to learn the bone names first, and then practice the parts of the bones (sutures, foramina, processes, etc.). NOTE: The sides of a skull and ribcage (left versus right) are the patient's sides, not yours!

SKULL BONES – learn their names and positions first ethmoid roof of nose and medial orbits frontal forehead inferior nasal conchae lateral to vomer; inferior in nasal cavity middle nasal conchae lateral to perpendicular plate; middle of the nasal cavity lacrimals with tear glands/ducts mandible lower jaw; fused single bone in adults maxillae upper jaw bones nasals bones at the bridge of the nose occipital inferior and posterior palatines roof of mouth - hard palate parietals superior and lateral sides of skull sphenoid keystone of brain; winglike projections under skull temporals temples zygomatics cheekbones vomer inferior and medial in nasal cavity hyoid anterior of neck; behind the mandible ossicles of ear malleus, incus, and stapes (MIS) inside temporal FORAMINAE – openings through bones for blood vessels and nerves to pass carotid canal for the carotid artery condyloid foramen behind the occipital condyle external acoustic (or auditory) sound waves enter skull to vibrate tympanic membrane meatus eye orbit entire region where the eye is housed greater palatine foramen on palatine bone; lateral edges hypoglossal foramen in front of the occipital condyles) incisive foramen behind incisors (front teeth) internal acoustic (or auditory) where nerve enters brain for hearing; inside skull meatus infraorbital foramen below the orbit jugular foramen for the jugular vein lacerum foramen the ripped hole of LOS lacrimal foramen where you cry lesser palatine foramen only on real skulls; behind greaters foramen magnum the big hole; spine exits here mandibular foramen look inside the mandible mental foramen front of jaw optic foramen (or optic canal) between the orbital fissures, nerves cross as they enter the skull using these openings foramen ovale in the LOS foramen rotundum brain side of the skull below the optic foramen spinosum foramen in the LOS stylomastoid foramen between two bumps on temporal bone superior orbital fissure gash high inside the orbit inferior orbital fissure gash low inside the orbit supraobital foramen above the orbit; best seen on real skulls

PROCESSES and SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES ramus of mandible bone flat part on side of jaw coronoid process (of mandible bone) muscle attachment area of mandible bone mandibular condyle that forms the TMJ with the temporal bone cribriform plate (of ethmoid bone) full of holes for olfactory nerves to enter skull perpendicular plate (of ethmoid bone) centered in nasal area crista galli (of ethmoid bone) high spot in front of skull condyles (of occipital bone ) allow us to rock head “yes” palatine process (of maxilla) form parts of hard palate (or else a cleft forms) sella turcica (of sphenoid bone) “Turk’s saddle” protects pituitary gland styloid process (of temporal bone) “needlelike” spikes for tongue attachment zygomatic process (of temporal bone) back of zygomatic arch (cheek) mastoid process (of temporal bone) “breastlike” bumps for neck muscles temporal process (of zygomatic bone) front of zygomatic arch (cheek)

SUTURES – fused line between bones (need 2 bones to touch here) coronal lambdoidal sagittal squamous Apply the "rule" for naming the rest (Bon-o-Bone2): example: sphenoethmoid or nasofrontal or palatomaxillary or vomomaxillary or occipitotemporal or lacrimomaxillary or zygotemporal

HINTS FOR FORAMINAE – triangles of openings IGL incisive, greater palatine, lesser palatine LOS lacerum, ovale, spinosum CJS carotid, jugular, stylomastoid MHC magnum, hypoglossal, condyloid SOI supraorbital, optic, infraorbital

DISARTICULATED VERTEBRAE – types based on location and use Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) Cervical (C3-C7) Coccyx (2-5 fused) Lumbar (L1-L5) Sacrum (S1-S5) Thoracic (T1-T12)

DISARTICULATED VERTEBRAE – parts of individual bones body dens inferior articular facet lamina pedicle spinous process superior articular facet spinous process transverse foramen transverse process vertebral foramen

ARTICULATED VERTEBRAE intervertebral foramen openings between vertebrae for spinal nerves to exit intervertebral disk fibrocartilage pads between vertebrae

RIBS - right/left - they curve down and around to touch sternum vertebrosternal touch sternum in front vertebrochondral touch cartilage bar in front vertebral touch only vertebrae in back

RIBS – right/left – parts of the bones costal end vertebral end rib tubercle

STERNUM – medial only – separate bones when young, fused in the elderly body manubrium xiphoid process

On the practical itself, you will be given the following format: POSITION - 0.5 points each STRUCTURE NAME – 1 point ea. BONE NAME(S) – 0.5 pnts. ea. 1 left right medial of the 2 left right medial of the 3 left right medial of the