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I. Axial Vs Appendicular Axial Skeleton Forms Long Axis of Body: Skull

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I. Axial Vs Appendicular Axial Skeleton Forms Long Axis of Body: Skull Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8 I. axial vs appendicular axial skeleton forms long axis of body: skull, vertebral column, rib cage appendicular - bones of upper and lower limbs including girdles that attach limbs to axial skeleton II. bone markings A. functions attachment joint surfaces tunnels for blood vessels and nerves B. general meanings 1. projection = something that sticks out from the surface of the bone 2. depression = something that dips in from the surface of the bone 3. opening = tunnel that goes into or through a bone C. confusing terms: 1. tuberosity trochanter tubercle 2. condyle epicondyle 3. crest line spine 4. meatus foramen fissure 5. fossa groove Strong/Fall 2008 page 1 Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8 III. axial skeleton A. skull = cranium + facial bones 1. cranium = bones that enclose brain frontal parietal temporal occipital sphenoid ethmoid 2. suture = interlocking, fused joint between flat bones coronal - frontal and parietal sagittal - left and right parietal squamous - parietal and temporal lambdoidal - parietal and occipital sutural bones = small bones within sutures, no always present 3. paranasal sinuses = cavities inside bones located in frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones filled with air lined by mucous membrane open into nasal cavity condition incoming air (increase surface area of mucosa), voice resonance, decrease skull bone mass 4. fontanel - un-ossified fibrous membranes of skull allow compression of skull during delivery allow continued cranial growth after birth eventually close: anterior posterior mastoid sphenoidal Strong/Fall 2008 page 2 Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8 B. spinal column 1. vertebra/vertebrae body (anterior) arch (posterior) lamina pedicle vertebral foramen processes spinous transverse superior articular inferior articular 2. vertebral column vertebral bodies fused to intervertebral discs arches form spinal or vertebral canal intervertebral foramina between vertebrae articular processes form moveable joints other processes for muscle attachment anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments connect bodies ligamentum flavum connects processes a. cervical (7) body small spinous process short and bifid transverse foramina for passage of vertebral arteries C1 = atlas no body or spinous process articulates superiorly with occipital bone C2 = axis dens/odontoid process projects superiorly from body of axis atlas rotates around dens dens held in place by transverse ligament Strong/Fall 2008 page 3 Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8 b. thoracic (12) rib facets or demifacets on bodies foramen is round spinous process is long and points inferiorly articular factes face anterior/posterior c. lumbar (5) body large foramen is triangular spinous process is short, blunt and straight articular factes angled obliquely d. sacral (5) - fused transverse processes are fused - ala ala form joint with ilium (sacroiliac joint) transverse lines sacral foramina hiatus e. coccyx (3-5) fused vestigial tail bones 3. spinal curves a. normal curvatures primary - present at birth, convex thoracic sacral secondary - concave cervical lumbar b. abnormal curvatures congenital - means "born with" genetic - caused by an error in the DNA teratogenic - caused by abnormal embryonic development disease poor posture unequal muscle tension scoliosis = abnormal lateral curvature usually in the thoracic region kyphosis = excessive thoracic curvature lordosis = excessive lumbar curvature Strong/Fall 2008 page 4 Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8 C. bony thorax = ribs + sternum + thoracic vertebrae + costal cartilages all ribs articular posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae ribs are classified according to their anterior attachments vertebrosternal (also called true) - articulate directly with sternum vertebrochondral (also called false) - articulate indirectly with sternum vertebral (also called false and floating) - do not articulate with sternum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 IV. appendicular skeleton pectoral girdle + upper limb pelvic girdle + lower limb A. coxal bone / os coxa/coxae / innominate bone 3 fused bones ilium ischium pubis meet at acetabulum Strong/Fall 2008 page 5 Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8 B. pelvis = pelvic girdle + sacrum + coccyx true = inferior to pelvic brim false = superior to pelvic brim female male distance between L & R acetabula pubic angle sacrum width sacrum length coccyx pelvic inlet shape C. foot arches - bone shape, ligaments and tendons distribute weight to calcaneus and metatarsals act as a spring when weight is placed on foot medial longitudinal arch lateral longitudinal arch transverse arch Strong/Fall 2008 page 6 .
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