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Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8

I. axial vs appendicular axial forms long of body: , , cage appendicular - of upper and lower limbs including girdles that attach limbs to

II. markings

A. functions attachment surfaces tunnels for blood vessels and

B. general meanings

1. projection = something that sticks out from the surface of the bone

2. depression = something that dips in from the surface of the bone

3. opening = tunnel that goes into or through a bone

C. confusing terms:

1. tuberosity trochanter

2. condyle epicondyle

3. crest line spine

4. meatus fissure

5. fossa groove

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Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8

III. axial skeleton

A. skull = cranium + facial bones

1. cranium = bones that enclose brain

frontal parietal temporal occipital sphenoid ethmoid

2. suture = interlocking, fused joint between flat bones

coronal - frontal and parietal

sagittal - left and right parietal

squamous - parietal and temporal

lambdoidal - parietal and occipital

sutural bones = small bones within sutures, no always present

3. paranasal sinuses = cavities inside bones

located in frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones filled with air lined by mucous membrane open into nasal cavity condition incoming air (increase surface area of mucosa), voice resonance, decrease skull bone mass

4. fontanel - un-ossified fibrous membranes of skull

allow compression of skull during delivery allow continued cranial growth after birth eventually close: anterior posterior mastoid sphenoidal

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Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8

B. spinal column

1. /vertebrae

body (anterior) arch (posterior) lamina pedicle processes spinous transverse superior articular inferior articular

2. vertebral column vertebral bodies fused to intervertebral discs arches form spinal or vertebral canal intervertebral foramina between vertebrae form moveable other processes for muscle attachment anterior and posterior longitudinal connect bodies ligamentum flavum connects processes

a. cervical (7) body small spinous short and bifid transverse foramina for passage of vertebral

C1 = no body or spinous process articulates superiorly with

C2 = axis dens/odontoid process projects superiorly from body of axis atlas rotates around dens dens held in place by transverse

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Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8

b. thoracic (12) rib facets or demifacets on bodies foramen is round spinous process is long and points inferiorly articular factes anterior/posterior

c. (5) body large foramen is triangular spinous process is short, blunt and straight articular factes angled obliquely

d. sacral (5) - fused transverse processes are fused - ala ala form joint with () transverse lines sacral foramina hiatus

e. (3-5) fused vestigial bones

3. spinal curves

a. normal curvatures

primary - present at birth, convex thoracic sacral secondary - concave cervical lumbar

b. abnormal curvatures

congenital - means "born with" genetic - caused by an error in the DNA teratogenic - caused by abnormal embryonic development disease poor posture unequal muscle tension

= abnormal lateral curvature usually in the thoracic region = excessive thoracic curvature = excessive lumbar curvature

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Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8

C. bony = + + + costal

all ribs articular posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae ribs are classified according to their anterior attachments

vertebrosternal (also called true) - articulate directly with sternum vertebrochondral (also called false) - articulate indirectly with sternum vertebral (also called false and floating) - do not articulate with sternum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

IV.

pectoral girdle + upper

pelvic girdle + lower limb

A. coxal bone / os coxa/coxae / innominate bone 3 fused bones ilium meet at acetabulum

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Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8

B. = pelvic girdle + + coccyx

true = inferior to pelvic brim false = superior to pelvic brim

male distance between L & R acetabula pubic angle sacrum width sacrum length coccyx pelvic inlet shape

C. arches - bone shape, ligaments and tendons

distribute weight to and metatarsals act as a spring when weight is placed on foot

medial longitudinal arch

lateral longitudinal arch

transverse arch

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