REQUIRED LIST OF BONES AND MARKINGS

Axial Skeleton

Skull

Cranial Bones (8) Frontal Bone (1)  Supraorbital foramina  Supraorbital ridges or margins

Parietal Bones (2)

Temporal Bones (2)  External auditory meatus  Mastoid process  Styloid process  Zygomatic process  Mandibular fossa  Foramen lacerum  Carotid foramen  Jugular foramen  Stylomastoid foramen  Internal auditory meatus

Occipital Bone (1)  Foramen magnum  Occipital condyles

Ethmoid Bone (1)  Cribriform plate  Olfactory foramina in cribriform plate  Crista galli  Perpendicular plate (forms superior part of nasal septum)  Middle nasal concha  Superior nasal concha

Sphenoid Bone (1)  Foramen ovale  Foramen rotundum  Sella turcica  Greater wing  Lesser wing  Optic foramen  Inferior orbital fissure  Superior orbital fissure  Pterygoid processes

Skull (cont’d)

Facial Bones (14)

Lacrimal Bones (2)  Lacrimal fossa

Nasal Bones (2)

Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)

Vomer (1) (forms inferior portion of nasal septum)

Zygomatic Bones (2)  Temporal process (forms zygomatic arch with zygomatic process of temporal bone)

Maxillae (2)  Alveoli  Palatine process (forms anterior part of hard palate)

Palatine Bones (2) (form posterior part of hard palate)

Mandible (1)  Alveoli  Body  Mental foramen  Ramus  Condylar process (mandibular condyle)  Coronoid process

Miscellaneous (Skull)  Paranasal sinuses are located in the ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, frontal bone, and maxillae  Zygomatic arch (“cheekbone”) is composed of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone  2 pairs of nasal conchae (superior and middle) are part of the ethmoid bone. 1 pair (inferior) are separate facial bones. All the scroll-like conchae project into the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.  Hard palate (“roof of mouth”) is composed of 2 palatine processes of the maxillae and the 2 palatine bones (total of 4 fused bones).  Fetal and newborn skull contains 1 anterior (frontal) fontanel; 1 posterior (occipital) fontanel; 2 anterolateral (sphenoidal) fontanels (1 on each side); 2 posterolateral (mastoid) fontanels (1 on each side)  Main sutures in the skull are the coronal (joins frontal and parietal bones); sagittal (joins parietal bones); lambdoid (joins both parietal bones with the occipital bone); and 2 squamous sutures (each joins the temporal and parietal bones on either side of skull)

Axial Skeleton (Cont’d)

Hyoid Bone  Greater horns  Lesser horns  Body

Vertebral Column (26 vertebrae)  Cervical vertebrae (7)  Thoracic vertebrae (12)  Lumbar vertebrae (5)  Sacrum (1 consisting of 5 fused sacral vertebrae)  Coccyx (1 consisting of 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae)

 4 normal curvatures – cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral  Intervertebral disc between each unfused vertebra consists of an annulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage) surrounding a nucleus pulposus (soft, spongy elastic tissue)

A typical cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebra consists of a  body  vertebral arch formed by 2 posterior laminae fused with 2 anterior pedicles  2 transverse processes  2 superior articular processes with facets  2 inferior articular processes with facets  spinous process  vertebral foramen (of all vertebrae form vertebral canal)  vertebral notches (superior and inferior stacked form intervertebral foramina)

CERVICAL vertebrae in general have bifid spinous processes (except C1 &C7) and transverse foramina. The first cervical vertebra is the atlas which lacks a body and spinous process. It is a ring of bone consisting of anterior and posterior arches and large lateral masses which contain superior and inferior articular facets, transverse processes containing transverse foramina and a vertebral foramen. The second cervical vertebra is the axis which has a body containing the dens (odontoid process), transverse foramina in transverse processes as well as all other features of a typical vertebra. The seventh cervical vertebra has a vertebra prominens in place of the bifid spinous process, transverse foramina in transverse processes as well as all other features of a typical vertebra.

THORACIC vertebrae in general are larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae and have spinous processes which are long, laterally flattened, and directed inferiorly. In addition, T 1-10 have facets in the transverse processes for articulating with the tubercles of ribs. All bodies of thoracic vertebrae have either facets or demifacets for articulating with the heads of ribs (you do not need to know which ones have facets and/or demifacets).

LUMBAR vertebrae are the largest and strongest unfused vertebrae and have large thick spinous processes. The superior articular processes are directed medially and the inferior articular processes are directed laterally.

Axial Skeleton (Cont’d)

Vertebral Column (Cont’d)

SACRUM  Sacral ala  Base of sacrum  Superior articular facets on processes  Anterior and posterior sacral foramina  Sacral promontory  Sacral canal  Sacral hiatus

COCCYX

Sternum  Manubrium  Body  Xiphoid process  Sternal angle

Ribs  12 pairs of ribs  Ribs 1-7 are true ribs (have individual costal cartilages which attach to sternum)  Ribs 8-12 are false ribs (8-10 have costal cartilages which attach to each other and then to the cartilages of the 7th pair of ribs. 11-12 are false ribs which are called floating ribs because their costal cartilages do not attach to the sternum at all.  Head  Neck  Body  Superior and inferior facets  Tubercle  Articular facet on tubercle  Costal groove

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

Clavicle  Acromial end  Sternal end  Conoid tubercle

Scapula  Spine  Acromion  Glenoid cavity (fossa)  Coracoid process  Supraspinous fossa  Infraspinous fossa  Subscapular fossa  Lateral (axillary) border  Medial (vertebral) border

Bones of the Upper Limb

Humerus  Head  Anatomical neck  Greater tubercle  Lesser tubercle  Intertubercular sulcus  Surgical neck  Deltoid tuberosity  Trochlea  Capitulum  Medial and lateral epicondyles  Radial fossa  Coronoid fossa  Olecranon fossa

Bones of the Upper Limb (Cont’d)

Ulna  Olecranon  Coronoid process  Trochlear notch  Styloid process  Radial notch

Radius  Head  Radial tuberosity  Styloid process

Carpus (8 carpal bones of wrist) Proximal Row  Scaphoid  Lunate  Triquetrum  Pisiform Distal Row  Trapezium  Trapezoid  Capitate  Hamate

Metacarpus (5 bones of palm)  Metacarpals I – V from thumb to little finger

Phalanges (bones of digits - numbered I-V from thumb to little finger)  Thumb has 2 phalanges, proximal and distal  Digits II – V each have 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)

Bones of the Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

Os Coxa (2) - Each is formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis

 Iliac crest (ilium)  Posterior and Anterior iliac spines (ilium)  Greater sciatic notch (ilium)  Iliac fossa  Ischial spine (ischium)  Ischial tuberosity (ischium)  Pubic symphysis (pubis)  Obturator foramen (ilium, ischium, and pubis)  Acetabulum (ilium, ischium, and pubis)

The bony pelvis is formed by the posterior articulation of the sacrum with the ilium at the sacroiliac joint and the anterior articulation of the os coxa at the pubic symphysis . You should know how to distinguish a male from a female bony pelvis and you should also know the following parts of the bony pelvis:  Pelvic brim  False pelvis  True pelvis  Pelvic inlet  Pelvic outlet

Bones of the Lower Limb

Femur  Head  Neck  Greater trochanter  Lesser trochanter  Medial and Lateral condyles  Medial and Lateral epicondyles  Gluteal tuberosity  Linea aspera

Patella

Tibia  Medial and lateral condyles  Tibial tuberosity  Anterior crest (border)  Medial malleolus

Bones of the Lower Limb (Cont’d)

Fibula  Head  Lateral malleolus

Tarsus (7 tarsal bones of ankle)  Talus  Calcaneus  Cuboid  Navicular  Lateral cuneiform  Intermediate cuneiform  Medial cuneiform

Metatarsus (5 metatarsal bones )  Metatarsals I – V from great toe to little toe

Phalanges (bones of toes numbered I-V from great toe to little toe)  Great toe has 2 phalanges, proximal and distal  Toes II – V each have 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)

In laboratory, you should be able to distinguish a right bone from a left bone.