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The

Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi

ebneshahidi 22 • 8 cranial bones – Frontal 1 – Parietal 2 – Occipital 1 – Temporal 2 – Sphenoid 1 – Ethmoid 1 • 14 facial bones – 2 – Palatine 2 – Zygomatic 2 – Lacrimal 2 – Nasal 2 – 1 – Inferior 2 – 1 ebneshahidi • Middle bones 2 6 bones 2 2 • Hyoid Hyoid 1 1 bones • 26 bones Cervical 7 Thoracic vertebra 12 vertebra 5 1 1 • Thoracic cage 25 bones 24 1 ebneshahidi The

• Pectoral girdle 2 4 bones 2 • Upper limbs 60 bones 2 2 2 Carpal 16 Metacarpal 10 Phalanx 28

ebneshahidi • Pelvic girdle 2 bones Coxal bone 2 • Lower limbs 60 bones 2 2 2 2 Tarsal 14 Metatarsal 10 Phalanx 28

Total 206 bones

ebneshahidi Skull (Cranium) • Skull Skull: protect (brain case).

Facial bones: - Contains cavities for (eyes, smell). - Frame of the . - Attachment sites for mulches of mastication & facial expression. ebneshahidi The Eight bones of the cranium

a) ( ) • Frontal sinuses • Forms superior part of orbits • Forms roof of • b) Parietal bones and major sutures • Curved , rectangular bone • Forms the bulging sides and roof of cranium • The 4 largest sutures occur where articulates with other bones.

ebneshahidi • Coronal : where parietal bones meet the frontal bone anteriorly. • Lamboid suture : where parietal bones meet the posteriorly. • Squamous suture : where parietal and meet on the lateral aspect of the skull . • : where the 2 parietal bones meet superiorly at the cranial midline .

ebneshahidi ebneshahidi • C) Occipital bone : • Forms the (posterior) of skull • magnum : a large opening on its lower surface houses fibers that pass through and enter the vertebral to become the . • Occipital : articulates with the first vertebra () • Hypoglossal canals : for passage of hypoglossal .

ebneshahidi ebneshahidi • d) Temporal bones : – Lateral sides of skull. – Contains the external auditory (external ear). – Mandibular – receive condyles of mandible (lower ). – () – projects interiorly from the temporal bone. – Mastoid process – attachment for muscles of . – Styloid process – attachment for muscles of and . – Jugular fareamen – at the junction of occipital and petrous temporal bone allows passage of the internal jugular . – – transmit internal carotid .

ebneshahidi ebneshahidi ebneshahidi • e) (butterfly - shaped) – – indentition of a part of sphenoid, in the depression lies the . – Contains 2 sphenoid sinuses. – It has greater and lesser wings. – Optic foramina – allows passage of the optic nerve. – Superior orbital – a long slit between the greater and lesser wing allows passage of the that control eye movements (III , IV, VI) to enter the .

ebneshahidi ebneshahidi ebneshahidi • F) : – – passage for the . – Middle and (nasal plates), also known as turbinates. – Ethmoid sinuses.

ebneshahidi ebneshahidi Facial Skeleton • Maxillary bones (upper jaw) • All facial bones except mandible articulate with maxillae. • Forms roof of (anterior 2/3 of hard ). • Contains upper teeth . • Maxillary sinuses (largest sinuses). • of maxilla articulate with . • – allows passage of . • Infraorbital fissure – at junction of maxilla with the greater wing of sphenoid allows passage of zygomatic nerve, (a branch of cranial nerve V), and vessels.

ebneshahidi ebneshahidi ebneshahidi • Palatine bones – L shaped . – Forms post 1/3 of hard plate . • Zygomatic bones ( bones) – Temporal process , which extends posteriorly to join the zygomatic process of temporal bone. Together these processes form the zygomatic arch . • Lacrimal bones – A groove in its anterior portion forms the lacrimal fossa (tear channel). • Nasal bones – Forms bridge of medially – Attachment of cartilaginous tissues that form the shape of the nose .

ebneshahidi ebneshahidi • Vomer bone: unpaired, forms the along with ethmoid bone. • Inferior nasal conches (largest): Support mucous membranes within nasal cavity . • Mandible (lower jaw) –Unpaired. –Horseshoe – shaped (u-shaped). –Largest bone of the face. –It has a body –anchors the lower teeth. –2 ramus. –Coronoid process – site of attachment of temporalis muscle that elevates jaw during . –Mandibular – articulates with of temporal bone to form T.M.J. ebneshahidi ebneshahidi • The orbits: • Bony cavities within which the eyes are encased. The walls of each orbit are formed by parts of seven bones (the frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid bones).

ebneshahidi Infantile skull • At , skull is incompletely developed, with fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones. These membranes are called fontanels (soft spots). • Allow brain growth by allowing skull to expand.

ebneshahidi The vertebral Column • The vertebral column (the spine) :

• Cervical spine (C1-C7)

• Thoracic spine (T1-T12)

• Lumbar spine (L1-L5) • Sacrum (5 vertebra fused into one bone) • Coccyx (4 vertebra fused) Curvatures of spine: • Cervical & Lumbar are concave posteriorly • Thoracic & sacral curvature are convex posteriorly ebneshahidi Abnormal Curvatures: • : abnormal lateral curvature of spine. • : (hunch back) , exaggerated dorsally (T – spine ). • : exaggerated Lumbar curvature.

ebneshahidi • Intervertebral discs : cushion like pads located between vertebrae. It is composed of 2 parts. • Nucleus pulpous – act like a rubber ball which gives disc elasticity and compressibility. • Annulus fibrosus – a strong collar of fibers and fibro- , holds the nucleus pulpous in place and resists tension in spine. Rupture of annulus fibrosus causes protrusion of nucleus resulting in herniated disc.

ebneshahidi General structure of vertebrae

• Body: weight bearing portion, located anteriorly. • Vertebral arch : located posteriorly. Seven processes project form this arch. • : opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch, through which the spinal cord passes. • Pedicle: project posteriorly from the vertebral body.

ebneshahidi • Lamina: flattened plates that fuse posteriorly to close the arch. • Spinous process: posterior projection arising from the junction of 2 lamina (posterior projection of the arch). • Transverse process: extends laterally from each side of the arch. • Intervertebral foramina: the spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord pass through these holes.

ebneshahidi Vertebral Characteristics

: (C1-C7)

• C1= known as atlas.

• C2= known as .

• C7= known as vertebra prominens.

• C1 – has no body and no spinous process.

• C2 – has a knob like structure called dens or odontoid process projecting superiorly. Odontoid allows rotation of atlas.

• C3- C7 have the following characteristics: • The body is oval shaped

• The SP's are short (except for C7 that is long). • Vertebral foramen is triangular & large . • Each T.P contains a transverse foramen through which the vertebral blood vessels pass to service the brain . ebneshahidi ebneshahidi • : (T1-T12) • The body is shaped • Vertebral foramen is circular • Sp is long and points sharply inferiorly

• With exception of T11 and T12 ,they articulate with ribs.

: (L1-L5) • The body is massive and shaped (support body weight). • Vertebral foramen is triangular

• Sp's are short ebneshahidi ebneshahidi ebneshahidi • Sacrum: Triangular shaped structure. Formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae. Strengthen and stabilize the . • Coccyx ( bone): Formed by fusion of 4 vertebrae.

ebneshahidi The bony (Thoracic Cage )

• Includes the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal . • Sternum : ( bone)- lies in anterior mid – line of the thorax. It results from the fusion of 3 bones: the Manubruin, the body and the . • Ribs : • 12 pairs • 1-7 ribs are true ribs because they join the sternum directly. • Reaming 5 ribs are false ribs (8 -12) they donot have sternal attachment, directly. • Ribs 11-12 are floating ribs – no anterior attachment .

ebneshahidi ebneshahidi The Appendicular Skeleton

• The pectoral girdle ( girdle ): 4 parts • 2 (collar bones) & 2 scapulae (shoulder blades) • Clavicle: has a sternal (medial end) & an acrominal (lateral end) • Scapulae: – has the genocide cavity that articulates with the humerus of the , forming the shoulder . – spine – divides the scapula into unequal portions called the supra- spinous and infraspinous fossa. – the : the spine ends laterally in an enlarged anterior projection, articulates with clavicle to form A-C joint. – process – site of attachment of muscle and other upper muscles . – subscapulars fossa (cavity) – concavity of entire anterior scapular surface . ebneshahidi ebneshahidi ebneshahidi The • Humerus : single bone of the arm. • – fits into the glenoid cavity of scapula. • It has a greater & a which are sites of attachment of muscles that move the upper limb, at shoulder. • Intertubercular groove – of biceps brachii muscle passes through this groove. • – attachment site of . ebneshahidi • Radial groove – radial nerve passes. • Trochlea – located medially at distal end of humerus. • Capitulum – located laterally at distal end of humerus. • Medial & lateral for attachment of muscles. passes behind the medial . • Coronoid fossa – . surface, receives the coronoid process of ulna. • fossa – posterior surface of humerus (distally) – receives the olecranon process of ulna. ebneshahidi (Radius & Ulna) • Radius: • located on side of the forearm. • extends from to and crosses over the ulna when the is turned so that the palm backward. • head – articulates with capitulum of the humerus. • – attachment point for biceps. • styled process – attachment point for the of the wrist. ebneshahidi • Ulna: • longer than radius • forms the elbow joint with humerus. • olecranon and coronoid process fit into the and coronoid fossa of the humerus when the elbow bends. • head – located at distal end of ulna. • medial styloid process – site of attachment of ligaments of wrist.

ebneshahidi • hand: Wrist

Palm

5

• Wrist: consists of 8 short bones. • Proximal row: (lateral to medial )- scaphoid , lunate, triquetral, pisiform • Distal row : (lateral to medial) – , trapezoid , capitate, hamate.

• Sally Left The Party To Take Cathy Home. ebneshahidi ebneshahidi Metacarpals & Phalanges of the hand • 5 bones, one in line with each , numbered 1-5 from thumb to . • Their articulate with carpals and their head with phalanges (are considered long bones even though small). • Phalanges (Fingers): • Numbered 1-5 • Have proximal , middle and distal ends (thumb lacks middle phalanx). • So each hand has 14 finger bones.

ebneshahidi ebneshahidi The Pelvic () Girdle • Consists of 2 coaxal bones (hip bones). • Transmits the weight of body to . • Protects , distal end of , and reproductive organs. • Coaxal bones: – • These 3 bones fuse in a region of cup–shaped cavity called aceutabulum . • Ilium: • largest and most superior portion of the coaxial bone , flares out ward . ebneshahidi ebneshahidi • posterioly it joins the sacrum to form the . • posterioly indents to form the greater sciatic notch. • Ischium: • forms the posteroinferior part of the , L – shaped. • has an , that supports our weight when seated, and is the strongest part of the hip bones. • Pubis: • forms the anterior portion of the coax bone, the 2 pubic bones come together at midline to form the pubic • V – shaped • Obturator foramen – largest foramen of body (skeleton), is formed by both ischium + pubis bones.

ebneshahidi ebneshahidi The Lower Limb • Femur ( bone): • Longest, strongest bone of the body. • Head of femur fits into the . • Greater & lesser – site of attachment of muscles. is superior and laterally located. is medially located and is inferior to greater trochanter.

ebneshahidi • Lateral and medial condyles, located distally and articulate with tibia of the . • Lateral and medial epicondyles – provide attachment for muscles and ligaments. • Patella ( cap): • • Located anteriorly over the knee • Important in knee motion .

ebneshahidi • Tibia ( bone) • Largest of the 2 leg bones. • Located on the medial side of leg. • Next strongest bone in body. • Leteral & medial condyles. • Tibial tuberosiy – attachment point for patellar . • medial - distal medial . • Fibula: • Head- located proximally • Lat. Malleolus, distally located • Forms the lat. ankle ebneshahidi ebneshahidi • : 1) Tarsal bones 2) Metatarsals 3) Phalanges. • Tarsal bones – 7 tarsals • Talus – can move freely where it joins tibia and fibula. • – forms the of foot. It is the site of attachment of Achillis tendon. • The reaming tarsal are the Lat. Cuboid, Navicular and the Medial, Intermediate and Lat. Cuneiforms. ebneshahidi • Metatarsals: numbered 1- 5 ,beginning on the medial side • Phalanges (): 14 phalanges • 3 phalanges in each except for great toe (the hallux), which has two.

ebneshahidi Clinical Terms • – Deformity of great toe; lateral displacement of great toe and medial displacement of metatarsal 1, caused by thight shoes. • Club foot – congenital disease in which the soles of feet face medially and toes point inferiorly. • - treating disease by manipulating the spine. • Podiatrists - a specialist in foot disorders . • Orthopedists – surgeon who repair damaged bone and . • Prolapsed disc – A herniated disc.

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