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The Intelligence of Intelligent Buildings the of Feasibility the Intelligent Building Concept in Office Buildings ESPOO 2003

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The Intelligence of Intelligent Buildings the of Feasibility the Intelligent Building Concept in Office Buildings ESPOO 2003 ESPOO 2003 VTT PUBLICATIONS 492 VTT PUBLICATIONS 492 PUBLICATIONS VTT Buildings Intelligent of Intelligence The Building of the IBs (Intelligent Buildings) is based on the IB concepts, which are very accurately defined for the practical purposes. The lack of universal definition of intelligent building has encouraged to study the knowledge­ based systems for the definition of building intelligence. The BI (Building Intelligence) turned out to be a function of human intelligence, which the building professionals lend to the building through knowledge trans­ formation. The forms of the BI are: building connectivity, building self­ recognition, spatiality, building kinaesthetics and building logic. The BIF (Building Intelligence Framework) describes the interplay between the building stakeholders and the building intelligence. In this interplay the focus is in the human­building connectivity, which is defined also in the thesis. Also end­users lend their intelligence to the building if they have the opportunity to give feedback of the design or the building. The definition of the BI is done on the grounds of the IBs Survey, which is comparing five IBs and seven reference buildings in the Helsinki metropolitan area with a questionnaire of 417 parameters, to which was got 534 responses. The difference of the two building types proves the existence Mervi Himanen of the successful implementation of the IB concepts in the office buildings. The office workers’ productivity has been the measurement of the building efficacy. Rich result of the quality of knowledge work environment and the The Intelligence of end­user requirements of it have been gained. The end­user requirements of knowledge work environment do not differ only on the basis of the quality Intelligent Buildings of technology and spaces, but the working environment design should offer different solutions according to the status of the worker and it should be The Feasibility of the different for women and men. Intelligent Building Concept in Office Buildings Tätä julkaisua myy Denna publikation säljs av This publication is available from Himanen Mervi VTT TIETOPALVELU VTT INFORMATIONSTJÄNST VTT INFORMATION SERVICE PL 2000 PB 2000 P.O.Box 2000 02044 VTT 02044 VTT FI–02044 VTT, Finland Puh. 020 722 4404 Tel. 020 722 4404 Phone internat. +358 20 722 4404 Faksi 020 722 4374 Fax 020 722 4374 Fax +358 20 722 4374 ISBN 951– 38– 6038– 8 (soft back ed.) ISBN 951 – 38– 6646– 7 (URL :http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/) ISSN 1235– 0621 (soft back ed.) ISS N 145 5– 0849 (URL:http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/) VTT PUBLICATIONS 492 The Intelligence of Intelligent Buildings The Feasibility of the Intelligent Building Concept in Office Buildings Mervi Himanen VTT Building and Transport Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science in Technology to be presented with due permission of the Department of Surveying, Helsinki University of Technology for public examination and debate in Auditorium A at Helsinki University of Technology (Espoo, Finland) on the 27th of March, 2003, at 12 noon. TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND ESPOO 2003 ISBN 951–38–6038–8 (soft back ed.) ISSN 1235–0621 (soft back ed.) ISBN 951–38–6646–7 (URL:http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/) ISSN 1455–0849 (URL:http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/) Copyright © VTT 2003 JULKAISIJA – UTGIVARE – PUBLISHER VTT, Vuorimiehentie 5, PL 2000, 02044 VTT puh. vaihde 020 722 111, faksi (09) 722 4374 VTT, Bergsmansvägen 5, PB 2000, 02044 VTT tel. växel 020 722 111, fax 020 722 4374 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O.Box 2000, FIN–02044 VTT, Finland phone internat. + 358 20 722 111, fax + 358 20 722 4374 VTT Rakennus- ja yhdyskuntatekniikka, Lämpömiehenkuja 3, PL 1804, 02044 VTT puh. vaihde 020 722 111, faksi 020 722 2408 VTT Bygg och transport, Värmemansgränden 3, PB 1804, 02044 VTT tel. växel 020 722 111, fax 020 722 2408 VTT Building and Transport, Lämpömiehenkuja 3, P.O.Box 1804, FIN–02044 VTT, Finland phone internat. + 358 20 722 111, fax + 358 20 722 2408 Photo in the cover by architect Juha Lehto Technical editing Leena Ukskoski Otamedia Oy, Espoo 2003 Himanen, Mervi. The Intelligence of Intelligent Buildings.The Feasibility of the Intelligent Building Concept in Office Buildings. Espoo 2003. VTT Publications 492. 497 p. Keywords intelligent buildings, building intelligence, office buildings, building concepts, integrated facilities management, ICT, working environment, workspace, information society, office automation, quality, post-occupancy study, user connectivity, building connectivity, building self-recognition, spatiality, building kinaesthetics, building logic, combinativity, building automation, indoor air, energy efficiency, business travelling, smart buildings Abstract This thesis is based on the author’s independent scientific thinking on the essence of building intelligence since 1988, for the purpose of establishing and arguing for the Building Intelligence Framework (BIF). Furthermore, it is based on the Intelligent Buildings (IBs) Survey of twelve office buildings in the Helsinki metropolitan area. The survey was done right after the first boom of construction of intelligent buildings was over in Finland. There is no universal definition for the intelligent building concept, although a certain consensus about the concept can be found. There is little empirical evidence about the feasibility of or the factors involved in any intelligent building and there is no description of the intelligence of buildings, or if using the concept of intelligence in the context of quality of a building is valid. Consequently, there is no evidence about such an intelligent building, which is defined by the BIF. In fact, at the beginning of the IBs Survey project not only the feasibility, but even the existence, of the intelligent building concept was questioned. The IBs Survey project was carried out at the Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT, Building Technology, in 1993–1997, in order to study the feasibility of the IB concept and its existence. After finished the IBs Survey project at VTT, the author of this thesis has continued the analysis of the data of the IBs Survey within scientific studies since 1996 and during the research work on this thesis she has gained a deeper understanding of the essence of the building intelligence, which has bothered her mind since the beginning of her studies on the IBs from 1988. 3 The IBs Survey was a post-occupancy study on office building quality. The quality of the intelligent office buildings was compared to that of the other high quality office buildings. The hypothesis of the IBs Survey project was that the existence of the differences between the qualities of the intelligent and the other office buildings will prove the existence of the IB concept. The lack of the differences between the intelligent and the other office buildings will talk for the absence of any effect of the implementation of the IB concept. The IBs Survey project at VTT proved both some differences between and some similarities in the qualities of the IBs and the other office buildings. This thesis is a summary of the results of the scientific studies based on the IBs Survey data, and on the other hand this thesis is a monograph on the BIF. The scientific studies based on the IBs Survey data proves or disproves the existence and feasibility of the IB concept and the BIF determines the essence of the building intelligence. The final goal is a synthesis of the IBs Survey and the BIF. The different intelligent building concepts define the intelligent buildings, not the intelligence of the building. This thesis suggests a definition of building intelligence – called the Building Intelligence (BI) – on the premise that human intelligence can imprint intelligence into an inorganic object, such as a building. The implementation of the BI into intelligent buildings is shown by the BIF. The difference between the IB concepts and the BI is clarified. On one hand, the use of the IB concepts for technical purposes, and on the other hand, the scientific aims of the BI and its implementation into the building practise of the IBs – the BIF – is explained. The alternation of the tacit and explicit knowledge of the IB concept is shown to form the platform for the appearance of any building concept. The definition of the building intelligence (the BI) is an explicit articulation of the internal stock of knowledge of intelligent buildings. The purpose of the BI is to separate out the buildings built according to the IB concept from the buildings built according to other building concepts. The derivation of the IB from the IB concepts and human intelligence – the BIF – can be used as a starting point for the next phase or version of the definition of a building concept, which can be either intelligent or something new. The further the analysis of the empirical data on the IBs Survey proceeds the more evidence of the differences between office buildings, which have been designed using the intelligent building concept as a leading design criterion and 4 the buildings, which have not been designed according to the IB concept criteria are found in terms of the efficacy of these office buildings. This difference is witnessed by the quality evaluation of the end product – i.e. that of the building itself. This quality evaluation is an end-user evaluation, which evaluates the importance of quality of the office building and that of its components to the working efficiency of the evaluator. This is how the evaluation result turns into the efficacy of the office building system, which is composed of its components, i.e. of its subsystems. The result supports the feasibility of the IB concept in office design. The evaluation results from the post-occupancy study correlate with the job description and gender of the office worker.
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