Index

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to fi gures; those followed by “T” refer to tables.

AAFC research stations, 175 Adams, John Quincy, 148 AGP, 415, 417 Brandon breeding program, adaxial strand, 407 agricultural biorefi nery, 592, 593 173, 175–176 addition lines Agriculture and Agri-Food Ottawa breeding program, 172, and centromere mapping, 64 Canada, see AAFC 173, 175 FISH analysis, 116 research stations ABA hormone physical mapping technology, Agrobacterium-mediated and aleurone PCD, 411 72, 90 transformation, 133, and drought tolerance, 289, 297 RH mapping technology, 75 134–135, 136, 169, 194T abaxial bundle, 407 wheat/barley, 74, 87, 113–114 agrochemical environmental abduction, 597 additive main effects and concerns, 161 abiotic stresses, 89, 282–299 multiplicative interaction Agropyron cristatum (crested breeding for resistance, 181, (AMMI) model, 283 wheatgrass), 15 196–197 adjuncts, cereal, in malting, 479, air processing, 554 identifying associated genes, 67 485, 497, 509 Alberta Field Crop Development model building, 283 in Chinese beer, 499 Centre/Lacombe breeding plant mechanisms of response, liquid, 485 program, 173, 176 296 adp gene, 68 albumins, Osborne fractions, 418 pleiotropic effects, 293 Aegilops speltoides, 44 alcoholic beverages. See also beer; tolerance, quantifying, 582–583 Aegilops tauschii, 44 distilling abscisic acid, 46 affi nity concept, 583 distilled, 499–500 abscisic acid hormone, see ABA Affymetrix GeneChip arrays, alcohols, as fl avoring agents, 493 hormone 88–89 aldehydes, Strecker, 493 Ac/Ds transposon tagging process, mapping technology, 72, 90, 114 ale, 494 94ACE fi le viewer, 100 reverse genetics tool, 93 aleurone acetic acid, 501 SFP identifi cation, 67 blue, 264 acetolactate synthesis, 226 COPYRIGHTEDafl atoxins, 523 MATERIALgrains, 412 acid soil tolerance, 202, 289 AFLP-generated markers layers, 403–404, 411–412, 415, acidic soils, 268, 274 branched-5 gene, 68 454 acrospires, 483, 508 BYMV resistance, 168 PCD, 411 acrylamide, 512–513 mapping technology, 64–65, 74, Alexis cultivar, 163 actin-depolymerizing factor, 87, 201 Alexis x Sloop population, 200, 202 104–105 yield QTL identifi cation, 125 alfalfa, 249, 343 activation tagging process, 96 Agilent Ink Jet in situ Synthesis Ali Kosh site, 46 Activator transposase (AcTPase) (IJISS) microarray, 93 alkaline subsoils, 269 gene, 96 AGOUEB, 87, 123 alkyresorcinols, 429 allele introgression using MAs, Barley: Production, Improvement, and Uses. Edited by Steven 126–128 E. Ullrich © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. alm gene, 68

603 604 Index alpha-amylase, 488, 491, 494, 500, health problems from H. ArrayExpress database, 100 501, 511 murinum murinum seed Aruso cultivar, 257 alpha-glucosidases, 491 dispersal, 32 ascospores, 308, 311, 320 alpha-tocopherol, 541 seed dispersal by, 15, 26, 31 ash, in barley kernel, 536, 542 alpha-tocotrienol, 541 Anisolepis section, 23, 33–35 Asia, Stenostachys perennials in, als gene, 68 Anson cultivar, 378 39–40. See also West Asia ALT gene, 268 anther culture technology, 167 Aspergillus kawachii, 500 alternate hosts anther gene expression analysis, association genetics, 583 of Russian wheat aphid, 367 398 Association Genetics of UK Elite aluminum toxicity, 104, 197, 201, Anthere cultivar, 167 Barley, 87, 123 267, 268, 289 anthesis, 396, 398 association studies, 66, 124–126, Amagi Nijo x WI-2585 anthocyanin content, 429 182, 294, 565–566 population, 200, 201 antibiosis, 373 Atlas cultivar, 264 AMBA, 178, 181, 182–183 and Hessian fl y, 377 atmospheric water, effect on American Malting Barley antibiotic resistance genes, 135 temperature, 586 Association, Inc. (AMBA), anticlinal walls, 401 atomic force microscopy (AFM), 178, 181, 182–183 antioxidant activity, 429, 430 117 amino acids, 536 antioxidants, in barley kernel, 541, attractors, 576 in barley, 540T 542 A-type starch granules, 414 excessive, and yeast, 505 antipodal complex, development aur-a1/aur-a2 genes, 68 in malt, 479 and structure, 397 Australia and Strecker aldehydes, 493 antipodal nuclei, and RNA barley exports, 9 AMMI model, 283 synthesis, 397 barley improvement scheme, ammonium nitrate, 239, 253 antixenosis, 373 188–191 ammonium polysulfi de, 247 Apetala/fruitful-like genes, 392 barley production, 186–204, ammonium sulfate, 247 Apex cultivar, 163 187T, 260–264, ammonium thiosulfate, 247 Aphelinus albipodus, 366 261–262T, 263T amo1 gene, 537 Aphelinus asychis, 366 breeding objectives/strategies, amplicons, TILLING Aphidius rhopalosiphi, 375 193–196, 197–198 examination of, 94 aphids, 166, 180, 250, 276, 355 cereal cropping areas map, amplifi ed fragment length and bacterial symbionts, 369 259 polymorphism, see as BYDV vector, 333 cropping environment, AFLP-generated markers resistance to, 40, 374 258–260 AMY2-BASI, 464 apples, world production of, 9 disease resistance research, amylases, 478, 488, 491, 501, 511, Arabidopsis, 48 198–202 512 Arabidopsis homolog, 102, 103, 104 farming system, barley’s place amylase-to-amylopectin ratio, Arabidopsis thaliana, 527 in, 266–267 413–414 homologous CBFs, 286 feed barley cultivars, 191T amyloglucosidase, 492, 500 arabino-(1/f2«/f04)-/f2b/f0-D- MAB/MAS usage, 200–204 amylolitic enzyme transgenic xylans, 416–417 malting barley export markets, research, 137 arabinogalactan peptide, 415, 417 187–188 amylopectin, 413, 536, 547 arabinoxylans, 457, 457, 459, regional selection traits, 194T amylose, 413, 491, 536, 547, 549 489–490, 538, 544, 549, risk from Russian wheat aphid, amylose extender phenotypes, 554–555, 556 359 413 Aramir cultivar, 163 seeding dates, 270–271 Anaphes fl avipes, 380 Arapiles cultivar, 190 seeding rates, 271 anastasmosis groups (AGs), 336 Arapiles x Franklin population, state barley production, 187T anatomy of the barley kernel, 535 203 tillage practices, 277–278 anemochorous dispersal, 18 archesporial cell, 395 types of barley grown, animals Arizona barley, 36 264–265 barley as fodder, 31 (see feed armyworm, 276, 355 wheat production, 260, 261, barley) aroma hops, 486 262 Index 605

Australian National Cereal Rust balanced tertiary trisomics system, progenitor identifi cation, 144 Control Program 133 quality testing, 502–507, (NCRCP), 199 Bale cultivar, 257 504T Australian plague locust, 276 Balling, Kurt, 496 reactions to greenbug Australian Winter Cereal bananas, world production of, 9 biotypes, 370T Molecular Marker bannocks, 533 reactions to Russian wheat Program (AWCMMP), barberry, 311. See also Berberis aphid biotypes, 364T 189 bare patch, 249, 277, 278, 336, reproduction and dispersal, Australian Winter Cereals 345 17–18, 48–49 Collection, 147 Barke cultivar, 163, 170 (see also dispersal) automatic sequencing barley. See also individual strains as a rice extender, 534 technologies, 76 and Hordeum species signifi cance of, 3–4 Avenae, divergence of Triticeae adaptation, 4, 5 Vulgare section, 26–33 from, 16 as animal fodder (see feed world production of, 5–7, 6T avenin-like proteins, 421–422 barley) world trade in, 10T AvrMla/AvrMla1 powdery backcrosses, 22 barley amylase/subtilisin mildew-containing strains, closest related general, 16 inhibitor, 425 105 distribution of species, 6–7, 7T, Barley Australia (BA), 193 AWCMMP, 189 16–17 barley bob, 548, 551 awn traits, 97 divergence from wheat, 14, 16, Barley Breeding Australia (BBA), AXs, 415, 416–417 21 190, 191 azadirachtin triterpinoid, 375 domestication of, 14, 42–49 Barley CGC, 154 Azure cultivar, 183 evolution and phylogeny, Barley Coordinated Agricultural 20–22 Project, see CAP B hordein, 419–421 gene pools and gene transfer, Barley DB online resource, 101 B1 hordein sequence schematic, 22–23 barley fl our 421 genetic research, 4 world trade in, 8, 8T B1601 cultivar, 183 genomes and chromosomes, Barley1 GeneChip, see Affymetrix BAC vector system 18–20 GeneChip arrays clone in situ hybridization, 71 global trade in, 8–12 Barley Genetic Stocks AceDB, clone minimum tiling path, as grain, world trade estimates, 101 100–101 8T Barley Genetics Newsletter (BGN), contigs, 75–78, 76T habitats, 17 64, 68 libraries, 76, 86, 114, 117 history of taxonomy, 23 barley mild mosaic virus, see Morex library, 77, 88 as human food (see food, BMMV physical mapping/genome human) Barley Mutant Database, 101 sequencing, 87–88 kernel anatomy, 535 barley stem gall midge, 277 whole-genome fi ngerprinting, (see also kernels) barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV), 77T landrace germplasm collections, 94–95 backcross breeding strategy 146 barley stripe rust resistance, see Australian breeding program, lpa mutation, 526 BSR resistance 197–198 malt-grade, impediments to barley thrips, 250 for disease resistance, 199–200 production of, 242 Barley Yellow Dwarf: 42 Years of and MAS usage, 204 malting (see malting barley) Progress (ed. D’Arcy and segregating populations, 124 morphology, 16 D’Arcy), 308 bacteria, as plant pathogens, 307, NSGC descriptor list, 154T barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), 308 origins and varieties, 14–15 276, 332–334, 333, 355, bacterial artifi cial chromosome pathogens, overview, 307–308 360, 372–373, 374 inserts, see BAC vector plant canopy spectrometric aphid vector, 166 system overview, 582–583 European breeding programs, bacterial blight, 334–336, 335 processing of, for human food 166 balady bread, 550 consumption, 551–554, 552 MAB/MAS usage, 168, 204 606 Index barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) world trade estimates, 8T production of, 36 (cont’d) belg season, East Africa, 253, 256 weed, excessive, in silage barley, marker development, 201, 203 production system, 257 248 pathovar P-PAV, 136 Belga cultivar, 256, 257 Bioraf demonstration project, 592 resistance, 93, 105, 127, 128, Berberis, 313, 314 biorefi neries, agricultural and 161, 166, 168 bere barley, 533 urban, 592-594 transgenic research, 136 Bermuda grass, 367 biosecurity protocols, on barley barley yellow mosaic virus Berzelius, J. J., 583 movement, 276 (BYMV) complex, see beta-amylase, 488, 491, 501, 511, biosphere, emergent network, 564 BYMV resistance 512 biotic stresses BarleyBase datasets, 100 beta-glucanase, 522 responses to, 89 Baronesse cultivar, 378, 529 beta-glucans, 4, 489–490, 500, selecting sources of resistance, Barque cultivar, 273 509, 510, 537, 538, 544, 114, 181, 195–196 Barque-73 x CPI71284-48 549, 554, 556, 577 tolerance, quantifying, 582-583 population, 66 low, in bere, 533 biotinylated CAP trapper method, Barque*2 x H. vulgare subsp. and lowered cholesterol, 527, 86 spontaneum population, 200 546 biparental populations, 124 BASI, 425 optimum level of, 527 biplot model visualization, Baudin cultivar, 190, 199, 265, beta-glucosides, 361 283–284 269–270, 272, 276 betaine-aldehyde, 297 Bipolaris sorokiniana, 33, 322, 325, Baudin x AC-Metcalfe population, beta-limit dextrin, 511–512 340, 343 200 Betzes cultivar, 90, 112, 113, 117 bird cherry-oat aphid, 355, BAX inhibitor-1 PCD pathways, BGYR resistance, 198–199 372–375 136 Bhatty, Prof. Ron, 553 chemical control of, 374–375 bazlama fl atbread, 550 BHDV coat protein (CP) gene, resistance to, 374 BBA, 190, 191 136 world distribution map, 356 Beauveria bassiana, 366 bile acids, binding of, 546 bird-oat cherry aphid, 333 Beecher cultivar, 264 bimodal distribution of starch black malt, 496 beef, 522. See also cattle granules, 414 black mustard, 27 Australian, and barley as feed, binding sites, fi ber-FISH black point, 325. See also spot 264 resolution, 72 blotch beer, 9–12, 478–479. See also bioavailability and phytates, and BP1, 423 individual beer types 427–428 black rust, 313. See also stem rust availability, and length of biochemistry model system, 449 blackgrass, 226 voyages, 534 biocontrol BLAST searches, 101 brewing (see brewing) cereal leaf beetle, 380 Blattner, F.R., 23 color, 479 greenbug, 372 bleaching consumption trends, worldwide, of Hessian fl y, 378–379 of malt, 483 498–499 of Russian wheat aphid, in Russian wheat aphid feeding, exports and imports, 8 366–367 359 gluten-free, 496 through insect predators, 33 Blenheim cultivar, 163 and ingredients, in world trade, Biodoversity International, 145 Blenheim x E224/3 cross, 124 10T biofuel, see ethanol blocking, barley, 551 leading producer countries, 11T biogas, 592 Blp gene, 68 low-carbohydrate, 499 biological computer, 576, 579–580 bluegrass, 226 from maize, 4 biological indeterminacy in path Blumeria formae, resistance to, 35 malting (see malting) modeling, 578 Blumeria graminis, 136, 161, 195 from millet, 4 biomass hordei, f. sp. 28, 320 nonbarley, 9, 11–12, 11T belowground, 245 fungicide-resistant isolates, sorghum, 4 estimation, with spectral 321 staling of, 515 imaging satellites, 584 Bmac29 SSR marker, 128 world production, 498T for nonfood uses, 590 BMBRI, 177 Index 607

BMMV bread B-type starch granules, 414 genes controlling, 105 barley, with yeast, 549–550 Buchnera, and greenbug, 369 and molecular marker unleavened, from barley, 550 buckwheat, 233, 496 technology, 128 white wheat, 547 tartaric, 237 resistant cultivars, 161, 165 breakpoints, identifi cation of, 113 Bulbohordeum section, 23 susceptible transgenic plants, breeder seed, 182, 185 bulbous barley, 14, 29–31. See also 93 breeding by design, 299 Hordeum bulbosum Bmy1 gene and malting quality breeding material collections, bulgur, 551 and malting quality, 128–131 146–147 bulked segregant analysis (BSA), Bmy1INDELIII polymorphisms, breeding programs, 28–29 67, 68 130T AMBA, 182–183 Buloke cultivar, 190, 265, 272 bob (Korea), 551. See also barley Australia, 189, 197–207 Burton cultivar, 181, 361 bob Busch Agricultural Resources, Busch Agricultural Resources, bock beer, 496 LLC, 177–178 LLC, 177–178 body, of beer, see mouthfeel Canada, 174–177 butanediol, 487 Bomi Risø 1508, 540, 541 development of, 122–133, BoMill TriQ single-seed pilot 137–139 C hordein, 419–421, 421 NIR sorter, 575 diastatic power//f2b/ CA 700202 barley, 541 Bonanza cultivar, 176 f0-amylase trials, 130T CAAS germplasm collection, Bonus cultivar, 37,116 Europe, 169 China, 146 boron, 248 Mexico, 171 cabbage, world production of, 9 response to toxicity, 201 MillerCoors, 177–178 calcaroides genes, AFLP mapping, soil toxicity, 268, 269 United States, 177–181 68 tolerance, 104, 196–197, 202, using MAS/MAB, 126–128 calcium, 525, 542 289 breeding strategies, 122 calcofl uor, 510–511 Bot gene, 269 breeding by design, 299 California barley, 42 Bot1 gene, 104 for drought tolerance, 291–293 callus culture systems Botrytis cinerea, 136 for virus resistance, 166 transformation technology, 135 bottom-up path modeling, Western Australia, 197 Campanile cultivar, 165 mathematical limitations, brewer’s malt, 480, 493–498 campesterol content, 431 576–579 brewery, 479 Canada. See also Northern Great bound phenolic acid content, brewhouse Plains 430T effi ciency, 497 barley exports, 9 bowel function, and barley, operations, 485–486 barley production, 171T 547–548 brewing, 3, 4, 484–488 barley production area and Bowman, Dr. Jan, 528 Brewing and Malting Barley yield, 242, 242T, 243T Bowman cultivar, 95, 181 Research Institute, 177 breeding methods/techniques, Bowman introgression lines, 69, 95 brh1/brh2 genes, 68 182 Brachypodium, synteny with, BRIC countries, beer consumption breeding programs, 171, 70–71 in, 499. See also China 174–177, 181 bract development and structure, brightness, testing kernels for, 505 cultivar registration, 183 392 Brindabella cultivar, 268 domestic/export disposal, 173 bra-d7 gene, 68 broadcast sowing, 256 global gene bank, 176 bran, barley, 552, 553 broadleaf weeds, 226, 258 growing regions, 171–173, 172 branched genes, 68 bromegrass, 343 malting cultivar screening/ branching infl orescence traits, 97 brown rust, 315. See also leaf rust registration, 176–177 brassica. See also canola resistance to, 163T nonbarley beer production, in crop rotation, 256 BSA, 67, 68 11–12 wild, 258 BSMV, 94–95 pathology support, 176 Brassica negra, 27 BSR resistance, 66, 131–133, 132, PGRC germplasm collection, brassinosteroid receptor, 103 198–199, 202 147 br1/br2 genes, 68 Btr1-Btr2 genotype, 43 seed production, 184–185 608 Index

Canada thistle, 237 cation/proton-exchanging protein, Cereal Investigations Section, Canadian Food Inspection necS1 gene, 103–104 USDA, 148 Agency, 183, 184–185 cattle, 3. See also beef; dairy cereal leaf beetle, 250, 355–356, Canadian Grain Commission production 379–380 Grain Research ADC, 527 biocontrol, 380 Laboratory, 176–177 feeding of, 522, 523 life cycle, 379 Canadian Malting Barley variation in feed barley resistance to, 380 Technical Centre, 177 characteristics, 528T world distribution map, 357 Canadian Seed Growers cause-effect relationships, cereal lignocellulose, resource Association (CSGA), 563–565, 583 utilization, 592 184–185 C-banding techniques, 113 cereals Canadian Wheat Board, 177 CBFs and FR-H2, 286 breakfast, ready-to-eat (RTE), canary grass, 226 CCN resistance 546, 548 candidate gene identifi cation backcross breeding strategy, grains, as malting aduncts (see molecular linkage maps, 295 199–200 adjuncts) mosaic virus resistance, 137 breeding programs, 196, 198 world production, 588, 588T transformation technology, 122, MAB/MAS usage, 204 Cereals: A Renewable Resource, 135 mapping, 201 592 verifi cation, 136 CCT domain, vernalization gene, certifi ed seed, Canadian cane syrup, as adjunct, 485 102–103 pedigreed, 185 canola, 242, 249, 266, 267, 332, 343 CDC Candle barley, 549, 550 CFIA pedigreed seed certifi cation canopy management, 272 CDC Phoenix barley, 549 system CAP cDNA libraries, 86 pedigreed seed certifi cation association mapping, 129–131 Celiac disease, 496 system, 184–185 SNP marker technology, 87, cell turgor, 289–290 chalazal region, 408, 409 123, 182 cell wall chapatis, 550 Capstan cultivar, 273, 274 components, 414–415, 415T characterization, agronomic traits, caramel malt, 495–496 degradation, 457, 489–490 101–105 caramelization, 510 cellar operations, brewery, chasmogamy, 26 of mash sugars, 492 487–488 Chebec cultivar, 196 carbohydrates, 536–538, 537T cellular automata, 565 Chebec x Harrington population, kernel, and diabetes, 546 cellularization of endosperm, 200, 201, 202 in mature barley grain, 412–413, 400 chemical composition of mutant 413T cellulose, 537 seed, 572T carbon footprints, in malting and Central America chemical control. See also brewing, 516 Stenostachys species, 41–42 fungicides; herbicides; carbon isotope discrimination, Central Laboratory for insecticides 291, 299 Agricultural Expert of bird cherry-oat aphids, carbonation, 487, 488 Systems, 356 374–375 carboxypeptides, 466–467 centrifugation, 488 of Russian wheat aphid, Carleton, M.A., 148 Centro Internacional de 365–366 Carmen cultivar, 163 Mejoramiente de Maíz y of soil-borne diseases, 342–343 Carola cultivar, 167 Trigo (CIMMYT), chemical fi ne tuning, 571 carotenoid content, 431 Mexico, 146-147, 361 chemical mutagen, 95 carry-over manure, 238 centromeres, 64, 72, 115 chemical spectra of six analyses, caryopsis, covered/naked, 103 centromeric regions, reduced 572 caryopsis, naked, and barley recombination, 73 chemometrics, 564, 567–570, 571, domestication, 46 centromeric satellite sequences 597–598 caryopsis development, 394, GC-rich, 72 chemotaxis, 308 410–411. see also grain cereal cyst nematode, 273, 278, Cheri cultivar, 163 development and structure 339see CCN resistance Chevalier cultivar, 188 catalysis concept, 583 resistance to, 342 chibuku beer, 12 Index 609 chickpea climate change, 282, 563, 585 common root rot, 198, 202, 249, in crop rotation, 255, 266 climate prediction, using 278, 325, 326, 343 and root rot, 336 spectroscopic surveillance, resistance to, 34 susceptible to root lesion 584–596. See also weather comparative genomics online, 100 nematodes, 341 forecasting comparative sequence analysis, China Clipper cultivar, 189 73–74 beer production, 11 Clipper genotype, boron comparative transcript analysis, CAAS, 146 sensitivity, 104 90 in world agricultural market, 9 Clipper x Sahara population, 66, Compendium of Barley Diseases Chinese Spring cultivar, 90 200, 201 (Mathre), 307, 308 Chinese Spring-Betzes cultivar, 90 clo-125 mutant gene, 69 competitive in situ suppression chip-based cloning, 89–90 clo-157 mutant gene, 69 (CISS) hybridization, 117 chitting, 482 clo-161 mutant gene, 69 complementary DNA (cDNA) chloride, 542 cloned markers, molecular maps, libraries, 86 chlorina mutants, 69 68 complementary top-down chlormequat, 229 cloning bottom-up data modeling, chloroplast genome, in barley, for abiotic stress tolerance, 298 579–580 20–21 for agronomic traits, 101–105 complex biological system chocolate malt, 496 based on rice orthologs, 70 modeling, 579–580 cholesterol, 546 DNA sequences underlying complex crosses, and MAS usage, and beta-glucans, 527 QTLs, 295 204 Christelle cultivar, 166 VRN genes in wheat and complex emergent systems, chromatin structural barley, 285–286 564–565 modifi cations, 117 clover, 234 complex system biology, 576 chromosome Cly1 gene, 102 complexity reduction method, 65, analysis, 71 CM proteins, 424, 424T 66 banding techniques, 113 coarse-grained experimental Congress mash, 508, 509 designation/redesignation, 63 overview, 575–576 Congress worts, 493, 494, 494, gametocidal, 72 cobalt, 542 514 identifi cation/characterization, Coccinella septempunctata, 375 conidia, 308, 311, 320, 321, 322, 114–115, 116 Cochliobolus sativus, 322, 325, 326, 324, 329 microscopy, 117 340 conjugated phenolic acid content, painting, 114, 117, 118 coenocytic endosperm 430T walking, 76 development, 396 Conlon cultivar, 136, 181, 183 chymotrypsin inhibitors 1 and 2, cold-regulated genes, 286 Conquest cultivar, 176 527 coleoptile length, 201 consensus maps, 64–65, 66, 67, chymotrypsin inhibitors CI-1/ colinearity, 103, 112 87, 200–204, 201, 295 CI-2, 424, 424 color conservation, of plantations, 587 cis-eQTLs, 91, 92 beer, 479, 492–493, 498–499 Conservation Reserve Program, cis-regulation of gene, 91 of cooked barley, 543 242, 367 CISS hybridization, 117 kernel, 505 conservation tillage, 256, 277, citrate secretion and aluminum malt, and protein, 494 311, 338 resistance, 104 of wort, 510 CONSTANS, CONSTANS-like classical genetics data coloring data inspection program, and TOC (CCT) domain, GrainGenes database, 100 579 102–103 classifi cation algorithm, 65 Columbus, Christopher, 534 Consultative Group on cleaning and grading of malting Columella, Lucius Iunius International Agricultural barley, 480 Moderatus, 251 Research (CGIAR), 144, cleistogamy, 26, 48–49, 102, 399 Commander cultivar, 265, 273 145, 147 cleistothecia, 308, 320 common bunt, resistance to, 35 contig detection, 114 Clemson University Genomics common lambs-quarter, 248 controlled traffi c systems, in Institute, 86 common leaf rust resistance, 137 farming, 278 610 Index cookies, barley, 548 Crop EST database online, 101 cytogenetic analysis, 74 Cooperative Regional Yield Trials Crop Improvement Associations cytogenetics, 112–118 (US), 185 cultivar release, 185 cytoplasmic male sterility, 133 copper, 248, 542 crop management, Europe, 221 defi ciency, and pollen crop rotation, 227, 328, 330, 332, D gene, barley, 43 development, 398 336, 339, 343 2,4D herbicide, 258 Cor genes, 286 in Australia, 266–267 D hordein, sequence schematic, coretention frequency, RH double-cereal phase, 266 421 mapping technology, 75 in Europe, 233–234 dairy production, Australian, and corn, see maize in Kazakhstan and West barley as feed, 264 corn leaf aphid, 276, 333, 355 Siberia, 233 damaged kernels, 506 corn syrup, as adjunct, 485 in NGP, 244, 245 Damerval, J. Corona cultivar, 165 in North Africa and West Asia, genetical genomics, 91 corynetoxin, 277 253–255 Damon x Harrington cultivar, 66 cotton, world production of, 9 crop stability (Europe), 164, 165T, DArT marker technology, 65–67, couch grass, 237 167T 77–78, 87, 125 Council Regulation 1782/2003, cropland conversion, to perennial Darwinian boomerang, 596, 597 European Commission, grasses and shrubs, 242 Daspyrum villosum, 342 221 cropping systems, 243–245. See data covered caryopsis, 103 also tillage breeding, 574, 589 covered smut, 276 crown rot, 198, 202, 273, 325, 340 compression, 579, 598 covered smut resistance, 202 crown rust resistance from emergent systems, limits Cowabbie cultivar, 190 Australian breeding program, in evaluation, 574-576 cows, lactating, 522. See also 198–199 incomputable, direct inspection cattle; dairy production crystal malt, 495–496 of, 596 C-PRINS method of localization, crystalloids, in aleurone layer, 412 inspection, importance of, 576, 115 CSGA pedigreed seed 579, 598 Cr4 gene, and aleurone identity, certifi cation, 184–185 Database for Barley Genes and 404 cul2 gene, 69 Barley Genetic Stocks, crambe, 246 cul3 gene, 68 NordGen, 147 in rotation with barley, 332 cul4 gene, 68 databases, online public sites, crease aleurone, 408–409 cul5 gene, 68 99T, 133, 174 creasted wheatgrasses, 367 cul15 gene, 68 day length and grain development, creative uncertainty of nature, 598 cul16 gene, 68 393 C-repeat binding factors (CBFs), cultivar collections, 147 Dayton x Zhepi2 population, 66 286 cultivar development, and MAS dbEST BLAST searches, 101 CR-EST database online, 101 usage, 126–128 De Re Rustica (Columella), 251 crested wheatgrasses, 15 cultivar development cycles, 198 Dea cultivar, 165 Critesion section, 23, 35–37 cultivar registration, 183 debranching enzymes, 465–466 as former genus, 16 cultural practices debris, crop, see crop debris crop debris, 311, 344 North America, 245–246 deep ripping, 277–278 barley, animal grazing of, 255 North Kazakhstan, 239, 239T deep soil nitrogen, 273 infected, 324, 326, 328, 332, northeast Europe, 239–240 defective seed 5 (des5) mutant 336 West Siberia, 239 barley, 404 rate of decomposition, barley vs. cumin, 254 deformation of spikes, from wheat, 245 cuticular layers, development and Russian wheat aphid, retention of, 277 structure, 410 359 wheat, 244 cutworm, 250, 276 dehydration phase, initiation crop development, Europe, cycling primed in situ labeling, of, 409 228–229 115 Dek1 gene, 404 Crop Development Centre/ cyproconazole, 276 deletion mapping, 74 Saskatoon, 173 cysteine residues, 420, 421 deletion/translocation lines, 78 Index 611

Delta-Notch cellular automata DIBOA (2,4-Dihydroxy-1,4- disomic additions, mapping, 72, model data evaluation, benzoxazin-3-one), 361, 74 596 374 dispersal, seed demethylation inhibitors, 342 diclofopmethyl, 258 by animals, 26, 31 Demove cultivar, 256 difenoconazole, 278 promoted by brittle rachis, den6 gene, 68 differentiation of endosperm, 401 43 den8 gene, 68 difl ufenican, 226 via migrating birds, 21 density-related substances dihydrodipicolinate, 526–527 wind, 18 (DRSs), 375 dihydrodipicolinate synthase dissociator (DS) gene, 96 denso gene, 202, 286 (DHDPS), 526 distiller’s malt, 480 deoxynivalenol, 180, 181, 311 diketones, 493 distilling, 4, 478, 499 Department of Primary Industries DIMBOA (2,4-Dihydroxy-7- ditelosomic addition lines, (Australia), 189 methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin- mapping, 64, 72 depth of seeding 3-one), 361, 374 diversity arrays technologysee North Kazakhstan, 235–236, discussion forum, GrainGenes, DArT marker technology 236T 100 Diversity Arrays Technology northeast Europe, 236 disease P/L classifi cation West Siberia, 235–236 Australian management of, algorithm, 65 desiantha weevil, 276 273–277 DMS (dimethylsufi de), 493 desistance, 355 in crop debris, 244, 278 DNA fragmentation, in barley dessication and embryo different leaf pathogens nucellus, 411 development, 406 affecting barley and wheat, DNA methylation, 116 determinism, 564 266 DNA repair effi ciency, and heat developmental stages and drought foliar, 308–336 tolerance, 28 sensitivity, 289 of NGP crops, 249 DNA sequence design, Dewey, D. R., 23 overview of barley pathogens, pleiotropic effects, 579 dextrins 307–308 DNA uptake, 133 beta-limit, 511–512 of PNW crops, 249–250 Dobaku barley, 371 branched, 492 root and crown, 336–346 DON accumulation, 312 linear, 491 soilborne, management of, DON mycotoxin accumulation, DH populations, 66, 67 342–346 180, 181 DHDPS (dihydrodipicolinate disease lesion phenotype, Doolup cultivar, 273, 274 synthase), 526–527 103–104 dormancy, of viable seed, 27, 28, DHLs disease resistance, 14, 22, 28, 31, 504 Australian breeding program, 35, 153. See also specifi c and aleurone activation, 454 197, 198 diseases gene pool variation, 124 BYDV resistance, 168 breeding programs, 171, reduced in domestication, European breeding scheme, 179–180, 198 46–47 167, 167, 169 compounds, 136 double fertilization, 399–400 segregating, 124 factors, 128 double mash system, 485 diabetes, and barley, 546–547 and fungal genes, 136 double-cereal phase, in crop diacetyl, 487 mapping, 64, 66, 67, 70, 202 rotation, 266 Diaeretiella rapae, 366 and MAS usage, 127, 182 doubled haploid (DH) diakinesis, 116, 116 registration criteria, 183–184 populations, 66, 67 Diamant cultivar, 163 resistant cultivars, 160–162, doubled haploidy breeding diammonium phosphate, 253 165T, 167T programs, 122 Diaparsis temporalis, 380 transgenic research, 135, doubled-haploid linessee DHLs diastatic power 136–137 double-stranded RNA breeding program trials, 130T Diseases of Field Crops in Canada interference (dsRNAi), malting quality parameter, (Bailey et al.), 308 93–94 128–131 disinfectants, introduced during downregulation, 93, 94–95, 102 market requirements, 195, 449 steeping, 480 downy brome, 249, 340 612 Index

DP, 202, 204 Eam/Eam1 loci, 286 endophytic fungi, 40, 378 DP (diastatic power), 497, 511, ear development, 392–393 endoreduplication, 403, 404 514 ear type, and drought tolerance, endosperm, 488, 489, 489, 535, Drechsleria teres, 322, 323 288 537 drill seeding, 225, 225, 244, 256, earliness per se, 202, 285, 286 computer, output, 576 270, 277 early maturity and drought development, 400–403, 402 drought, 229 tolerance, 292 endospermal transfer cell layer, in East Africa, 253 East Africa development and stress, and Russian wheat double crop of barley in, 253 structure, 408–409 aphid, 360 maps, 254–255 endoxylonase, 490 tolerance, 28 seeding rates, 256 end-use suitability evaluation drought stress, 282 East region/United States (Canada), 183–184 physiological response, 289– characteristics, 174 energy costs 291, 290T disease profi les/breeding and effi ciency, 516 proposed indexes, 284 priorities, 180 in malting and brewing, 513 quantifi cation of, 284 Eastern Wheatbelt, Australia, 264 English grain aphid, 333, 355 transcriptome response to, 89 ecogeographic features, and gene ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase, 104 yield under, 66 pool variation, 124 entomopathogenic fungi, 375 drought tolerance EcoTILLING for polymorphism, entomophthoralean fungi, 366–367 breeding strategies, 291–293 67 environmental covariables, and carbon isotope ectopic expression, 102 284–285 discrimination, 291 egg apparatus, development and environmental factors, and pollen factors affecting, 288 structure, 397–398 development, 398 genomic studies limiting Ehilzer cultivar, 257 environmental stressessee abiotic factors, 298 eIF4E gene, 94 stresses metabolic engineering for, einkorn wheat, 533 environmental variables, abiotic 296–298 Einstein, Albert, on vegetarianism, stress models, 283 and physiological traits, 292 588 enzyme inhibitors, 423–424 QTL summary, 287 El Niño Southern Oscillation enzymes, 422–424 in wild germplasm, 298 (ENSO), 260 EP suite of tools online, 100 drum roaster, for specialty malts, electroporation, 133 epigenesis, 566 495 Elymus repens (quack grass), 15. epigenetic phenomena, 117 Drummond cultivar, 183 See also quack grass epigenetics, 116 dry bean, 246 EMBRABA (Brazil), 145 epistasis, 294 dry matter production and boron embryo epistatic interaction, and toxicity, 201 development and structure, vernalization, 123 dry milling, 551, 552–553 404–406 epoxiconazole, 276 dry pea storage components, 412 Eps gene, 286 in crop rotation, 233–234 embryo sac eQTL mapping, 91 in rotation with barley, 332 development and structure, Erbet cultivar, 195 water use, 245 395–398 ERF factor, 103 drying of malt, 483–484 embryo surrounding region, and Esmerelda cultivar, 171 DS gene, 96 endosperm differentiation, ESR, and endosperm dsRNAi, downregulation, 93–94 401 differentiation, 401 dub-1 gene, 68 emergent algorithms, 565 EST databases/libraries, 86, 420 duck foot cultivators, 236, 239 emergent global society, 594-596 Esterel cultivar, 224 Dura cultivar, 165 emergent systems, 565, 583 ESTs, 85–86 durum wheat, protein content, data evaluation limits, 575–576 deletion mapping technology, 529 emmer, 533 74 dwarfi ng genes, 122 endopeptidases, 467 gene identifi cation, 114 dynamic systems, nonintegrability endophyte-mediated resistance, reverse genetics resource, 93 of, 564 363 searching for SNPs, 67 Index 613

ethanol, 250, 499, 500–501, 594 evolutionary patterns, 71, 73–74, fermentation ethanol production, hulless barley, 86–87 of beer, 487 177 Excel cultivar, 183 of mash, 491 Ethiopia and Eritrea experimental data bank gene retarded by peating, 500 double barley crop, 253, 256 expression model, 579–580 of ruminant feed, reduction of, maps, 254–255 experimental model, 567 527 ethylene production, 229 explorative pattern recognition, Fertile Crescent, origins of ethylene response factor, 103 580 agriculture in, 3 E-2-nonenal, 515 expressed sequence tags, see ESTs fertility, soil, management of, EURISCO, 145, 147 expression data library, 579–580 246–248. See also nitrogen; Europe Expression Profi ler (EP) online, nutrients barley producing countries, 100 in Australia, 271–273 162T expression profi ling, 88 Europe, 227–228 barley production, 160–170, expression quantitative trait locus inorganic fertilizers, 228 161T (eQTL) mapping, 91 North African and West Asian breeding programs, 169 extract, malt, levels of, 497, 497T, fertilizer use, 253 crop development, 228–229 508–509 North Kazakhstan and West crop management, 221 Siberia, 238 crop rotation, 233–234 faba bean, in crop rotation, 255, northeast Europe, 238–239 harvest, 230 274 fertilization, 399–400 MAB programs, 166 factorial regression models, ferulic acid, 542 production and yield trends, 284–285 FgTri101 gene, 136 221, 222, 223T facultative class, 285 FHB, 174, 181 resistant cultivars, 163T, 166 fallow, 227, 244, 245, 253, fi ber, 4, 532–533, 536, 537–538, soil fertility, 227–228 344–345 546 spring barley cultivars, 162–165 false-rye barley, 39. see also fi ber length, breeding for, 591 Stenostachys perennials, 39 Hordeum secalinum fi ber quality, variation in, 592 technical expertise and FAN (free amino nitrogen), 497, fi berboard factory, 592 investment, 231 509, 510 fi ber-FISH analysis, 71, 72 tillage practices, 224–226 FAO, see United Nations Food fi eld bindweed, 237, 248 types of barley grown, 221–224 and Agriculture fi eld pea water management, 230 Organization as break crop, 274 weed control, 225, 226–227 feed barley, 522–530, 523 in crop rotation, 255, 266 winter barley cultivars, 165 Australian, 263, 264 fi eld pennycress, 237 European Barley Core Collection as byproduct of malt grading, fi eld performance evaluation (BCC), 144 480 (Canada), 183–184 European Barley Database in Europe, 224 fi lterability, 514 (EBDB), 144 improvement of, 524–529, 588 Fincher, Dr. Geoff, 527 European Community, in world increasing demend in North fi nely-turned spectral overview, barley market, 9 Africa, 253 569 European Cooperative Program profi tability relative to malting, Finesse cultivar, 165 for Conservation and 523, 524T, 525T fi ngerprint contig (FPC) Exchange of Genetic quality variations, 3 technology, 76, 77T, 86, Resources (ECPGR), 144, rejected malting barley as, 523 88 147 Saudi imports, 9 Finita cultivar, 165 European snails, 277 silage, 242 Finlay and Wilkinson, 189, European Union, 221 variations in grain 283–284 European wheat stem sawfl y, characteristics, 528T First International Barley Genetics Australia free from, 277 feed barley cultivars, 175, 176, Symposium, 64 Everest barley, 529 179, 191T, 195 FISH analysis evolution and phylogeny of barley, feed quality attributes, 195 applications and process, 115, 14, 20–22 fermentability, testing of, 513–514 116 614 Index

FISH analysis (cont’d) Baudin susceptible to, 265 frost tolerance, 286, 287 chromosome painting, 114–116, stubbleborne, 274 frosts, late, 224 117 food, human, barley as, 532–533, fructan, 297 mapping, 71–72, 117 588 fructans, 417 metaphase cell of cv. Morex, 73 health benefi ts of, 546–548, 555 fructose, 537 nucleolar dominance studies, history of, 533 FsTri101 gene, 136 117 malt fl our, vinegar, syrups and /f2a/f0-amylase enzyme, 463–464 of pachytene diakinesis extracts, 501 inhibitors, 424, 424T chromosomes, 118 processing, 551–554, 555 NBMMP QTL validation, 202, fi sh feed, 522 product types, 548, 548–551, 204 fi sh production, and water 554–555 transgenic research, 137 pollution, 526 resurgence in developing world, /f2a/f0-glucosidases, 466 Flagship cultivar, 190, 204, 265, 4 /f2a/f0-L-arabinofuranosidases, 272, 273, 274 food allergens, LTPs, 426 459–460 fl ake barley, 552 food cultivar development, 176, /f2b/f0-amylase enzyme, fl aked oats, 553 179 422–423, 465 fl atbread, 550 forage barley, 523 diastatic power, 128–131, 130T fl avanoids, 429 forage grasses, 15 QTL validation, 202, 204 fl avanol content, 429 Forensis cultivar, 164 transgenic research, 137 fl avonols, 542 forest conservation, 587 /f2b/f0-D-Glucan exohydrolases, fl avor, beer, 492–493 forward genetics, 95–96, 101 462–463 stability of, 515 Foster cultivar, 183 /f2b/f0-D-xylosidases, 459–460 fl avored malt beverages (FMBs), Foster x CI4196 F8-9 population, /f2b/f0-glucan-modifying 501 66 enzymes, 137 fl ax, in crop rotation, 249, 343 foundation seed, 185 /f2b/f0-glucans, 415–416 FLcDNAs, 86 Fourth Assessment Report /f2b/f0-glucuronidase markers, Fleet cultivar, 378 Climate Change of the 135 Floral Organ Regulator-1 gene, 94 Intergovernmental Panel /f2g/f0-aminobutyric acid fl oret development and structure, on Climate Change, 282 (GABA), 297 392 foxtail barley, 15, 35, 367 /f2g/f0-hordein sequence fl oret opening, and potassium, 399 FPC software, 76 schematic, 421 fl our fractals, 565, 582 /f2g/f0-hordeins, 419–421 barley, 8T, 553, 555 Fragile Earth, 587 fuel alcohol, see ethanol malt, 501 Franklin cultivar, 190, 199, 203 full-length cDNAs (FLcDNAs), fl ow sorting, 72, 115, 117 Frederickson x Stander 86 Flowering Locus T gene, rice and population, 66 functional genomics, 93–96, 168– Aribidopsis, 48 free fatty acids (FFA), 492 169, 170, 468–469 fl owering time, 123, 286, 288 free phenolic acid content, 430T functional polymorphism, gene fl udioxonil, 342 French and Schulz pool variation, 123 fl uorescence banding technique, water use research, 189 functional trait patterns, 574 113 French millet, 277 fungal genes fl uorescence in situ fresh water, limiting resource, transgenic research, 136 hybridizationsee FISH 587 fungal pathogens analysis Fr-H1/Fr-H2 loci, 286 barley interactions with, 89 fl uorochrome banding technique, Friabilimeter, 507–508 phenotypic screening, 128 113 friabilin, 544 fungi. See also individual species fl utriafol, 276 friability, testing malt for, endophytic, 40, 378 foam, beer, 479, 491 507–508 entomopathogenic, 375 folate content, 431 Fridericus cultivar, 165 entomophthoralean, 366–367 foliar diseases, 308–336 Friedrichswerther Berg cultivar, as plant pathogens, 307, 308 in Australia, 273 165 in PNW, 249–250 Australian, 275T frost resistance loci, 286 VAMF, 42 Index 615 fungicides, 273, 274–276, 342–343 gene expression Genomanalyse im biologischen and FHB, 311–312 analysis, 398, 564 System Pfl anze (GABI), and leaf rust, 316–317 data, GEO, 99–100 MapMan tool, 101 and net blotch, 324 limitations in prediction, 579 genome analysis, 85–106 and powdery mildew, 321 regulation, 455 genome dynamics, and sequencing and RLS, 328 by self-organization, 582 data, 73 and scald, 330 Gene Expression Omnibus genome equivalent (GE), 71 and spot blotch, 326 (GEO), 99–100 genome organization, 63–78 and stripe rust, 319 gene function genome sequencing technology, furans, 493 reverse genetics tools, 93–95 87–88, 91, 168–169 Fusarium Blight of Wheat and silencing, 135 genomes, barley, 21–22 Barley (ed. Leanoard and testing using VIGS, 94–95 genomic in situ hybridization Bushnell), 308 Gene Index Project online, 101 (GISH) analysis, 114–115 Fusarium graminearum, 136 gene interaction, 571–573 genomic probes, 65 fusarium head blight (FHB), powdery mildew resistance, genomics information sources, 86, 89, 136, 174, 181, 249, 105, 136 96–101 308–312, 309–310, 507 gene isolation, 76, 102 genomics tools, 85–96, 168–169 and cleistogamy, 49 gene localization, 118 genotype plus genotype by Fusarium sporotrichioides Tri101 Gene Ontology, 101 environment (GGE) gene, 136 gene pool interaction model, 283 Fusarium spp., 277, 309, 311 H. murinum as source, 33 genotype-by-environment (GE) mycotoxins from, 507 Hordeum bulbosum as source, 30, interaction analysis, 283 pseudograminearum, 340 31 genotype/environment interaction FW regression-on-the-mean variation, 123–124 studies, 189, 283 analysis, 283–284 and gene transfer, 22–23 genotype-phenotype linkages, 91 gene prediction, 86 genotypic information, integrated GA responses, 103, 411 gene silencing, 94–95, 116 stress models, 284 GABA, 297 GeneBank (GB) data, 99 genotyping SFPs, 90 GABI, MapMan tool, 101 GeneNetwork online, 101 GEO Gaeumannomyces graminis var genetic covariables, factorial sequence data/mRNA profi ling tritici, 340, 341 regression models, 284 data sets, 99–100 Gairdner cultivar, 190, 197–198, genetic diversity Geographic Information System 199, 204, 269–270, 270, and adaptation to abiotic stress, (GIS), at NCGRP, 153 272, 274, 276 285 geographic location and Galleon cultivar, 196, 201, 203, 289 and germplasm collections, 144, photoperiod response, 103 Galleon x Haruna Nijo 148, 155 German cultivars, 163T, 164, population, 200, 201 and Hordeum vulgare, 27 165T, 167T gametocidal chromosome (GC), genetic drag, and “wild traits,” 22 GERMINATE database, 123 deletion mapping genetic gains (/f2D/f0G), 198, germinated barley grain technology, 72 291 hormonal regulation, 453–456 gap sizes, see physical mapping genetic indeterminacy, 566 model biochemical system, distance genetic stocks, 147 449–470 GAX, in pericarp/testa, 415 for mapping, 72, 74 germination GB data, 99 genetic trait patterns, 574 in malting, 230, 449, 482–483, G-banding techniques, 113 genetic transformationsee 488 GC system, deletion mapping transformation technology testing barley for, 504–505 technology, 74 genetic variability, and abiotic germplasm collections GE interaction, 283 stress, 283 and documentation, 147 gel protein fraction, 420–421 genetical genomics, 91–93 and genetic diversity, 148, 155 GenBank, EST libraries, 86 genetically modifi ed crops, in storage facilities, 152 gene banks, see germplasm Australia, 267 in the United States, 148–154 collections geniculate barley, 37 worldwide, 144–148, 146T 616 Index

Germplasm Resources grain aphid, 276 Grimmett cultivar, 189, 196, 199, Information Network grain composition, 411–431, 265 (GRIN) database, 149, 451–453 grinding, of barley, 552–553 153, 154T grain development and structure, grits, barley, world trade in, 8, 8T GFP gene, 135 391–411, 402. see also groats, 553 GGE interaction model, 283 caryopsis development Grout cultivar, 265 giant kangaroo rat, and dispersal at anthesis, 396 growth count, in malt, 508 of exotic weeds, 32 composition, 450–453 and abiotic stress, 285 giant waves, 584 critical factors, 393 map, NSGC, 156 gibberelic acid, 483, 488, 500 nutrient supply sources, 407 guie (soil burning), 256 Gibberella zeae, 309 grain dormancy, 195. See also Gulf stream, 224 gibberellic acid responses, 103, 411 dormaucy Gull barley cultivar, 37 gibberellins, 46, 229 grain fi lling, 409 gushing, beer, 479, 507 biosynthetic pathway, 104 grain hardness, gene pool Gwylan cultivar, 378 Giemsa C-banding pattern, 63 variation, 124 gynoeccium, development and GISH analysis, 114–115 grain protective layers, 409, 410 structure, 393–395 Glacier barley series, 547 grain quality, 167T gypsum, 277 global barley production, Grain Research Laboratory 1966-2008, 161T (Canada), 184 H. vulgare x Hordeum bulbosum Global Crop Diversity Trust grain size/weight, 202, 393, 403 hybrids (GCDT), 145, 148 grain staining defect, 202 FISH analysis, 116 Global Inventory of Barley GrainGenes H chromosomes, 27 Genetic Resources online public databases/forum, H genome, 19, 20, 21, 30 (GIBGR), 145, 147 100 Ha2 gene, 196, 201, 204 global warminig, see climate change Graingenes website, 200 Ha4 gene, 196, 201 globoids, in aleurone layer, 412 Grains Research and Haber-Bosch synthesis, 588 globulins, Osborne fractions, 418 Development Corporation HACCP certifi cation, 192 glucan synthesis, new regulatory (GRDC), 187, 189 Hamelin cultivar, 190, 272 path, 569–570 gramine, 373–374 hammer milling, 485 glucanases, 137 Granstar, 237 hand weeding, 258 glucose, 492, 537 grass weeds, 226 haploid breeding method, glucuronoarabinoxylans, in grasses, 15. See also Poaceae see DHLs pericarp/testa, 418 grasshoppers, 250, 355 hardness of kernel, 544 glutamine, 369 Grb gene, 371 Harrington cultivar, 176, 178 glutelins, Osborne fractions, 418 Grd5 gene, 104 Harrington x TR306 population, gluten-free beers, 496 GRDC, 187, 189 201 Glycemic Index (GI), 547 green fassen, 487 Haruna Nijo BAC library, 86 glycosylamines, 492 green fl uorescent protein (GFP) Haruna Nijo x Galleon glyphosate, 230, 237, 244, 248, gene, 135 population, 201 277, 344, 345 green foxtail, 237 Haruna Nijo x OHU602 GM crops, 134, 169 green malt, 493 population, 67 goats, 3, 522 green manure, 233, 234, 236 harvest, in Europe, 230 Golden Promise cultivar, 134, greenbridge management, 344, HarrEST 135, 136, 137, 592 345 Barley segment of HarvEST, GoldenGate BeadArray greenbug, 333, 355, 367–372 100 technology, 87 biocontrol, 372 EST database-viewing Good Delta barley, 529 biotypes, 367–369 software, 100 goosefoot, 237 natural enemies, 372 Hazard Analysis Critical Control gorchack, 237 resistance to, 35, 371 Point (HACCP) government policies, and world distribution map, certifi cation, 192 transgenic cultivars, 134, 357 hazes, beer, 488, 505 169 greenhouse gases, 586 heading date Index 617

and abiotic stress, 285 genetical genomics, 91 nevskianum subspecies, 17, 40 and water regimens, 288 Illumina bead array, 87 turkestanicum subspecies, 40 health problems, from food, 589 mapping, 65–67 violaceum subspecies, 40, 361, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), 95, TILLING, 94 378 105 high-yielding cultivars with Hordeum bulbosum, 14, 17, 18, 19, heat tolerance, 28 drought tolerance, 299 20, 26, 29–31, 361 height of crop, 229 Himalaya 294 barley, 549 as gene donor, 22, 23 Helena cultivar, 163 Hina and Hinb allele states, 529 method of DH production, 175 hemibiotrophs, 307 Hina2/HinB2 haplotype, 529 Hordeum caespitosum, 35 Henni cultivar, 167 Hindmarsh cultivar, 190, 273, Hordeum capense, 17, 21, 23, 38 herbicide resistance genes, 135 274 Hordeum chilense, 14, 20, 34–35, herbicides, 230, 237, 249, 258, histone, centromere specifi c, 72 288, 361, 374 344 histone modifi cation, 116 Hordeum comosum, 17, 21, 35, in Australia, 277 homeodomain-leucine zipper, 36–37 dessicant, 270 102, 123–124 Hordeum cordobense, 21, 34 in Europe, 226 homoeologous pairing, 116 Hordeum depressum, 17, 20, 34, foster rhizoctonia root rot, 338 homoeologous relationships, 63, 41–42 resistance to, 32 86, 113 Hordeum erectifolium, 20, 41 soil carryover of, 242, 248–249 homogeneity problems, in Hordeum euclaston, 17, 34 use of, in NGP, 244 standardized tests, 513 Hordeum fl exuosum, 17, 34 Hessian fl y, 355, 375–379 homologous pairing, 116 Hordeum fuegianum, 41 life cycle, 376–377 hooded phenotype Hordeum guatemalense, 17, 21, 41 resistance, 377 selection for, 131–133 Hordeum halophilum, 17 worldwide distribution map, Hooded phenotype, 392 Hordeum intercedens, 17, 18, 21, 358 isolation/characterization, 34, 42 heterochromatic regions, 74 102 Hordeum jubatum, 15, 17, 18, 20, heterocyclic compounds, and Hoprdeum capense, 39 35, 332 malt fl avor, 493 hops, 479 crossed with Gull cultivar, 37 Heterodera avenae, 341 aroma, 486 Hordeum laevigatum, 163 heteroduplex structures hordatines, 28 Hordeum lechleri, 18, 37 detection, 94 hordearii, Roman, 3 Hordeum marinum, 14, 16, 17, 21, heteroglucans, 416–417 Hordeastrum section, 23 23, 33, 37–39 hex-v3 gene, 68 hordein proteins, 526, 539, 540 gussoneanum subspecies, 37, 38 hex-v4 gene, 68 hordein sequences, 421 hybridization of, 42 Hf1 gene, 378 hordeins, 419–422 marinum subspecies, 37, 38 Hf2 gene, 378 amino acid content, 420 Hordeum murinum, 15, 16, 17, 18, Hfr-3 gene, 377 characteristics, 420T 19, 20, 23, 26, 31–33 high temperatures lysine content, 419 glaucum subspecies, 31, 32, 33 and grain development, 393 storage proteins, 403 leporinum subspecies, 15, 31, 32, and pollen development, 398 Hordelymus europaeus, 16 33 high-amylose barleys, 537 Hordeum agriocrithon, 26, 44 murinum subspecies, 31, 32 high-amylose mutants, 414 Hordeum arizonicum, 17, 36 Hordeum muticum, 17, 21 higher-order-trait QTLS, 91 Hordeum bogdanii, 16, 18, 23, 40, Hordeum parodii, 41 high-generation cultivars, 134 361 Hordeum patagonicum, 21, 40 Highlight cultivar, 165 Hordeum brachyantherum, 17, 20, magellanicum subspecies, 17, 41 high-lysine barley, 540–541 21, 23, 35, 38 mustersii subspecies, 41 high-lysine maize, 540, 541 brachyantherum subspecies, 42 patagonicum subspecies, 41 high-lysine mutants, 414 californicum subspecies, 42 santacrucense subspecies, 41 high-resolution panels of RH, 78 Hordeum brevisubulatum, 16, 17, setifolium subspecies, 41 high-throughput genotyping 18, 19, 21, 30, 40 Hordeum procerum, 20, 36 systems brevisubulatum subspecies, 40 Hordeum pubifl orum, 35, 36–37 breeding programs, 168, 182 iranicum subspecies, 40 Hordeum pusillum, 17, 34 618 Index

Hordeum roshevitzii, 16, 21, 23, 40 environmental impact, 587 Igri x Franka population, 65, Hordeum secalinum, 17, 18, 21, 23, husks, separability of, 46 200–201 38, 39 HvAACT1 gene, isolation/ Illumina bead array, 72, 87 Hordeum spontaneum, 123, 163 characterization, 104 Illumina GoldenGate SNP Hordeum stenostachys, 34 HvCO1 gene, TILLING allele mapping tools, 67 Hordeum tetraploidum, 17, 18, 41 detection, 94 Illumina OPAs, 123, 125 Hordeum turkestanicum, 17 HvCr4 gene downregulation, imaging analysis, and Hordeum vulgare, 15, 17, 19, 20, 404 microspectrometry, 582 21, 26–29 HvCslf gene, 462 imazalil, 342 H. murinum crosses with, 33 Hv-eIF4E, 137 imazamox, 249 spontaneum subspecies, 14, Hv-elF4E gene, 93, 105 imazethapyr, 249 18, 22, 26–29, 66, 146, HvHox1 gene, 131–133 imidacloprid, 276, 375 179–180, 198, 288, 374 HvKvnox3 gene, 131–133 immature embryos vulgare subspecies, 18, 27, 153 hyaline layer, development and Agrobacterium-mediated Hordoindoline-a gene mutation, 94 structure, 410 transformation, 169 hordoindolines, 426–427, 544 hybrid breeding, 165, 175, 197 transformation/particle hordothionin, 527 hybridization, introgressivesee bombardment comparison, hordothionins, 427 introgression lines 135 Horedum pusillum, 376 hybridization of barley, 22 in silico veritas, 595 Hor1/Hor2 loci, 419 effi ciency of H. lechleri with in situ hybridization, 71–72 Hor4/Hor5 loci H. vulgare, 37 in vitro cultured ovules, 135 /f2g/f0-hordein code, 419–421 of H. brachyantherum, 42 InDel polymorphism, DArT hormonal regulation of of H. chilense with wheat, assay, 65 germination, 453–456 35 indeterminacy, interpreting, 405 horseweed, 248 of H. jubatum, 35–36 Indian Ocean Dipole, 260 Hsh gene, 68 of H. marinum, 42 indole alkaloids, 373 Hsp90, 95 of H. patagonicum, 41 induced mutations, 113 Hsp90 gene, 105 of H. procerum and H. industry policies on HT-2 toxin, 311 arizonicum, 36 transgenic cultivars, 134 hull of H. vulgare and H. bulbosum, infl orescence and hulless kernels, 543–544 30 development and structure, worldwide maps by type, 158 hybridization probes, 71, 72 391–392 hulless barley hybridization-based DNA phenotypes, 97 breeding programs, 170, 176, markers, 71 infrared processing, 554

179 hybrids, commercial F1, 133 infrastructure stabilization, for ethanol production, 177 hydrolysis of arabinoxylans, 457 594–596 Nudnud/nudnud genes, 392 hydrolysis of (1/f2,3;1,4)-b-/ Ingrid cultivar, 165 Hulless Barley Cooperative yield f0D-glucans, 460–461 INIFAP breeding program, 171 trials, 184 hydrolytic enzymes, and enzyme INRA germplasm collection, hulless grain marker evaluation, inhibitors, 423–424 France, 147 201 hydrophobins, 507 insect pests, 355–356 human brain, self-organized Hyproly barley, 540 Australian management of, computer, 596 273–274, 276 human communication, limiting I genome, barley, 15, 17, 19, 20, bird cherry-oat aphid, factor, 596 21, 23, 33, 35, 37 372–375 human genome, physical mapping iBISON 97-94, 131 cereal leaf beetle, 379–380 technology, 75 ICARDA breeding program, 171 greenbug, 367–372 human population, environmental idiogram confi gurations, 112–113 Hessian fl y, 375–379 effects, 586 Igri cultivar, 134, 135, 136, 137, NGP, 250 human society 165 PNW, 250 and climate change, 585 Igri x Atlas68a population, 66 resistance to, 35, 36, 153, 363 Index 619

Russian wheat aphid, 356–367 intergeneric hybrids, 113–114, in Idaho, 242 worldwide distribution maps, 116 and stripe rust, 319 356–358 intermedium spike, 45 irrigation and salinization, 282 insecticides International Barley Genetic Isaria cultivar, 163 and aphids, 334 Resources Network isoamylase gene, 414 and control of Russian wheat (IBGRN), 144–145 isothermal mashing, 514 aphid, 365–366 International Barley Genetics isovalerakdehyde, 493 and the cereal leaf beetle, 380 Symposium, 19, 95–96 Ivanovo culivar, 233 and greenbug, 372 International Barley Sequencing and Hessian fl y, 378 Consortium (IBSC), Jade cultivar, 166 protection from, in rolled 76–77, 88 Jana cultivar, 166 leaves, 359 International Board for Plant Japanese millet, 277 Institute of Biodiversity Genetics Resources jasmonic acid signaling genes, 89 Conservation (IBC), (IBPGR), 144 JAVA-based interactive tools 146 International Center for online, 101 Institute of Plant Genetics and Agricultural Research in Jefferson, Thomas, 148 Crop Plant Research, the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Johnston, R. P., 189 101, 168 145, 146, 147, 171, 253, Jura cultivar, 165 Instituto Nacional de 256, 257, 356, 361 Investigaciones Forestales, International Crops Research K gene, 68 Agricolas, y Pecurias Instute for the Semi-Arid Kap gene, 68, 131–133, 523 (INIFAP), 171 Tropics (ICRISTAT), Kaputar cultivar, 265 insulin resistance, 547 356 Karl barley, 529 Int-c, phenotypic selection for International Panel on Climate karyogram confi gurations, see six-rows, 131–133 Change (2007), 585 idiogram confi gurations Int-c gene, 545 International Rice Research karyotypes, 112–113 int-c gene, 68 Institute (IPRI), 356 Kazakhstan. See also North int-c5 gene, 68 International Treaty on Plant Kazakhstan int-c mutant, 45, 523 Genetic Resources for barley types and distribution, integrable systems, 564 Food and Agriculture 231 integrated marker maps (ITPGRFA), 145, 148 crop rotation, 233 ACE fi le viewer, 100 internode fraction of straw, 591 seeding dates, 234 BAC contigs/SNP/DArT internodes, hand-dissected yield, Kazan cultivar, 233 markers, 88 591T Keel cultivar, 274 genetic/physical map interphase chromosome, 71 Kenja cultivar, 163 integration, 87 interspecifi c hybrid lines, 113– kernel, 523 molecular/cytological markers, 114, 116, 198 anatomy and composition of, 114 introgression lines, 95, 126–128, 535–543 NEP/molecular markers, 127, 131 ash, 542 67–69 introgression strategy, 132 brightness, 505 NEP/SNP, 69 introgressive hybridization, see carbohydrates in, 536–538 SNP/ QTL/rice physical introgression lines composition, 536 markers, 92 inversion ploughing, 227 damaged, 506 SSR, RFLP and SNP markers, IPK Gatersleben, 101, 168 discoloration, 201 67 IPK germplasm collection, fi ber in, 537–538 integrated stress response models, Germany, 146, 147 hardness, 544 284–285 Irish whiskey, 4, 500 hulled vs. hulless, 543 integuments, development and iron, 525 lipid content, 541 structure, 410 irreversibility, 575–576 physical characteristics, intellectual property protection, irrigation, 230 543–546 185 and fertilizer use, 253 phytonutrients, 542–543 620 Index kernel (cont’d) lateral spikelet fertility, 102 ligular region traits, 98 plumpness, 523 lauter tun, 485, 486 lime grass, 15 protein in, 538–541 LD response, 103 liming, 268 (see also protein) LDL (low-density lipoproteins), limit dextrinases, 491 shape, 545–546 546. See also cholesterol Lina x Canada Park population, size, 545 leaf area and drought tolerance, 65 (see also plumpness) 292 Lindwall cultivar, 190, 199 size and weight testing, 503 leaf blotch, 274 linear-bilinear model, 283, 284 vitamins in, 541 resistance to, 36 linear data compression, 576 kernel blight, 325. See also spot leaf color traits, 98 linkage disequilibrium, 125, blotch leaf disease resistance, 196 295 ketosamines, 492 leaf diseases, see foliar diseases linkage groups, identifi cation, Khapra beetle, 277 leaf fraction, of straw, 591 63 kilning, 479, 483–484, 489 leaf rolling, 359, 360 linkage maps, 99, 114, 115, and peat-smoked Scotch, 500 leaf rust, 28, 265, 315, 315–317 122, 295 kinship estimates, 125 pathotypes, 199, 200 linseed, in crop rotation, 255 Klages, Karl, 529 resistance to, 31, 35, 66, lipases, 492, 553 Klages cultivar, 178 198–199, 200, 202 lipids, 411–412, 536, 541, 554 Knotted1 (Kn1) gene, 102 leaf scald, see scald lipoxygenase (LOX), 136 knotweed, 237 leaf spot, Ramularia (RLS), 327, List of Recommended Malting kochia, 248 327–328 Barley Varieties, 182, Kohlbach index, 163–164, 450, leaf surface wax, 373 183 510 leafy lemma genes, 68, 392 little barley (H. pusillum), 34, koji, 500 Legacy cultivar, 183 376 krausening, 487 legacy genetics data, 100 livestock feed, 522 Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors, legumes lk2 gene, 69 425 for animal feed, 254, 266 lk5 gene, 69 Kurtford conversion experiment, in crop rotation, 234, 249, Lks2 gene, 131–133 133 266 lks2 gene, 68, 69 Kurtford cultivar, 131–133, 132 and soil acidity, 268 lks5 gene, 69 Kwan cultivar, 195 spring, in crop rotation, 245 LMW hordeins, 421–422 Kymppi cultivar, 137 Leibniz Institute of Plant Lnt1 gene, 96 Genetics and Crop lnt1.a allele, 96 L94 x Vada population, 65 Research (IPK), 145 localization methods, 115 Labea cultivar, 165 lel1/lel2 genes, 68 lodging, 229, 311 Lacey cultivar, 183 lemma development and resistance to, 193 lactating cows, feeding of, 522. structure, 392 Logan cultivar, 181 See also cattle; dairy Lemophagus curtus, 380 Lolium spp., 226, 227 production length fraction (LF), 71 Lomerit cultivar, 165 lactones, as fl avoring agents, 493 lentil, 3, 254 long day (LD) response, 103 lager beers in crop rotation, 274 loose smut, 276 darker, 494 and root rot, 336 Löve, Á., 23 light, 493 leucine, 493 low barley, 41–42. See also lagering, 487 Leymus arenarius (lime grass), Hordeum depressum landrace germplasm collections, 15 low number of tillers1 locus, 96 146 LF, 71 low phytate barley, 176 large-insert genomic libraries, 117 li gene, 68 low temperature, transcriptome Larker cultivar, 178 lig gene, 68, 69 response to, 89 late frosts, 224 lig-a2 gene, 68 low-frequency alleles, QTL late-barley production system, 257 light microscopy applications, detection, 125–126 lateral bundles, 407 582 low-molecular-weight hordeins, lateral fl oret fertility, 123–124 lignin, 537–538 421–422 Index 621

LOX (lipoxygenase), 136 magnesium chelatase subunit malt vinegar, 501 pathway, 492, 515 genes, 69 malt whiskey production lpa mutation, 526 Mahonia, 313–314 desired trait expressions, 164 LTPs, 425–426 Maillard reactions, 492–493, 494, Malta cultivar, 165 lucerne, in crop rotation, 266 495, 505, 510 malthouse, 479, 481 lucerne fl ea, 276 maize, 75, 125, 294 Saladin box design, 482, 483 luciferase markers, 135 as animal feed, 3 malting, 3, 4, 479–484 lupin, narrow-leaf beer from, 4, 9, 11–12, 11T biochemistry of, 488–493 as break crop, 274 crop debris, and Fusarium, and European barley in crop rotation, 266 311 production, 222, 224 lutein content, 431 in crop rotation, 233, 234 germination, 230 lys mutation, 526 and ethanol production, 250, and seed dormancy, 46 lys1 mutation, 540 500 Malting and Brewing Industry lys3.a gene, 414, 574 as feed grain, 522 Barley Technical lys3.a mutation, 540, 580–582, fl aked, as adjunct, 485 Committeesee MBIBTC 581 high-lysine, 540, 541 (Australia) lys3.a recombinant, 580–582, as host of BYDV, 334 malting barley, 225 581 lpa mutation, 526 Australian, 263, 264, 264T, lys5.f mutant, 577–579, 578 lys mutation, 526 265, 267 Lysiba cultivar, 574 market price of, 242 Australian export markets, Lysimax cultivar, 574 metabolizable energy (ME) of, 187–188 lysine, 419, 421, 526 528 Canadian production of, 242 content enhancement, 526, opaque-2 mutation, 526 Canadian selection rate for, 527 protein in, 539 523 (see also high-lysine barley; Rp1-D gene, 137 in Kazakhstan and West high-lysine maize) summer cropping, 277 Siberia, 233 world production of, 5, 6T, 9 marketing (Canada), 177 MAB/MAS, 122 male sterile facilitated recurrent moisture content, 230 applications, 123, 137–139 selection (MSFRS), 197, plump, 545 in Australia, 190, 197, 203–204 200 profi tability relative to feed, backcrossing scheme, 131–133 malt, 478–479 524T, 525T for BSR resistance, 131 Australian exports of, 263 receiving specifi cations, for drought tolerance, 293, bleaching, 483 269–270, 271 294–295 extract levels, 497 substandard, as animal feed, in Europe, 166–169 green, 484 523 for feed quality, 179 milling, 485 world shortages of, 516 limiting factors, 126, 133, 298 pale, fl vors of, 493 malting cultivars for malting quality, 129–131, peated, 500 accredited Australian, 190, 202 quality testing, 502, 504T 192 in North America, 182 rye and oat, 496 AMBA approved, 182, 183 for powdery mildew resistance, types and uses of, 493–498 commercial acceptance testing, 168 use calculation, 496–498 184 QTL effi ciency, 294 wheat, 496 evaluation/registration, reference genome, 168 world production and use, 176–177 selection strategy, 122 498–499, 498T pedigree chart, 189, 190 worldwide use estimation, world trade in, 8–9, 8T, 10T positive traits, 165T 126–128, 126T, 127 malt beverages, fl avored, 501 rating system, 195 Mackay cultivar, 265 malt extract malting quality MADS box transcription factor, QTL selection, 204 breeding programs, 122, 102–103 world trade in, 8, 8T 178–179 Magie cultivar, 256 malt fl our, 501 evaluation criteria, 163–164, magnesium, 525 malt syrups and extracts, 501 178, 184 622 Index malting cultivars (cont’d) marker-assisted breeding, see meteorological predictions, genetics of, 469–470 MAB/MAS 584–585 MAS usage, 128 marker-assisted selection, see methanol, 594 QTL identifi cation, 124, 201, MAB/MAS methionine, 526 202, 204, 468 marketing methyl salicylate, 375 transgenic research, 135, 137 Canadian malting barley, 177 methylation fi ltration, 65, 66 US specifi cations, 179T deregulated environment, 192 Mexico maltose, 491, 511 Marnie cultivar, 163 as beer exporter, 11, 171 maltotriose, 491, 492 Martini, Mary, 149 barley production area and Malwinta cultivar, 165 mash fi lter, 485, 486 yield, 243T Manchurian six-row landraces, mash tun, 485 breeding programs, 171 175 mashing, 479, 499, 508 Centro Internacional de manganese, 248, 345, 542 biochemistry of, 488–493 Mejoramiente de Maíz y defi ciency, 288–289 tepral, 514 Trigo (CIMMYT), tolerance, 197 mass selection strategy, 198 146-147 uptake, 201 matalaxyl-M, 278 mGN units, 73 manganese-effi cient cultivar MATE family member, 104 MIAMExpress online, 100 development, 197 mathematical evaluation limits, microarray data analysis, 89, 100, manganese/nitrogen interaction, 575–576 398 289 mathematical modeling, 564 Microarray Retriever mannitol, 297 of emergent systems, 566 meta-analysis tool, 100 manures, 228 mathematical nonintegrability, microminerals in barley, 542 carry-over, 238 564 micronuclei formation, 115 green, 233, 234, 236 mayweed chamomile, 248 micronutrients, in soil fertility, map-based cloning, 76 MBIBTC (Australia), 188, 193, 248 MapMan interactive tool, 101 195 microscopy, 117, 118 mapping, 63–78. see also specifi c meadow barley, 39, 42. See also microspectrometry, 582 type of map Hordeum secalinum microspire culture, 167 BSR resistance QTLs, 131 meat consumption trends, 588 Middle East distances physical/genetic Mediterranean barley, 37 and genetic diversity of H. integration, 114, 124–125 MEDLINE, 99 vulgare spontaneum, 26, 27 DS insertion sites, 96 megagametophyte development, map, 252 genetic maps, 86–87 395, 397 seeding rates, 257 HvCslf genes, 462 megasporogenesis, 395–398 mildew resistance, 161, 163T integrating genetic/cytological meher season, East Africa, 253, MillerCoors breeding program, maps, 115 256 177–178 integrating linkage/physical meiosis, 116, 117–118 millet maps, 115 Mel1 gene, 201, 289 beer, 9, 11, 11T merging with NEP maps, melanoidins, 492 beer from, 4 67–69 melons, in crop rotation, 234 progenitor identifi cation, 144 populations insuffi cient Mertz, Dr. Ed, 540 milliGeNome (MGN) units, 73 resolution of, 78 mese beer, 12 milling, malt, 485 whole-genome linkage maps, messenger RNAsee mRNA mineral composition, 427–428, 122 metabalome level pleiotropic 428T Marinka cultivar, 165 effect, 579 mineral tolerance, 135. see also maritime barley, 37. See also metabolic engineering, transgenic specifi c mineral Hordeum marinum; sea crops, 296–298 minerals, in barley, 542 barley metabolites conferring abiotic minerals stored in aleurone, Maritime cultivar, 273, 274 stress tolerance, 295–298 411–412 Maritime region of Canada, metabolizable energy (ME), 528 minichromosomes, 118 characteristics/breeding metaphase chromosome minimum tiling path priorities, 172 preparations, 72 identifi cation, 88 Index 623 min-till, 224 University of Saskatchewan mutant genetic stocks online mismatch (MM) probes, 88–89 Crop Development Centre database, 101 mites, 355 breeding program, 176 mutant lesion, primary/secondary mixed linkage /f2b/f0-glucanssee yield performance under causes, 577 /f2b/f0-glucans drought, 293 mutation collections, 95 mixed model analysis, 66, 202 molecular markers mutations. See also trisomics Mla locus complex, 95, 105, 136, applications, 123 detection, 94 161 and cytoplasmic male sterile induced, 113 Mlg gene, 168 lines, 133 mapping, 63–64, 68 mlo gene, 161, 201 simple sequence repeat (SSR), mycelium, 311, 320 mlo11 gene, 163 114 Mycosphaerella spp., 328, 331 Mlo locus, 105 molecular response to abiotic Mycosphaerella graminicola, MM probes, 88–89 stress, 295–298 266 MMAS breeding, 64–65. see also molecular-marker assisted mycotoxins, 309, 311, 507 MAB/MAS (MMAS) breeding, 64–65. in malt, 507 mnd6 gene, 68 see also MAB/MAS model building and complex monomeric catechin content, 429 Na+ uptake, 288 emergent systems, Montana State University, 177 naked barley, 46 564–565 MoreCrop system, 319 naked caryopsis, 103 model cereal crop, 112 Morex cultivar, 73, 86, 89, 90, 94, and barley domestication, 46 modifi cation or endosperm, in 104, 178 naked eye polymorphism (NEP) malting, 488–489 Morex x Barke population, 67 mapping, 64, 67–69 modifi ed-pedigree breeding Morocco cultivar, 342 Naomie cultivar, 165 method, 182 morphological maps, 63–64, 114 narrow-leaf lupin moisture mosaic viruses, resistance to, 31 as break crop, 274 grain content, and storage, 230 mouse barley, 15. See also wall in crop rotation, 266 stress, 257 barley Natasha cultivar, 163 Mokusekko 3 cultivar, 166 mouthfeel, of beer, 479, 492 National Barley Foods Council, moldboard plows, 236 mRNA 532 molds, in malt, 507 abundance, 91, 92 National Barley Growers molecular biochemistry, path profi ling, 86, 88–90, 99 Association, 532 modeling expedition, MSFRS breeding strategy, 197, National Barley Improvement 577–579 200 Committee, 532 molecular breeding, marker mtlD gene, 297 National Barley Molecular Marker density for, 87 muffi ns, barley, 550 Program (NBMMP), 189 molecular cytogenetics, 112–118 multi-drug and toxic compound National Bioresource Project molecular genetics, 114 extrusion (MATE) family Haruna Nijo BAC library, 86 and barley improvement, member, 104 National Center for Biotechnology 122–133, 137–139 multigene phenotypes and MAS Information (NCBI), 99 integration with physiological usage, 131–133 National Center for Genetic measures, 298 multipopulation mapping Resources Preservation NBMMP, 200 approach, 126 (NCGRP), 149, 152 molecular mapping, 64–65, 68, Munck, Lars, 540 National Germplasm Resources 68T, 78, 114 Mundah cultivar, 264 Laboratory (NGRL), 149 molecular marker identifi cation Mundah x Keel population, 200, National Plant Germplasm powdery mildew resistance, 202 System (NPGS), 149 168 Munich malt, 494 National Potato Introduction molecular marker programs Murasakimochi population, 104 Station, 149 AWCMMP, 189 Musket (herbicide), 237 National Research Council, on molecular marker technology, mutagens, 95 animal feed value of 122–123 mutant gene symbols, assignment barley, 522, 524, 525T, and backcross breeding, 198 methods, 95–96 528 624 Index

National Small Grains Collection NIR spectral endosperm mutant crop rotation, 253–255 (NSGC), 95, 147, 149–150, model, 568 landraces of, 189, 190–191 150–154, 150T, 151T, 152, NIR spectral overviews, map, 252 179–180, 318–319 interpretation, 574-576 seeding dates, 257 distributions from, 153, 153T NIR-IR, advanced, 582 tillage, 255–256 growth habit map, 156 NIRS, 567, 572 North America, 171–185. See also two-spike and six-spike maps, endosperm mutant model, Mexico; Northern Great 157 576–579 Plains, Canada and U.S. national varietal accreditation in a PCA score plot, 574 Anisolepis species, 34 system (Australia), 192 overview, 575–576 barley regions, 241 (see also natural resources, dwindling, 585 nitrate reductase gene, 64, 104 Northern Great Plains; N-banding pattern, 63, 113 nitrogen, 247, 253, 267, 268, 271, Pacifi c Northwest) NBIP, 196 345 climate, 242–243 NBMMP, 189, 200–204 application strategies, 272–273 Critesion species, 35 NCBI, 99 fertilizers, 588 cultural practices, 245–246 NCD and RMS, 400–401 and FHB, 311 Stenostachys species, 41–42 NCRCP, 199 free amino (FAN), 497 North American Barley NDB112 cultivar, 326 less required for spring barley, Researchers Workshop, NDMA (nitrosodimethylamine), 224 175 512 in soil, 228 North Dakota State University, near infrared spectroscopy soluble, 505, 509 177 (NIRS), 565–581 nitrogen/manganese interaction, North Kazakhstan Near Isogenic Line, 69 289 cultural practices, 239, 239T nec1 gene, isolation/ nitrosamines, 512 depth of seeding, 235–236, characterization, 103–104 nivaleno, 311 236T necrotic mutant phenotype, nomenclature, mutant gene seeding rate, 235, 236T 103–104 symbols, 95–96 soil fertility management, necrotrophs, 307 nonbrittle rachis, and 238 necS1 gene, isolation/ domestication of barley, tillage practices, 236 characterization, 103–104 43–44 weed control, 237 nematodes, 33, 273, 307, 308, noncleistogamy, 102 northeast Europe 341–342 noncomputability, 565 crop rotation, 233–234 resistance to, 181, 196 nondistributional probability, cultural practices, 239–240 Neoseiulus californicus, 33 575–576 depth of seeding, 236 Neotyphodium, 36, 378 nonlinear dynamics, 598 seeding dates, 234–235 NEP mapping, 64, 67–69 nonlinear systems, 565 seeding rate, 235 net blotch, 249, 276, 278, nonmathematical empirical soil fertility management, 321–324, 322, 323 evaluation, 576 238–239 net-type, 202–203 nonstandard quality tests tillage practices, 236–237 resistance to, 198, 199–200, at barley point-of-purchase, types of barley grown, 231, 201 502 233 neutron-induced mutation, 95 malt, 513–516 weed control, 237–238 Nevski, S.A., 23 non-starch polysaccharides Northern Great Plains, Canada New World I genome species, (NSPs), 535, 537 and U.S. (NGP), 241 16 noodles, barley, 550–551 climate, 242–243 NGP, see Northern Great Plains Nordal barley, 540 cropping practices, 244–245 niacin, 541 NordGen (Nordic Genetic cultural practices, 245–246 NIAR germplasm collection, Resources Center), 147 Northern Montane region/ Japan, 147 mutant collection, 95 Western Canada, 173 nicotinic acid, 541 normal control, 580–582, 581 Northern Region/Australia, 194T NIR single-seed sorter, 575 North Africa Notch2 mutation, and starch NIR spectra, 571 barley agronomy in, 251–253 structure, 414 Index 625 no-till farming, 237, 240, 243–244, susceptible to B. sorokiniana, Osborne fractions 248, 270, 277, 338, 344 340 protein classifi cation, 417–422 novel allele, identifi cation, 126 susceptible to take-all, 340 ripe grain proteins, 418 NR gene, 94 off-season nursery use, 182 osmolyte contents, 297 NRC, see National Research OG (original gravity), 496, 509 osmotic adjustment (OA), 288, Council lowered, trend towards, 499 290–291 NSGC, 179–180 Oidium monilioides, 320 overexpression, 93–94, 136 nucellar projection, 408, 409, 411 oil, in barley, 554 overgo probes, 88 Nucellin, 411 oil crops, in rotation, 255 ovule development, 393–395 nucellus, 395, 411 Okayama University online oxygen nuclear cytoplasmic domains database, 101 availability of, and dormancy, 46 (NCD), 400–401 Oktoberfest beer, 494 defi ciency tolerance, 38 nucleolar dominance, 114, 116, Old World I genome species, 16 117 oligo pooled arrays (OPAs), 123, P genome, in Triticeae, 15 nud gene, 523, 529 125 pachytene chromosome analysis, nudnud gene, 538 oligonucleotide pool assays, 67 63, 71 Nud/nud gene, 529, 543 Omugi barley, 371 pachytene diakinesis, 117–118 Nudnud/nudnud genes ondole alkaloids, 37 Pacifi c Northwest, U.S. (PNW), cloned, 68 (1/f2,4)-b-/f0D-Xylan 241 hulled/hulless barley, 392 endohydrolases, 458–459 climate, 242, 243 isolation/characterization, 103 (1/f2«4)/f0-/f2b/f0-D-Glucan cultural practices, 245–246 mapping, 68, 201 glucohydrolases, 461–462 weed control, 248–249 rice homolog, 70 (1/f2«/f04)-/f2b/f0-D-glucans, packaging of beer, 488 nutrient management, soil, 227 see /f2b/f0-glucans Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, 367 Australia, 271–273 (1/f2,3:1,4)/f0-/f2b/f0-D-glucan pale ale malt, 494 indole alkaloids in, 373 degradaation, 469 pan evaporation, NGP and PNW, and soilborne pathogen (1/f2,3;1,4)/f0-/f2b/f0-d-glucans 244 resistance, 345 endohydrolases, 461 pancakes, barley, 548 nutrient transport pathways, (1/f2,3;1,4)/f0-/f2b/f0-D-glucans Pandora neoaphidis, 367 406–409 hydrolysis, 460–461 paradigm shift nutrients within barley kernel, online public databases, 99T, 133, infrastructural networks, 593 535–543 174 in science, technology, society, nutritional effi ciency, improving, Ontario Agricultural College/ 599 588 Guelph, 175 paraquat, 32, 277 nutritional traits, 135 Ontario region of Canada, 172 parasitism oomycetes, 307–308, 339 and the bird cherry-oat aphid, OA and drought tolerance, 288, Opaque-2 gene, maize, 540 375 290–291 opaque-2 mutation, 526 and the cereal leaf beetle, 380 OAC 21 cultivar, 175 OPAs, 123, 125 and greenbug, 372 oat-maize addition lines, 75 open reading frame estimation, and the Hessian fl y, 378 oats, 278, 532, 533 86 and Russian wheat aphid, 366 and cereal cyst nematode, 341 Optic cultivar, 94, 125–126, 164 parent building and MAS usage, in crop rotation, 234, 266, 273, opulse crops, 273 126–128, 127 274 Oregon Barley Project, 128–131 particle bombardment, 133, 134 fl aked, 553 Oregon State University, 177 Passion cultivar, 165 groats, 553 Oregon wolf barley (OWB) pasta, barley, 550 as host of BYDV, 334 population, 67 pasteurization of beer, 488 malted, 496 recessive x OWB dominant, 65, pasture legumes, 266 protein in, 539 68 path modeling, 405, 576–579 in rotation, 343 Ornithogalum umbellatum, P. hordei pathogen resistance, 104–105, as RTE breakfast cereal, 546 alternate host, 199 423–424, 427. see also as source of RLS infection, 328 Ortolan cultivar, 342 specifi c pathogens 626 Index pattern analysis, single seed periclinal wall, in cellularization, photosynthesis systems, maize vs. spectrum, 574 401 rice, 6 pattern recognition technology, peripheral endosperm cell types, phyllocron, 228–229 564 401 physical mapping distance, 71–72, pattern selection with perithecia, 308, 309, 311 87 spectroscopy, 597 peroxidase enzymes, 423 physical mapping technology, Patty x Tallon population, 66 peroxidases, 554 71–79, 87–88, 90 PBA, 193 peroxide generation, and BAC contig map, 75–78 PCA excitation energy, 289 deletion mapping, 74 classifi cation of chemical persistent interactions/reactions, FISH analysis, 114–115 spectra, 572 575-576 integration with linkage maps, classifi cation of NIR spectra, pesticide environmental concerns, 115 572 161 RH mapping, 74–75 coarse-grained physiochemical pesticides, 334 in situ hybridization, 71–72 overview, 580 PGRC germplasm collection, translocation mapping, 72–74 PCD, 404, 410–411 Canada, 149 physical resolution PCD pathways, 103–104, 136, Pgt (stem rust fungus), 104–105 BAC contig maps, 76 411, 455 Ph1 gene, nonsyntenous position deletion mapping, 74 pcoket bread, 550 in rice, 70 RH mapping, 74–75 PCR analysis, 87, 168 Phaeosphaeria avenaria f. sp. physiochemical information in PCR primers pairs, 393 triticea, 331 NIR spectra, 571 p-cresol, 547 pharmaceutical compound physiochemical patterns, plant- PCR-generated markers, 64, 73, production, 135 environment interactions, 87, 93, 96 phenolic acid, 416, 430–431, 430T 582–583 PDS gene downregulation, 94–95 phenolic compounds, 429, 479, physiological measures of stress pea, 3 505, 510, 554, 555, 556 response, 284, 298 mixture, in crop rotation, 234 and beer haze, 480 physiological phenotypes, genes resistant to root lesion degradation of, 492 controlling, 104 nematodes, 341 oxidized to o-quinones, 543 phytases, 522, 525, 526 and root rot, 336 proanthocyanidins (fl avonols), phytates, and mineral peaches, world production of, 9 542, 543 bioavailability, 427–428 peanut, see groundnut phenolic compounds, integument phytepsin, and DNA Pearl, J., 565 accumulation, 410 fragmentation, 411 pearled barley, 507, 544, 551–552, phenology targets, 193-195 phytic acid, 525, 542, 577 552 phenotype, 91, 97, 98, 101–105 phytic acid synthesis pathway, 428 world trade in, 8, 8T phenotype adaptation, statstical phytochemicals, 428–431 peat soils, 248 analysis, 283–284 phytoene desaturase gene peating, of malt, 500 phenotype selection, 127 downregulation, 94–95 pedigree breeding systems, 197 phenotypic characterization, 94 phytohormones, 453–454 pedigreed cultivars, 164, 165 phenotypic variation, of diastatic phytomer model, 392 pedigreed seed certifi cation, 185 power, 129–131 phytonutrients pendimethalin, 226 Phialophora, 340 and kernel color, 542–543 pentosans, 416–417 phosphate, 253 PI370970 barley, 529 peptide mass fi ngerprinting reduction of pollution from, 526 Piggy cultivar, 574 database, 86 phosphorus, 228, 247, 542 Pilot Brewing Australia (PBA), peptides, and gushing, 507 availability of, 525–526 192–193 perfectly-matched (PM) probes, phosphorus content, 427–428 pilot-scale evaluation, 182–183 88–89 photoperiod response, 103, 123, pilsner beers, 486, 493 pericarp development and 202, 285 Pinnacle cultivar, 181 structure, 409–410 photoperiod sensitivity, and barley pita bread, 550 pericentromeric regions, reduced domestication, 48 Plant Gene Resources of Canada recombination, 73 photoperiod-responsive loci, 286 (PGRC), 145, 146, 147 Index 627

Plant Genetic Resources Canada, Polymyxa graminis resistance, 166 TIGS gene analysis, 95 176 polyphenolic oxidase, 556 Ppd photoperiod-responsive loci, plant height, 193, 288, 292 polyphenols, 505 286 plant physiology, germinated oxidation of, 510 Ppd-H1 gene barley model, 449 polysaccharides, 412–413, cloning rice orthologs, 70 plant utilization, improving, 588 414–415, 536 and Eam1 locus, 288 plant variety protection polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), isolation/characterization, 103 certifi cate (US), 185 and beer stabilization, 488 photoperiod response and Plant Variety Protection Offi ce, Pope, M.N., 149 fl owering time, 123 185 population substructure and yield QTLs, 202 plant-environment interactions, differences, accounting for, Ppd-H2 gene, 288 582–583 125 Prairie Registration plant-pathogen interactions, porter, 496 Recommending 103–104 positional cloning, 87, 295 Committee for Oat and plant-scale evaluation, 183 Post cultivar, 168 Barley (Canada), 183 plasmid probes, 115 postfertilization development, Pratylenchus spp., 341 Plato, Fritz, 496 400–411 precipitation, 243, 244. See also pleiotrophy, 571–573, 573 postrelease adaptation evaluation, rain pleiotropic action of genes, 566 184 NGP, 244 pleiotropic cascade, 577 potassium, 247, 542 Pacifi c Northwest, U.S. pleiotropic change pattern, 577 and fl oret opening, 399 (PNW), 243, 244 pleiotropic effects, 293, 579–580 potatoes predictive computer models, 586 PLEXdb online, 100 in crop rotation, 234 preharvest sprouting, 201, 202 plumpness of kernel, 503, 545 world production of, 5, 6T, 9 premature yeast fl occulation PM probes, 88–89 poultry (PYF), 479, 514–515 PNW, see Pacifi c Northwest and beta-glucan, 527 preregistration trials, 184 Poaceae, 15 feed for, 522 price. See also profi tability as alternative hosts for bacterial and water pollution, 526 maize, market, 242 blight, 335 powdery mildew, barley, 266, of malting vs. feed barleys, 523 and cereal cyst nematode, 341 276, 319–321, 320 wheat, market, 242, 266 pocket bread, 550 mRNA profi ling experiments, prickly lettuce, 248 pollen 89 primary endosperm, nucleus of H. murinum, 33 transgenic research division, 400 self-pollination of barley, 48–49 (see transformation primary root development and viability of, in H. vulgare, 27 technology) structure, 405 pollen development and structure, powdery mildew, wheat, 266 primed in situ labeling (PRINS), 398–400 powdery mildew resistance, 28, 115 pollen tube, 399 31, 35 primordia generation, 392 pollinator lines, 133, 135 Australian breeding objectives, principal component analysis pollution 195 (PCA), 567, 571 radiation, and H. bogdanii, 40 backcross breeding strategy, PRINS, 115 reduction, 588 200 Prior, Samuel, 188 soil, from phosphates, 526 European breeding programs, Prior cultivar, 188, 200 water, from fi sh production and 168 Prior A cultivar, 188, 195 poultry farming, and European cultivars, 161 Prisma cultivar, 163 piggeries, 526 genes controlling, 105 proanthocyanidin content, 429 water, from piggeries, 526 mlo-mediated, 136 proanthocyanidin-free mutants, polymerase chain reaction NBMMP consensus map 429 markerssee PCR-generated markers, 201 proanthocyanidins (fl avonols), markers NBMMP markers, 202 542 polymorphic Bmy1 coding region Rar/Sgt1/Mla13 gene proanthocyanin synthesis, 410 SNPs, 130T functions, 95 probability, 564, 574-575 628 Index probe binding, factors affecting, pseudo-cereals, 496 QTL Miner software 90 Pub gene molecular map, 68 GERMINATE database processing, barley public online resources, 99T, 133, analysis, 123 blocking, 551 174 quack grass, 15, 340 dry milling, 551 Publican cultivar, 164 as source of RLS infection, for human food consumption, PubMed, 99 328 555 Puccinia coronata Corda resistance, quality character, and MAS pearling, 551–552 198–199 usage, 126–128, 127 Proctor cultivar, 163 Puccinia graminis, 199 quality traits, US guidelines for, Proctor x Nudinka population, secalis f. sp., 313 178 201 tritici f. sp., 36, 136, 313 quantitative genetic analysis, 91 prodelphinidin content, 429 Puccinia hordei, 28, 316 quantitative trait loci, see QTL Europe productivity resistance, 199 quantitative traits, selection improvement, 160–161 Puccinia hordei virulence genes, effi ciency, 122 profi tability, malting vs. feed 199 Québec region of Canada, 172 barley, 524T, 525T Puccinia striiformis quinoa, 496 programmed cell death hordei f. sp., 199, 317–318, 319 pathwayssee PCD hordei f. sp. Westend, 131 Raboy, Dr. Victor, 525 pathways tritici f. sp., 33, 180, 318 RACB gene, 136 prohexadione-calcium, 229 resistance, 199 rachis, nonbrittle, breeding for, prolamin superfamily of plant Pugsley, Albert, 188 43–44 proteins, 421, 424 pulse crops, in rotation, 266 rachis development traits, 97 prolamins, Osborne fractions, 418 purifi cation of breeder seed, 182 radial microtubule systems proline, 297 puroindolines, 544 (RMS), 400–401 promoters, seed coat-specifi c, 410 purple patch, 336 radiation, H. bogdanii sensitive to, propiconazole, 276 PVP certifi cate (US), 185 40 poxycarbazone, 249 pyramiding multiple genes, 128, radiation hybrid (RH) mapping, proteasome degradation pathway, 131, 202 74–75 104 pyrazines, 493 radiation requirement for grain protein content, 267, 270, 271, Pyrenophora net blotch resistance, development, 393 273, 523 161 raffi nose, 417 degradation of, during malting, Pyrenophora semeniperda, 32 Ragusa cultivar, 165 490–491 Pyrenophora teres, 307, 321, 323 rain, 243 of durum wheat, 529 maculata f. sp., 323 and fertilizer use, 253 in kernels, 536, 538–541 teres f. sp., 321, 323 seasonal, 228 and malt color, 494 pyrolysis, 510 splash dissemination of quality enhancement, 526–527 pythium root rot, 278, 336, pathogens, 329, 332 soluble, 509 338–339 summer, in Australia, 259 testing for, 503, 505–506, 513 Pythium spp., 338–339, 342, 344, Raman scanning proteinase inhibitors, 374, 424 345 microspectrometers, 582 proteins Ramularia collo-cygni, 327, 328 embryo protein degradation, Q-banding techniques, 113 Ramularia leaf blotch resistance, 466–467 QCC stem rust, 313 161 mature grain complement, QTL analysis, 122, 124–126, 201, Ramularia leaf spot (RLS), 327, 417–422, 418 204 327–328 primary structure, 86 for abiotic stress tolerance, 298 random amplifi ed polymorphic reserves in aleurone, 411–412 for aluminum tolerance, 104 DNA (RAPD) mapping proteomic studies, 423 for boron tolerance, 104 technology, 64 protoplasts, generation of, 75 for drought tolerance, 66, 293 random Boolean networks, 565 Psathyrostachys spp., 16 and MAS usage, 127 RAPD-generated markers, 64 fragilis, 16 for mRNA abundance, 91 rape-seed, world production of, 9 juncea, 15 of wild germplasm, 298 Rapid-Visco Analyzer, 507 Index 629

Rar1 gene, 95, 105, 136 repressing genes, 93–94 ribosomal genes, repeats, 114 rar1 mutant allele, 105 rescuegrass, 367 rice Rasmusson cultivar, 183 Research and Marketing Act of drought tolerance, 294, 296–297 Raw, A. R., 188 1946, 149 extended with barley, 534, 551, raw1 gene molecular map, 68 Research cultivar, 188, 200 552 Rawson cultivar, 181 Research Institute for Flowering Locus T gene, 48 RCSLs (recombinant chromosome Bioresources (RIB), Japan, as host of BYDV, 334 substitution lines), 29 146, 147 lpa mutation, 526 Rdn1 gene, 364, 365 residue, crop, see crop debris shattering gene, 44 Rdn2 gene, 364 resistance, genetic susceptible to B. sorokiniana, RE digestion, 65 to BYDV, 334 340 RE sites, 65 to cereal cyst nematode, 273 synteny with, 69–70 reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to FHB, 312 transgenic plant fi eld trials, 298 excitation energy to fungicides, of, 321 world production of, 5, 6T, 9 and excitation energy, 289 to herbicides, 226, 227 rice root aphid, 276, 355 ready-to-eat (RTE) breakfast to soilborne diseases, 342 rice sequences, 117 cereals, 546, 548 to stem rust, 315 rice synteny viewer, 100 rebuconazole, 276 to stripe rust, 318–319 RILs, 66, 124 reciprocal crosses, gene pool resistance gene pyramid, 128, 131 RMS and NCD, 400–401 variation, 124 resource constraints and MAS RNA interference (RNAi), 93–94 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), usage, 127 rob gene molecular map, 68 66, 124 restriction enzyme (RE) sites, 65 Robust cultivar, 178, 183 recombination cycles and QTL restriction fragment length rolled barley, 552, 553 detection, 125 polymorphism markerssee roller milling, 485 recombination frequencies, 73 RFLP-generated markers root length and boron toxicity recombination regions, resveratrol, 136 response, 201 identifi cation, 87 reverse bulk segregant analysis, root lesion nematode, 33, 273–274, recurrent selection breeding 126 341–342 strategy, 198, 200 reverse genetics, 93–95 root systems, single-gene red-legged earth mite, 276 RF length, 72–73 transformation, 297 redroot pigweed, 237, 248 RFLP-generated markers, 64–65 ror2 gene, 70 reductionist methods, 598 evolutionary patterns, 86–87 Ror1 gene and mlo interaction reductones, 492, 493 for manganese uptake, 201 and mlo interaction, 105 reference gene expression data set, mapping, 67, 74, 201 Ror2 gene and mlo interaction Morex cultivar, 89 for mosaic virus resistance, 128 and mlo interaction, 105 reference genome, Betzes cultivar, for spot-type net blotch ROS and excitation energy, 289 112, 117, 168 resistance, 203 row spacing, 246 Regional Plant Introduction translocation break points, 114 Rpg1 gene, 313, 314, 315 Stations Moseman, J.G., Rh gene, 202 isolation/characterization, 149 RH mapping, 74–75 104–105 registered seed, 177, 185 Rhizoctonia oryzae, 338 mRNA profi ling, 89 regression-on-the-mean analysis, rhizoctonia patch, 336 nonsyntenous position in rice, 283–284 rhizoctonia root rot, 249, 273, 70 regulatory pathway 336–338, 337, 344, 345 resistant transgenic plants, 93 discovery, 569–570 Rhizoctonia solani, 278, 336, 338, stem rust resistance, 136 glucan synthesis, 569–570 342, 344 TILLING allele detection, 94 Reid, D.A., 149 rhizome reproduction, in barley, rpg1 gene, 93 relative fragment (RF) length, 17 Rpg4 gene, 104–105, 315 72–73 rho-cumaric acid, 542 rpg4 gene, 70 Reni cultivar, 165 Rhynchosporium secalis, 28, 329 Rpg5 gene, 70, 104–105 repetitive sequences and genomic resistance, 161, 195, 202 rph12 gene, 199 dynamics, 73–74 RI populations, 66 Rph gene series, 203 630 Index

RphQ resistance gene, 203 annual, 277 scutellum development and Rpr1 gene, 90 Rym4 allele, 105 structure, 405–406, Rpt4 gene, 201, 203, 204 Rym5 allele, 105 455–456 Rrs1 gene, 202 rym4/5 gene, 70, 128 SDS-PAGE, 419, 419 Rsg1 gene, 371, 372 rym5 gene, 166 sdw1 gene, 122 Rsg2 gene, 371, 372 rym13 gene, 168 sea barley, 14. See also Hordeum rumen, bovine, 528 marinum fermentation of feed in, 527 Saesa cultivar, 257 Secale cereale (rye), 15 Russian Federation, 231 saffl ower, 244 sedge, 237 barley types and distribution, in NGP, 244 Seed and Plant Introduction 233 resistant to root lesion Section, USDA, 148 beer production by, 11 nematodes, 341 seed coat development and VIR cultivar collection, 147 Sahara 3771 cultivar, 104 structure, 410 Russian sweet sultan, 237 Sal1 gene, 404 seed development, 400. See also Russian thistle, 248 Saladin, J.A., 482 grain development and Russian wheat aphid, 33, 257, 355, Saladin box design, malthouse, structure 356–367 482, 483 seed grower organizations (US), Australia free from, 277 salinity, transcriptome response 185 biocontrol of, 366–367 to, 89 seed morphology and biotypic diversity, 363–364 saliva, toxic, 369 ultrastructure, 581 genetic resistance to, 180–181, Salome cultivar, 136 seed production, 184–185 362T, 364–365 salt stress and pollen development, seed purity testing, 67 natural enemies, 366 398 seed quality grading, 580 reproduction, 363 salt tolerance, 34, 38 seed sorting for quality NIRS, resistance to, 35 genes for, 288, 398 575T worldwide distribution map, of H. jubatum, 36 seedborne infection 358 Sarah cultivar, 167 net blotch, 323 Russian wildrye, 15 saturation mapping, using rice spot blotch, 326 rust resistance information, 70 seeding dates Australian breeding program, saturation mutagenesis, 96 Australia, 270–271 198–199 scab, 249, 308. See also Fusarium Kazakhstan and West Siberia, marker development for, 203 head blight 234–235 NCRCP monitoring, 199 scald, 249, 274, 276, 328–330, NGP, 246 USDA bulletins, 180 329 North Africa and West Asia, 257 wild barley DArT markers, 66 scald resistance, 28, 31, 33 seeding rates RWA resistance, 180–181 breeding programs, 195–196, Australia, 271 Ryd2 gene, 168, 334 198 East Africa, 256 Ryd3 gene, 168 marker development, 202 NGP, 246 rye, 532 resistant cultivars, 161, 163T North Kazakhstan, 235, 236T as break crop, 274 scanning electron microscopy northeast Europe, 235 and cereal cyst nematode, 341 (SEM), 117 PNW, 246 in Europe, 229 scanning near-fi eld optical West Asia/Near East, 256, 257 as host of BYDV, 334 microscopy/atomic force West Siberia, 235 malted, 496 microscopy (SNOM/ seedling blight, 242, 325 protein in, 539 AFM), 117 seed-soli interface, 225 and root lesion nematodes, 328, Scarlett cultivar, 163, 183 seg1 mutant, 408 341 SCFA excretion, 547–548 segmental substitution lines, 124 susceptible to B. sorokiniana, Schooner cultivar, 135, 189, 265, segregating populations, 124 340 272, 274 Sekator-turbo, 237 rye wheat, 15. See also triticale scones, 533 select class of seed, 185 ryegrasses, 226 Scotch whisky, 4, 500 Select Your Nitrogen (SYN), 272 Index 631

selection effi ciency, 122 serine proteinase inhibitors, 425 Skiff cultivar, 265 selection strategies, 122 serpins, 425 sld1 gene, 69 selection with markers and sexual recombination of virulence sld4 gene, 69 advanced recombination genes, 200 slender gene, 103 technology (SMART), SFP mapping, 90 Sln1 gene, 103 168, 169 Sgt1 gene, 95, 105 Sloop cultivar, 190, 197–198, 204, “selective sweeps,” genetic, 27 Sh2 gene, 70 265 selenium, 542 shallow tilth, see min-till Sloop x Halcyon population, 200 self-organization Shannon cultivar, 190 SloopSA cultivar, 190, 274 awareness of, 598 sheep, 3 SloopVic cultivar, 190, 274 chaotic extreme, 584 shepherd’s purse, 237 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), of complex systems, 564, 566 shochu/shoju, 500 117 correlations and patterns, 576 short-chain fatty acids, see SCFA SMART, 168, 169 theoretical model, 575–576 excretion S-methyltransferase, 493 theory, 574–576 shorts, barley, 553 SMM (S-methylmethionine), self-organization experiment, side dressing, with ammonium 493 567–570 nitrate, 239 smut resistance, 176, 195 self-pollination. See cleistogamy Sidney cultivar, 361 SNOM/AFM of chromosome SEM, 117 sieving, 554 structure, 117 Semerera cultivar, 257 signal transduction pathways, 406 SNP-derived genetic map, 67, 77, semidwarf cultivars, 265 signaling mechanisms of 87, 100 separation processing, 554 chromosomes, 582 SNP-generated markers, 123 Septoria nodorum, see silage, weed biomass in, 248 CAP program, 182 Phaeosphaeria nodorum silica gel, and beer stabilization, 488 DArT assay, 65 Septoria passerinii, 330, 331, 331, silicon, 542 discovery techniques, 67 332 simple sequence repeats mapping high-density genotyping Septoria speckled leaf blotch technologysee SSR- platform, 125 (SSLB), 330–332, 331 generated markers sociological controversy and Septoria tritici, 35. See also single feature polymorphism transgenic cultivars, 134, Mycosphaerella graminicola (SFP), 90 169 sequence analysis single gene marker uses, 128–131 sodium, 542 ACE fi le viewer applications, single nucleotide polymorphism sodium dodecyl sulfate 100 (SNP) markerssee polyacrylamide gel DArT markers, 66–67 SNP-generated markers electrophoresis hordein proteins, 420 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SDS-PAGE), 419, 419 Hv-elF4E gene, 105 (SNPs), 28 soil ppd-H1 gene, 103 single-seed descent, modifi ed 311, 338 two-rowed/six-rowed barley, (SSDm), 197 acidic, 268, 274 102 single-seed sorting for quality, alkaline subsoils, 269 sequence data repository, 99 574, 583, 589 burning (guie), 256 sequence mapping, 86 single-strand conformation conducive to barley growth, in sequence tagged site markers, see polymorphism (SSCP), 67 Australia, 266–267 STS markers Siri cultivar, 342 conservation, 256, 277, 338 sequence variations and diastatic siRNAs and nuclear dominance, fertility of, see fertility power, 128–131 117 nutrient management, see sequence-specifi c amplifi ed sitosterol content, 431 nutrient management polymorphism mapping six-row barley, 123–124, 131–133, peat, 248 (S-SAP PCR) technology, 176, 177, 179T salinity, 288–289 64 domestication of, 44–46 sodicity, 288–289 sequential ordering, BAC contig and FHB, 312 stored moisture, 256, 259 maps, 75–78 worldwide landrace map, 157 toxicity/defi ciency, 288–289 632 Index soil (cont’d) spectral defi nition of phenome and ssIIa gene, 537 and yield, in Australian barley, pleiotrophy, 571 SSR-generated markers, 114 268–269T spectral fi ne turning, validation, for aluminum/acid soil soil-borne diseases, 198 570 tolerance, 201 soilborne infection, 31, 326, 340 spectroscopy, 566–569, 574 gene pool variation, 124 soil/plant/atmosphere interaction, spelt, 533 mapping, 64–65, 67, 201 284 spikelet initiation, 392 for mosaic virus resistance, 128 soil-water balance, integrated spikelet primordia, vascular for spot-type net blotch WSI, 284 connection development, resistance, 203 SOLFIBREAD project, 549 392 St genome, in Triticeae, 15 soluble fi ber, 4, 532–533, 546 spikes Stagonospora avenae, 333 soluble protein, 509 deformation of, from Russian triticea f. sp., 330, 331, 332 Sonja cultivar, 165 wheat aphid, 359 stale seedbeds, 227 sorbitol, 297 development, critical factors, stamenopiles, 307 sorghum 393 standards development, 99 beer from, 4, 9, 11, 11T Fusarium infection, 309 Stander cultivar, 183 in crop rotation, 266 intermedium, 45 starch, 536, 537 as feed grain, 522 number per unit area, 246 accumulation, postfertilization malts, 496 phenotype, 169 development, 403 metabolizable energy (ME) of, six-rowed, and barley and drought, 536 528 domestication, 44–46 composition, 413–414 progenitor identifi cation, 144 two-rowed, 44 granules, 414 protein in, 539 worldwide maps by row high-amylose, 537 summer cropping, 277 number, 157 improving percentages of, 529, world production of, 5, 6T spot blotch, 33, 323, 324–327, 325 530 South African Stenostachys resistance to, 34 resistant, 547 perennials, 39 spot-type net blotch, 202, 203, 204 starch enzymes, transgenic, 137 South America Spratt Archer cultivar, 188 starchy endosperm, 413 Anisolepis spp., 33–35 spray steeping, 482 cell wall degradation, 456 Critesion spp., 35, 36–37 spring barley, 222, 224, 367 and crease aleurone, 408–409 Stenostachys spp., 40–41 in Kazakhstan and West development and structure, South Central Prairies region/ Siberia, 231–233 401–403, 412 Western Canada, 173 in NGP and PNW, 241 endosperm differentiation, 401 Southeastern Prairies region/ in steppe areas, 233 maturation, 404 Western Canada, 173 yield, 234T mobilization, 468–470 Southern blot analysis, 135 spring genotypes, 285 polymer mobilization, 456 Southern Oscillation Index, 260 cultivar pedigree, 164 polymer proportions, 415 Southern Region/Australia, 194T cultivars, 162–165, 165T starch degradation, 463–466 Southwest region/United States, vernalization requirement, Stark cultivar, 181 174 102–103 star-of-Bethlehem lily, 119, 316 sow thistle, 237 spring legumes, in crop rotation, STARS-9301B germplasm line, soybean, 242, 246, 343 245 361 lpa mutation, 526 spring wheat, 246 STARS-9577B germplasm line, world production of, 5, 6T, 9 in NGP, 244 361 sparging, 486 sprouting, pre-harvest, 506–507 State Crop Improvement spatial resolution, 72 squash, world production of, 9 Association, 185 spear tipping, 336 squirreltail barley, 15, 35 State Department of Agriculture, special use cultivars, 184 srh gene molecular map, 68 185 specialty malts, 493–498 S-rich proteins, 425 statistical algorithms drum roaster, 495 S-SAP PCR technology, 64 expression profi ling, 88–89 spectral correlation curves, SSCP, 67 mRNA abundance 570 SSDm, 197 measurements, 91 Index 633 steam buns, barley, 548 stress-related genes, 287, 296 symplastic postphloem pathway, steeping, of malting barley, Strider cultivar, 129 408 480–482 stripe rust, 33, 317, 317–319 synctial endosperm, 400 and preharvest sprouting, 507 Australia free from, 277 synergid degeneration, 399 Stellar-ND cultivar, 183 structural genomics tools, 85–88 synteny, 69–71 stem rust, 312–315, 313 STRUCTURE software, 125 barley to wheat and rice, 112 gene interaction structured association approach, drought tolerance, 296–298 regulatory pathway, 90 125 physical mapping technology, genes, STS markers, 73, 74, 87 78 nonsyntenous positions in rice, stubble-borne diseases, 198. See rice sequences, 100 70 also crop debris System-wide Information mRNA profi ling experiments, suckering weeds, control of, Network for Genetic 89–90 237–238 Resources (SINGER), stem rust resistance, 36 sucrose, 417, 537 147 Australian breeding program, sugar beet, 238 198–199 in crop rotation, 234 T-2 toxin, 311 Australian research program, in ethanol production, 500 Taeniatherum, 16 196 sugarcane Taihoku A cultivar, 168 cv. Morex mutant, 90 in ethanol production, 500 TAIL-PCR, 96 NBMMP markers, 202 world production of, 5, 6T take-all, 273, 340–341, 343, 345 Rpg1/Rpg4/Rpg5 genes, 89, sugars, 536, 537 Tallon cultivar, 190, 199 104–105 caramelization of, 492 Tallon x Kaputer population, 200, transgenic plants, 93 in malt, 479 202–203 transgenic research, 136 sulfosulfuron, 249 Tallon x Scarlett population, 200 wild barley DArT markers, 66 sulfur, 247, 542 Tantangara cultivar, 198, 265 Stenostachys section, 23, 37–42 sulfur dioxide, 512 target limitations and MAS usage, Steptoe x Morex population in malting process, 483 127 dormancy loci, 124 sunfl ower, 244 targeting-induced local lesions in gene pool variation, 124 in crop rotation, 233 genomes (TILLING), see genetical genomics experiment, superoxide generation and TILLING technology 91–92 excitation energy, 289 tartaric buckwheat, 237 mapping, 65, 66, 67, 68, 90, surrogate phenotype TASSEL software, 125 200–201 inference experiment, 92 TDF (total dietary fi ber) levels, national breeding program, 65 mRNA abundance 537, 554 sterol content, 431 measurements, 91 Tebele cultivar, 257 stilbene synthases gene, 136 SusPtrit x Vada population, 65 Tell Abu Hureyra site, Syria, 43, Stirling cultivar, 189, 265, 272 Svalöf Weibull AB, Sweden, 44 stomatal closure, 292, 297 automated PCR system, telomere, 64 Stoneham cultivar, 361 168 10th International Barley Genetics storage components, 411–412 sweet potato, world production of, Symposium (2008), 565 storage globulins, 422 9 temperature storage proteins, 419–422, 526, swine annual profi le, 282–283 539 Australian, and barley as feed, and drought stress, 282 stout, 496 264 and grain development, 393 straw and beta-glucan, 527 tepral mashing, 514 decomposition of, 245 and mycotoxins, 309 terpenoid content, 430–431 hand-dissected botanical and water pollution, 526 test weight, barley, 503, 545 components, 591T symbiosis, cereal plant/human testing drought-tolerant cultivars, length/strength, 122, 193 society, 588, 596 298 retention of, 277, 278 symmetric morphology, and testing protocol development, 183 Strecker aldehydes, 493 fractal mathematical Tetrastichus julis, 380 Streif cultivar, 165T models, 582 Thanatephorus cucumerinum, 336 634 Index

The Hordeum Toolbox (THT), transcriptomes, 99 and cereal cyst nematode, 341 100, 123 reprogramming under abiotic in crop rotation, 274 thermal asymmetric interlace PCR stress, 89 as host of BYDV, 334 (TAIL-PCR), 96 transfer cells, 407 protein in, 539 thermostability, and /f2b/ transformation technology, Triticarte Pty Ltd, 66 f0-amylase enzyme, 137 133–137. See also Triticeae, 15–16, 21, 44 thionins, 427 transgenic research Triticeae reference genome, Betzes thioredoxins, 467–468 A. tumefaciens-mediated, barley cultivar, 112 thousand kernel weight, 503, 545 134–135 Triticosecale (triticale), 15 three-domain protein, 104 applications/techniques, Triticum spp., 15. See also wheat three-point linkage tests, 86 135–137 Triticum monococcum, 47 Tiffany cultivar, 165 and barley improvement, Triticum timopheevi, 44 TIGS technology, 95 122–133, 137–139, Triticum turgidum, 44 tillage practices 168–169 durum, crossed with H. chilense, Australia, 277–278 for drought tolerance, 293, 297 35 conservation, 256, 311, 338 transgenic cultivars tritordeum, 14, 35 European, 224–226 and commercial prohibitions, Triumph (Trumpf) cultivar, 163, North Africa, 255–256 134, 169 199, 540 North Kazakhstan, 236 Hooded phenotype, 102 Trixi cultivar, 165 northeast Europe, 236–237 stem rust resistant, 89 trp gene, 69 and residue management, transgenic research, 136–137. see trypsin inhibitors, 424, 424T 343–344 also transformation tryptophan, 526 (see also crop debris) technology TSA, 71 West Siberia, 236 Ac/Ds transposon tagging, 96 TTKSK stem rust, 313, 314, 315 tillering, in European crops, 229 for drought tolerance, 296–299 two-row barley, 44, 176, 179T, tillering traits, 98 evaluation process, 297–298 181 TILLING technology, 94, 101, fi eld trials, 297–298 and FHB, 312 170 forward genetics tool, 96 six-rowed barley, 124 TILLMore, 101 functional genomics tool, 93–95 worldwide landrace map, 157 tobacco, world production of, 9 transgenic resistance strategies, TX9425 x Franklin population, Tocada cultivar, 165T 312 66 tocols, barley, 431, 554, 555, 556 transient interactions, 575–576 tyramid signal amplifi cation and cholesterol, 546 transient-induced gene silencing (TSA), 71 tocopherols, 546 (TIGS), 95 tocotrienols, 546, 554 transition to fl owering stage, 392 uc2 gene, 69 Tokyo cultivar, 166 break points, 87 U.K. Recommended List tolerance, 373 identifi cation, 63 cultivars, 125–126 of soilborne diseases, 342 mapping, 72–74, 114 Ukraine, 231 top-down overview, limitations, transpiration effi ciency, 299 barley types and distribution, 579 transport tissues, 409 233 tortillas, barley, 550, 554 transposons, 73 uncertainty principle, 564 tr gene, 69 tagging, 96 unck gene, 69 trademark, Barley Australia trans-regulation of gene, 91 unigenes, sequencing, 67, 99 Assured Quality, 192 trd gene, 68, 69 unintended consequences, 564 Tradition barley, 529 trehalose accumulation, and rice United Nations Climate Summit, Tradition cultivar, 183 drought tolerance, 297 584, 585 Traill barley, 529 Tri101 gene, 136 United Nations Conference on the trait selection and testing triadimefon, 275, 276 Human Environment environment, 291–293 trichothecene mycotoxins, 507 (Stockholm, 1972), 144 transcript abundance QTL, 91 trinexapac-ethyl, 229 United Nations Food and transcription factor, 102–103 trisomics, 63 Agriculture Organization transcriptome analyses, 296 triticale, 15 (FAO), 144, 145 Index 635

United Nations World Water University of Saskatchewan Crop VB9104 x Dash population, 200 Development Report Development Centre vegetarianism, 588, 598–599 (2003), 587, 588 breeding program, 173, vegetative development United States. See also East 176 phenotypes, 98 Region Northern Great unstressed environments, testing vernalization requirement, Plains; Pacifi c Northwest; for drought tolerance in, 285–286 Upper Midwest Region 298 gene interaction model, 103 barley history/production, Upper Midwest region/United and gene pool variation, 123 173–174 States, 174, 180 reduced, in domestication, barley production area and urban biorefi nery, 593 47–48 yield, 242, 242T, 243T urea, 253 for spike and grain barley-growing regions, 174 urediniospores, 308, 314 development, 393 beer production by, 11 and ultraviolet light, 318 winter/spring barley, 102–103 breeding methods/techniques, Uschi cultivar, 167 Vertess cultivar, 190 182 USDA Agricultural Marketing vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal breeding priorities, 178–181 Service, plant variety fungi (VAMF), 42 breeding programs, 177–178, protection, 185 vetch, 254 179–180 USDA-ARS, 177, 178 viability testing, at NCGRP, 152, cultivar release, 185 USDA-NSSS website, 174 153 domestic/export disposal, Ustilago segetum var. hordei Vienna malt, 494 174 resistance, 195 VIGS technology, 94–95 intellectual property Ustilago tritici resistance, 176 vinegar, malt, 501 protection, 185 Utah State University, 177 VIR cultivar collection, Russia, stress resistance selection, utility patent, plant variety 147 181 protection, 185 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and stripe rust preemptive Utilization of Intelligent Systems State University, 177 strategy, 180 for Plant Protection virulence factors, recombination United States Department of Project, 355–356 of, 199 Agriculture Agricultural uz gene, 69 viruses, 307, 308 Research Service uzu barley, 46 insect-borne, 355 (USDA-ARS), 177, 178 uzu gene, 69, 103 soil-borne, 31 United States Department of virus-induced gene silencing Agriculture (USDA) v5 mutant, 45 (VIGS) technology, germplasm collections, vacuole development and 94–95 145, 147 structure, 397 viscosity history of, 148–149 Vada cultivar, 316 within human gut, and NSGC, 147, 150–154, 150T, Valier barley, 528, 529 beta-glucan, 546, 547 151T, 152, 153, 156–158, value added sorting of wort, 514 318–319 single seed, 589 vitamin content, 428–431, 541 release of STARS-9301B and straw, 590–591 Vitis vinifera, stilbene synthase STARS-9577B, 361 variety development, and MAS gene, 136 United States Patent and usage, 127 Vlamingh cultivar, 190, 265, Trademark Offi ce, 185 Variety Registration Offi ce 269–270, 272 University of Adelaide, 204 (Canada), 183 Vogelsanger Gold cultivar, 165 University of California/Davis, vascular bundles, 407 Vrn1 gene, 70 177 vascular connections to spikelet VRN-H1 gene, 102–103 University of Georgia, 177 primordia, 392 VRN-H2 gene, 102–103 University of Guelph breeding vascular system, ear development, VRN-H3 gene, 102–103 program, 173, 175 392–393 Vrn-H1 locus University of Maryland, 177 vascular tissue postfertilization and Fr-H1 cosegregant, 286 University of Minnesota, 177 changes, 409 vernalization, 123 University of Nebraska, 177 Vavilov’s law, 529 winter habit barley, 285–286 636 Index

Vrn-H2 locus, 123, 285–286 Webster, Jim, 360 and barley nematode resistance, Vrn-H3 locus, 123, 285–286 webworm, 276 196 vrsl gene, 68, 70, 102, 131–133, Weeah cultivar, 289 Canadian production of, 242 392, 529, 545 weed control, 246 and cereal cyst nematode, 341 vrsl locus, 123–124 aggressiveness of barley, 266 in crop rotation, 245, 255, 267, vrsl mutation, 523 in Europe, 225, 226–227 332 Vrsl/Vrsl intcint-c genotype, 545 in North Africa, 258 crossed with H. vulgare vrsl/vrsl Intc-Int-c genotype, 545 North Kazakhstan and West spontaneum, 29 Vulgare section, 26–33 Siberia, 237 deletion lines, 74 northeast Europe, 237–238 divergence of barley from, 14, W genome, in Triticeae, 15 in PNW, 245, 248–249 16, 21 Waddington, C. F., 566 weed seed set, 277 durum, 529 Waite Agricultural Research Weibe, G.A., 149 in early agriculture, 3 Institute, 189 West Asia H. chilense crossable with, 35 Waite Institute, 189, 195, 196, 200 crop rotation, 253–255 and Hessian fl y, 376 wall barley, 15, 31. See also map, 252 high protein, 273 Hordeum murinum seeding dates, 257 as host of BYDV, 334 Washington State University, 177 seeding rates, 256, 257 lpa mutation, 526 water. See also atmospheric water; West region/United States, 174 malt, 496 fresh water; irrigation; West Siberia market price, 242, 266 rain; steeping barley types and distribution, metabolizable energy (ME) of, conservation, 596 231 528 management, in Europe, 230 crop rotation, 233 protein in, 539 relation to yield, 245 cultural practices, 239 reactions to greenbug biotypes, resources, agricultural/city depth of seeding, 235–236 370T competition, 587 seeding dates, 234 resistance to root lesion sensibility, 202 seeding rate, 235 nematodes, 342 usage in malting and brewing, soil fertility management, 238 and Russian wheat aphid, 33, 516 tillage practices, 236 359, 364T water pollution weed control, 237 seed sort, 575T from fi sh production, 526 Westbred, LLC, 177–178 as source of RLS infection, from phosphates, reduction in, Western Australia, 197 328 526 Western Canada region, 173 spelt, emmer, and einkorn, from piggeries, 526 Western Region/Australia, 533 and poultry farming, 526 194T and Stagonospora avenae f. sp. water potential index (WPI), 284, Western Six-Row Barley triticea, 330 289 Cooperative yield trials, susceptible to B. sorokiniana, water stress, 6 184 340 water stress index (WSI), 284 Western Two-Row Barley synteny with rice, 69 waterlogging, 256 Cooperative yield trials, transgenic plant evaluation, tolerance, in H. marinum, 39 184 297–298 waxwax gene, 536 western wheat aphid, 355 volunteers, over winter, 227 Wax/wax genes, 68 Western/Southwestern regions water defi cit tolerance, 297 waxy phenotypes, 413 (United States) white bread, 547 way barley, 31. See also wall disease profi les/breeding winterkilled, 233 barley priorities, 180 world production of, 5, 6T, 9 WBDC, 66 wheat, 532 wheat curl mite, 355 WBPS 318/82 cultivar, 378 addition lines, 75 wheat powdery mildew, 266 weather forecasting, seasonal, 260, as animal feed, 3 wheat stem rust, 66, 92 272. See also climate Australian production of, 260, wheat stem sawfl y, Australia free prediction 261, 262 from, 277 Index 637 wheat-barley addition lines, 87, winter wild oat, 226 in production of shochu/shoju, 90, 113–114 winterkilled wheat, 233 500 wheat/oat aphid, 276 Wintermalt barley, 371–372 yellow mosaic resistance, 163T whiskies, 500 wireworm, 250, 355 yellow mosaic-inducing soil-borne whole barley, 552 Working Group on Barley genetic viruses, 166 whole cereal plant utilization, Resources, IBPGR, 144 yellow rust, 317. See also stripe 590 World Information and Early rust whole crop harvesting concept, Warning System resistance, 202 592 (WIEWS), 145 Yerong x Franklin population, whole crop utilization, 589–590 wort, 483, 486 66 whole phenotype concept of gene color, 510 yield, 122, 292–293 expression, 564 fermentation of, 487, 491 breeding objectives, 193–195, whole-genome amplifi cation fi lterability of, 514 292–293 protocol, 75 grain and extract requirements, character and MAS usage, 127 whole-genome BAC 497T coincidental loci, 293–294 fi ngerprinting, 77T soluble nitrogen levels, and cultivar performance, 165T, whole-genome linkage maps, 122 protein content, 505 167T, 183–184 whole-genome profi ling, 65–67 WPI, 284, 289 Europe, 160 whole-genome sequencing, 76, 88 WSI, 284 genetic gains, 291 wild barley, 14, 312, 324. See also wst gene molecular map, 68 losses, 196 Hordeum vulgare low, in East Africa, 257

spontaneum Xa genome, 19, 20, 21, 23, 38, performance under stress, 284 germplasm collections, 146 39 preserving in drought-tolerance photoperiod sensitivity, 48 Xantha-f gene, 69 cultivars, 298 Wild Barley Diversity Collection Xantha-g gene, 69 QTLs associated with, 125, 202 (WBDC), 66 xantha-h mutant gene, 69 of steppe barley crops, 239T, wild buckwheat, 248 Xanthomonas campestris, 335 240 wild lettuce, 237 xerophytic breeding strategy, 292 trait selection, 589 wild mustard, 248 Xnt1 gene, 69 and water use, 245–246, 284 wild oat, 226, 227, 237, 258 x-ray-induced mutations, 95 worldwide average, 5 wind dispersal Xu genome, 19, 20, 21, 23 and year of release correlation, of aphids, 334 xylose-arabinose ratios, 538 291 of conidia, 320 Yield Prophet, 272–273 of Critesion barleys, 18 Y genome, in Triticeae, 15 yufka fl atbread, 550 winter barley, 222, 224, 229 Yarra cultivar, 273 winter genotypes, 285 Yd2 gene, 201, 334 ZCCT, 102–103 breeding programs, 165T yd2 gene, 204 zeaxanthin content, 431 cultivars, 163T, 165, 165, 167T yeast, 479 zein genes, 526 vernalization requirement, affected by high amino acid Zeo gene, 68 102–103 content, 505 zinc, 248, 345, 525, 542 viral resistance, 166 baker’s, 542 zinc fi nger protein, 102–103 winter hardiness, frost resistant diacetyl-butanediol conversion, zoochorous dispersal, 18. See also loci, 286 487 animals: seed dispersal by winter rye, 233 performance tests, 513–515 zoospores, 307–308 winter wheat, in crop rotation, premature fl occulation (PYF), zygote development and structure, 233 479, 514–515 405