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Informe Flora Y Vegetación En Area Pelambres – Cuncumén, Mauro – Monte Aranda Y Laguna Conchalí, Campañas Primavera 2015 – Verano 2016

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Informe Flora Y Vegetación En Area Pelambres – Cuncumén, Mauro – Monte Aranda Y Laguna Conchalí, Campañas Primavera 2015 – Verano 2016 INFORME FLORA Y VEGETACIÓN EN AREA PELAMBRES – CUNCUMÉN, MAURO – MONTE ARANDA Y LAGUNA CONCHALÍ, CAMPAÑAS PRIMAVERA 2015 – VERANO 2016 PROGRAMA DE VIGILANCIA AMBIENTAL DEL MEDIO TERRESTRE, MINERA LOS PELAMBRES. SEPTIEMBRE 2016 Monitoreo Ambiental Flora y Vegetación. Campañas primavera 2014– verano 2015. Control de revisiones CONTROL REVISIÓN DOCUMENTOS Versión Fecha Elaborado por: Revisado por: Aprobado por: 0 09-09-2016 Cristian Ray Gonzalo Benavides Orlando Jara Álvaro Aliaga Pedro Fuentes 1 Monitoreo Ambiental Flora y Vegetación. Campañas primavera 2014– verano 2015. Resumen ejecutivo RESUMEN EJECUTIVO La campaña de monitoreo del componente Flora y Vegetación se enmarca dentro de lo establecido en las Resoluciones de Calificación Ambiental (RCA) Nº 38/04 y N° 71/97 de Minera Los Pelambres. Dicho monitoreo se realizó durante noviembre–diciembre 2015 (primavera), y enero-marzo 2016 (verano). La metodología particular usada para cada tipo de formación ya sea herbácea o arbóreo–arbustiva fue la indicada en la RCA Nº 71/97, basada en análisis lineales para la estrata herbácea–arbustiva y parcelas permanentes para el estrato arbóreo y de arbustos mayores. Los sitios monitoreados correspondieron a las áreas de influencia del proyecto: Área Pelambres – Cuncumén (Hualtatas, Alto Manque, Alto Piuquenes, Cerro Amarillo, Cuncumén, Quebrada de Talca, Quebrada Los Quillayes, Tencadán, Laguna El Pelao), Área El Mauro – Monte Aranda (El Mauro, Quebrada Llau – Llau, Monte Aranda) y Área Laguna Conchalí. Considerando ambas temporadas y todas las áreas de estudio, se registró un total acumulado de 192 especies. El área Pelambres – Cuncumén presentó la mayor riqueza de taxa (129), seguido por el sector de Laguna Conchalí con 35 taxa y finalmente área de Mauro – Monte Aranda con 28 taxa. Los sectores de mayor riqueza de especies se ubicaron en el sector cordillerano de Pelambres–Cuncumén. Estos fueron Alto Piuquenes (49 especies) y Alto Manque (45). Los sectores con menor riqueza fueron Cerro Amarillo (9) y Monte Aranda (11). Los valores de riqueza y cobertura registrados en las campañas de primavera 2015 y verano 2016 están dentro de los rangos históricos en la mayoría de los sectores monitoreados. En la mayoría de los sectores con vegetación de vegas andinas hubo diferencias entre campañas en los valores de riqueza de especies. En general se detectó una mayor riqueza en la campaña de verano 2010, sin embargo, los valores de este año se encuentran dentro de los rangos históricos. La cobertura de vegetación histórica mostró variaciones de distinto tipo entre los sectores, lo que da cuenta de dinámicas de diferentes formaciones de vegetación y/o situaciones geomorfológicas distintas. En relación al estado de conservación, 10 especies registradas están clasificadas en alguna categoría de conservación según los Decretos Supremos que oficializan los procesos de clasificación de especies a nivel nacional. Porlieria chilensis (DS N° 51 MINSEGPRES 2008), Puya venusta (DS N° 42 MMA 2011), Eriosyce aurata y Prosopis chilensis (DS N° 13 MMA 2013) están en la categoría de Vulnerable; Trichocereus chiloensis está catalogada como Casi Amenazada (DS N° 41 MMA 2011); y Puya chilensis, Laretia acaulis (DS N° 42 MMA 2011), Conanthera campanulata, Equisetum giganteum (DS N° 13 MMA 2013) y Alstroemeria magnifica var. magenta (DS N° 52 MMA 2014) están en la categoría de Preocupación Menor. Mediante el uso de percepción remota durante este monitoreo, se puede ver que para el sector Laguna Conchalí los índices utilizados sí presentaron ligeras variaciones al alza, y por ende la vigorosidad de la vegetación se vio incrementada. Esto se debe en parte al aumento del espejo de agua, lo que otroga mayor vigor en general a toda la zona. Para el sector del área Pelambres – Cuncumén las imágenes multiespectrales mostraron que entre los años 2012 – 2016 existe una disminución progresiva de las superficies de vegetación en los sectores El Mauro y Monte Aranda, no así en la Quebrada Llau – Llau, que desde hace dos períodos vienen registrando aumentos en superficie vegetada. 1 Monitoreo Ambiental Flora y Vegetación. Campañas primavera 2015– verano 2016. Contenidos ÍNDICE RESUMEN EJECUTIVO .................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................... 1-1 2. OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1. Objetivo general.............................................................................................. 2-1 2.2. Objetivos específicos ...................................................................................... 2-1 3. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ................................................................................... 3-1 3.1. Área de Estudio .............................................................................................. 3-1 3.2. Determinación de la riqueza florística ............................................................. 3-9 3.3. Determinación de la cobertura vegetal terrestre............................................ 3-10 3.4. Determinación del estado fenológico y fitosanitario de la vegetación ............ 3-11 3.5. Indicador de presencia de ganado ................................................................ 3-12 3.6. Análisis Estadístico ....................................................................................... 3-12 3.7. Percepción Remota – Imágenes Hiperespectrales ....................................... 3-12 a) Vigor NDVI705 .................................................................................................... 3-14 b) Pigmentos foliares, SIPI .................................................................................... 3-14 c) Eficiencia en cuanto al uso de la luz, PRI .......................................................... 3-15 d) Contenido de agua en del dosel, WBI ................................................................ 3-15 3.8. Percepción Remota – Imágenes Multiespectrales ........................................ 3-15 3.9. Carta de Ocupación de tierras (COT) e Índices Vegetacionales ................... 3-17 4. RESULTADOS ........................................................................................................ 4-1 4.1. Descripción del Área de Estudio ..................................................................... 4-1 4.2. Área Pelambres – Cuncumén ......................................................................... 4-5 4.2.1. Sector Las Hualtatas ................................................................................ 4-5 4.2.2. Sector Alto Manque .................................................................................. 4-7 4.2.3. Sector Alto Piuquenes ............................................................................ 4-11 4.2.4. Sector Cerro Amarillo ............................................................................. 4-16 4.2.5. Sector Cuncumén ................................................................................... 4-18 4.2.6. Sector Tencadán .................................................................................... 4-21 4.2.7. Sector Quebrada Talca .......................................................................... 4-24 4.2.8. Sector Quebrada Los Quillayes .............................................................. 4-27 4.2.9. Sector Laguna El Pelao (Cordillera de Cuncumén) ................................ 4-30 4.2.9.1. Laguna El Circo ...................................................................................... 4-30 4.2.9.2. Vega Grande, El Circo ............................................................................ 4-33 4.2.9.3. Laguna El Pelao ..................................................................................... 4-36 4.3. Área El Mauro – Monte Aranda ..................................................................... 4-39 1 Monitoreo Ambiental Flora y Vegetación. Campañas primavera 2015– verano 2016. Contenidos 4.3.1. Sector El Mauro ...................................................................................... 4-39 4.3.2. Sector Quebrada Llau – Llau .................................................................. 4-41 4.3.3. Sector Monte Aranda.............................................................................. 4-44 4.4. Área Laguna Conchalí .................................................................................. 4-46 4.4.1. Sector Laguna Conchalí ......................................................................... 4-46 4.5. Análisis histórico ........................................................................................... 4-52 4.6. Percepción Remota Imágenes Hiperespectrales .......................................... 4-60 4.6.1. Sector Laguna Conchalí ......................................................................... 4-60 4.6.1.1. Estimación Cuerpo de Agua ................................................................... 4-60 4.6.1.2. Estimación de la cobertura vegetacional según COT y la respuesta de los índices vegetacionales........................................................................................... 4-60 4.6.1.3. Índices de vegetación Red Edge NDVI705 ............................................... 4-63 4.6.1.4. Índices de vegetación PRI (Photochemical Reflectance Index) .............. 4-65 4.6.1.5. Índices de vegetación SIPI (Structure–Independent
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