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Departamento De Botánica Facultad De Ciencias Naturales Y Oceanográficas Universidad De Concepción VALOR ADAPTATIVO DE LA VÍ

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Departamento De Botánica Facultad De Ciencias Naturales Y Oceanográficas Universidad De Concepción VALOR ADAPTATIVO DE LA VÍ Departamento de Botánica Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Universidad de Concepción VALOR ADAPTATIVO DE LA VÍA FOTOSINTÉTICA CAM PARA ESPECIES CHILENAS DEL GÉNERO PUYA (BROMELIACEAE) Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas, Área de especialización Botánica IVÁN MARCELO QUEZADA ARRIAGADA Profesor guía: Dr. Ernesto Gianoli M. Profesor co-tutor: Dr. Alfredo Saldaña M. Comisión evaluadora de tesis, para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas Área Botánica “Valor adaptativo de la vía fotosintética CAM para especies chilenas del género Puya (Bromeliaceae)” Dr. Ernesto Gianoli ___________________________________ Profesor Guía Dr. Alfredo Saldaña ___________________________________ Co-tutor Dr. Carlos M. Baeza ___________________________________ Dra. María Fernanda Pérez ___________________________________ Evaluadora externa Dra. Fabiola Cruces ___________________________________ Directora (S) Programa Doctorado en Botánica Septiembre 2013 1 A Paula, Leonor y Julieta 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS El completar exitosamente una tarea de esta magnitud se debe, en gran medida, a todos quienes me brindaron su apoyo, consejo o ayuda en algún punto de este largo camino. En primer lugar debo agradecer a Paula, mi esposa, amiga y compañera, por soportar conmigo estos 4 años y medio de esfuerzo, sacrificios y más de alguna recompensa. No solo ha sido soporte para mi espíritu durante todo este tiempo, sino que además fue la mejor compañera de terreno que pude haber encontrado. Agradezco también a mi hija mayor, Leonor, inspirada dibujante, talentosa fotógrafa y la mejor asistente de muestreo que existe, cuya mirada de felicidad y asombro durante los largos viajes en los que me acompañó fue el mejor recordatorio de que la vida hay que disfrutarla, siempre. También, y aunque llegó al final de este largo camino, agradezco a Julieta, quien ha sido el impulso que necesitaba para darme a la tarea de concluír este trabajo. Sin ustedes nada de esto existiría, de eso no tengo dudas. Este logro también es suyo. Por cierto, debo también agradecer a mis padres, Héctor y Ana, cuyo apoyo jamás me ha faltado, sobre todo en los momentos difíciles, que han sido muchos. De igual forma, agradezco a mis profesores guía, Ernesto Gianoli y Alfredo Saldaña. En ambos he encontrado excelentes guías y consejeros. Para mí ha sido un privilegio contar con su apoyo en todas las etapas de este trabajo, el que sin lugar a dudas contribuyeron a llevar a buen puerto. A todos los compañeros y amigos que forman o han formado parte del Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, con quienes compartí buenos y malos momentos, y de repente algunas cervezas. En especial quiero agradecer a Fernando Carrasco, gran amigo y compañero de 3 terrenos y conversaciones, así como a Matías Pérez, Cristian Torres, Susana Gómez y Cristian Salgado. Todos ellos, en algún momento del desarrollo de este trabajo, aportaron desinteresadamente con comentarios y sugerencias que no hicieron más que enriquecer el resultado final. A los profesores del programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, área Botánica, sin excepción, mis mayores agradecimientos. También deseo agradecer a quienes, desde fuera de la Universidad de Concepción, entregaron un apoyo importante a este trabajo. A Gerhard Zotz, de la Universidad de Oldenburg, quien me recibió en su grupo de trabajo durante casi 3 meses, y con quien aprendí muchísimo. Asimismo a don Patricio Novoa, del Jardín Botánico Nacional, cuyo aporte en información fue invaluable para ayudarme a localizar las poblaciones de Puya idóneas para mi trabajo. Finalmente, a Gloria Morales y Fabiola Gaete, secretarias del Departamento de Botánica y del Postgrado respectivamente, mi enorme agradecimiento por todas las gestiones, algunas de última hora, que siempre llevaron a cabo con la mejor voluntad. Esta tesis doctoral fue financiada íntegramente por CONICYT, mediante dos becas: Beca de Doctorado en Chile (21090071) y Beca de Apoyo a Tesis Doctoral (24110160). 4 INDICE (TABLA DE CONTENIDOS) Estatus de los manuscritos 6 Resumen 7 Introducción general 10 Hipótesis 24 Objetivos 25 Capítulo I: “Crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis in Bromeliaceae: an evolutionary key innovation” 26 Capítulo II: “Crassulacean acid metabolism varies with latitude in Chilean bromeliads” 51 Capítulo III: “Latitudinal variation in the degree of Crassulacean acid metabolism in Puya chilensis: advantages of the use of two analytical methods” 84 Capítulo IV: “Phenotypic selection on CAM photosynthesis in Puya chilensis: Water availability as a main driver” 113 Discusión general 139 Conclusiones 150 Referencias generales 153 5 ESTATUS DE LOS MANUSCRITOS Capítulo I: “Crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis in Bromeliaceae: an evolutionary key innovation” Publicado en Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 104: 480-486 (2011). Capítulo II: “Crassulacean acid metabolism varies with latitude in Chilean bromeliads” En preparación. Capítulo III: “Latitudinal variation in the degree of Crassulacean acid metabolism in Puya chilensis: advantages of the use of two analytical methods” Enviado a Functional Plant Biology. En segunda revision. Capítulo IV: “Phenotypic selection on CAM photosynthesis in Puya chilensis: Water availability as a main driver” En preparación. 6 RESUMEN La distribución de una especie puede estar determinada tanto por las condiciones ambientales como por la capacidad de ésta para tolerar dichas condiciones y sus posibles cambios. Los atributos, conocidos como adaptaciones, que confieren a los organismos la capacidad de establecerse exitosamente en un hábitat determinado al optimizar su adecuación biológica pueden ser “arrastrados” hacia nuevos hábitats donde no son estrictamente necesarios. Esto puede tener efectos negativos sobre la adecuación biológica de los organismos al actuar como “lastre”, consumiendo recursos que podrían beneficiar otros procesos dentro de la planta o interactuando de forma negativa con atributos que la podrían beneficiar. El efecto de un “lastre” sobre el avance geográfico, o la permanencia bajo nuevas condiciones ambientales, de un grupo de organismos podría ser evaluado utilizando un grupo de distribución amplia y especializado en determinados ambientes, y que tenga una parte de sus integrantes ocupando zonas donde las condiciones sean distintas. Para esto se puede evaluar la forma en que el atributo en cuestión varía entre distintos ambientes, y el valor adaptativo que posee en aquellos hábitats donde, supuestamente, es innecesario. En el presente trabajo de tesis evaluamos el valor adaptativo de la vía fotosintética CAM en la familia Bromeliaceae y, en particular, en las especies endémicas de Chile del género Puya. Las especies endémicas de esta familia se distribuyen a lo largo de un gradiente latitudinal de temperatura y precipitaciones que comprende las zonas de clima desértico, mediterráneo y templado- lluvioso de Chile central y centro-sur. Nuestros resultados demuestran que, en primer lugar, la vía CAM fue una adapración clave para la familia Bromeliaceae, facilitando su diversificación a nivel continental. En segundo lugar, que la expresión de la vía CAM está directamente relacionada con la latitud en Chile central. Finalmente, demostramos que en 7 algunas especies esta vía fotosintética se expresa diferenciadamente entre poblaciones que viven bajo distintos regímenes de humedad, y que mientras en las que viven en zonas semiáridas la vía CAM tiene efectos positivos sobre el fitness, en aquellas que viven en zonas húmedas el expresarla tiene efectos negativos sobre éste. A partir de estos resultados inferimos diversas consecuencias de la mantención de la vía CAM en zonas donde no es necesaria, y su posible efecto “lastre” para algunas bromelias chilenas que se encuentran al sur de los 35° S. 8 INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL 9 INTRODUCCIÓN La capacidad de una especie para aprovechar los recursos disponibles, tolerando además condiciones ambientales variables, podría definir su rango de distribución geográfica y su potencial para avanzar hacia nuevos hábitats (Begon et al. 2006). Especies con tolerancia a una mayor heterogeneidad ambiental, mediada por los atributos funcionales adecuados, presentarán distribuciones más amplias y nichos potenciales mayores que aquellas cuyas respuestas son limitadas (Wiens y Donoghue 2004). Un ejemplo de ésto es el caso de las especies tolerantes a la desecación, capaces de tolerar un amplio rango de disponibilidad de agua y sobrevivir a periodos de ausencia absoluta de ésta, pudiendo expandir su rango de distribución hacia zonas con una alta variabilidad en la disponibilidad de agua (Yang et al. 2003, Alpert 2006). Estos casos, en que grupos de organismos (especies, poblaciones) están especializados en las condiciones de un hábitat particular, están usualmente mediados por atributos que han aparecido como respuesta a éstas, conocidos como adaptaciones (Futuyma 2009, Futuyma y Agrawal 2009). Una adaptación se define como “aquella variante fenotípica que resulta en la mayor adecuación biológica dentro de un grupo específico de variantes en un ambiente dado” (Reeve y Sherman 1993). En las especies vegetales, el papel de las adaptaciones ha sido destacado en distintos ámbitos, como la defensa contra la herbivoría, formas de crecimiento o medios de dispersión de semillas (Farrell et al. 1991, Eriksson y Bremer 1992, Gaut et al. 1992, 1996, Rieseberg 1997, Andreasen y Baldwin 2001), atributos a los que se les atribuye valor adaptativo. Se considera que la aparición de caracteres que permiten el aprovechamiento
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