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Ambivalent Sovereignty: Inquiries Into the Dual Foundation of Political Realism's Subject

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Ambivalent Sovereignty: Inquiries Into the Dual Foundation of Political Realism's Subject University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2011 Ambivalent Sovereignty: Inquiries into the Dual Foundation of Political Realism's Subject Paul Timmermans University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Timmermans, Paul, "Ambivalent Sovereignty: Inquiries into the Dual Foundation of Political Realism's Subject" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 939. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/939 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. AMBIVALENT SOVEREIGNTY: INQUIRIES INTO THE DUAL FOUNDATION OF POLITICAL REALISM’S SUBJECT __________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Paul Timmermans November 2011 Advisor: Jack Donnelly ©Copyright by Paul Timmermans 2011 All Rights Reserved Author: Paul Timmermans Title: AMBIVALENT SOVEREIGNTY: INQUIRIES INTO THE DUAL FOUNDATION OF POLITICAL REALISM’S SUBJECT Advisor: Jack Donnelly Degree Date: November 2011 Abstract Ambivalent Sovereignty inquires into the subject of political realism. This subject, sovereign authority, appears to have a dual foundation. It apears divided against itself, but how can realism nonetheless observe legitimate modes of sovereignty emerge? Against the liberal idea that a “synthesis” of both material-coercive and ideal-persuasive powers should be accomplished, within the world of international relations, realism gives meaning to a structural type of state power that is also constitutionally emerging and legitimately dividing itself—against itself. Machiavelli but particularly also other realists such as Hannah Arendt, Max Weber, and Aristotle are being reinterpreted to demonstrate why each state’s ultimate authority may symbiotically emerge from its self-divisions, rather than from one synthetic unity. Whereas liberal theorists, from Montesquieu to John Rawls and Alexander Wendt, err too far in assuming the presence of the state’s monistic authority, the realist theorists further advance an answer to how sovereign states may begin to both recognize and include only the most-legitimate manifestations of their common dualist authority. Ambivalent Sovereignty is relevant in this sense as it transcends-and-yet-includes these common dualities: freedom/necessity; emergence/causation; self-organization/power structures. ii Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 New Introduction: Two Possible Responses to the State Authority Problem ........ 2 White and Red Dragons: Aristotle and Ambivalent (Sovereign) Authority......... 25 Hobbes and Machiavelli on Political Autonomy or Supreme Power ................... 51 Contents of the Book: Civic Religiosity in Relation to Sovereign Authority....... 77 Endnotes to Introduction................................................................................................. 109 Chapter One .................................................................................................................... 129 First Contemplation: The Symbolically Significant Succession Principle......... 130 Relations of Superiority and Revolution from Aristotle to Arendt..................... 182 Realist or Liberal: Self-Organizational Covenanting or Contractual Structures 228 How Political Realists Could Counter-Attack Cartesian Constructivists........... 271 In Support of Hobbesian Realism, Dual Sovereignty, and Systems Theory ...... 318 The Roman Republic and Constitutional Organizations of Treaty Law............. 341 Endnotes to Chapter One ................................................................................................ 353 Chapter Two.................................................................................................................... 392 First Prelude: Two Foundational Causes of/Effects on Sovereignty.................. 393 Second Prelude: Republican Realism against the Conventional Liberal Norm . 416 Weber’s Constitutionalist Theory: Ambiguating Political Sects........................ 438 Recognizing the Three Terms of Authority in Accordance to Weberian Realism ............................................................................................................................. 450 Weber on Legitimacy and Arendt on the Emergence of Socratic Love ............. 472 How to Maintain the Tension and Why Realism Contains a Just War Theory .. 505 Reintroducing the Research Question: Why Theorize Dual Sovereignty?......... 515 Transcendent Conversions of Revolutionary Groupings and their Dual Authority ............................................................................................................................. 550 Conclusion: Combining Natural Systems Theory with the Dual Sovereignty Thesis .................................................................................................................. 590 Endnotes to Chapter Two................................................................................................ 619 Chapter Three.................................................................................................................. 651 Mixed Conceptions of Legitimate International Relations................................. 652 Machiavelli’s Recognizing of Legitimate and Exemplary Statespersons........... 684 The Dialogue: May Montesquieu’s Idealism Destabilize Machiavelli’s Realism? ............................................................................................................................. 694 Montesquieu’s Liberal Constitutional Structure Must be Neutral or Fail .......... 708 Democracy vs. Oligarchy is not Montesquieuan Constitutionalism................... 736 Why Machiavelli Concurs to Aristotle, not to the Aristotelian Mean, by Having the Ephors Slain .................................................................................................. 743 iii Introducing Rousseau’s Caring Third Magistrate: The Tribunate...................... 787 Republican Systems Theory and Machiavelli’s Political Scientific Method...... 858 Machiavelli’s Subversion of Fortuna or Why the Florentine Tragedies Can Inspire Confidence .......................................................................................................... 919 Applying Machiavelli’s Systems Theory to IR: Recognitions of Sovereignty .. 934 On Authority: Comparing Kelsen’s Legal Positivism to Nijs’s Negativism...... 953 Conclusive Machiavellian Encounters with Heraclitean Change....................... 963 Rephrasing the Question: How Should Realism Recognize Political Parity? .... 971 Endnotes to Chapter Three............................................................................................ 1016 Chapter Four ................................................................................................................. 1067 The Case Against Monism: Defense of the Dual Authority Thesis.................. 1068 Did Arendt Ally with Hobbes to Defeat Cartesian Concepts of Authority?..... 1079 Dialogue on Civic Religious Beliefs in Heracleitean Sovereignty................... 1091 New Conclusion: From Neo-Rousseauan Idealism to Machiavellian Materialism ........................................................................................................................... 1131 Endnotes to Chapter Four ............................................................................................. 1139 List Of References and Relevant Works....................................................................... 1152 iv INTRODUCTION What in all the republics ... has never been thought of [is that they could be] exhibiting within the same [body politick] ... and among the same citizens, liberty and tyranny, integrity and corruption, justice and injustice. — Niccolò Machiavelli (1966: 8.6, 396). States are the free constituents and not the captive clients of the bodies [politick] to which they belong. —Alan James (1986: 167). [F]or Rousseau, a proper resolution [of the paradox] would compromise neither the individuality of the individual nor the legitimate ends of the body politick. —Peter J. Steinberger (1988: 30). [T]he mighty current of the revolution, in the words of Robespierre, was constantly accelerated by “the crimes of tyranny”, on one side, by the “progress of liberty”, on the other, which inevitably provoked each other, so that movement and counter-movement neither balanced nor checked or arrested each other, but in a mysterious way seemed to add up to one stream of “progressing violence”, flowing in the same direction with an ever-increasing rapidity. This is “the majestic lava stream of the revolution which spares nothing and which nobody can arrest”; [it is].... “[t]he revolution devouring its own children.” —Hannah Arendt (2006: 39). It is necessary ... for men living associated together under ... regulations often to be brought back to themselves ... either by external or internal occurrences. — Machiavelli
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