DOCSLIB.ORG

Race and International Politics: How Racial Prejudice Can Shape

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Race and International Politics: How Racial Prejudice Can Shape Race and International Politics: How Racial Prejudice Can Shape Discord and Cooperation among Great Powers DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Zoltán I. Búzás, M.A. Graduate Program in Political Science The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Alexander Wendt, Advisor Ted Hopf Randall Schweller Ismail White Copyrighted by Zoltán I. Búzás 2012 Abstract This dissertation is motivated by the fact that race is understudied in the discipline, despite its historical importance in international politics, its ubiquity in adjacent disciplines, and its importance in the “real” world. It attempts to mitigate this problem by extending the study of race to the hard case of great power politics. The dissertation provides a two-step racial theory of international politics according to which racial prejudices embedded in racial identity can shape patterns of discord and cooperation. In the first step, racial prejudices embedded in different racial identities inflate threat perceptions, while prejudices embedded in shared racial identities deflate them. In the second step, racially shaped threat perceptions generate behavioral dispositions. Inflated threat perceptions predispose racially different agents towards discord, while deflated threat perceptions predispose racially similar agents towards cooperation. The theory works best when states have dominant racial groups, they hold activated threat-relevant racial prejudices, and when threats are ambiguous. Three empirical chapters assess the theory’s strengths and probe its limits. The first shows how racial prejudices regarding fundamental difference and aggressive intentions inflated American threat perceptions of Japan and, with British cooperation, led to the demise of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902-1923). The second traces how ii racial prejudices regarding aggressive intentions and irrationality inflated American threat perceptions of Chinese nuclear proliferation and, with Soviet cooperation, resulted in the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963. The last one illustrates how racial prejudices of immorality and aggressive intentions inflated American threat perceptions of Japanese foreign direct investment in the 1980s and led to the 1988 Exon-Florio Amendment. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of race and the legitimacy of the liberal international system in the context of rise of the developing world. iii Acknowledgments I wrote the dissertation during what is now called “The Great Recession,” when much of the world struggled with debt. In a way, it is a child of its time. In the course of writing it I accumulated so much intellectual and emotional debt that without regular “bailouts” from generous friends and teachers I would not have been able to finish it. The generous grant awarded by the Mershon Center for International Security Studies allowed me to do archival research without accumulating financial debt. In classes offered by Richard Herrmann, Jennifer Mitzen, and Daniel Verdier I learned even more than I realized at the time. Fellow graduate students did much to make my graduate school experience more productive and more fun. At the “Wendt workshop” they provided useful feedback on various draft chapters. On the fun side, I particularly enjoyed Thursday night soccer. For all this and more, I thank Bentley Allan, Austin Carson, Aldous Cheung, Kevin Duska, Jason Keiber, Josh Kertzer, Tim Luecke, Eleonora Mattiacci, Fernando Nunez Mietz, John Oates, Xiaoyu Pu, and Clement Wyplosz. I was fortunate to have the support of an outstanding dissertation committee. Randy Schweller has provided critical feedback and encouragement since the early days of the dissertation writing seminar (PS 846). Ted Hopf’s expertise, careful reading of and detailed feedback on every chapter made the dissertation incomparably better. Ismail iv White guided me patiently to the most relevant aspects of the race literature. Most importantly, I am grateful to Alex Wendt. It was in one of Alex’s seminars that I got interested in race and international politics. His gentle guidance, encouragement, and generosity were critical ingredients not only of completing the dissertation, but of my professional development more generally. As an academic, I will aspire to live up to the high standards of professionalism, open-mindedness, and kindness Alex embodies. Prior to the years spent at Ohio State, I have benefitted enormously from being taught by several people. As an undergraduate, the classes of Ovidiu Pecican, Liviu Tirau, and Sergiu Miscoiu sparked my interest in international politics. Daniel M. Green, Matthew J. Hoffmann, Stuart Kaufman, and Mark Miller helped me take the first steps in graduate school. I am most thankful to my family. My parents, Ernest and Georgeta Buzas, have been an infinite reservoir of emotional support. Our Saturday afternoon chats have always put things in the right perspective. Mom’s occasional “Are you still not done yet?” gently reminded me that I cannot retire from graduate school. My brother, Ernő, was a good friend. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Erin Graham, to whom I owe most. Erin read every page of the dissertation and provided detailed feedback, listened to my long monologues on race during our evening walks, and made me laugh when I needed it most. I am truly blessed to have had her in my life throughout this time. v Vita 2004 ............................................................ B.A. European Studies and International Relations, Babeş-Bolyai University (RO) 2006 ............................................................ M.A. Political Science, University of Delaware 2007-2012 ................................................... Graduate Student Associate, Department of Political Science, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: Political Science vi Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... iv Vita ............................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables............................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ............................................................................................................... ix Chapter One: Introduction ..............................................................................................1 Chapter Two: A Racial Theory of International Politics ................................................. 31 Chapter Three: Race and the Demise of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902-1923 ......... 91 Chapter Four: Race and the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty ......................................... 165 Chapter Five: Race and the 1988 Exon-Florio Amendment ......................................... 233 Chapter Six: Conclusion ............................................................................................. 295 References ................................................................................................................... 322 Appendix A: List of Texts Used in Chapter Three Content Analysis ............................ 357 Appendix B: List of Texts Used in Chapter Four Content Analysis .............................. 363 vii List of Tables Table 1. A Typology of Race Relations ......................................................................... 21 Table 2.1: Mapping the Race Debate ............................................................................. 41 Table 2.2: Hypotheses Linking Racial Identity to Threat Perception .............................. 70 Table 3.1: Japanese in the United States, 1880-1920 ...................................................... 97 Table 3.2: Power Indicators: US, Britain, and Japan .................................................... 121 Table 3.3: Content Analysis Frequency Test ................................................................ 154 Table 4.1: Content Analysis Threat Frequencies ......................................................... 225 Table 4.2: Alternative Explanation Keyword Frequencies ........................................... 226 Table 5.1: Japanese FDI Perceived as More Threatening than European and Canadian FDI .............................................................................................................................. 250 Table 5.2: Direct Investment Position in the United States by Country of Ultimate Beneficial Owner, 1980-90 ......................................................................................... 252 Table 5.3: The 1988 Trade Act Votes and COPE Ratings ........................................... 284 Table 6.1: Summary of Findings ................................................................................. 300 viii List of Figures List of Figures Figure 2.1: The Causal Chain......................................................................................... 78 Figure 3.1: Content Analysis Frequency Test by Year ................................................ 155 Figure 3.2: Word Cloud of Concordance Test .............................................................. 157 Figure 4.1: Rising ‘Yellow Peril’ and Falling ‘Red Peril’ ............................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 9/20/78 President's Trip to New Jersey
    9/20/78-President’s Trip to New Jersey [Briefing Book] Folder Citation: Collection: Office of Staff Secretary; Series: Presidential Files; Folder: 9/20/78- President’s Trip to New Jersey [Briefing Book]; Container 91 To See Complete Finding Aid: http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/library/findingaids/Staff_Secretary.pdf WITHDRAWAL SHEET (PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARIES) " " FORM OF DATE RESTRICTION DOCUMENT CQRRESPONDENTS OR TITLE Briefin~ Book Page Page from Briefing Book on NJ Trip, 1 pg., re:Political overview c.9/20/ 8 C ' • o" J .t. ' 'I " j '' ;~o.: I. '"' FILE LOCATION Carter Presidential Papers-Staff Offices, Office of Staff Sec.-Presidential Handw·riting File, PreS,i,dent's Trip to NJ 9/20/78 [Briefing Book] Box 102 ~ESTRICTION CODES ' (A) Closed by Executive Order 12356'governing access to national security information. (B) Closed·by statute or by the agency which originated the document. (C) Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in the donor's deed of gift. NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION. NA FORM 1429 (6-8•5) " \ ) , THE WHITE HOUSE WASH'INGTON THE PRESIDENT'S VISIT TO ATLANTIC CITY, NEWlJERSEY·. '~ednesday, September: 20, 1978 ·.' <'':. .· ' . ~- WEATHER REPORT: Fair and mild, temperatures from low 50's to mid-60's. .... ... 8:.45 am, GUEST &: STAFF INSTRUCTION: The ·following are to be in the Disting~ished Visitor's Lounge at Andrews AFB to subsequently board Air Force One. Secretary Ray MarshaH . Sen. and Mrs. Harrison Williams (Jeannette) (D-N •. J.) Sen. Clifford Case (R-N .J .) Rep. Helen Meyner (D-N. J.) Rep. James Florio (D-N .J.) Rep. William Hughes (D-N.
    [Show full text]
  • Democracy's Graveyards?
    review Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 2005, £18.99, paperback 584 pp, 0 521 53854 8 Dylan Riley DEMOCRACY’S GRAVEYARDS? The murderous ‘ethnic cleansing’ of civilian populations remains one of the unexplained scandals of world history, although such events seem to have occurred almost as frequently as social revolutions. Over the past 150 years alone, mass killings of indigenous groups by colonial or settler states, of Armenians by Turkish forces and their allies, of Jews by the Nazis, of Tutsis by Hutus, have far exceeded any rational military or economic calculation. But historical and comparative sociology has had relatively little to say about these deeds. Debate about the causes of ethnic cleansing is instead domi- nated by ahistorical and individualistic models. Michael Mann’s impressive The Dark Side of Democracy makes a giant step toward specifying the concrete social structures and circumstances that produce such results. Its scale is vast—over 500 pages of dense theorization and historical narrative, encom- passing a temporal arc that stretches from ancient Assyria to the Rwandan genocide—while its unforgettable analyses of perpetrators and their actions display an almost ethno-methodological sensibility to the micro-foundations of social life, a new dimension for this master of the grand narrative. It is a major achievement. The Dark Side of Democracy’s mass of historical evidence is marshalled to test a strikingly bold central thesis: that ethnic cleansing is the dark side of democracy, in the sense that the latter is premised on the creation of an ethnic community that ‘trumps’ or ‘displaces’ class divisions.
    [Show full text]
  • SOHASKY-DISSERTATION-2017.Pdf (2.074Mb)
    DIFFERENTIAL MINDS: MASS INTELLIGENCE TESTING AND RACE SCIENCE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY by Kate E. Sohasky A dissertation submitted to the Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Baltimore, Maryland May 9, 2017 © Kate E. Sohasky All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Historians have argued that race science and eugenics retreated following their discrediting in the wake of the Second World War. Yet if race science and eugenics disappeared, how does one explain their sudden and unexpected reemergence in the form of the neohereditarian work of Arthur Jensen, Richard Herrnstein, and Charles Murray? This dissertation argues that race science and eugenics did not retreat following their discrediting. Rather, race science and eugenics adapted to changing political and social climes, at times entering into states of latency, throughout the twentieth century. The transnational history of mass intelligence testing in the twentieth century demonstrates the longevity of race science and eugenics long after their discrediting. Indeed, the tropes of race science and eugenics persist today in the modern I.Q. controversy, as the dissertation shows. By examining the history of mass intelligence testing in multiple nations, this dissertation presents narrative of the continuity of race science and eugenics throughout the twentieth century. Dissertation Committee: Advisors: Angus Burgin and Ronald G. Walters Readers: Louis Galambos, Nathaniel Comfort, and Adam Sheingate Alternates: François Furstenberg
    [Show full text]
  • RACIAL EQUALITY BILL: JAPANESE PROPOSAL at PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE: DIPLOMATIC MANOEUVRES; and REASONS for REJECTION by Shizuka
    RACIAL EQUALITY BILL: JAPANESE PROPOSAL AT PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE: DIPLOMATIC MANOEUVRES; AND REASONS FOR REJECTION By Shizuka Imamoto B.A. (Hiroshima Jogakuin University, Japan), Graduate Diploma in Language Teaching (University of Technology Sydney, Australia) A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts (Honours) at Macquarie University. Japanese Studies, Department of Asian Languages, Division of Humanities, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney Australia. 2006 DECLARATION I declare that the present research work embodied in the thesis entitled, Racial Equality Bill: Japanese Proposal At Paris Peace Conference: Diplomatic Manoeuvres; And Reasons For Rejection was carried out by the author at Macquarie Japanese Studies Centre of Macquarie University of Sydney, Australia during the period February 2003 to February 2006. This work has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution. Any published and unpublished materials of other writers and researchers have been given full acknowledgement in the text. Shizuka Imamoto ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii SUMMARY ix DEDICATION x ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xi INTRODUCTION 1 1. Area Of Study 1 2. Theme, Principal Question, And Objective Of Research 5 3. Methodology For Research 5 4. Preview Of The Results Presented In The Thesis 6 End Notes 9 CHAPTER ONE ANGLO-JAPANESE RELATIONS AND WORLD WAR ONE 11 Section One: Anglo-Japanese Alliance 12 1. Role Of Favourable Public Opinion In Britain And Japan 13 2. Background Of Anglo-Japanese Alliance 15 3. Negotiations And Signing Of Anglo-Japanese Alliance 16 4. Second Anglo-Japanese Alliance 17 5. Third Anglo-Japanese Alliance 18 Section Two: Japan’s Involvement In World War One 19 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity, Confession and Intercultural Dialogue at the European Union's
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Ethnicity, Confession and Intercultural Dialogue at the European Union’s East Border Brie, Mircea and Horga, Ioan and Şipoş, Sorin University of Oradea, Romania 2011 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/44082/ MPRA Paper No. 44082, posted 31 Jan 2013 05:28 UTC ETHNICITY, CONFESSION AND INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE AT THE EUROPEAN UNION EASTERN BORDER ETHNICITY, CONFESSION AND INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE AT THE EUROPEAN UNION EASTERN BORDER Mircea BRIE Ioan HORGA Sorin ŞIPOŞ (Coordinators) Debrecen/Oradea 2011 This present volume contains the papers of the international conference Ethnicity, Confession and Intercultural Dialogue at the European Union‟s East Border, held in Oradea between 2nd-5th of June 2011, organized by Institute for Euroregional Studies Oradea-Debrecen, University of Oradea and Department of International Relations and European Studies, with the support of the European Commission and Bihor County Council. CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY STUDIES Mircea BRIE Ethnicity, Religion and Intercultural Dialogue in the European Border Space.......11 Ioan HORGA Ethnicity, Religion and Intercultural Education in the Curricula of European Studies .......19 MINORITY AND MAJORITY IN THE EASTERN EUROPEAN AREA Victoria BEVZIUC Electoral Systems and Minorities Representations in the Eastern European Area........31 Sergiu CORNEA, Valentina CORNEA Administrative Tools in the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Ethnic Minorities .............................................................................................................47
    [Show full text]
  • Balanced Biosocial Theory for the Social Sciences
    UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2004 Balanced biosocial theory for the social sciences Michael A Restivo University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Restivo, Michael A, "Balanced biosocial theory for the social sciences" (2004). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/5jp5-vy39 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BALANCED BIOSOCIAL THEORY FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES by Michael A. Restivo Bachelor of Arts IPIoridkijSjlarrhcIJiuAHsrsity 2001 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillm ent ofdœnxpnnnnenkfbrthe Master of Arts Degree in Sociology Departm ent of Sociology College of Liberal Arts Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas M ay 2004 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1422154 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Stone Wall June & July 09
    BRCWRT — Vol. XVI, Issue 5—June/July 2009 Page 1 The Newsletter of the Bull Run Civil War Round Table — Vol. XVI, Issue 5—June/July, 2009 MEET OUR JUNE SPEAKER MARC LEEPSON GENERAL MEMBERSHIP MEETING By Nancy Anwyll JUNE 11, 2009 Marc Leepson is a journalist, author, and histo- 7:00 P.M. rian whose most recent work is Desperate Engagement, a history of the July 9, 1864, Civil War Battle of Mono- Centreville Library cacy, which is often called the battle that saved Wash- ington, D.C. This battle near Frederick, Maryland was GUEST SPEAKER: between 12,000 battle-hardened Confederate troops led by General Jubal Early and 5,800 troops, many of then untested in battle, under the leadership of Gen. Lew Marc Leepson Wallace, who is best known as the author of Ben Hur. Despite Wallace losing 1,200 Union troops at Monocacy TOPIC: compared to Early losing 800 casualties, the delay in Early’s march to D.C. caused by the battle of Monocacy Desperate Engagement: allowed President Lincoln and the military leaders of Battle of Monocacy Washington, D.C. time to rush troops from the Peters- burg area to fill the forts and entrenchments along the northern edge of the city. Marc Leepson graduated from George Washing- ton University in 1967. After serving in the U. S. Army from 1967 – 69, including a year in the Vietnam during the war, he received his honorable discharge and went on to earn a masters Degree in history from George Washington University in 1971. He was a staff writer for Congres- sional Quarterly and has been a free-lance writer since 1986.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Policy Analysis
    FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS (listed in catalogue as Theoretical Explanations of Foreign Policy) Pol Sci 530 Jack S. Levy Rutgers University Spring 2014 Hickman 304 848/932-1073 [email protected] http://fas-polisci.rutgers.edu/levy/ Office Hours: after class and by appointment This seminar focuses on how states formulate and implement their foreign policies. Foreign Policy Analysis is a well-defined subfield within the International Relations field, with its own sections in the International Studies Association and American Political Science Association (Foreign Policy Analysis and Foreign Policy, respectively). Our orientation in this course is more theoretical and process-oriented than substantive or interpretive. We focus on policy inputs and the decision-making process rather than on policy outputs. An important assumption underlying this course is that the processes through which foreign policy is made have a considerable impact on the substantive content of policy. We follow a loose a levels-of-analysis framework to organize our survey of the theoretical literature on foreign policy. We examine rational state actor, bureaucratic/ organizational, institutional, societal, and psychological models. We look at the government decision-makers, organizations, political parties, private interests, social groups, and mass publics that have an impact on foreign policy. We analyze the various constraints within which each of these sets of actors must operate, the nature of their interactions with each other and with the society as a whole, and the processes and mechanisms through which they resolve their differences and formulate policy. Although most (but not all) of our reading is written by Americans and although much of it deals primarily with American foreign policy, most of these conceptual frameworks are much more general and not restricted to the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Press Release
    New Jersey Pinelands Commission PRESS RELEASE November 8, 2002 Contact: Francis Rapa Phone: 609.894.7300 E-mail: [email protected] Governor Florio Takes the Helm at Pinelands Commission Commission welcomes six new members NEW LISBON, NJ - At the monthly meeting of the Pinelands Commission today, six of Governor James McGreevey’s appointments, including former New Jersey Governor James Florio, began serving terms on the Commission. Governor Florio will serve as Chairman of the Pinelands Commission, replacing Jerrold Jacobs, who served since January 2000. The six Commissioners include four new members as well as two that have been reappointed to the panel by the Governor. In addition to Governor Florio, they are Candace Ashmun, Reverend Dr. Guy Campbell, Stephen Lee, Edward Lloyd and Betty Wilson. The Pinelands Commission is a regulatory and planning agency that oversees development, land-use, and a wide range of resource management programs for the million-acre Pinelands. The Pinelands National Reserve and State Pinelands Area were established in 1978 and 1979 under federal and State acts to preserve and enhance the unique natural and cultural resources of the region. “Protection of the Pinelands has been a highlight and priority throughout my career in public service, and the opportunity to lead the Commission is an honor and privilege that I embrace,” said Governor Florio. “I want to thank former Chairman Jacobs and the former Commissioners for their past dedication and commitment to this charge and wish them well in their future endeavors.” Governor Florio takes charge of the Commission in the midst of a year-long review of the Pinelands Comprehensive Management Plan (CMP).
    [Show full text]
  • Theories of International Relations* Ole R. Holsti
    Theories of International Relations* Ole R. Holsti Universities and professional associations usually are organized in ways that tend to separate scholars in adjoining disciplines and perhaps even to promote stereotypes of each other and their scholarly endeavors. The seemingly natural areas of scholarly convergence between diplomatic historians and political scientists who focus on international relations have been underexploited, but there are also some signs that this may be changing. These include recent essays suggesting ways in which the two disciplines can contribute to each other; a number of prizewinning dissertations, later turned into books, by political scientists that effectively combine political science theories and historical materials; collaborative efforts among scholars in the two disciplines; interdisciplinary journals such as International Security that provide an outlet for historians and political scientists with common interests; and creation of a new section, “International History and Politics,” within the American Political Science Association.1 *The author has greatly benefited from helpful comments on earlier versions of this essay by Peter Feaver, Alexander George, Joseph Grieco, Michael Hogan, Kal Holsti, Bob Keohane, Timothy Lomperis, Roy Melbourne, James Rosenau, and Andrew Scott, and also from reading 1 K. J. Holsti, The Dividing Discipline: Hegemony and Diversity in International Theory (London, 1985). This essay is an effort to contribute further to an exchange of ideas between the two disciplines by describing some of the theories, approaches, and "models" political scientists have used in their research on international relations during recent decades. A brief essay cannot do justice to the entire range of theoretical approaches that may be found in the current literature, but perhaps those described here, when combined with citations of some representative works, will provide diplomatic historians with a useful, if sketchy, map showing some of the more prominent landmarks in a neighboring discipline.
    [Show full text]
  • Jun'ichiro Shojithe Racial Equality Issue and Konoe Fumimaro
    The Racial Equality Issue and Konoe Fumimaro The Racial Equality Issue and Konoe Fumimaro* Jun’ichiro Shoji** Abstract Konoe Fumimaro served three times as Japan’s prime minister in the crucial years before World War II. At the end of World War I, as Japan was preparing to take part in the Paris Peace Conference at Versailles of 1919, Konoe Fumimaro published his famous article titled “Eibei hon’i no heiwashugi o haisu [A Rejection of the Anglo- American-Centered Peace Ideology].” In this article and his observations on post- WWI Europe and the United States, he often praises U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. Konoe clearly was fascinated by and attracted to the American President, and felt a closeness and sympathy with his views. It seems that in some ways the two men had some things in common. The arguments and world views of both men were extremely idealistic. But even Wilson’s ideals, in the world of 1919, where the lingering influence of the old regime remained strong, ultimately did not become a reality at that time. Wilson died before he could complete his dream. Similarly, Konoe’s ideals stood no chance of being realized, given the changes of the times and the development of Japan’s militaristic foreign policy. For both Konoe and Wilson, racial equality in 1919 was a distant ideal. Focusing on Konoe Fumimaro, this article discusses the issues surrounding Japan’s racial equality proposal of 1919. oday I want to discuss some of my own views of the issues surrounding Japan’s racial equality proposal of 1919 by focusing on one individual, Konoe Fumimaro.
    [Show full text]
  • Hate Speech Ignited Understanding Hate Speech in Myanmar
    Hate Speech Ignited Understanding Hate Speech in Myanmar Hate Speech Ignited Understanding Hate Speech in Myanmar October 2020 About Us This report was written based on the information and data collection, monitoring, analytical insights and experiences with hate speech by civil society organizations working to reduce and/or directly af- fected by hate speech. The research for the report was coordinated by Burma Monitor (Research and Monitoring) and Progressive Voice and written with the assistance of the International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School while it is co-authored by a total 19 organizations. Jointly published by: 1. Action Committee for Democracy Development 2. Athan (Freedom of Expression Activist Organization) 3. Burma Monitor (Research and Monitoring) 4. Generation Wave 5. International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School 6. Kachin Women’s Association Thailand 7. Karen Human Rights Group 8. Mandalay Community Center 9. Myanmar Cultural Research Society 10. Myanmar People Alliance (Shan State) 11. Nyan Lynn Thit Analytica 12. Olive Organization 13. Pace on Peaceful Pluralism 14. Pon Yate 15. Progressive Voice 16. Reliable Organization 17. Synergy - Social Harmony Organization 18. Ta’ang Women’s Organization 19. Thint Myat Lo Thu Myar (Peace Seekers and Multiculturalist Movement) Contact Information Progressive Voice [email protected] www.progressivevoicemyanmar.org Burma Monitor [email protected] International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School [email protected] https://hrp.law.harvard.edu Acknowledgments Firstly and most importantly, we would like to express our deepest appreciation to the activists, human rights defenders, civil society organizations, and commu- nity-based organizations that provided their valuable time, information, data, in- sights, and analysis for this report.
    [Show full text]