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LLEYENDASEYENDAS y AARQUETIPOSRQUETIPOS ddelel RROMANTICISMOOMANTICISMO ESPAÑOLESPAÑOL RROBERTOBERT SSANDERSANDERS leyendas Y arquetipos DEL romanticismo español Robert Sanders Portland State University Library Portland, Oregon 2016 © 2016 Portland State University ISBN: 978-1-329-99659-5 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Atribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License Published by Portland State University Library Portland, Oregon 97207-1151 Cover: El aquelarre by Francisco de Goya, 1797-1798, Museo Lázaro Galdiano, Wikimedia Commons Índice Preface ................................................................. iv Prólogo ................................................................ vi José Cadalso ........................................................... 1 Noches lúgubres (1789-90) .......................................... 2 Ángel de Saavedra .................................................... 21 Una antigualla de Sevilla (1841) .................................. 22 Fernán Caballero ..................................................... 29 La hija del sol (1849) .............................................. 30 José de Espronceda ................................................... 39 El verdugo (1835) ................................................. 40 La canción del pirata (1835) ....................................... 42 El reo de muerte (1837) ............................................ 43 Libertad. Igualdad. Fraternidad. (1836) ........................... 46 El estudiante de Salamanca (1837-1840) .......................... 49 José Zorrilla .......................................................... 75 Don Juan Tenorio (1844) .......................................... 76 Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer ........................................... 149 La Cruz del Diablo (1860) ...................................... 150 El Monte de las Ánimas (1861) .................................. 162 Los ojos verdes (1861) ........................................... 168 El Miserere (1862) ............................................. 173 La Rosa de Pasión (1864) ....................................... 180 Josefa Ugarte Barrientos ........................................... El sacristán de Albaicín (1874) .................................. 193 Julia de Asensi ...................................................... 211 El encubierto (1883) ............................................. 212 Ramón del Valle-Inclán ............................................ 227 Rosarito (1894) ................................................. 228 Preface Leyendas y arquetipos del Romanticismo españoll is an introduction to nineteenth-century Spanish literature with a thematic focus on legends and archetypes. It presents Romanticism in the context of nineteenth- century literary and social movements. It is designed as a fi rst anthology for intermediate Spanish students at American universities. Although brief, it includes poetry, drama in verse and short story. Th e works have been selected for their literary interest and the social importance of their themes. Th ey are all by canonical authors. Th e Prologue and introductions to the authors and texts oft en utilize circumlocution to facilitate comprehension, and include concrete examples of the concepts presented. Th e author biographies are brief and should not be used as study materials, but rather as starting points for students’ own exploration. Many students prefer following their own interests when researching author biographies, and the internet makes accesible a plethora of bibliographic resources, such as the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, the Centro Virtual Cervantes of the Cervantes Institute, or the Biblioteca Digital Hispánica of the Spanish National Library. Student participation in the selection of topics and sources emphasizes the investigative process and leads to richer class discussions. Acknowledgements My sincerest gratitude to Kalen Oswald (Albion College), Rony Garrido (Cal State - Chico) and Isabel Jaén-Portillo (Portland State University) for their careful attention to the content and language of this brief collection. Sincere thanks to José Luis Muñoz for allowing the inclusion of his painting Wallada, to Julieta Escobar for allowing inclusion of her allegorical illustration El Miserere, to Th omas Wievegg for permitting the use of his digital painting Scribbly Knight, and to Miguel Regodón Harkness for allowing the modifi cation and inclusion of his painting Dark Siren. Also, thank you Eric Olsson for modifying this image for general audiences. Th anks to Dr. Frédérique Morand for permiting the use of her digital reproduction of My Mirteo by María Gertrudis Hore, published in her Doña María Gertrudis Hore (1742-1801): Vivencia de una poetisa gaditana entre el siglo y la clausuraa (2004). And a special thank you to Miguel Delatorre for his assistance in locating and identifying Radio Nacional de España’s episode La voz del silencio. Th e support of the Open Access Textbooks initiative of the Portland State University Library has been fundamental in this project. About the author Robert Sanders is an Associate Professor of Spanish at Portland State University. He completed his Ph.D. (2001) at the University of Arizona. He has published articles on curriculum design and computer-assisted language instruction. Reviews In his prologue to Leyendas y arquetipos del Romanticismo español, Dr. Robert Sanders presents an excellent characterization of the Romantic period in Spain, in terms of how this movement stands within the dynamics of Spanish literature during the XIX century. His clear and well-articulated conceptualization of the period connects all the important dots smoothly, contraposing the features of Romanticism with the literary movements that preceded and followed it. His discussion of Romantic legends and archetypes in Spanish literature and the selection of the authors and texts included in this anthology show the care and attention to detail comparable to the undertakings of a Swiss watchmaker. Th ere is no doubt his intended audience, junior-level university students of Spanish, will greatly benefi t from this book. —Associate Professor of Spanish Rony Garrido, Cal State - Chico Leyendas y arquetipos del Romanticismo españoll by Dr. Robert Sanders is an extremely useful anthology that would be ideal for an advanced undergraduate course on Spanish literature. Th e topic of Spanish Romanticism is broadly, but clearly and accurately defi ned in the prologue, and the authors and works included exemplify the key aspects that Dr. Sanders describes in his preliminary explanations. Th e prologue and the introductions to each author and work are clearly, concisely and accurately written in Spanish, with a style appropriate for advanced undergraduate students. Furthermore, the discussion questions included aft er each work are insightful, and the illustrations that accompany the anthology are purposeful and helpful. Th e selection of works is not meant to be an exhaustive anthology of all of Spanish Romanticism, rather a representative collection—of appropriate length to be used in a college course—of the principle themes, motifs, and variations of this literary movement in Spain. —Associate Professor of Spanish Kalen R. Oswald, Albion College v Prólogo Los arquetipos y las leyendas Los arquetipos han sido de gran interés en la fi losofía, la antropología, la sociología, la sicología y los estudios literarios. En un sentido básico, un arquetipo es un modelo o idea original que se manifi esta con variaciones en muchos contextos. El arquetipo puede corresponder a un concepto, una imagen, un objeto, un rito, un acto, una situación, un mito, un personaje u otro patrón mental. Cuando se estudia la mitología, por ejemplo, se puede observar el tema común del viaje al inframundo (catábasis) por un héroe, como el de Gilgamés al fi n del mundo en la mitología sumeria (narrado en el Poema de Gilgamés, 2500-2000 a.C.), el de Orfeo a Hades en la mitología griega (siglo III a.C.), el de los gemelos Hunahpú e Ixbalanqué a Xibalbá en la mitología maya (narrado en el Popol Vuh, escrito c. 1554-1558) o el de Jesús de Nazaret en la mitología cristiana. Tanto el héroe y el viaje al inframundo son arquetipos desde las perspectivas antropológica, sicológica y literaria. Para el sicólogo seminal Carl Jung, el arquetipo es un proceso mental colectivo—del grupo humano—que opera a nivel subconsciente. De este proceso emergen imágenes arquetípicas y la huella de este proceso la encontramos en los motifss universales que podemos identifi car en el discurso. Para el fi lósofo Joseph Campbell, el más universal de todos los arquetipos es el héroe o aventurero ; es la fi gura central de la mitología y la religión, de las costumbres y los ritos, de las ciencias modernas, y está presente en la subconsciencia de cada individuo, lo cual se puede verifi car en el análisis de los sueños. Los arquetipos son parte de los esquemas mentales y sociales con que experimentamos individual y colectivamente los fenómenos del mundo. Los arquetipos literarios son personajes y situaciones recurrentes en una o más épocas y en una o más tradiciones literarias. Los arquetipos literarios revelan mucho sobre el pensamiento humano en general y también sobre el pensamiento de determinados grupos en situaciones particulares. Las leyendas son narrativas tradicionales generalmente de origen oral que comunican valores sociales relativos a un lugar y época específi cos a través de una historia. Las leyendas suelen