Chinook Jargon
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An Early St'at'imcets-Chinook Jargon Bilingual' Text 1 Introduction 1 2 About the Newspaper
"Fox and Cayooty": an early St'at'imcets-Chinook Jargon bilingual' text Henry Davis and David Robertson University of British Columbia and CHINOOK List This paper contains a transliteration (from the original Duployan shorthand) and . translation of an early bilingual St'at'imcets-Chinook Jargon text, with accompanying historical, orthographical and grammatical notes. The story was first published in 1892 in the Kamloops Wawa newspaper by the oblate priest J-M.R. Le Jeune; it thus counts as one of the earliest texts in either language. 1 Introduction 1 It is well known to the student of Salishan languages and cultures that before the time of Franz Boas, extremely few coherent texts, as opposed to relatively numerous fragmentary word-lists, of northwest Native American languages were collected and published. The nascent modern disciplines of anthropology and linguistics demanded such documentation. However, another force besides science played a considerable role in the earliest recordings of indigenous languages of this region: The activities of Christian missionaries, which led to work allowing in some cases (viz. Joseph Giorda, S1's 1871 dictionary of Kalispel) an excellent view of historical stages in the lives of these languages otherwise lost to us.2 An example of the same phenomenon is available to us also in the Kamloops Wawa newspaper published by Oblate father J.-M.R. Le Jeune from 1891 to about 19043, primarily in the Chinook Jargon, of which it is an extensive and often overlooked document. In volume 2, Issue 47 of Kamloops Wawa, dated October 16 [sic], 18924, we find under the English heading "Recreative" the following: Kopa Pavilion ilihi nsaika tlap ukuk hloima syisim kopa Lilwat wawa[:] Fox and Cayooty.~. -
Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe
1 Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe: Traditional Resource Harvest Sites West of the Crest of the Cascades Mountains in Washington State and below the Cascades of the Columbia River Eugene Hunn Department of Anthropology Box 353100 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-3100 [email protected] for State of Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife WDFW contract # 38030449 preliminary draft October 11, 2003 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 Executive Summary 5 Map 1 5f 1. Goals and scope of this report 6 2. Defining the relevant Indian groups 7 2.1. How Sahaptin names for Indian groups are formed 7 2.2. The Yakama Nation 8 Table 1: Yakama signatory tribes and bands 8 Table 2: Yakama headmen and chiefs 8-9 2.3. Who are the ―Klickitat‖? 10 2.4. Who are the ―Cascade Indians‖? 11 2.5. Who are the ―Cowlitz‖/Taitnapam? 11 2.6. The Plateau/Northwest Coast cultural divide: Treaty lines versus cultural 12 divides 2.6.1. The Handbook of North American Indians: Northwest Coast versus 13 Plateau 2.7. Conclusions 14 3. Historical questions 15 3.1. A brief summary of early Euroamerican influences in the region 15 3.2. How did Sahaptin-speakers end up west of the Cascade crest? 17 Map 2 18f 3.3. James Teit‘s hypothesis 18 3.4. Melville Jacobs‘s counter argument 19 4. The Taitnapam 21 4.1. Taitnapam sources 21 4.2. Taitnapam affiliations 22 4.3. Taitnapam territory 23 4.3.1. Jim Yoke and Lewy Costima on Taitnapam territory 24 4.4. -
Linguistics 181: SENĆOŦEN Fall 2010 Leonard and Werle 3 Handout 2
Linguistics 181: SENĆOŦEN Fall 2010 Leonard and Werle Handout 2: Language families of British Columbia Terminology ‣ language : a natural system of human communication that includes sounds, words, and rules for combining these to express a variety of meanings. ‣ native language , first language : a language that one speaks from a very young age. ‣ indigenous , aboriginal : these terms refer to people or languages that live in or are associated with a particular place, are the first or among the first to be associated with that place, and have historical and cultural roots from that place. ‣ dialect : a regional or social variety of a language. Everyone speaks a dialect! ‣ idiolect : the speech variety of a particular person. One’s individual dialect. ‣ jargon : vocabulary associated with a particular activity (example: carvers’ jargon). ‣ pidgin : a simplified language used by speakers of different languages to communicate (example: Chinook Jargon). No one’s native language. ‣ creole : a pidgin that has developed into a full language (example: Hawaiian Creole). ‣ language family : a group of languages whose similarities indicate that they come from a common parent language. Such languages are said to be genetically related (whether or not the speakers of these languages are related by blood). ‣ language area ( Sprachbund ): a group of languages whose similarities result from geographical contact. Such languages may or may not be genetically related. Notes The aboriginal languages of British Columbia form about seven language families (see map). SENĆOŦEN, or Saanich, is a member of the Salish family. language family examples ‣ Algonquian Cree, Ojibway ‣ Haida X̱aad Kil, X̱aaydaa Kil ‣ Kutenai Ktunaxa ‣ Na-Dene Nicola, Tsilhqot’in, Dakelh, Łingít ‣ Salishan SENĆOŦEN, Halq’eméylem, Secwepemctsin, Nuxalk ‣ Tsimshianic S’m̓algya̱x, Nisg ̱a’a ‣ Wakashan Nuu-chah-nulth, Kwak wala,̓ Haisla Salish is one of the largest indigenous language families of North America, in terms of number of languages. -
Native American Languages, Indigenous Languages of the Native Peoples of North, Middle, and South America
Native American Languages, indigenous languages of the native peoples of North, Middle, and South America. The precise number of languages originally spoken cannot be known, since many disappeared before they were documented. In North America, around 300 distinct, mutually unintelligible languages were spoken when Europeans arrived. Of those, 187 survive today, but few will continue far into the 21st century, since children are no longer learning the vast majority of these. In Middle America (Mexico and Central America) about 300 languages have been identified, of which about 140 are still spoken. South American languages have been the least studied. Around 1500 languages are known to have been spoken, but only about 350 are still in use. These, too are disappearing rapidly. Classification A major task facing scholars of Native American languages is their classification into language families. (A language family consists of all languages that have evolved from a single ancestral language, as English, German, French, Russian, Greek, Armenian, Hindi, and others have all evolved from Proto-Indo-European.) Because of the vast number of languages spoken in the Americas, and the gaps in our information about many of them, the task of classifying these languages is a challenging one. In 1891, Major John Wesley Powell proposed that the languages of North America constituted 58 independent families, mainly on the basis of superficial vocabulary resemblances. At the same time Daniel Brinton posited 80 families for South America. These two schemes form the basis of subsequent classifications. In 1929 Edward Sapir tentatively proposed grouping these families into superstocks, 6 in North America and 15 in Middle America. -
Languages of the World--Native America
REPOR TRESUMES ED 010 352 46 LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD-NATIVE AMERICA FASCICLE ONE. BY- VOEGELIN, C. F. VOEGELIN, FLORENCE N. INDIANA UNIV., BLOOMINGTON REPORT NUMBER NDEA-VI-63-5 PUB DATE JUN64 CONTRACT MC-SAE-9486 EDRS PRICENF-$0.27 HC-C6.20 155P. ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS, 6(6)/1-149, JUNE 1964 DESCRIPTORS- *AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES, *LANGUAGES, BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA, ARCHIVES OF LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD THE NATIVE LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF THE NEW WORLD"ARE DISCUSSED.PROVIDED ARE COMPREHENSIVE LISTINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LANGUAGES OF AMERICAN INDIANSNORTH OF MEXICO ANDOF THOSE ABORIGINAL TO LATIN AMERICA..(THIS REPOR4 IS PART OF A SEkIES, ED 010 350 TO ED 010 367.)(JK) $. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION nib Office ofEduc.442n MD WELNicitt weenment Lasbeenreproduced a l l e a l O exactly r o n o odianeting es receivromed f the Sabi donot rfrocestarity it. Pondsof viewor position raimentofficial opinions or pritcy. Offkce ofEducation rithrppologicalLinguistics Volume 6 Number 6 ,Tune 1964 LANGUAGES OF TEM'WORLD: NATIVE AMER/CAFASCICLEN. A Publication of this ARC IVES OF LANGUAGESor 111-E w oRLD Anthropology Doparignont Indiana, University ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS is designed primarily, butnot exclusively, for the immediate publication of data-oriented papers for which attestation is available in the form oftape recordings on deposit in the Archives of Languages of the World. This does not imply that contributors will bere- stricted to scholars working in the Archives at Indiana University; in fact,one motivation for the publication -
Vanguards of Canada
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY WiLLARD FiSKE Endowment """"""" '""'"'^ E 78.C2M162" Vanguards of Canada 3 1924 028 638 488 A Cornell University S Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028638488 VANGUARDS OF CANADA BOOKS The Rev. John Maclean, M.A., Ph.D., B.D. Vanguards of Canada By JOHN MACLEAN, M.A., Ph.D.. D.D. Member of the British Association, The American Society for the Advance- ment of Science, The American Folk-Lore Society, Correspondent of The Bureau of Ethnology, Washington; Chief Archivist of the Methodist Church, Canada. B 13 G TORONTO The Missionary Society of the Methodist Church The Young People's Forward Movement Department F. C. STEPHENSON, Secretary 15. OOPTRIGHT, OanADA, 1918, BT Frboeriok Clareb Stbfhekgon TOROHTO The Missionary Society of the Methodist Church The Young People's Forward Movement F. 0. Stephenson , Secretary. PREFACE In this admirable book the Rev. Dr. Maclean has done a piece of work of far-reaching significance. The Doctor is well fitted by training, experience, knowledge and sym- pathy to do this work and has done it in a manner which fully vindicates his claim to all these qualifications. Our beloved Canada is just emerging into a vigorous consciousness of nationhood and is showing herself worthy of the best ideals in her conception of what the hig'hest nationality really involves. It is therefore of the utmost importance that the young of this young nation thrilled with a new sense of power, and conscious of a new place in the activities of the world, should understand thoroughly those factors and forces which have so strikingly combined to give us our present place of prominence. -
Mary's River Kalapuyan: a Descriptive Phonology
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 5-1976 Mary's River Kalapuyan: A Descriptive Phonology Yvonne P. Hajda Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Linguistic Anthropology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hajda, Yvonne P., "Mary's River Kalapuyan: A Descriptive Phonology" (1976). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2491. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2488 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. I 1. \ i I I AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Yvonne P. Hajda for the Master of Arts in t-· .Anthropology presented May 11, 1976. Title: Mary's River Kalapuyan: A Descriptive Phonology. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Pierce David H. French The thesis is an attempt to apply procedures of aescriptive linguis- tic analysis to a body of mater~al phonetically transcribed by Leo J. Frachtenberg in the Mary's River dialect of ·the central Kalapuyan lan- guage. In 191~-14, Frachtenberg collected thirteen volumes of myth texts ~ .. in Mary's River, twelve from.William Hartless and one from Grace Wheeler; I • in addition, there were nQtes to the texts, three volumes of grannnatical notes, and some ~thnographic material. The phonetic transcription was. carried out in the pre-phonemic tr·adition of recording everything the speaker said as accurately as possible. -
Mobilian Jargon in Historiography: an Exercise in the Ethnohistory of Speaking
24 Southern Anthropologist Mobilian Jargon in Historiography: An Exercise in the Ethnohistory of Speaking Emanuel J. Drechsel University of Hawaii, Manoa Patricia Galloway (2006: 225-244) made Mobilian Jargon the subject matter of a chapter in her recent book Practicing Ethnohistory – with several challenging conclusions about its structure, functions, and sociohistorical contexts that call for a response. My essay addresses fundamental misconceptions about this Muskogean- based pidgin language, while raising some broader issues of documentation and analysis relevant to the historical sociolinguistics of greater Louisiana. More to a Name Than Meets the Eye Throughout her essay, Galloway refers to the pidgin as “Mobilian” without the modifying attachment of “Jargon.” The use of the short form would seem a minor terminological difference, were she not to use the same name in reference to Mobilian proper when discussing the Mobilian Indians’ language. This leads to a fundamental confusion of the vernacular and the pidgin by the same name. As I pointed out (Drechsel 1997: 52, 205, 234), it is imperative to differentiate “Mobilian Jargon” from “Mobilian” (like other pidgins and their source languages such as “Chinook Jargon” versus “Chinook” and “Delaware Jargon” versus “Delaware”) because of fundamental extralinguistic as well as grammatical differences between them (Silverstein 1996, 1997). Mobilian Jargon was a Muskogean-based pidgin with a morphologically reduced, analytical grammar; Mobilian proper a Native American vernacular of so far unidentifi ed provenance, with a full-fl edged, synthetic or possibly even polysynthetic grammar and a complex morphology of infl ections and/or affi xations. To imply that Mobilian Jargon directly related to Mobilian proper misrepresents linguistic and historical facts. -
Chinookan/Chinook/Lower Chinook
1. Description 1.1 Name of society, language, and language family: Penutian, Chinookan/Chinook/Lower Chinook 1.2 ISO code (3 letter code from ethnologue.com): CHH 1.3 Location (latitude/longitude): Lower Columbia River, Oregon, and Washington 1.4 Brief history: Chinook (from Tsinúk, their Chehalis name). The best-known tribe of the Chinookan family. They claimed the territory on the north side of Columbia River, Wash., from the mouth to Grays bay, a distance of about 15 miles, and north along the seacoast as far as the north part of Shoalwater bay, where they were met by the Chehalis, a Salish tribe. The Chinook were first described by Lewis and Clark, who visited them in 1805, though they had been known to traders for at least 12 years previously. Lewis and Clark estimated their number at 400, but referred only to those living on Columbia River. Swan placed their number at 112 in 1855, at which time they were much mixed with the Chehalis, with whom they have since completely fused, their language being now extinct. From their proximity to Astoria and their intimate relations with the early traders, the Chinook soon became well known, and their language formed the basis for the widely spread Chinook jargon, which was first used as a trade language and is now a medium of communication from California to Alaska. The portion of the tribe living around Shoalwater bay was called Atsmitl. The following divisions and villages have been recorded: Chinook, Gitlapshoi, Nemah, Nisal, Palux, Wharhoots. (1) 1.5 Influence of missionaries/schools/governments/powerful neighbors: They were first noticed generally by Lewis and Clark in 1805, and afterwards were greatly diminished in numbers by diseases brought by white trades. -
Pidgins and Creoles
Chapter 7: Contact Languages I: Pidgins and Creoles `The Negroes who established themselves on the Djuka Creek two centuries ago found Trio Indians living on the Tapanahoni. They maintained continuing re- lations with them....The trade dialect shows clear traces of these circumstances. It consists almost entirely of words borrowed from Trio or from Negro English' (Verslag der Toemoekhoemak-expeditie, by C.H. De Goeje, 1908). `The Nez Perces used two distinct languages, the proper and the Jargon, which differ so much that, knowing one, a stranger could not understand the other. The Jargon is the slave language, originating with the prisoners of war, who are captured in battle from the various neighboring tribes and who were made slaves; their different languages, mixing with that of their masters, formed a jargon....The Jargon in this tribe was used in conversing with the servants and the court language on all other occasions' (Ka-Mi-Akin: Last Hero of the Yakimas, 2nd edn., by A.J. Splawn, 1944, p. 490). The Delaware Indians `rather design to conceal their language from us than to properly communicate it, except in things which happen in daily trade; saying that it is sufficient for us to understand them in that; and then they speak only half sentences, shortened words...; and all things which have only a rude resemblance to each other, they frequently call by the same name' (Narratives of New Netherland 1609-1664, by J. Franklin Jameson, 1909, p. 128, quoting a comment made by the Dutch missionary Jonas Micha¨eliusin August 1628). The list of language contact typologies at the beginning of Chapter 4 had three entries under the heading `extreme language mixture': pidgins, creoles, and bilingual mixed lan- guages. -
Mamook Kom'tax Chinuk Pipa/Learning to Write Chinook
77 Historical Studies in Education / Revue d’histoire de l’éducation ARTICLES / ARTICLES Mamook Kom'tax Chinuk Pipa/Learning to Write Chinook Jargon: Indigenous Peoples and Literacy Strategies in the South Central Interior of British Columbia in the Late Nineteenth Century Emma Battell Lowman University of Hertfordshire ABSTRACT During the mid-nineteenth century, the advent of multiple gold rushes swept foreign popula- tions into what is now known as the British Columbia Interior, bringing a variety of European languages to the homeland of a multitude of Indigenous languages. In order to bridge commu- nication gaps between these populations, Chinook Jargon, a composite trade pidgin, quickly spread. The Jargon or “Wawa” became so common that, in the last decade of the century, Catholic priest Father J. M. R. Le Jeune developed and standardized a shorthand writing sys- tem for the Jargon — Chinuk pipa — and used it to publish a popular local newspaper. At the same time, residential schools began operating in the region, and English was aggressively promoted; however, contrary to expectations at the time and perceptions since, English literacy developed slowly in the British Columbia Interior. By contrast, Chinook pipa spread quickly and literacy in the Chinook Jargon — for a time — outstripped English literacy. Drawing on extensive primary research in the archives of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate missionary order, interviews, and literature in linguistics, missionary history, Indigenous languages, and colonial exchange, this article considers the different learning and teaching strategies that were used to develop English and Chinook literacy, and their subsequent successes or failures. In so doing, it challenges understandings about the role of pidgins and literacy in more global settler colonial contexts and offers an intervention to the wider theme of the role of literacy in the missionary project. -
Gills Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon
’ Gill s DICTIONARY of the Chin ook Jar gon With Exanmles of USE IN CONVERSATION And Notes Upon TRIBES and TONGUES FIFTEENTH EDITION Com iled b JOHN GIL] p y : Portland. O regon Published by The J . K. Gill Com pany 1909 PREF ACE The first attem pt at publication of a vocabulary of the ’ ’ trappers and traders Indian Jargon in use am ong the coast in erior ri es of the Northwest was m a ohn an d t t b , de by J ewett a sailor who was ca ture rom the En lish shi J , p d f g p B oston which was sur rised b the Indians at Nootka Sound. , p y her captain and crew m urdered— the sailor who issued his “ ” r h l ti in in a dventu es under t e tit e The Cap ve Nootka, be g the only survivor. had m n of writin whi e amon h Jewett no ea s g l g t e Indians. an d the hundred words he records were written from m em r hi esc ory, presum ably, som e yea s after s ape, which occurred n 1 80 th e ein rinte in i 6, e book referr d to b g p d Middletown, Conn . , The British explorers Cook, Meares and Vancouver record a few words spoken by savages encountered during their voyages in the waters of the Oregon coast. These words w ere either Chinook or Nootka. These early records prove that the sam e words, or deriv a tives now incorporated in the Chinook Jargon, retain their old significance.