Chinuk Wawa (Chinook Jargon) etymologies
Henry Zenk, Tony Johnson, Sarah Braun Hamilton Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, Oregon
The purpose of this contribution is to make available our research to date on sources of Chinuk Wawa (Chinook Jargon, hereafter CW) lexical items. The reference lexicon consists of simplex items drawn from the CW dictionary database of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, Oregon. Most of these items are from word lists, sentences, and texts representing speakers of that community; a smaller subset is from sources documenting other CW varieties of the lower Columbia River region. We have identified probable sources for 680 of the 737 total items collated, divided between Chinookan (282), local Salishan (58), Chinookan and/or Salishan (15), Nootka Jargon (22), other indigenous sources (26), English (137), French (125), and multiple sources (15).
The only comprehensive collations of CW etymologies published to date are Hale (1846) and Gibbs (1863), both of which document CW primarily in its lower Columbia “cradle.” Gibbs incorporated Hale and other earlier compilations, using his own mid-nineteenth century experience of CW to single out words in use during his own time; rare or unusual words were labeled by him as such. It is striking how much of this mid-nineteenth century lexicon may also be seen in the CW lexicon independently compiled by us from speakers of the Grand Ronde Reservation Community of northwestern Oregon, circa 1877-1950 (Jacobs 1928, 1928-29, 1932, 1936; Mercier 1941; Hajda 1977; Zenk 1980-83; Johnson 1998). Additional matches are presented by a smaller supplementary vocabulary we have compiled to collate CW words unfamiliar to us from Grand Ronde, but which can reliably be ascribed to Native usage elsewhere on the lower Columbia (Demers, Blanchet, St. Onge 1871, St. Onge 1892, Boas 1892, Harrington 1942). Clearly, the lexicon of CW—at least, that of the lower Columbia region—had acquired relatively stable form by Gibbs’s time, and remained little changed as long as there were fluent speakers capable of wielding it. Hale’s, Gibbs’s, and our own findings all attest to the hybrid nature of the CW lexicon, the main contributing languages being Chinookan, Southwestern Coast Salish, seafarer-mediated Nootkan (referred to here as Nootka Jargon; see Lang 2008:15-42), French, and English; plus minor additions from Kalapuyan, Cree, and several other languages. While the overall percentages attributed to each main contributing language are roughly comparable in all three compilations, Hale’s and Gibbs’s work predates modern linguistic records of the local indigenous languages. Quite a few of their attributions stand in need of correction, nor were either of these pioneer scholars equipped to elucidate the forms and functions of corresponding items in local source languages. A thorough re-evaluation and comprehensive presentation of CW etymologies is clearly long overdue. We intend this contribution as a large first step to that end. In the following compilation, items marked • (for example, k wik wiyans • ‘needle, pin’) are from the aforementioned supplementary list of
270 words representing non-Grand Ronde sources. Sources of most such items are identified by the following abbreviations; other sources are given full references.
Bay Center CW: CW as spoken at Lionnet: Lionnet (1853) Bay Center, Washington (Harrington 1942, mf 18.0209-0499; and other mf frames identified by number) Demers: Demers, Blanchet, St. Onge St. Onge: St. Onge (1892) (1871) Gibbs: Gibbs (1863)
All other items represent the CW of the Grand Ronde Reservation community, which is known primarily from the following speakers, as identified in the ref field of each Grand Ronde entry. Other Grand Ronde community contributors are identified by their full names.
CR: Clara Menard Riggs JH: John B. Hudson DC: Dellmore Croy JP: John Petite EJ: Esther Jones LaBonte LK: Louis Kenoyer EL: Ethel Countryman Petite Logan MM: Martha Hudson Mercier EP: Eula Hudson Petite VH: Victoria Wishikin Wacheno Howard ET: Elmer Tom WB: Wilson Bobb ID: Ila Hudson Dowd
Other abbreviations appearing in these etymologies:
Boas: Boas 1911 (Chinook grammar) Kathlamet [Curtis]: Curtis 1911 (Kathlamet vocabulary) CCT: Clackamas Chinook Texts KT: Kathlamet Texts (Boas, 1901) (Jacobs 1958-59) Chinook [Curtis]: Curtis 1911 mj: Melville Jacobs (field notebooks, (Lower Chinook vocabulary) linguistic slip-files) Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]: Dell MLT: Marie-Lucie Tarpent (personal Hymes’s ms copy of Boas 1890 communications, 2010) (Clatsop vocabulary) Cowlitz [Kinkade]: Kinkade 2004 Powell: Powell 1991 (Nootkan (Cowlitz dictionary) vocabulary) CT: Chinook Texts (Boas, 1894) Sapir and Swadesh: Sapir and Swadesh 1939 (Nootkan vocabulary) Dyk: Dyk 1933 (Wishram grammar) Snow: Snow 1969 (Lower Chehalis vocabulary) Fleury and Barkwell: Fleury and Takeuchi: Takeuchi 1969 (Santiam Barkwell n.d. (Michif Cree vocabulary) Kalapuya vocabulary) Hymes: Hymes 1955 (Kathlamet Thompson and Thompson: grammar) Thompson and Thompson n.d. (ms Tillamook dictionary) HNAI 7, HNAI 12: Handbook of Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]: Kinkade North American Indians, vols. 7, 12 1991 (Upper Chehalis dictionary) jph: John P. Harrington (field-notes) WT: Wishram Texts (Sapir 1909)
271 The following diagrams illustrate conventions used in the presentation of lexical items and their associated etymologies.
SAMPLE HEADERS Grand Ronde item
Speakers from whom the [Brackets] enclose Americanist head word was a ested: see alphabet phone c spellings key to abbrevia ons
wawa [wá(ˑ).wʌ] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR ‘to talk, say, tell; talk, talking; speech, language’.
Dic onary head word: bold indicates standardized language program spelling
‘Single quotes’ enclose simple Regional item glosses
•ʳ indicates “regional” (item cited from the enclose original lower Columbia region transcrip on from outside of Grand Ronde) the cited source
tʼəpshin •ʳ Ref: (Bay Center CW) ‘to patch (e.g., a canoe or clothes)’, (St. Onge) ‘a patch’, (Gibbs) ‘a needle’.
(Parentheses) enclose references to wri en sources
272 SAMPLE ETYMOLOGIES
Etym: Usually attributed to Nootkan wawaˑ ‘to say’ (Gibbs 1863:28; cf Sapir and Nootka Italics indicate Swadesh 1939:257); however, while Clark Jargon, cited Americanist (2005) lists wawa among his Nootka in Clark’s alphabet Jargon reconstructions, he finds it “poorly standardized phonemic spelling spellings. attested” in his sources. The word is just as likely, if not indeed more likely to be of Chinookan origin; in Kathlamet and √ Root form Upper Chinook, √-wa ‘to talk’ is recorded as a verb-stem, -wawa ‘speech, language’ as a noun-stem, and wawa ‘talking’ as a particle: i-č-t-i-xá-wa-čḳ (Parentheses) Language ‘he answered’ (KT 180.8: parsed following enclose reference: a-wáwa references (phonemic Hymes 155), ‘it is said’ (KT 20.1), to wri en form, ‘gloss’; a-tʼúkdi a-wáwa ‘a good talk’ (-tʼúkdi sources language ‘good’; Clackamas [mj 53:26]), wáwa [abbreviated wáwa a-ɬ-q-l-ú-xạ source ‘talking’ (KT 180.3), reference]) ̣ ‘to talk to (someone)’ (Clackamas [mj 53:26]). Cf Bay Center CW [wáwʌ] ́ ‘language’.
Americanist Regional CW alphabet comparison phone c enclose original spelling transcrip on from the cited source
\Reverse slants\ enclose phonemic spellings of French words (following NTC’s New College French and English Dic onary, 1991)
Etym: From Canadian French \pʦiʒɑ̃, tiʒã\, corresponding to Standard French “Petit Jean” \p(ə)tiʒɑ̃\ (MLT); cf “Ti-Jean”, given as “the French (French Canadian) trickster” (Bakker 1992:63).
273 Etymologies are assigned to the following nine categories, which appear in the following order: 1) from Chinookan; 2) from local Salishan; 3) from Chinookan and/or local Salishan; 4) from Nootka Jargon; 5) from other indigenous sources; 6) from English; 7) from French; 8) from multiple sources; 9) of obscure origin.
surprise]. 1 From Chinookan Etym: From a Chinookan particle: aná ( ), áná 'oh goodness, oh dear' Chinookan word-class labels follow (expression of pain, regret, sorrow, Hymes (1955) pity) (Boas 635, CCT 495, 506, 541); aná 'oh, ouch' (a cry of pain), á na ala • Ref: (St. Onge: recorded in (cry for help: a woman's word) mamuk-aala • 'to astonish, to (Wishram [Dyk 141]). In Wishram, the admire'). related word ánan(a) can serve as a Etym: Apparently from a Chinookan noun with the meaning 'sick, hurt', or particle: cf alá 'oh' (cry of surprise: a verbal particle with the meaning 'to man's word) (Wishram [Dyk 142]). hurt, be in pain' (Dyk 141). alaxti [_á/lá(4)x.t 5] Ref: WB, VH, MM anqati [_á(4)n.q W.t 5~d5] Ref: JH 1932, VH, 'maybe; finally'. WB, EJ, CR 'long ago, in the past'. Etym: Chinookan in origin, probably Etym: From a Chinookan particle: from a particle: aláx ti 'next, at last, ánqati < nqat-> (CT 12.15, 22.10, soon, then' (CT 27.21, 199.17, 216.6, 220.4), án adix (WT 188.8) 'before, 227.9). formerly, long ago'. cf Bay Center CW [ánqWt5] < F4nQat5> 'long ago'. alta [_á(4)l.dW] Ref: JH 1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'now, then'. apta • Ref: (Demers) 'salmon Etym: From a Chinookan particle: egg'. álta 'now' (Boas 634, 636; Clatsop Etym: From a Lower Chinook noun: [Hymes pace Boas]). Cf Bay Center - ápta (Clatsop [Hymes CW [áltW] < F4lta> 'now'. pace Boas]), í- apta 'roe' (Boas 601); cf Kathlamet -qapt 'salmon roe' (KT (4) a7qi [_á 7.q5~.;5] Ref: JH 1932, VH, WB, 76.12; Kathlamet [q] corresponds to EJ, CR 'later, will'. Chinook [_]). Etym: From a Chinookan particle: á qi 'will be' (CCT 40), < q-> 'later ats [_á(4)ts] Ref: JH 1932, VH, CR, WB on' (Boas 634). Cf Bay Center CW 'younger sister; sister'. [á7q5] < F47Q"5> 'after awhile'. Etym: From a Chinookan address-form: ac <ts> (Boas 610, amuti • Ref: < 4mUF4t5, amUF4t5> (Bay 612), aci (Kathlamet [Hymes 271]) Center CW, jph 18.0100, 18.0494), 'younger sister' Cf Bay Center CW (Demers) 'strawberries'. < F4ts> 'sister (older or younger)'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: -amúti (Hymes 117) 'strawberry', aw [_á(4)U] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, CR - amúti (Clatsop [Hymes 'younger brother; brother'. pace Boas]) 'strawberries'. Etym: From a Chinookan address-form: au <áo> (Boas 610, (4) ana [_a.ná ] Ref: EP [exclamation of 612), áwi (Kathlamet [Hymes 271])
274 'younger brother'. Cf Bay Center CW Etym: From a Chinookan particle, < F4w> 'brother (older or younger)'. though the paucity of examples and a possible confusion or overlap ayaq [_á/yá(4)q; há/yá(4)q] Ref: JH 1932, between the following Chinookan VH, WB, EJ 'quickly, immediately; forms and those cited with reference able to'. to t s$x 'split' render the derivation Etym: From a Chinookan particle: somewhat problematic: úx ux áyaq 'can; quick, quickly' (Boas 568, 'peel off' (CT 164.16), 634), áyaq , ayáq 'hurry' (CCT 15, úx 'skinned' (CCT 21, Dyk 128). 16). Cf Bay Center CW [Wyáq] < ay\Q", ayy F4Q> 'hurry up'. h$m [hWFm] Ref: JH 1928, WB, CR, EP, DC 'odor, a smell'. chulchul [tšUFl.tšUl] Ref: EP 'lungs'. Etym: From a Chinookan Etym: From a Chinookan noun: onomatopoeic particle: u- xúl xul (Boas 601, 'smell' (Boas 630). Cf Bay Center CW 656), (Chinook [hWm] 'a stink; to stink'.
[Curtis]), (4) (Kathlamet [Curtis]) 'lungs'; hihi [hí .h5] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, CR a-iá- ul ul < y Ftcw$ltcw$l> 'to laugh; to play'. (Clackamas [mj 65:119]) 'his lungs'. Etym: Although usually attributed to English, the CW also suggests a chx$p [tšxWFp, tšx5 p; tšWFp, tš5 p] Ref: VH, number of Chinookan onomatopoeic WB, EJ, CR 'extinguished, out'. particles: híhi 'laugh' Etym: From a Chinookan particle: (Boas 630, KT 231.2); há há há (sound xup, x p (Boas 631), of laughing), h h h h (sound of x up (Clatsop [Hymes pace groaning) (CCT 359, 436). Cf Bay Boas]), xup (KT 47.15), x p Center CW 'to laugh'.
(Clackamas [mj slip-files]) (4) (4) 'extinguish, go out'. ikan$m [_5.ká .nWm; _5.k á .nUm] Ref: JH 1932, EJ, CR, EP, Gatschet chxi [tšxí(4); tší(4)] Ref: JH 1928/32, VH, (1877:146) 'myth, story; to tell a WB, EP 'just as, even as; new'. myth'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: xi Etym: From a Chinookan noun: 'a little while passed, then...' -kanam, -k anam 'myth', as in (Boas 636), 'then' (CT i-iá-kanam 'his myth' 44.2, 44.8). Cf Bay Center CW [tšxí] (CT 60.title), i-k ani-ílx am 'fresh'. 'myth town' (Boas 617), t-k anám-ukš c hakc hak • Ref: 'myths' (CT 9.title). Cf Bay Center CW (Demers) 'grey eagle'; [5k ánWm] < 5k G4nam> 'story', Molala (Gibbs) 'bald eagle'. (from CW?) k á nim 'myths and Etym: From a Chinookan noun: stories' (Molala [mj slip-files]) (note u- ak ák (Boas 599), a- iq íq (KT [k ]). 70.8), - ak ák (Clatsop ikik [_5 k.5k] Ref: JH 1928 'fish-hook'. [Hymes pace Boas]) 'eagle'; it- iq íq-ukš (Wishram [Dyk 110]) Etym: From a Chinookan noun: í-kik 'eagles'. 'a hook' (CT 245.23). c hux [tš (y)UFx; tšú(4)x] Ref: WB, EP ikta [_5 k.t W~dW] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, 'skinned, scraped'. WB, EJ, CR 'which, what; thing,
275 something; (male or female) or bracelet of brass wire' (with genitals'. Chinookan - 'neuter collective', also Etym: From a Chinookan noun: í-kta seen in the CT form). It is unclear 'thing, something, what' (Boas 610, whether the differently marked 616), 'thing' (Clatsop [Hymes original Chinookan forms so implied pace Boas]); cf í-kdi 'something; had contrasting original meanings. property' (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes [k ] in our CW form may be from a slip-files]). The meaning 'genitals' Chinookan diminutive.
appears also to have a Chinookan (4) precedent: wá-kdi 'vagina' (literally, ilaytix [_5 F/lá 5.t5x] Ref: JH 1928, EP her property), i- -kdí 'my penis' 'slave'. (literally, my property) Etym: From a Chinookan noun: (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]). i-láitix <--láitix4, -lá-tix4> (Boas 597, Cf Bay Center CW [5 ktW] < 5kta> 612) 'male slave', u-láitix <lá-tix4> 'what?'. 'female slave' (Boas 597), iš-láitix 'two slaves' (CCT 511). Cf Bay Center ikuli • Ref: Bay Center CW < 5 kUl5> CW < 5l G4yt5xw, 5ll G4yt5> 'slave'. (Bay Center CW, jph 18.0145), < 5 gU4l5> (N Oregon Coast CW ili_i [_5 .l5._5; _5 .l5.h5; _5 .l5_] Ref: JH [Harrington 1942:n.p.]) 'whale'. 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'earth, Etym: From a Chinookan noun: -kuli land, place'. <--kol-> (Boas 598), <í/-ko-li> Etym: From a Lower Chinook noun. (Chinook [Curtis]); <í-Swa-li> According to Boas, the stem is -lx (Kathlamet [Curtis]) 'whale'. <-lx> 'ground, earth', preserved intact in the Kathlamet and Upper ikusax • Ref: (Demers 31) Chinook forms í-lx <- lX> 'land' (KT 'Heaven'. 11.9), wí-lx 'the ground; year' (CCT Etym: From the Chinookan noun 445, 259); but contracted in Lower i-gúšax , i-gúsax 'sky' (see kusax Chinook due to the presence of a below for Chinookan citations). following accented vowel: thus, i-lí.i Normally, unstressed Chinookan 'land, country' (Boas 568, number/gender prefixes, including 601). But compare the following i- 'masculine singular' here, drop Clatsop Lower Chinook series (as away when Chinookan nouns pass recorded by Boas in 1890): í-li.i into CW. This form from Demers, <í-l--> 'land', i- á-li.i 'my showing where our Chinookan land, her land', i-iá-li.i iáx ka 'his land', i-mí-li.i maika therefore unusual. 'thy land' (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas). Cf í-lxam ik wali [_5 .k wW.l5] Ref: JH 1928 <- lxam> 'town', -gu ílx mk 'bracelet'. <g- lxEmk> 'person', t -lx m 'people' (source of CW Etym: From a Chinookan noun: tilixam 'person, people'), all based -k ali, as in - a-k ali <E akoal-> on the stem -lx (Boas 568, 612). Cf 'her bracelet' (CT 238.12). i- in our Bay Center CW [_5l5 F_5] < 5l5 F 5 E> CW form looks to be derived from 'ground'. Chinookan i- 'masculine singular': cf Demers 'bracelet' (showing i7ana • Ref: < 5 4xt 5 47ana> (Bay Center Lower Chinook u- 'feminine CW) 'one fathom', singular'), Gibbs 'brass wire; an armlet It'h-lan> (Gibbs) 'a fathom'; "the
276 length of the extended arms". CW [_54FnW_] < 54Fna , 5G4na > 'beaver' Etym: Presumably from a Chinookan (mf 18.0872, 0873).
noun, although the derivation is not (4) entirely clear. Hymes (99, 130) lists inatay [_5 .nW.t W5, _í .nW.t W5] Ref: JH 1928, Kathlamet - ana <-Lana> 'string' VH, WB, EJ 'across, on the other and -nxa <-nXa> 'fathom' as side'. masculine nouns: cf Wasco-Wishram Etym: From a Chinookan source, i- ána 'string' (Hymes slip-files); but according to Hymes a noun with also, Kathlamet í- anxa <--anXa> masculine singular i-: hence, í-nata-i 'one fathom long' (KT 136.17, parsed <- nata, - natai> (Boas 621, 638), by Hymes as <(í)-La-nXa>), Clatsop <ín t i> (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]), íyanx a <--yanqa> 'fathom' (Hymes í-nat-ix <í-nat-iX> (Kathlamet pace Boas). [Hymes 118]), ínadix (CCT 552) 'across, on the other side'. Cf Bay i7aqwa [_5 .7W/q wá(4)] Ref: JH 1928 Center CW [ínWtW5] < í4natay> 'mud-turtle'. 'across'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: í- ax a <- axoa> 'turtle' (Boas 606). in$pu [_5 .n$.pU; _5 n.pU] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ, CR 'louse; insect'. i7ukuma [5 .7U.k U.mW; _5 .75.k Um ~k om, Etym: From a Chinookan noun: _5 .7W.k Um] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ, ET, -napu < -nap> (Boas 1904:137), Gatschet (1877:335) 'handgame'. wí-npu (CCT 91) 'flea'. Cf Bay Center Etym: From a Chinookan noun: CW [_ínpU] < î4npU, 54FnpU> 'louse; í- ukuma <-ukuma [sic], E ukuma> flea'.
"itlukum" (a game) (CT 17.4, 167.1), (4) (4) í- ug ma 'the hand-game' (CCT 250, ips$t [_5 p.s$t, _í p.s$t; _5 p.sUt, _í p.sUt] 254). Cf Bay Center CW [5 7WkUm] Ref: JH 1928, CR, EP 'hidden, secret'. < 5 7akUm > 'bone in the hand Etym: From a Chinookan verb; gambling game'. apparently, a simple imperative with i- (transitive third-person masculine i7w$li [_5 7.w$.l5; _5 7._w$l] Ref: JH 1928, object) + -pšut 'hide' <-o=pcut> 'to VH, EJ, WB, CR 'meat, flesh'. hide' (verbal stem) (Boas 660): cf Etym: From a Lower Chinook noun: a-n-x -pšút-a í- uli <--F%wue, - %u-> 'meat' '[future-I-reflexive- Stem -future] I (Boas 608, CT 39.12); cf Upper will hide myself' (KT 157.13), Chinook i- l, i- l 'meat' (CCT i- -a- -x á-pšut 15, 556). The original Chinookan '[past-he-her (=-it) -it (=him) -from- stem-form has [;w], which changes Stem] he hid it from him' (KT 17.16) to [_] according to a Lower Chinook (parsed forms following Hymes 158). phonological rule not shared by Cf Bay Center CW [_ípsUt] < í4psU4t> Upper Chinook (Boas 568). Cf Bay 'to hide'. Center CW [í7_uli] < í47 Ul5> 'meat'. iqix [_5 .q5x] Ref: JH 1928, VH ina [_í(4).nW(_)] Ref: JH 1928, VH, EJ, JP 'brother-in-law'. 'beaver'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: í-qix Etym: From a Lower Chinook noun: <- qxiX> 'brother-in-law' (CT 12.2, i- ína <-%- na, -%-na> 'beaver' (Boas 12.3). Cf Bay Center CW [5 q5x] 568, 598); cf Kathlamet i-qánuq (KT < 5 QQ"5x> 'brother in law'. 20.5, 23.1, 24.1), Upper Chinook (CCT 417) i- ánuq 'beaver'. Cf Bay Center iqsix [_5 q.s5x] Ref: VH, JH 1928
277 'son-in-law; parent-in-law'. itsaxw a [_5 .tsW.xwW; 5 .tšW.k wW] Ref: JH Etym: From a Chinookan noun: í-qsix 1928 "Indian money". <--Fqsix4> 'parent-in-law' (Boas 611), Etym: Apparently from a Chinookan <- qsiX> 'father-in-law' (CT 24.3); noun with masculine singular i-; cf í-qšix 'father-in-law' (CCT 176). Clackamas < -xkhw t tc > 'white clam-shell beads' (Drucker 1934). isa7x [_í(4).sW7x] Ref: JH 1928 'corn'. The lack of a more reliably recorded Etym: From a Chinookan noun: Chinookan form however renders - íša x <%- cax> a red berry, the identification tentative. unidentified (CT 46.25, 47.2), "partridge berries" itsxu t [_5 ts.xUt; _5 ts.xw$t; _5 .tsUt~tsw$t] (Kathlamet [Curtis 8:201]). Ref: JH 1928, VH, EJ 'black bear'. Harrington (mf 18.0096) reviewed Etym: From a Chinookan noun: Curtis with Emma Luscier of Bay i-í x ut Center, who recognized Curtis's (Boas 605, 609, CT 60.18, 217.17) form and identified the berry in 'black bear'. Cf Bay Center CW question as Kinnikinnick. She < 5 ts.xUt> 'bear'. elsewhere (mf 18.0482) gave Bay Center CW [_5 sW7x] < 54Fs\7x> 'corn'. iwa [_í(4).wW] Ref: JH 1928, WB, ET '(that-a-)way, (which-)way'; EP isik [_5 .s5k] Ref: JH 1928, LK, VH 'other one; another'. 'paddle, oar'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: íwa Etym: From a Chinookan noun: í-sik <- wa, íwa> 'thus, there' (Boas 621, <-sik, - sik> (Boas 601, Clatsop 626, 666). Hymes (290) terms this [Hymes pace Boas]). Cf Bay Center element an "ubiquitous" CW [ísWk] < í4sak> 'a paddle'. particle-stem, occurring both singly and in compounds; the CW, likewise, iskam [_5 s.kWm] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, is recorded both independently and EJ, CR 'get, take'. in compounds.
Etym: From a Chinookan verb; a (4) (4) simple imperative with i- (transitive ixt [_í xt; _í x] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, third-person masculine object) + šg WB, EJ, CR 'one'. 'to take, seize' (verbal stem) + --am Etym: From a Chinookan cardinal (suffix: completion): í-šg-am number. Dyk (136-141) assigns <- -cg-am> '[him- Stem -completion] Wishram cardinal numbers to a take him' (Boas 591). Cf Bay Center special class of particles: hence, ixt CW [5 skWm] <5 skam> 'to dig (= get)' '1'. Hymes assigns most Kathlamet (mf 17.0180). cardinal numbers to his class NP, words that can occur either as nouns ishish [_5 š.5š] Ref: VH 'to dance'. (inflected for number and person) or Etym: According to Jacobs (mj as particles (uninflected for number 51:8-9), íš iš <_c c> "is said in and person); the exceptions are '10' Clackamas to children 'Dance!'". and '100', recorded only as nouns, This points to yet another and '1', which Hymes (70) classifies Chinookan verbal particle. While as a pronoun: hence, (i-)ixt 'one Chinookan verbal particles are the (denoting other than person)'. Note source of much of the CW lexicon, that it is not possible to decide this one is recorded as CW only from between these two interpretations VH, a Clackamas speaker. on phonetic grounds, since i- (if present) has disappeared into
278 following [i]. Cf Bay Center CW <î4xt, 105]); cf -i-k-gí-la-k -t 'he has him 54Fxt, 5xt, 5xt> 'one'. covered' (Wishram [Dyk 105]), aqugalálk a it i 'they'll cover ixti [_í(4)x.t i; _í(4)x.st i] Ref: ET, WB 'once'. their houses (it i ) with cedar Etym: From a Chinookan form bark' (Clackamas [mj slip-files]). Cf combining the numeral 'one' with also a-lkwádit 'tule' (Wishram [Dyk the Lower Chinook adverbial suffix -i 105]).
(= -ix in Kathlamet and Upper (4) Chinook): íxt-i <- xti> (Boas 667), kalayt$n [k á/lá 5.t $n] Ref: JH 1928, VH (i-)ixt-ix (Kathlamet [Hymes 83]: 'arrow'. refer to ixt, etym), íxd-ix (CCT 492) Etym: From a Chinookan noun: 'once'. u-kuláitan, ú-kulaitan 'arrow' (Boas 604, 609). Cf Bay Center CW ixpuy [_5 x.p U5; _WFx.p 5, _WFx.pwW] Ref: VH, [kWlWF5tWn] 'arrows, WB, EJ, CR 'shut, covered'. bullet'.
Etym: From a Chinookan verb; (4) apparently, a simple imperative with kamuksh [ká .mUkš] Ref: JH 1928, WB, i- (transitive third-person masculine EJ, CR 'dog'. object) + x- (reflexive) + -pu 'to Etym: Apparently originally from a close' (verbal stem): cf i-x -pú-ti Chinookan noun, though the 'it is locked' (CT 12.3), derivation is obscure: u-gú-xamukš ig-i-s-x -pú-xuit <-gú-xamukc> ([x] from underlying '[tense-he-the.two-reflexive- [k]?) 'my dog' (Boas 585). -[k]amukš Stem -passive:] he closed (his) two looks to be based on a stem-form + (eyes)' (KT 43.14, parsed following nominal plural -ukš; it indeed Hymes 157). Cf Bay Center CW resembles (and is ultimately related < 5 xpUy> 'to close, to shut'. to?) the plural form -liq ám-ukš 'wolves' (CT 62.23, 64.6, 150.20). ka [ká(4); qá(4)] Ref: JH 1932, VH, WB, However, it is unclear why Boas's CR 'still, yet, while'. example should have a singular Etym: From a Chinookan particle: ka referent; nor is there any record of a 'when, while' (vs ka~qa 'where') Chinookan stem-form minus -ukš. Cf (Kathlamet [Hymes 276, 291]); Bay Center CW 'dog'.
'and, then', 'and, while' (4) (conjunctions joining sentence-level kamusaq [k W.mó .sWq] Ref: JH 1928 constructions) (Boas 636); ka 'with, 'beads'. while, and even, also' (conjunction) Etym: From a Chinookan noun: (CCT 23, 48, 116, 117, 177). Note that t-kamúsak 'beads' (CT Demers' dictionary shows 240.6). Cf Bay Center CW [kWmúsWk] 'again', 'not yet', vs 'beads'. 'where' (for qax, alternate form of qa 'where'). kanawi [ká(4).nW.w5, kWF.nW.w5; ká(4).nW, ká(4).nU] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, kalakwati • Ref: (Bay EJ, CR 'all, every, entirely'. Center CW, jph 18.0903) 'cedar Etym: From a Chinookan particle: bast', (Demers) 'cedar kána+wi (Kathlamet [Hymes 282, bark'. 290]), (Boas 637, Etym: From a Chinookan noun: 674) 'all, every', kánawi (Clackamas it-kalag a-dit, it-kagílagwa-dit [mj 53:66]) 'all over'. Cf Bay Center 'roofing, covering' (Wishram [Dyk CW [kánaw5, kWFnWw5] 279 k\nnaw5> 'all'. EJ 'bird'.
(4) Etym: From Chinookan, though the kanumakwst [ká.nU/má kwst; exact source is uncertain; we find ká.nU/má(4)kws ~má(4)ks; (4) the following partial form/meaning ká.nW/má kwšt] Ref: JH 1928/1932, matches: k-t-g -kal, t-g -kal VH, WB 'both, together, each other'. (CT 60.6, 61.5), Etym: From a Chinookan particle: q-t-k-gála (KT 44.3), kana+mákst (Kathlamet [Hymes i -c ígala (Clackamas [mj slip-files]) 'a 282]); , bird' (literally, 'a flier', a noun based (CT 29.6, Boas 637; s- dual); on the verbal stem -ka or -ga 'to škánamák št (CCT 408; š- dual) 'both'. fly'); -galal 'flying' (a noun, as in Cf Bay Center CW [kánWmakwst] i-ia-galal 'an airplane'; 'both'. Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]); gl l gl l (an kapa [kW.p W~bW; kU.p W~bW, ko.p W~bW] onomatopoiec particle, conveying Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR the voice of Chicken Hawk in myth; ‘[universal preposition]’. WT 91.10-11, 13-14). Cf i-q ilíq ili Etym: From the same Chinookan 'turkey' (KT 70.10), particle that is the source of kapá t-k ilak iláma 'geese' 'over there' (see etymology note (Boas 608), i-k lák la 'geese' there). (Clackamas [mj slip-files]). Cf Bay Center CW [kWlákWlW] kapá [kW.p á(4); kU.p á(4), ko.p á(4)] Ref: JH 'bird'. 1932, VH, WB, EJ, ET, CR 'over there'. k$lt$s [kWFl.t $s~d$s] Ref: JH 1928, VH, Etym: From a Kathlamet Chinook WB, EJ, CR 'merely, only; worthless'. and/or Upper Chinook particle: Etym: From a Chinookan particle: kúpa, kupá, parsed by Hymes (282) as káltaš 'only, in vain' ku 'there' + -pa (locative suffix); (Boas 634, 637). Cf Bay Center CW k ábá, k ába, k aba 'there' (CCT 14, [káltWs] 'no good'. 19). Cf Bay Center CW 'there'. k$n$x [kWF/nWFx] Ref: WB, EP 'even (so)'. kapxu [k á(4)p.xU; k á(4).po] Ref: JH 1928, Etym: From a Chinookan particle: VH 'older sibling'. qánax, qánáx, qána a 'just, even' Etym: From a Chinookan (CCT 25, 65, 85); qaná+qa 'vain' address-form: kápxu 'older (Kathlamet [Hymes 284, 288]).
sibling' (Boas 608, 612). Cf Bay (4) (4) Center CW 'brother (older k$nim [k W.ní m, k 5.ní m] Ref: JH 1928, or younger [sic?])'. WB 'canoe, boat'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: katsaq [k á(4).tsWq, k WF.tsWq] Ref: JH 1928, i-kaním (Boas 569, 603), WB 'center, middle'. i-kánim (Kathlamet [Hymes 94]) Etym: From a Chinookan particle: 'canoe'. Cf Bay Center CW [kWním] ká ak (Boas 658, 'canoe'.
666, CT 41.24), (KT 50.11) (4) (4) (4) 'middle'. Cf Bay Center CW [kátsWk] k$pit [kWF/p 5 t; kUF/p 5 t, kó/p 5 t] Ref: 'in the middle'. JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'finish, stop; just, only'. k$l$k$l$ [k WF.lW.k WE.lW] Ref: JH 1928, WB, Etym: From a Chinookan particle:
280 kapít, kupít (it ~ t) (Boas 637, CT 227.24, k5 yUtan, k54Fwtan> 'horse'. 259.10, etc.) 'enough'. Cf Bay Center CW [kUpWFt] 'to stop'. kupkup [k UFp.k Up] Ref: JH 1928, Gatschet (1877:329) 'small dentalia'. kikw$li [k í.k w$.l5] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, Etym: From a Chinookan noun: EJ, CR 'down, below, under'. -kupkúp (Boas 601, 656, Kathlamet Etym: From a Chinookan particle: [Hymes 103]), it-gúpgup (Clackamas gík li [mj slip-files]) 'small dentalia'. (CT 16.8, 16.25, 217.13), gík alix (KT 12.12), gíg lix (CCT kusax [k ú(4).sWx] Ref: JH 1928 'sky'. 90) 'down, below'. Cf Bay Center CW Etym: From a Chinookan noun: [kíkwWli] 'low down, i-gúšax <-g cax, i-gúcax> 'sky' (Boas underneath, deep'. 601, 642). Cf Bay Center CW [kUFsWx] 'sky'. kilali • Ref: (Demers) 'Indian medicine'. kwans$m [k wá(4)n.sUm~sWm; k wá(4).n5.s5m] Etym: From a Chinookan verbal and Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR nominal stem: i-u-k iláli 'always'. 'he practices Etym: From a Chinookan particle: shamanistic rites' (a verb: Clatsop g ansum, g anisum 'doctoring' (a noun: Wishram [Dyk (Boas 634, CT 12.16, 197.22, 198.26), 109]), id-ia-xílalit 'Indian g ánisim (CCT 509) 'always'. Cf Bay doctor' (a noun: Wasco-Wishram Center CW [kwán5sWm] [Hymes slip-files]). 'always'.
(4) (4) kimt a [k5 m/t á ~t á ; k 5 m.t W] Ref: JH kwiskwis [k w5 s.k w5s] Ref: JH 1928, EJ, 1928, VH, WB, CR 'behind, to the EP, JP 'chipmunk'. rear'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: Etym: From a Chinookan particle: a-gúsgus '(striped) chipmunk' k imtá 'last' (Boas 666). Cf (Clackamas [mj 52:13]), a-gusk ís Bay Center CW [k ímt W] 'chipmunks' (KT 141.13). k î4mt a> 'last, behind'. k alak iya • Ref: (Pinart kishkish [k 5 š.k 5š] Ref: WB, ET, MM [Grant 1951:285]) 'oignon sauvage', 'chase, pursue, drive'. (Demers) 'wild onion'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: Etym: From a Chinookan noun: g šg š 'to drive' (Boas 631). The i -k álak iya " _ camas" (flat, Chinookan may in turn be related to button-like) (Clackamas [mj the Kalapuyan verb stem slip-files]; identified as "button (Takeuchi item 172) 'to drive away'. Brodiaea roots" in CCT 301), Cf Bay Center CW [k$Fšk$š] a-k álak ia "button, an edible root" 'to drive away'. (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]).
(4) (4) Jacobs preserved a specimen of this kiyut$n [kí/yú .t $n, kyú .t $n] Ref: JH plant (mj 52:136), which presumably 1928, WB, CR 'horse'. served as the basis of his Etym: From a Chinookan noun: identification in CCT. Brodiaea bulbs i-kíutan <-k- utan, ik- utan> 'horse' have a flattened appearance, (Boas 598, 650). Cf Bay Center CW explaining the semantic association
281 with "buttons". (Kathlamet [Curtis]) 'goose'; i-k lák la 'geese' (Clackamas [mj slip-files]). k anawi [k WF.nW.w5] Ref: JH 1928, VH While the Harrington citation from 'acorn'. Emma Luscier above was given as Etym: From a Chinookan noun: Chinookan (one of Harrington's a-k ánawi 'acorns' (CCT 423), attempts to get her to re-elicit it-k ánawi '(lots of) acorns' (CCT 424). Chinookan words from Curtis's lists), Cf Bay Center CW [k anaw5 , k WFnWw5] Mrs. Luscier did not speak Chinookan and remembered mainly 'acorn'. Chinookan nouns that she also knew as CW. Hence, it is likely that she k aw [k á(4)U] Ref: VH, WB EJ, CR 'tied; to knew this word also as CW. As CW, tie'. we would not expect it to retain Etym: From a Chinookan particle: Chinookan i- (masculine singular), k au (CT 123.119, 204.26, CCT 13), since the latter is unstressed in the k áuk au (CT 118.6, 22.7) 'to tie; tied'. Chinookan form. Mrs. Luscier Cf Bay Center CW 'to tie'. attached i- to almost all words she identified as Chinookan. k awk awiq • Ref: k ilapay [k 5 .lW.p W5, k í(4).lW.p W5; k &(4)F .lW.p W] (Lionnet), (Gibbs) 'yellow'. Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'come back, return, reverse'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: i-k auk áuwiq "a Etym: From a Chinookan inflected wood used for extracting yellow verb; Hymes identifies a verb-stem color" (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]), -lap 'to fall over', prefixed by k i-, 'yellow; Oregon an element of problematic grapes' (Chinook [Curtis]), significance: ig-i-k í-lap-xit-ix i -k auk au 'Oregon grapes' '[tense-he-(?)- (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]); Stem -passive-(?)] he fell over' (KT cf Columbia River Sahaptin šk áuk au 184.4; parsed following Hymes 205); 'Oregon grape (Berberis nervosa)', cf aštik ilápx itx i k áuk au 'tall Oregon grape (B. 'they turned over each other' (CT aquilifolium)' (Hunn 1990:352). 127.4), k ik ilál pli 'she turned them over and over' (CT k a_ [k á(4)_, k WF_] Ref: VH, WB, EP, JP 63.5), gatk iq ílapayx 'they lay them 'quiet; shut up'. down on their backs there' (CCT 19), gašík ilapxit 'he fell back' (CCT 15). Cf Etym: From a Chinookan particle: k a Bay Center CW [k ílWpW5] 'silent, quiet, nothing' (Boas 'to turn over'. 632; CT 37.9, 40.9, 65.8, 129.2, 203.8, 261.1). k ilxchu • Ref: (Demers) 'bottle', (St. k $lak $la(ma) • Ref: (St. Onge) 'bottle, glass'. Onge), (Gibbs), < 54k al G4k ala> (jph 18.0129 [Emma Etym: From a Chinookan noun: Luscier]: given as Chinookan) wa-k ílx u, a-k ílx ut 'a bottle', 'goose'. a-k ílx u 'flint', i-k ílx u 'Flint' (a myth-age person) (Clackamas [mj Etym: From a Chinookan noun: slip-files]). t-k ilak iláma 'geese' (Boas 608); <ó-ku-la-k!-lá-ma> k ipwat [k 5 p~k í(4)p.wWt] Ref: JH 1928, (Chinook [Curtis]), VH, EJ 'awl, needle, pin; to sew'.
282 Etym: Of Chinookan origin; (CCT 492) 'afraid'. Cf Bay Center CW evidently, from the noun stem 'afraid'. -k ipwa plus a suffix (-at derivational?; see Hymes 148): cf k witk wit [k w5 t.k w5t; k wWFt.k w$t; i-k ípwa 'awl', a-k ípwa 'needle' k w5 t, k w$Ft] Ref: VH, WB, EJ, CR 'to (Clackamas [mj slip-files]). Cf Bay pick or break off; broken off'. Center CW [k ípwWt] 'needle'. k tk t 'pick; tear up; pull up' (Clackamas [mj 53:119; CCT 489, k ix [k 5 x] Ref: EP 'over-satiated'. 508]), k útk ut 'tear to Etym: From a Chinookan particle: pieces; to pluck' (Boas 631, Sapir in k x 'cloyed' (Boas 623), Boas 643); k t 'pull off' (CCT 79), 'over-satiated' (CT 46.24), 'smell of k ut 'to tear off' (Boas 631). fat' (CT 137.7); k x k x 'overeaten' (CT 136.8). lakit [lá(4).k 5t; lá(4)kt] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ 'four'. (4) k uyk uy [k ó 5.k o5] Ref: JH 1928 Etym: From a Chinookan cardinal 'finger-ring'. number: lákit (Boas 637), lákt (Boas Etym: From a Chinookan noun: 670, CCT 123) 'four'. Cf Bay Center <-koy- koy-> 'finger-ring' (Boas CW [lákWt] 'four'. 601). According to Gibbs (1863a:10), the Chinookan source-word can also lax [lá(4)x; lá(4)xw] Ref: VH, WB 'leaning, mean 'circle'. Cf Bay Center CW lopsided, tipped'. 'finger ring'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: lax ( ), lax( ) 'tilt, k uy_ [k ó5_] Ref: EP 'hopefully, wishing rock' (Boas 633, CT 15.25, KT 115.1). that ... [adverb]'. Cf Bay Center CW 'to tip'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: qui 'will' (Boas 634, CT 162.1, 183.2, lili [lí(4).li] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, 60.11, 13.5), 'let us' (CT 29.10), 'shall' CR 'awhile, for/after some time; a (CT 152.2). long time'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: líli k wan • Ref: (Demers) 'tame, 'long (time)' (Boas 634, KT quiet, gentle, meek'. 10.7). Cf Bay Center CW 'time'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: k an 'hopeful', k ánk an 'glad, liwan [lí(4).wWn] Ref: JH 1928 'ribs'. happy' (Boas 629, 632), 'glad' (Clatsop [Hymes t-liwán ma 'ribs' pace Boas]), k wank wan 'to be glad' (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]), (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]). t-iá-liwan ma 'his Either identical with, or confused in ribs' (CT 114.6). the sources with q wan 'habituated': cf q ánq an 'glad' (CT loqa [l (4)F .qW] Ref: WB 'to swallow, 241.5), k wan 'to be in the habit' drink'. (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]). Etym: From a Chinookan particle: k was [k wá(4)s] Ref: Jacobs 1928, VH, luq 'swallow, eat' (Wasco-Wishram WB, EJ, ET, CR 'afraid'. [Hymes slip-files]), l q 'swallow' (KT 148.3); cf -l$q ~-wulq Etym: From a Chinookan particle: (verb-stem, as in ia-m-ú-l q k aš (Boas 600, 632), k waš 'I swallow you', KT 65.11;
283 a-n- -u-wúlq -am-a wik-7aksta 'nobody'); 'who' 'I will eat them', KT 121.10: parsed (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]). Cf Bay following Hymes 207, 265). Center CW [7ákstW] <7 F4ksta> 'who?'. lulu [lú(4).lu] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, LK, 7ak amas [7á(4).k W.mWs, 7WF.k W.mWs] Ref: EJ, CR 'carry, take along, bring'. LK, WB 'Clackamas people'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: Etym: From the Chinookan name for lúlu 'gather up, pile up, collect' (CCT people of the Clackamas River 67, 158, 373, 374). Compare lu_lu_ region: g-i- á-q imaš or g-it- á-q imaš 'round'. Cf Bay Center CW 'those of -q imaš (Clackamas River 'take it'. region)' (HNAI 7:544). luxlux • Ref: (Demers) 7ama7 [7á(4).mW7] Ref: Gatschet 'slippery, polished, even'. (1877b:105) 'Klamaths'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: Etym: From the Chinookan lúxlux 'slick' (Boas 633), noun-stem -ma 'body of water' luxlúx 'slippery' (KT 188.2), (Hymes 116), presumably referring 'slickly' (?) (Clatsop to the Klamaths' lake-dominated [Hymes pace Boas]; illegible original). homeland: hence, it- á-ma , it-gá-ma 'lake people' ( a-, lu_lu_ [lUF_.lU(_), ló_.lo(_); ló(4).lo] Ref: JH ga- third-person possessives) 1928, VH, LK 'round; pile up, (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]). accumulate'. (4) (4) Etym: From a Chinookan particle: 7aq [7á q, 7WFq; 7á qw] Ref: VH, WB, EJ lólo, lúlu 'off'. 'round' (Boas 632, CT 14.17, 186.23, Etym: From a Chinookan particle: 228.25, CCT 426, 466). Evidently aq 'out, take out' (CCT 24, 31, 512, confused by linguists with the 548), <q(u), aq(o) 'take off, off; take Chinookan source-forms yielding out' (CT 13.2, 223.9, 229.13, 236.6), lulu 'carry, bring'. Cf Bay Center CW <aq u 'out, take off, take out' [lUF_lUF_] 'round'. (Kathlamet [Hymes 274, 281]: 'process of reaching outside' vs 7akatat [7WF.k W.t Wt; 75 .k5.t æ(4)t] Ref: JH <ax> 'achieve, reach, be outside'; (Jacobs 1945:53), WB, EJ, Gatschet see 7ax 'out, visible'). (1877:31) 'Klickitat'. Etym: From a Chinookan name for 7as [7Ws (~7ás)] Ref: JH 1941, VH, WB, EJ southwest Washington Sahaptins: 'they, their; them'. qatat ( qatat?) <E qatat> 'the Etym: Jacobs (1932:41-42) terms the Klickitat' (CT 277.3; respelled as set of CW formal short-form áqatat [sic] in HNAI 12:349). pronouns "basic", deriving 7as from Chinookan - 'third person 7aksta [7á(4)ks.t W, 7WFks.t W] Ref: JH [neuter/collective]' plus [a] (leaving 1928/1932, WB, CR 'who?; who...'. terminal [s] unexplained). Sapir's Etym: From a Lower Chinook description of Wishram Upper interrogative pronoun: áksta Chinook (Boas 627) suggests that at <áksta> 'who?' (Boas 650: appearing least some of the short forms could only by way of example; no coverage have come directly from Chinookan in the grammar), níkšt ákšta 'nobody' (CT 268.5, 200.4: ya 'She/he, his/her; her/him'). Note Lower Chinook nikšt 'not'; cf. CW that Clackamas Upper Chinook
284 speakers were resident at Grand 'one's poverty') (Boas 600, 608, CT Ronde, while short forms of 38.5). Cf Bay Center CW pronouns are virtually unknown as [t7áxwW_WyWm] CW outside of Grand Ronde. 'how do you do?; poor'.
7aska [7á(4)s.k W, 7WFs.k W] Ref: JH 1928/1932, 7ik [75 k] Ref: EJ, EL 'silly, goofy'. VH, WB, EJ, CR 'they, their, them'. Etym: Apparently from a Chinookan Etym: From a Lower Chinook particle, exact identification independent pronoun: áska <áska> uncertain: cf <-ku> 'to "start" (with 'it' (neuter/collective) (Boas 626), pain)' (KT 63.1), <Ek!, äk!> 'weak' 'they' (Clatsop [Hymes pace (Boas 632). Boas]). Cf Bay Center CW [7áskW] <7 G4ska, 7aska> 'they'. 7ik$muks [75 .k$.mUks] Ref: JH 1928 'blackberries'. (4) 7awa [7á/wá , 7WF.wW] Ref: JH 1928, WB Etym: From a Chinookan noun: 'slowly; slow'. á-k am-ukš (Clatsop Etym: From a Chinookan particle: [Hymes pace Boas]), i kamukš, awá 'slowly and continuously' (CCT i km kš (CCT 144, Clackamas [mj 34, 111), <aw , wa> 'slowly' slip-files]) 'blackberries'. Cf Bay (Boas 634, CT 146.5). Cf Bay Center Center CW [75 kWmqs, 7WFkWmks] CW [7Wwá] <7aw F4> 'slow'. <75 kkamQs> (also mf 17.0185: <7\kkamks>) 'blackberries'. 7ax [7á(4)x] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB 'emerge; removed'. 7ipayt • Ref: (Demers) Etym: From a Chinookan particle: áx 'string, thread, sinew', 'come out' (CCT 445), <x> 'appear, (Gibbs) 'thread, twine'. become visible' (Boas 633), <ax> Etym: From a Chinookan noun: 'out' (Kathlamet [Hymes 281]: -pait <E-pa-ît> 'line, rope' (KT 'achieve, reach, be outside' vs <aq> 244.1, 249.3), -pa-it 'rope' (Boas 601), 'process of reaching outside'; see 7aq 'fish-line' (Clatsop 'off'). [Hymes pace Boas]).
7axa ni [7á(4).xW.n5; t7á(4).xW.n5, 7á(4)x.n5] Ref: 7iskwis [75 s.k w5s] Ref: JH 1928 'mat, JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ 'outside'. carpet'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: Etym: From a Chinookan noun: -sk iš áx a-ni <áxa-ni> 'outside' 'mat bag' (Boas 602: neuter noun), (Kathlamet [Hymes 281, 289]: ax í-šg iš <ícguic, ícgo-ic> 'mat' (CT <ax> 'out' + -ni locative), (also mf 18.0185: 'outside'. Cf Bay Center CW [t7 F4xWn5] ) 'mat, tule-mat; cattail'. 'outside'. 7ix [75 x/tá(4)m] Ref: EP (in 7ixtam 7axa yam [7á/xá(4).yWm; 7á(4).xaU(_)/yá(4)m; 'woman-chaser': 7ix + "Tom"?). (4) 7á xWm] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ, CR, Etym: From a Chinookan particle: ix EL 'hello/goodbye; poor, pitiful'. <ix4, -x4> 'copulate' (Boas 633, CT Etym: From a Chinookan noun: 228.10, .14). á-x auyam (or t- á-x auyam?) < xauyam> "what excites 7ix7ix [75 x.75x] Ref: VH, WB, CR 'itchy; sympathy", 'poor, pitiful' (literally, tickling, scratching'.
285 Etym: From a Chinookan particle: Etym: Jacobs (1932:41-42) terms the x x 'scratch' (Clackamas [mj set of CW formal short-form 63:51]), <E xEx> 'scratching pronouns "basic", deriving ma from (noise)' (Boas 153.7). Chinookan m- 'second person' plus [a]. Sapir's description of Wishram 7i_il [7í/_í(4)l, 75 ._5l] Ref: JH 1928, EJ Upper Chinook (Boas 627) suggests 'black'. that at least some of the short forms Etym: From a Chinookan particle: í.il could have come directly from <- el> (CT 25.11), l <El> (KT 44.6), Chinookan (see etymology notes for l (CCT 515) 'black'. Cf Bay Center na 'I, my', ya 'She/he, his/her; CW [75 _5l] <754F 5l> 'black'. her/him'). Note that Clackamas Upper Chinook speakers were 7k up [7k UFp] Ref: VH, WB 'squeezed, resident at Grand Ronde, while short burst apart; pop it'. forms of pronouns are virtually Etym: From a Chinookan particle: unknown as CW outside of Grand k úp, k úp 'break; cracked' (CCT 87, Ronde. 144), <k!p> 'to squeeze' (Boas 631). maksti [má(4)ks.t i; má(4)kwš.t i] Ref: VH, 7q up [7q ó(4)p; 7q F(4)p; k ó(4)p] Ref: JH 1928, WB 'twice'. WB, EJ, CR 'cut'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle Etym: From a Chinookan particle: combining a numeral (mak( )št q úp <7qup> (Wishram [Sapir in 'two') with the Lower Chinook Boas 643]), q úp, q p (CCT 74, adverbial suffix -i, corresponding 175), <qp> (Boas 631) 'to cut'. Cf to -ix in Kathlamet and Upper Bay Center CW <7k óp> 'to chop'. Chinook: mákšt-i (Boas 667, CT 135.21), mák šd-ix (CCT 7uk [7UFk; t7UFk] Ref: WB, EJ, CR 'broken'. 492) 'twice'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: makwst [má(4)kwst; má(4)kst, má(4)kws, k k 'dig' (mj 55:8), má(4)ks] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ áq aq 'broken' (CCT 164-165), 'two'. <Eku> 'to break' (Boas 631), Etym: From a Chinookan cardinal <úkuk> 'broken' (CT 48.4). number: mák št (CCT 100), makšt 7un [7ú(4)n, 7ó(4)n] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ, CR (Boas 624, 'three'. 637, KT 55.10). Cf Bay Center CW 'two'. Etym: From a Chinookan cardinal numeral: ún (CCT 123), <n> (Boas ma7ini • Ref: (Bay Center 637) 'three'. Cf Bay Center CW <7ô4n> CW, jph 18.0292) 'out in the ocean 'three'. or on land' ( 'inland' is
(4) (4) given as antonym); 7xwap [7xwá p; xwá p] Ref: JH 1928, (Demers) 'towards the shore', VH, WB, EJ, CR 'hole'. (Lionnet) 'at the Etym: From a Chinookan particle: water-side; on this side'. x áp, x áp 'hole; to dig' (CCT 92, Etym: From a Chinookan particle: 150, 167, 451, 490), <xoáp> 'to dig' má ni 'seaward' (Boas (Boas 631). Cf Bay Center CW <7w F4p> 569). Hymes (266, 289) parses the 'hole'. Kathlamet as ma (Hymes's stem-class V(erb)N(oun)P(article), ma [mW (~má)] Ref: JH 1932, VH, WB, CR also exemplified in the noun i-ma 'thou, thy'.
286 'body of water, river, bay; Columbia 'eye-matter'. River') + -ni (locative, directive). Etym: From a Chinookan noun based on the stem -xus~-x us 'eye', with ma7xw $li • Ref: (Bay second-person singular possessive Center CW, jph 18.0292) 'inland'; m-: cf is-mi- au aux us 'your eyes (Lionnet) 'in are filled (with eye-matter)' the wood, at large, in the river'; (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]). (Demers) 'down on the other side'. mi7ayt [m5 /7á(4)5t, mí(4).7a5t; m5 .7$t, Etym: From a Chinookan particle: mí(4).7$t] Ref: JH 1928/1932/1941, VH, 'inland' (Boas 648, CT WB, CR 'to sit, stay, live; to have, 9.19, 25.6), 'ashore, landward' (CT possess, wear'. 217.10, 19; 218.3; 223.14), '(out of the Etym: From a Chinookan verb; a way) at the side (in a house)' (CT simple imperative with 177.21, 267.6); 'inland' m- (second-person singular) + - ait 'to (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]). Cf be, to sit' (verbal stem): m ait 'sit' Kathlamet x íliu 'inland', a (CCT 32), m ait 'you stay!' particle, and -m x íliu <-mLxliu> (as in (CT 15.12-13, 108.14). Cf Bay Center a-iá-m x iu 'landward from it'), a CW [mWF7a5t] 'sit down'. noun (Hymes 268). (4) (4) (4) mim$lust [mí .m$.lUst, m5 .m$.lUst; manaqi [má .nW.qe; má .nW.k 5, (4) (4) (4) (4) mí .m$.lUs, mí m.lUs(t) (í4~5 )] Ref: JH má .nW.k_e; má .n$.k$, mWF.n$.k$] Ref: 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ 'to die; dead'. JH 1928/1932, WB, MM, EP, DC 'more than, greater than'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: -mím lušt <-m- malust, Etym: From a Chinookan particle: m- mElst, m- mElct> 'dead, manaq í (Boas corpse(s)' (Boas 606, CT 94.7, KT 634, KT 101.5), mánk (CCT 17, 23, 568) 49.6), t-mim lúšt-ikš 'more, too, -er'. 'the ghosts' (Boas 668), id-mimlúšd-ikš
(4) (4) 'dead people' mayka [má 5.k W~gW; má 5] Ref: JH (Clackamas [mj 53:66]). Cf Bay Center 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'thou, CW [m5 mWlust] 'to thy; thee'. die'. Etym: From the Chinookan independent pronoun maika, used to mitxwit [m5 t.xw5t, mí(4)t.xw5t] Ref: JH focus attention on a second person 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'to stand; singular subject, object, or to step, stride'. possessor. Cf Bay Center CW [má5kW] Etym: From a Chinookan verb; a 'you (singular)'. simple imperative with
(4) m- (second-person singular) + -tx it may_mi [má 5_.mi] Ref: JH 1928 'stand up' (verbal stem: with -(i)t 'downriver'. suffix?; compare Bay Center CW) Etym: From a Chinookan particle: (Boas 591, 612): m tx it mái imi '(thou) stand!' (CT 211.21). Cf Bay 'downstream, northward' (Boas 621, Center CW [mWFtxw5] CT 13.13, 24.16, 260.2, 260.4). Cf Bay 'stand up'. Center CW [má5_yWm5] 'way down the river'. msa [m .sW (~m .sá)] Ref: WB 'ye, your'.
(4) Etym: Sapir's description of Wishram m$t 7axw$s [m$.t7 á .xw$s] Ref: EP Upper Chinook (Boas 627) suggests
287 that at least some of the CW Ronde, while short forms of pronoun short forms could have pronouns are virtually unknown as come directly from Chinookan (see CW outside of Grand Ronde. etymology notes for na 'I, my', ya 'She/he, his/her; her/him'): nanamuks • Ref: (Bay compare Clackamas m ša 'you (pl)' Center CW [Emma Luscier], jph (short-form based on m- 'second 18.0451), person' + š- 'plural') (CCT 21). Note (Bay Center CW [Sarah Scarborough, that Clackamas Upper Chinook Emma Luscier], jph 18.0873), speakers were resident at Grand (Demers) 'otter'. Ronde, while short forms of Etym: From a Chinookan noun: pronouns are virtually unknown as i-nanámuks 'otter' (Boas 598). CW outside of Grand Ronde. (4) (4) (4) nawitka [ná/w5 t.k W, ná/wí t.k W] Ref: JH msayka [m .sá 5.k W~gW; m .sá 5; 1928/1932, EP, CR 'indeed, sure (4) (4) (4) m5.sá 5.k W~gW, m$.sá 5.k W~gW; m5.sá 5, enough'. m$.sá(4)5] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, Etym: From a Chinookan particle: ET 'ye, your, you'. náwitka 'indeed' (Boas 635). Cf Bay Etym: From the Chinookan Center CW [naw5 tkW, nWwítkW] independent pronoun mšaika, used 'yes' ("this is to focus attention on a the common word for yes"). second-person plural subject, object, or possessor. Note that forms with nayka [ná(4)5.k W~gW; ná(4)5] Ref: JH vowels in the first syllable, as well as 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'I, my; abbreviated forms, are known also me'. in Chinookan: m šaika Etym: From the Chinookan (KT 44.8), m ša (CCT 21). Cf Bay independent pronoun naika, used to Center CW [mWsá5kW] focus special attention on a 'you (plural)'. first-person singular subject, object, mulak [mú(4).lWk, mó(4).lWk] Ref: JH 1928, or possessor. Cf Bay Center CW JP 'elk'. [nWF5kW] 'I'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: nixwa [n5 /xwá(4)] Ref: VH, WB, EJ, CR, i-múlak 'elk' (CCT 17, Boas 598). Cf EP 'let's see!; let's ... , suppose ... , Bay Center CW [múlWk] how about ...'. 'elk'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: na [nW (~ná)] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, níx a 'let's, let (me), suppose, do ... , WB, CR 'I, my'. will (you) ...' (CCT 16, 18, 24), 'please, just try to; well' Etym: Jacobs (1932:41-42) terms the (Boas 635, 671). Cf Bay Center CW set of CW formal short-form [n5xwWF] 'hither; pronouns "basic", deriving na from because'. Chinookan n- 'first person' plus [a]. Sapir (Boas 627) records Wishram nsa [nsW (~nsá); ntsW; tsW, sW] Ref: VH, na, nax 'I' (short-form), which WB, CR 'we, our'. suggests that CW na could be Etym: Jacobs (1932:41-42) terms the directly from Chinookan, or more set of CW formal short-form specifically, from Upper Chinook. pronouns "basic", deriving nsa from Note that Clackamas Upper Chinook Chinookan n- 'first person' plus a speakers were resident at Grand Chinookan plural (š-) plus [a]. Sapir's
288 description of Wishram Upper lacks the phoneme b. Chinook (Boas 627) suggests that at least some of the short forms could pasisi [p á.s5/sí(4), p W.sí(4).s5; pá.š5/sí(4)] Ref: have come directly from Chinookan JH 1928, WB, CR 'blanket'. (see etymology notes for na 'I, my', Etym: From a Chinookan noun: ya 'She/he, his/her; her/him'). Note -pašíši <pacíci> (CT 259.20) that Clackamas Upper Chinook 'blanket'. Cf Bay Center CW [pWsís5] speakers were resident at Grand 'blanket'. Ronde, while short forms of pronouns are virtually unknown as pawch • Ref: (Bay Center CW outside of Grand Ronde. CW, jph 17.0129, 18.0458)
(4) (4) 'crabapple', nsayka [n .sá 5.k W~gW; n .tsá 5.k W~gW; (Lionnet) 'wild plum trees'. n5.sá(4)5.k W~gW; tsá(4)5.k W~gW, n .tsá(4)5; Etym: From a Chinookan noun: n5.sá(4)5, sá(4)5.k W~gW] Ref: JH 1928/1932, u-páuc <-p I-utc> (Boas 601), -páuc VH, WB, EJ, CR 'we, our, us'. (Clatsop [Hymes pace Etym: From the Chinookan Boas]) 'crabapple'. independent pronoun nšaika, used to focus attention on a first-person pchix [ptš5 x; ptšWFx] Ref: JH 1928, EJ plural (exclusive) subject, object, or 'green'. possessor. Note that forms with Etym: From a Chinookan particle: vowels in the first syllable, as well as p ix (Boas 632, Kathlamet [Hymes affricates in the second, are known 273]), p x (CCT 515) 'green, also in Chinookan: n aika greenish'. Cf Bay Center CW (Boas 626), níšaiká (emphasis form, [pWtšUFx(w), p$/tšWFx~tš$Fx] recorded as ; CT 'green, 144.19, 145.1, 7), n saika blue'. (KT 153.8). Cf Bay Center CW [nsá5kW] (1 pers pl). pil [p5 l; p 5 l] Ref: JH 1928, EJ 'red'. pa7 [pá(4)7; pá(4)7, pá(4)t7] Ref: JH 1928, Etym: From a Chinookan particle: pil VH, WB, EJ, CR 'full'. <pîl, päl> (Boas 632, KT 42.14, 126.9), <7b&F4l> (Clackamas [mj Etym: From a Chinookan particle: slip-files]) 'red'. Both Boas and pá (CCT 58, 551), (Boas 609, Hymes classify the Chinookan form 631) 'full'. as a particle, that is, as a form panax [p á(4).nWx] Ref: EP, VM, MM uninflected for person or number. 'lomatium nudicale'. Apparently though, enough speakers confused the particle's Etym: From a Chinookan noun: initial with the Chinookan -pánax "cloveroot" [sic] person-number prefix (probably, miswritten for 'clove - 'neuter/collective', to yield a CW root') (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]), derivative minus : CW words a-pána naq "wild celery" derived from Chinookan nouns (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]. usually drop unstressed Chinookan Cf "wild parsnip seeds for cold [sic], number-gender prefixes, while bánax" (in E. Jacobs's Tillamook field retaining stressed number-gender notebooks [mj 74:81], copied prefixes. Cf Bay Center CW [pWl, p5l, inaccurately in E. Jacobs 1959:58, pel] ")> 'red'. 207); the word is obviously not of Tillamook origin, since Tillamook pilpil [p 5 l.p 5l] Ref: JH 1928, VH 'blood'.
289 Etym: From a Chinookan particle pulakli [p ú(4).lWk.l5, p ó(4).lWk.l5] Ref: JH related to the source of pil 'red': 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ 'night-time, p lp l <pE pEl> 'red' (CT 76.19, dark'. 235.10). Cf Bay Center CW 'blood'. (and/or particle): -pulak l -max <plakE lEmax> 'nights' (a noun; KT p7$x • Ref: p x (Kinkade 1991:99: 85.17); but Boas and Curtis also given as a CW loan into Upper record uninflected pulakli 'dark' (CT Chehalis) 'aphrodisaic, Spanish fly, 29.8, Chinook [Curtis]), which by love medicine, love charm, love Hymes's criteria would make the potion'; (Demers) word also a particle. Cf ú-pul (Boas 'liniment'. 603), wá-pul (CCT 19) 'night'. Cf Bay Etym: Kinkade (1991:99) explains Center CW [púlWkl5] Upper Chehalis p x as "possibly a 'night'. loan from Chinook, via Chinook Jargon eptlach". The spelling pus [p Us; p s ] Ref: JH, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'if, "eptlach" is from Gill's "Chinook" when, would, for'. dictionary (1909:24), which has the Etym: While usually attributed to word as "O. C." ("Old Chinook", that English "suppose", this CW word is, Chinookan not CW) meaning actually has a good Chinookan 'medicine': cf i-p x 'medicine' etymology: Lower Chinook puš 'if' (Boas: ‘contrary to fact’) Clackamas [mj 69:83]; according to (Boas 635, 650, CT 44.3, 51.8, 61.3, Hymes: "incl[uding] patent 71.16, 94.13, 234.16, etc.); medicine, liniment, cough syrup, corresponding to Kathlamet and native herb preparations for Upper Chinook pu 'would' (Hymes: internal or external use, ‘conditional’; Sapir: ‘adverb of preparations used for success in love potential and conditional or fishing, etc."); -b x 'poison' (in significance’) (Wishram [Sapir in a áma x i áb x 'arrowhead its Boas 676], Kathlamet [Hymes 286], poison/medicine', name of a plant CCT 13, 503; etc.). Cf Demers used to poison arrowheads; 'for, if, when, in order to, that', Clackamas [mj 53:16]) ([b] 'if, suppose', Gibbs augmentative?). On the other hand, 'if, supposing, provided that, in the Upper Chehalis form, which order that'. In view of the Chinookan lacks i-, looks more like a CW form evidence, Gibbs's and based on a Chinookan noun, since Demers' would appear to unstressed Chinookan gender reflect a folk etymology attributing markers usually drop away when the word to English. Chinookan nouns pass into CW. Demers has CW up7$x , puypuy [p UF5.p U5; píw.piw] Ref: JH 1928 which suggests a Lower Chinook 'Douglas squirrel'. feminine noun with feminine u-, Etym: From a Chinookan noun: contrasting with masculine i- in i-búibui <bUFipUi [sic]> (Clackamas Upper Chinook i-p x. While the [mj 52:13]) "chipmunk" (described as masculine and feminine forms of "all yellow": indicative of the some Chinookan nouns indeed do Douglas squirrel, Tamiasciurus show contrasting meanings, we are douglasii). The variant form aware of no feminine form in the piwpiw (from JH 1928) appears to usual Chinookan sources. be this Chinookan form influenced
290 by a degree of onomatopoea, a "foreign" (CW not Chinookan) suggestive of the Douglas squirrel's word. Cf Bay Center CW 'to piercing call - a familiar sound in shoot'. Northwest forests. qa [qá(4); qá(4)x] Ref: JH p anaqs [p á(4).nWqs] Ref: JH 1928 'liver'. 1928/1932/1941, VH, WB, EJ, CR Etym: From a Chinookan noun: 'where?; where...'. i-p ánaqš 'liver' (KT 99.9), i- á-p anakš Etym: The alternate form qax 'his liver' (CCT 433). corresponds to Chinook qax, which Boas (Boas 618) classifies as a p $q [p WFq; p WF.q &] Ref: JH 1928, WB, CR demonstrative pronoun ('that' in 'hit (once), strike a blow'. Boas 650, 666: analyzed Etym: From a Chinookan particle: q- [invisibility or past existence] p áq, p áqp aq 'slap' (KT 100.12, + -a- [feminine] + -x [position 116.14). near third person]); and to Kathlamet qax 'where', which p $qp $q [p WFq.p WEq; p WFq$.p Wq$, Hymes (284) classifies as an p WFq &.p WEq &] Ref: JH 1928, WB, CR interrogative particle. Compare: qa 'hitting; to fight, box'. 'where, when' (CT 13.16, 17.10, Etym: From a Chinookan particle: 128.10, 147.4), ka 'where' (CT 23.5), p áq, p áqp aq 'slap' (KT 100.12, kax 'these, that' (CT 38.10, 62.10); ka, 116.14). Cf Bay Center CW [pWqpWq] qa 'why, how, what, where' 'to fistfight'. (interrogative of manner, Hymes 276, 283); qá 'how, what' (CCT 21, p isxa s [p 5 s.xWs] Ref: JH 1928, WB 28), qáx 'where' (CCT 15). Hymes 'skunk'. (298) proposes that qa in Kathlamet is 'where (definite)', qax 'where Etym: From a Chinookan noun: (indefinite)'. Cf Bay Center CW Kathlamet and Upper Chinook [ka(_)] 'where?' (note: [k] a-p íšx aš, a-p ísx aš 'skunk' (KT 69.2, not [q]). See qata 'how', q$nchi CCT 13, 508). 'when', ka 'still, while'. p ixwati • Ref: (Bay Center qa-iwa [qá(4)._iwa] Ref: JH 1928 'which CW, jph 18.0325), one?, which way?', VH 'wherever'. (Gibbs) 'thin'. Etym: Refer to qa, iwa (both from Etym: From a Chinookan particle: Chinookan particles). We find one p ix ati (Clatsop [Hymes apparent citation as a Chinookan pace Boas]), p íx at
(KT compound: qáx -iwa 78.11), p íx adi (Clackamas [mj 'when' (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]; slip-files]) 'thin'. note that Boas in 1890 usually wrote
(4) (4) (4) , where his later transcription p u [p ú ; p ú ; p o.p ú ] Ref: JH 1928, WB, shows = x ). EJ, EP 'to shoot'. Etym: Apparently, from the qata [qá(4).t W] Ref: JH, VH, WB, EJ, CR Chinookan particle pu, púpu 'blow' (Boas 630, KT 86.12; Etym: From a Chinookan particle. compare alternate form). Chinookan Hymes (282, 286) parses the consonant symbolism may explain Kathlamet as qa (manner the replacement of Chinookan [p] by interrogative) + -ta (directive) = CW [p ]: signaling either a 'how, what'; cf qáda 'how?' (Boas Chinookan diminutive ("a puff"?); or
291 658), qáda 'what?' (CCT 16). In CT qink iyam • Ref: (Demers, 197.25 there is also the phrase St. Onge) 'right(-hand)'. xa uqa7 qada Etym: From a Chinookan particle: 'cannot anyhow', which matches the qinq iyamá 'to the CW idiom xa wqa7 qata 'impossible, right' (Boas 668), qink iam 'right side' no way to'. Cf Bay Center CW [qátW] (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]). 'how?, how s that?'. qisqis [q é(4)s.q es] Ref: JP 'bluejay'. qexc hi • Ref: (Demers), (St. Onge) Etym: From a Chinookan 'although, even if', (Boas 598), Kéh-tsie> (Gibbs: as entered in i-qísqis (CT 29.23, 30.5, Chinook-English section) 60.14), i-q ísqis, i-q ísq is (CT 28.16, 30.24, 115.26). (Gibbs: as entered Cf Bay Center CW [q5 sq5s] under Although, Notwithstanding in 'bluejay'. English-Chinook section). qiwa • Ref: (Demers, St. Onge) Etym: From a Chinookan particle: 'because'. 'without reaching the Etym: From a Chinookan particle: desired end, endeavoring' (Boas 634, qíwa "demonstrative adverb" (Boas 639). VH gave k axc hi 'in vain' as 621), 'therefore, because' (Hymes CW, but kínwa as Clackamas Upper 284), 'because, since, for that reason' Chinook for the same meaning (mj (Wishram [Dyk 135]). 69:19). qwet [q w&F(4)t] Ref: VH 'extent'. q$nchi [qWFn.(t)š5, qán.tš5; qWFn.(t)s5, qán.(t)s5 ] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ, Etym: From a Chinookan particle: CR 'when?, when...; how q it 'thus (far)' (CT 48.6, KT many/much?, that many/much'. 238.14), 'high water' (CT Etym: From a Chinookan particle: 198.23). qáncix, qáncix qwexq wex [qw&(4)F x.qw&x] Ref: JH 'how many?' (CT 24.21, 107.3), nikšt 1928 'duck'. qáncix 'never' (Boas 668: Lower Chinook nikšt 'not'; cf CW Etym: From a Chinookan noun: wik-q$nchi 'never'); qanc-ix 'ever, u-q íx q ix, u-g íx g ix <qo- xqoex, however, whenever' (Kathlamet go- xgo-x> 'female duck', [Hymes 284]: -ix adverbial suffix); t-q íx q ix-ukš qán ix 'how many' (CCT 26). Cf Bay 'ducks' (CT 150.2, 150.10, 153.13); Center CW [qWns5 ] 'how i- ix q ix 'male duck', a- ix q ix many?', [wWq-qánts5] 'female duck', it- ix íx -ukš 'ducks' 'never'. (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]). Cf Bay Center CW [qwéxqwex] qiluq • Ref: (Bay Center 'mallard'. CW, jph 18.0400), (Demers, St. Onge) 'swan'. qw$7 [qwWF7, qwWFt7; qw&F7, qw&Ft7] Ref: VH, WB, EJ, CR 'hang up; hanging, Etym: From a Chinookan noun: hung'. i-qilúq (Boas 598, KT 107.9), í- iluq (Clackamas [mj slip-files]), i- íluq Etym: From a Chinookan particle: (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]) q '(placed) on' (CCT 30), 'to hang, hang up, put on
292 (clothes)' (CT 27.16, 236.23, KT 29.6). example is the term "crane", which properly applies to the sandhill qwin$m [q w5 .nWm, q w5 .nUm; q wWF.n$m] crane, but is used locally with Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ 'five'. reference to the great blue heron); Etym: From a Chinookan cardinal and the precipitous decline of some numeral: q ín m (Boas 607, 637), bird populations before records nma (CCT 28) 'five'. Cf Bay Center were made (for example, while CW [qwWFnWm] 'five'. California condors were frequently observed on the lower Columbia in q at [q á(4)t] Ref: WB, EP 'to love, feel the early nineteenth century, our affection towards'. records from local languages lack Etym: From a Chinookan particle: any unambiguously identified term q at 'to love' (Boas 632), "(be) in a for this striking bird). dither about" (CCT 94). q $l [q WFl] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ 'hard, q ataqi • Ref: (Bay Center difficult; obstinate'. CW, jph 17.0318), Etym: From a Chinookan particle: q l (Demers) 'sucker (fish)'. 'strong', q lq l 'strong, hard, too Etym: From a Chinookan noun: difficult' (Boas 631, KT 63.8). Cf Bay t-k ataqí (a kind of fish) (Hymes 105), Center CW [k Wl] 'difficult'. a-k adaqi 'small game fish' (4) (4) q isu [q í .sU; kí .sU] Ref: JH 1928, VH (Wasco-Wishram [Fowler and 'apron'. French 1982:12]). Etym: From a Chinookan noun: -qíšu q atawi [q á(4).tW.w5 (JH 1928)] <q- c> 'cedar bark' (KT 79.5). Ref: JH 1928 'swan'. Chinookan consonant symbolism may explain the replacement of Etym: The source is an obscure Chinookan [q] (or [k], as in the Chinookan noun: á-q aduwi alternate form) by CW [q ]: signaling [singular], it- ádwi-yukš [plural] either a Chinookan diminutive; or a "vulture[s] - perhaps, or some other "foreign" (CW not Chinookan) word. one of the large birds" (Clackamas Cf Bay Center CW [q5 sU] [mj slip-files]); 'crane' (Chinookan [Gibbs 1863a:11]). Considerable q u_ [q ó_, q ú_; q F_; qó(4)] Ref: JH 1928, terminological confusion VH, WB, EJ, CR 'arrive, reach, get accompanies the identification some there'. of our larger birds in local languages. Of possible relevance: Etym: A Chinookan verb-stem of onomatopoeia, resulting in the similar meaning, but closer in form assignment of different referents to to WB’s alternate form [qo], is on like-seeming forms (for example, the record; the CW may go back to a element [q( )waš~s], [k( )waš~s], related Chinookan particle: <-k> 'to [;waš~s] turns up in Chinookan and go home, to pass' (Boas 662); cf Kalapuyan terms translating 'arrive, to', cited as Chinookan in 'sandhill crane [Grus canadensis]', Gibbs (1863a:9). While q u_, q o_ are 'great blue heron [Ardea herodias]', the usual forms from Grand Ronde and 'swan [Olor spp]'); confusions in elder speakers, Harrington records English common nomenclature, Bay Center CW [qo_] 'to get compounded by linguists' ignorance there'. of local flora and fauna (a notable
293 q walel$-q walel$ [q wá(4).l&.lW-q wà.l&.lW] q we7 [q w&(4)F 7, q w&F(4)t7; q w&F(4)t7&] Ref: JH Ref: JH 1928 'to gallop'. 1928, WB 'tight, snug; to hold on to'. Etym: Apparently from a Chinookan Etym: From a Chinookan particle: onomatopoeic particle: l l l q u 'fast (tight)' (Boas 633). 'rumbling sound' (e.g., of a wagon on Cf Bay Center CW [q wWt7 ] a hard road) (Wasco-Wishram 'to squeeze', Demers [Hymes slip-files]). Cf Bay Center CW 'stuck, tight, bound'. [q wWlWFl-q wWlWFl] 'to gallop'. q w$7 [q wWF7] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ 'to hit, strike, knock'. (4) q wan [q wá n] Ref: JH 1928 Etym: Attributed by Gibbs (1863:12, 'habituated'. 1863a:13) to a Chinookan source, Etym: From a Chinookan particle: presumably, a particle: 'to q ánq an 'glad' (CT hit'. We fail to find a match in later 241.5), k wan 'to be in the habit' records of Chinookan available to us. (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]). Cf Bay Center CW [q wW7] 'to Either identical with, or confused in hit'. the sources with k wan • 'gentle, docile, tame'. salal • Ref: (Bay Center CW, jph 17.0137, 1202), q welq wel • Ref: (Gibbs). Cf (Bay Center (Demers), < 5Q wé4l aQ wé4l a> (jph "local Eng[lish]", jph 17.0137) 18.0133 [Emma Luscier]: given as 'salal'. Chinookan) 'owl'. Etym: Gibbs (1863b) cites Etym: From a Chinookan noun: and as -q élq el <-qo--lqo-l> (Boas 598), Chinookan for 'salal berries'. (Chinook [Curtis]); Later-recorded Chinookan nouns (Clatsop [Hymes pace provide no close matches to these Boas]). Note that Demers and forms: -g án kun Harrington both show glottalization (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]), i -p íla, of the initial consonants in both i -p la (Clackamas [mj slip-files]), syllables, not recorded by Boas. The i -p al (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes difference could be due to slip-files]) 'salal berries'. Chinookan consonant symbolism. While the Harrington citation from saxa li [sá(4).xW.l5; sá(4)x.l5] Ref: JH 1928, VH, Emma Luscier was given as WB, EJ, CR 'above, up; elevated'. Chinookan (one of Harrington's Etym: From a Chinookan particle: attempts to get her to re-elicit k -šáx al-i (ku Chinookan words from Curtis's lists), evidently for ku- locative [see Hymes Mrs. Luscier did not speak 282]; -i Lower Chinook adverbial Chinookan and remembered mainly suffix) (CT 17.1, 49.8, 49.9, 205.6); Chinookan nouns that she also knew šáx lata, šáx al-ix (-ix Kathlamet and as CW. Hence, it is likely that she Upper Chinook adverbial suffix) knew this word as CW. As CW, we (Boas 648, 672), šáx lix (CCT 50, 563) would not expect it to retain 'above, up'. Cf Bay Center CW [sáxWl5, Chinookan i- (masculine singular), sáhWl5] 'way up'. since the latter is unstressed in the Chinookan form. Mrs. Luscier s$qwalala [sWF.q wW.lW.lW, s5 .q wW.lW.lW] Ref: attached i- to almost all words she LK (Tualatin: Berman slip-files; identified as Chinookan. Frachtenberg in Gatschet 1877:14,
294 108) 'gun, rifle'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: Etym: From a Chinookan noun: s-iá-x ust, š-iá-x ušt (CT 64.26, 275.12, š -q alála KT 18.4), is-iá-xus, is-iá-x us (CCT 122, 'double-barrelled gun' (dual noun) 125) 'his eyes, his face'. Cf Bay Center (Boas 602), š -q alala CW 'eye'.
'bone whistle' (CT 255.17), siq alala (4) 'feather' (i.e., quill?) skakw$l [ská .kw$l] Ref: JH 1928, WB (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]), 'lamprey'. iš- álala 'gun' Etym: From a Chinookan noun: (Wishram [Sapir in Boas 642]). Cf š-kák li (Boas Gibbs 'gun, muskit'. 602, Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]), iš-gák al (CCT 27, 550, Sapir in Boas s$x [sWFx] Ref: JH 1928 'rattling (sound)'. 642) 'lamprey'. Cf Bay Center CW Etym: From a Chinookan "eel of another onomatopoeic particle: šix species". [noise of rattles] (Boas 630), šx šx šx šx [noise of rustling] (mj 63:115). Cf Bay spu_uq [spUF_ q, sp F_Uq] Ref: JH 1928 Center CW [šWx] '(any) rattle'. 'faded, dusty, grey; ashes, dust'. Etym: From Chinookan; available sik aluks [s5.k á(4).lUks] Ref: JH 1928, EJ examples show both inflected 'pants, trousers'. (noun) and uninflected (particle) Etym: From a Chinookan noun: forms: šbúq (CCT 552), šp q, špiq t-iá-sak al-uks 'his leggings' (KT (Boas 609, KT 244.11) 219.2), t-sak áluks 'grey' (a particle); -špuq 'leggings' (Kathlamet [Curtis]). Cf 'ashes' (a noun) (Chinook [Curtis]). Bay Center CW [s$k áluks] Cf Bay Center CW [spó_oqw] 'pants'. 'grey'. sinamakwst [s5 .nW.mWk(w)st; stixstix [st (y)5 x.st (y)5x] Ref: JP, EP s5 .nW.mWks] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ 'wrinkled'. 'seven'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle also Etym: From a Chinookan cardinal exemplified as a noun: št x 'bent' numeral: sínamakšt (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]), 'seven' (Boas 637). Cf Bay Center CW st x 'hanging heavily' (CCT 141), [sWnWmWFkwst] št x št x 'weak' ("all limbered up", 'seven'. that is, flaccid) (a particle; Clackamas [mj 56:17]), wa-gá-št x št x 'her sitkum [s5 t.k Um] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, wrinkles' (a noun; Clackamas [mj EJ 'part; half'. 61:75]). Etym: From Chinookan; available stux [st UFx] Ref: VH, EP 'untied'. examples show both inflected (noun) and uninflected (particle) Etym: From a Chinookan particle: stux(w), stúxstux (Boas 632, KT 14.7, '(at the upper) half' (CT 272.7). Cf 45.6) 'untie, unwrap'; sdúx, Bay Center CW '1/2'. sdúx sdux (CCT 510, 536) 'untied'. Cf Bay Center CW 'to untie'. siyaxus [s5.yá(4).xUs; s5.yá(4).xw$s] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB 'eyes; face'. stuxtkin [stUFxt.x5n; stUFt.k5n] Ref: JH 1928, EJ 'eight'.
295 Etym: From a Chinookan cardinal [Hymes slip-files]). numeral: kstúxtkin (Boas 606, 637), shiksh [š5 kš; š5 ks] Ref: JH 1928, VH, EJ (Kathlamet [Curtis]) 'friend; mate'. 'eight'. Cf Bay Center CW Etym: From a Chinookan noun also 'eight'. recorded as an address-form: i-šíkš
U 'friend' (noun), šikš 'friend' sul$mix • Ref: (Bay Center (address-form) (Boas 601, 611, 612); CW, jph 18.0466), i- í-šikš 'my friend' (KT (Gibbs) 'cranberries'. 213.6). Cf Bay Center CW [š5kš] Etym: From a Chinookan noun: 'friend'. i-šúl mix 'cranberry' (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]); tak umunaq [t á.k u.mu.naq] Ref: VH (Chinook [Curtis]), '100'. (Kathlamet [Curtis]) Etym: From a Chinookan noun (see 'cranberries'. Cf also the following ixt, etym): i-dá-k amunaq (Clackamas local Salishan (Lower Chehalis) form [mj 68:97]), í-k amunaq (Boas 600, recorded by Harrington: Wishram [Dyk 138]) '100 (of)'. Cf Bay 5 < asUF4l lam N, asUG4lam N> (jph 18.0092, Center CW [ix t ták WmUnWq] < 54Fxwt 18.0466; second form labelled t F4k amU4naQ> '100'. "Shoalwater Bay" dialect) 'wild cranberry'. ta7lam [t á(4)7.lam, t á(4).7am] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ '10'. supna [sú(4)p .nW, sUFp .nW; sú(4)p .na, sú(4).p $.nW] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB Etym: From a Lower Chinook noun 'to jump'. (see ixt, etym): i-tá- ilam '10 of them' (Boas 607); cf i-tá- ilxam Etym: From a Chinookan verb; a (KT 26.10), i- á- ilxam simple imperative with s- (dual (CCT 112, 113) '10 (of)'. Cf Bay Center object) + u- (directive; sometimes CW [tá75lWm] '10'. omitted) + -pna 'jump' (verbal stem): s -p na 'jump!' (KT taqw$la [t á(4).q w$.lW, t WF.q w$.lW] Ref: JH 147.14), a- -s-ú-p na 'it 1928, WB, EJ 'hazelnuts; nuts'. jumped up' (CT 9.6), ga supna 'he Etym: From a Chinookan noun: jumped', gag subna 'she leaped' (CCT t -q la (KT 143.3), id q la 440: note augmentative b replacing (Clackamas [mj slip-files]) unmarked p). Cf Bay Center CW 'hazelnuts'. Cf Bay Center CW [sUFp WnW] 'to jump'. [túqwWlW] sxi laqami • Ref: (Bay 'hazel'. Center CW, jph 18.0459) tat 7i [t át7 5] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, EP 'looking-glass', (Demers), (Gibbs) 'a Etym: From a Chinookan particle: looking-glass; glass'. ta 'behold, look, see, lo' (Boas 636, CT 17, 37.16, 39.5, Etym: Gibbs attributes this word to 41.20, 64.16, 196.17). Terminal i in Chinookan, and indeed, matching the CW appears to be from the Chinookan nouns have been Lower Chinook aderbial suffix -i. recorded from upriver dialects: i-sx íluqmit 'window', i -(t)sx luqmit taxa m [t áxWm] Ref: JH 1928, EJ 'six'. 'looking-glass' (Wasco-Wishram Etym: From a Chinookan cardinal
296 numeral: t x m (Boas 607), tx m tiki [t 5 .k5; t5 .k 5; t.q 5~&] Ref: JH (Wishram [Dyk 137]) 'six'. Cf Bay 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'to like, Center CW [tWFxWm] 'six'. prefer, want, desire; to have to, need to; to show signs or ta_an7ki [t á(4)._Wn.7k5; t á(4)n.7k i] Ref: JH indications of'; Cf Demers , St. 1928, WB, EJ 'yesterday; (according Onge 'to like, love, desire'. to JH 1928, the word can also mean Etym: From a Chinookan particle: 'tomorrow'). tq ix 'to want, desire, like' (Boas 632, Etym: From a Lower Chinook Hymes 273, Clackamas [mj particle: tá an ki (CT slip-files]). Cf Yakama Sahaptin 155.7) 'yesterday'; cf Kathlamet taq (Beavert and Hargus 2009) tk ix 'yesterday' (KT 87.14, 88.8: 'stingy with, possessive of'. Note in Lower Chinook, original [q] that the original Chinookan form is changes to [_] when followed by a retained by Demers and St. Onge. Cf stressed vowel). Cf Bay Center CW Bay Center CW [tWq 5 ] 'to [tWF_Wn7k5] 'yesterday'. like, love, desire'. t$mstiyu • Ref: (Demers) til [t5 l] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ, CR 'tired, 'arrow-wood'. weak; tired of'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: Etym: From a Chinookan particle: t l i-d mštiw 'serviceberry' (Clackamas (Boas 632, KT 10.7, [mj slip-files]). CCT 31), til Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas] 'tired'; t lt l t$mt$m [t WFm.t Wm~t UFm.t Um~t 5 m.t 5m] 'tired all over; weak' (Boas 632, KT Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 224.4). Cf Bay Center CW [tel] 'chest, heart; mind, thought, 'tired, heavy'. feelings; character, life, constitution; self; spirit, soul; to tilixam [t 5 .l5.xWm; t 5 l.xWm, t $Fl.xWm; think, feel'. t 5 .l5.kWm] Ref: JH, VH, WB, EJ, CR Etym: One of the most culturally 'person, people; relative(s)'. pregnant of CW words. Also, one of Etym: From a Chinookan noun; the few simple (vs concantenated) according to Boas, one based on the words that seems to have originated stem -lx <-lx> 'ground, earth' (Boas purely as CW, albeit the sources 601) + t- 'plural': hence, tí-lx m reveal it to be based ultimately on a (Boas 612-13, Chinookan onomatopoeic particle: cf 670: Chinook and Kathlamet), tíl x am t mm [noise of birds in flight] (KT (Chinook 223.15), [noise of feet] (Boas 630); [Curtis], Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]), tumm [noise of thundering] (Boas KT id lxam (Wishram [Sapir in Boas 160.14), 'thump' (CT 217.13). Cf Bay 653], CCT 16) 'people'. Compare Center CW [tWFmtWFm, tWmtWFm] í-lxam <- lxam> 'town', -gu ílx mk 'heart'. <g- lxEmk> 'person', i-lí.i 'land, country', all based on the t$tsi [tWF.ts5] Ref: WB 'have to, bound to'. same stem (Boas 568, 612); compare Etym: From a Chinookan particle: also Wishram i -g á ilx 'a person', tá (a), ta a 'although, but, still, WT 118.23, 176.13). Cf Bay Center CW a a nevertheless; behold, see, look' [tíl$hWm] (Boas 636, 672; CT 44.4, 94.1, 129.14, 'people'. 197.11, 245.23, 260.7; KT 69.6, 171.1, 210.17, 212.17). tintin [t 5 n.t 5n] Ref: JH 1928, JH (Jacobs
297 1945:277), WB, LK 'bell, music; hour, [t5yWF_Ww5] 'foot'. o'clock'. Etym: While suggesting English ti_ti_ • Ref: (Bay "ding-ding", the immediate source Center CW, jph 18.0468), of this word appears to be (Lionet, Pinart), (Gibbs) Chinookan: tíntin 'bells' (a 'to trot'. particle: KT 248.14), i -díndin 'bells; Etym: Gibbs (1863:25) attributes the the Indian Shaker church', a-díndin word to Clatsop; his Chinook 'singing' (a noun: Wasco-Wishram vocabulary (1863a:19) shows [Hymes slip-files]; the ringing of 'to trot'. bells is an important part of the Indian Shaker church service). Cf tk up [t.k ú(4)p (JH 1928); Bay Center CW 'bell'. k ú(4)p] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ, CR 'white'. tipi_ [t 5 .p 5_] Ref: JH 1928 'feather'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: Etym: Apparently from a Lower tk up 'white' (Boas 632, KT Chinook noun. In Kiksht Upper 35.9), tk úp 'light' (CCT 79). Cf Bay Chinook 'feather, wing' is -piq: id piq Center CW 'white'. 'feathers', wí-piq 'a feather' (CCT 374), it-gá-piq-ba 'with its wings' (WT tqi7pa • Ref: (Demers) 200.7). In Lower Chinook, underlying 'shoes'. terminal q often changes to [_]: Etym: From a Chinookan noun: compare 'feathers', idmigi 6ba (id-mi- i ba) 'your 'wings', given as moccasins' (Wasco Language Chinook in Gibbs (1863a:12, 20). Cf Program spelling), id-iá- i ba Bay Center CW [tWp5 _] (Clackamas [mj 'feathers'. 53:121]), 'moccasins' ( 'his _, tipsu [t 5 p.sU] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ, EP, her _') (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]. MM 'grass; hair, hair tufts'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: t -pšu tum [t ú(4)m] Ref: EP "thump". (Boas 602, CT 190.17) Etym: From a Chinookan 'grass' (plural noun), idípsu onomatopoeic particle: tumm [noise (Clackamas [mj slip-files]) 'weeds, of thundering] (KT 160.14), 'thump' grass'. Cf Bay Center CW [tWpsUF] (CT 217.13). 'grass'. tutu • Ref: (Bay Center CW, (4) (4) tiya_wit [ti.yá _.w5t, tyá _.w5t; jph 18.0471) 'to shake' ("e.g. a tree ti.yá(4)U.w$t] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ to make apples fall"), 'leg, foot'. (Gibbs) 'to shake, sift, winnow', Etym: From a Lower Chinook noun: (Demers, St. Onge) t-iá- wit 'his legs'. The 'winnowing machine/mill'. original Chinookan stem-form is Etym: From a Chinookan particle: -q it, which changes to [_it] Chinook, Kathlamet [tútu] according to a Lower Chinook 'shake' (Hymes 1956:275, Boas 628, phonological rule not shared by 629). in the Bay Center form Kathlamet and Upper Chinook (Boas () could be from an original 568); cf Kathlamet t-iá-q it [x], judging by Gibbs's (1863:26) (Boas 568), Clackamas id-iá-q it (CCT spelling of the Chinookan 13) 'his legs'. Cf Bay Center CW source-word: .
298 t alapas [t á(4).lW.p Ws~p Ws] Ref: JH a light'. 1928/1932, WB, EJ, CR 'coyote'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: Etym: From a Chinookan noun: tuwáx (Boas 621, KT 18.4) i-t álapas (Boas 598, KT 'light'. Chinookan consonant 45.3), i-t álap as (CCT 517) 'coyote'. Cf symbolism may explain the Bay Center CW [t álWp ás] replacement of Chinookan [t] by CW 'coyote'. [t ]: signaling either a Chinookan diminutive; or a "foreign" (CW not t $man$was [t $.má(4).n$.wWs, Chinookan) word. Cf Bay Center CW t .má(4).n$.wWs; t $.má(4)n.wWs] Ref: JH [t$wáx, tWwáx ] 1928, WB, EJ, CR 'guardian spirit, 'a light; bright'. healing power'. (4) Etym: From a Chinookan noun: t7ak$t7ak [t7á .k$.t7ak] Ref: Eustace i-t amánwaš (Boas Howard (given as Santiam Kalapuya 1892: "tabooed word", untranslated), [mj 86:31]) 'grasshopper'. Cf Demers 'spirit creature' 'grasshopper'. (Chinook [Curtis]), Etym: A similar-looking Chinookan 'guardian or familiar spirit; magic, noun is on record from the luck, fortune; anything easternmost Chinookan dialects: supernatural' (Chinook [Gibbs is- ax ax 'flying grasshopper' 1863:25]). Cf Bay Center CW (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]). [t Wmán$wWs] "Indjun It seems possible that the CW word [sic] doctor of long ago". is related to the Chinookan particle spelled < qq> by Boas (633), t ik [t 5 k] Ref: CR, EP 'to drip'. translated 'zigzag'.
Etym: From a Chinookan particle: (4) t uq 'to drip' (Wasco-Wishram t 7ap [t7 á p] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, [Hymes slip-files], Dyk 126]); cf t q WB, EP 'to find; to give birth to'. 'to slap', t qt q 'to Etym: From a Chinookan particle: clap' (Boas 630). ap <ap> (Boas 633, KT 12.11) 'to find'. Cf Bay Center CW 'to t ilimuksh [t 5.lí(4).mUkš; t7 í(4).mUks find'. (t7 ~kl )] Ref: JH (Jacobs 1945:338), WB, EP 'Tillamooks'. t 7$minxw$t [t7 $.mí(4)n.xw$t, (4) Etym: From Chinookan t- ílim-ukš t7 $.m5 n.xw$t; t7 $.mí n.xUt, 'those of ni- ílim (Nehalem)' (HNAI t7 &F.m5n.xUt] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ, CR 7:566). 'to lie, decieve'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: t ux$ lq a [t UF.x$l.q W~qW] Ref: WB 'too, i- mínx ut <(i)-m- nxut, excessive'. im- nXut> 'a lie' (Boas 600, KT Etym: From a Chinookan particle: 52.16). Cf Bay Center CW txul 'too much' (Boas 634), [t7 WmínWxwWt] 'to tx ala 'too' (KT 23.2); [q a] in tell a lie'. the CW form may be from the Chinookan suffix -qa, explained by t 7$x [t7 WFx] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ 'torn, Hymes (288) as 'purpose of what ripped'. follows'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: x <E x> 'split' (Boas 646), x x t wax [t wá(4)x, t wá(4)x; t ú/wá(4)x] Ref: JH <E xEx> 'tear' (Boas 631), x x 1928, WB, EJ, CR 'light, bright, fiery; 'split' (mj 55:101); cf
299 áq aq 'broken' (CCT 164-165). KT "to throw a man down (195.4) shows an example of when wrestling with him". inflection as a noun: na- x -pa 'at (that) hole (literally, ts$qw [tsWFqw, tsUFqw; tsWFq, tsUFq; tšWFqw] "cut")'. Cf Bay Center CW [t7 Wx] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ, CR 'water; body 'to tear'. of water'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: - uq, t 7imin [t7 5 /m5 (4)n, t7 &F.m5n; t7 .mWFn, (4) - uq <tcuq, ()-tcuq, tcuq°> (Boas t7 WF/m5 n] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ, 568, 603, CT 14.7, 25.17), - úq a CR 'mashed, soft, mixed; muddy'. <tcúqoa> (KT 25.2), i - q a (CCT 36) Etym: From a Chinookan particle: 'water'. Cf Nootka Jargon cha-ak m n, m n m n <mEn, ... ; also 'water' (Clark 2005), from Nootkan mn, män, !EmE-n> 'to break a ak 'water' (Powell 10): evidently, into small pieces; soft; rub' (Boas a case of accidentally converging 600; KT 32.7, 52.2, 114.4, 121.4; CT form/meaning. Cf Bay Center CW 201.6, 229.20); m n, m n mn [tsoqw, tsoq] 'water'. 'fine; mash, mashed; soft' (CCT 76, 110, 171, 326, 358, 487; tsiltsil [ts5 l.ts5l; tš5 l.tš5l] Ref: JH 1928 mj 62:98). Cf Bay Center CW 'stars, buttons'; VH (in [t7 WmWFn] 'to smash'. kakwa-tsiltsil 'button-like [a plant]'). t 7it 7i • Ref: (Demers) 'starling, Etym: From a Chinookan noun: í- l l black bird' [sic]. <- tcEltcEl> 'brass buttons' (Boas 601, Etym: From a Chinookan particle also 656), i-dá-c lc l 'their appearing as a noun-stem: < buttons' (Clackamas [mj 69:57]). Cf > 'to titter' (Boas 631 [CT 177.15]), Bay Center CW 'button', n a ayukš, an a ayukš ("they go Demers 'button, star'. [t7 a t7 a t7 a]") 'blackbird; red-wing blackbird' (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes tsin • Ref: (Demers, St. Onge) slip-files]). 'hummingbird'.
(4) (4) (4) Etym: Apparently from Chinookan; t 7unas [t7 ú .nWs, t7 ó .nWs, t7 ú/ná s] possibly, an onomatapoeic particle Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ related to the noun recorded as 'maybe, don't know'. í-c nc n <-tsEntsEn> (Boas 598), Etym: From a Chinookan particle: <--tsentsen> (Clatsop [Hymes pace únas < nas> 'maybe, don't know' Boas]) 'hummingbird'. (Boas 622, 634). Cf Bay Center CW "quien sabe" tsix • Ref: (St. Onge) 'sharp'. (Harrington's translation). Etym: From a Chinookan particle:
(4) ts x 'cause a sharp pain' (Wishram t 7ux [t7 ú x, t7 UFx] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ [Dyk 128]). 'to fall, drop'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: tsixtsix [ts5 x.ts5x] Ref: JH 1928, EP, JP ux <ux, x, x>, ux <uX> 'diarrhoea'. 'come out, fall down, fall out, falling' Etym: Apparently from a Chinookan (CT 40.25, 65.16, 113.21, 201.1, KT particle: c x c x 'unwell, 100.12); cf L áx , L _áx 'drop, let go' hurt, feeling uncomfortable' (Boas (CCT 90, 91, 107), ax 'to release, let 632, CT 67.8); cf -c ac a <E tsatsa, go' (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes Etsátsa> 'desire to defecate' (noun), slip-files]). Cf Bay Center CW [t7 Ux ] i-k- -ú-c ac a 'she
300 defecated' (verb) (KT 124.12, 125.1-2). ones who'. Possibly, our CW form should show Etym: Derived from ukuk, which in glottalized-[ts ], reflecting an turn is derived from a Chinookan (unattested) Chinookan form for particle. Cf Demers , 'diarrhoea': contrast c x 'cause sharp Gibbs . pain' (Wishram [Dyk 128]). ukuk [_ú(4)k .Uk, _UFk .Uk (k~g); UEg.UF(4)k] Ref: t s$m [ts WFm~ts 5 m; tš WFm] Ref: JH 1928, JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'that, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'mark, spot; marked, this; that one, this one'. written; to write'. Etym: From a Lower Chinook Etym: From a Chinookan particle: particle: úkuk < kuk> 'there, that' (a c m 'variegated (in color)' demonstrative adverb, according to (Boas 632), c m 'spotted' (CCT 243, Boas; Boas 620, 622, CT 30.9, 115.17, 559). Cf Bay Center CW [ts Wm] 118.17). Cf Bay Center CW 'spotted'. 'this one', Demers 'this, that, this one, that one'. t s$x [ts WFx; tš WFx] Ref: WB, EJ, EP 'split; to split'. ulali [_UF.lW.l5, _ú(4).lW.l5, _ó(4).lW.l5] Ref: JH Etym: From a Chinookan particle, 1928, EJ 'berries'. though a possible confusion or Etym: From a Lower Chinook noun: overlap between the following á-lili < l-l-> (CT 100.9), ú-lili Chinookan forms and those cited <ó-li-li> (Chinook [Curtis]) with reference to c hux 'chipped, 'salmon-berries (Rubus spectabilis)'; scraped' render the derivation cf á-lili 'Salmon-berry' (KT 118.4: somewhat problematic: cf c x , x name of myth character; note 'break Kathlamet feminine singular a-, with hands; split wood, sinews, corresponding to Lower Chinook u-). roots; to skin a bird; to bark a tree' Cf Bay Center CW [úl$li] < UF4lal5, (Boas 630), c x c x UF4lal5> '(any) berry; salmon-berry'. 'split' (CT 45.19), 'flake of flint' (CT 69.3), x 'break' (CCT 31), ulu [_ú(4).lU (u/U~o)] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EP x 'forking' (CCT 399). Cf Bay Center 'hungry'. CW [ts Wx] <ʟs \x> 'to crack'. Etym: From a Lower Chinook noun: t si [ts 5 , ts í(4), ts 5 _, ts í(4)_] Ref: JH 1928, EJ, ú-lu 'hunger' (Boas 600); Kathlamet EP, EL 'sweet'. and Upper Chinook show wá-lu (Kathlamet and Lower Chinook Etym: Apparently from a Chinookan feminine singular wa-~a-, particle: c i, da c i c i 'sweet' corresponding to Lower Chinook u-). (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]). Cf Bay Center CW [UFlU_] < UF4lU > The element [ts i] is recorded also in 'hungry'. Lower Chinook and Kathlamet, but as a noun-forming element: -c im n ulxa yu • Ref: < UF4l.h yU> (Bay Center < -ts-mEn> (Boas 600), i-iá-c imam CW, jph 18.0452), (Clatsop [Hymes pace (Gibbs) 'seal', (Demers: Boas]), i-c ác imam "sea wolf") 'seal'. (KT 118.8, .12) 'sweet, sweetness'. Cf Bay Center CW [ts 5 _] 'sweet'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: -lx ayu <-Flxaiu> (Boas 599), ú-l x ayu uk [_Uk] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, <-leqx i > (Clatsop [Hymes pace CR 'that, this, the; that which, the Boas]) 'seal'.
301 ulx$ n • Ref: (Middle Kathlamet a-iá-p iki 'his bow' Columbia CW [Joe Peter], jph mf (Hymes 96). 18.0008), < 5 UF4lxan>P (Bay Center CW [Emma Luscier]: given as uptsax [_ú(4)p.tsWx (u~o)] Ref: JH 1928, Chinookan) 'eulachon'. WB, CR, JP 'knife'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun: Etym: This word matches one of two Chinook <íhJl-!n> 'smelts' (Curtis). Chinookan nouns given for 'knife' or The CW form points to a Chinookan 'iron' in Gibbs's Alphabetical source with feminine singular u-, Vocabulary of the Chinook Language not (as apparently in Curtis's form) (1863a:11): <ó pt-sakh>. However, we masculine singular i-. Silverstein and fail to find a match in later records Moore (in Moulton 1990, 7:12) cite of Chinookan available to us. Cf Bay Chinookan ú- x an 'dried eulachon' Center CW [UFptsWx, UFpts Wx] (original source unidentified), < UF4pts\x, UF4pts ax> 'knife'. implying that the same noun-stem means 'eulachon' with i- and 'dried upuch [_ú(4).pUtš (u~o); _ó(4).pUts~ots] eulachon' with u-. Mrs. Luscier Ref: JH 1928, WB, CR 'buttocks, tail; added i- to almost every word she genitals'. gave as Chinookan; in this case, the Etym: From a Chinookan noun: -pu result is the grammatical absurdity 'anus, buttocks' (Boas 601, Hymes of a 'masculine singular/feminine 121). According to Hymes, this stem singular' eulachon. Note also that occurs in Kathlamet only with a Mrs. Luscier's form shows [l], as in possessive prefix, as in i-iá-pu Joe Peter's CW form, not the [7] 'his buttocks' (KT 87.1), Curtis and Silverstein and Moore š-ntá-pu 'our two show in Chinookan. selves buttocks' (KT 85.7: š- dual). Examples from Chinook Texts appear upq $n$x • Ref: < UF4pQ anax> (Bay to show the same restriction for Center CW, jph 18.0454), opokena ;> (Demers), V 'his anus' (CT 114.2), i-iá-pu (Pinart in Grant 1951:286) 'basket'. 'his buttocks' (CT 153.3) Etym: From a Chinookan noun: (note Lower Chinook feminine ú-pqunx <-pqunx, -pqunq@> 'small singular u- in the first example, round spruce-root basket' (Boas 603; Chinookan masculine singular i- in Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]: for the second). Even the source-form as with supscript-); í-pqunx spelled by Gibbs (1863:19) conforms <--pqunx> 'large spruce-root basket' to this restriction: u-mí-pu (Boas 603), <óp-k9-n9> 'berry 'your ass' ( basket' (Chinook [Curtis]). u- is illustrates a tendency for [m] to vary feminine singular, i- masculine with [b] in down-river Chinookan singular; [q ] in the Bay Center CW dialects). It is therefore something of form may be from a Chinookan a mystery that the CW should diminutive form. preserve Lower Chinook u-, but no syllable representing a possessive upt 7iki • Ref: (Demers), prefix. Cf Bay Center CW [UFpUtš] (St. Onge), < UF4pUtN> "arse". (Gibbs) 'bow'; (St. Onge 6) 'arc'. uskan [_UFs.k Wn] Ref: JH 1928, LK 'cup, Etym: From a Chinookan noun: dipper, can'. ú-p iki <-Fpik-> 'bow' (Boas 601); cf Etym: From a Lower Chinook noun:
302 ú-šgan < cgan> 'basket, cup, bucket' following Hymes 155), a-wáwa 'it is (Boas 603, 609); í-šgan <- cgan> said' (KT 20.1), a-t úkdi a-wáwa 'a 'cedar' (Boas 603). Note that the good talk' (-t úkdi 'good'; Clackamas meaning of this noun changes [mj 53:26]), wáwa 'talking' (KT 180.3), according to which gender marker is wáwa a- -q-l-ú-x a affixed: Lower Chinook feminine 'to talk to (someone)' (Clackamas singular u- vs Chinookan masculine [mj 53:26]). Cf Bay Center CW [wáwW] singular i- . Cf Bay Center CW [UFskWn] 'language'. < UF4skan> 'a cup'. wax [wá(4)x] Ref: JH 1928, VH, EJ, CR 'to ushk$l$x [_ó(4)š.xW.lWx] Ref: JH 1928 spill, pour'. 'sinew'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: Etym: From a Lower Chinook noun: wax 'to pour out' (Boas 631, Wishram ú-šk x < ckaX, ckX [ printed [Sapir in Boas 643]), wax, wax 'pour, reversed and upside-down]> (CT spill, scatter' (CCT 52, 90, 178, 305, 138.18, 139.7), a-šk x (Clackamas 405). Cf Bay Center CW [wWx] [mj slip-files]) 'sinew'. Note Lower 'to spill it out'. Chinook u- vs Upper Chinook a- (~wa-), feminine singular. Cf w$xt [wWFxt; wWFx, wWFx] Ref: JH Demers 'sinew'. 1928/1932, VH, WB, CR, EP 'also, too, again'. uyxat [_UF5.xWt, _ó(4)5.xWt (x~x); (4) Etym: From a Chinookan particle: _UF5.xUt~xw$t, _ó 5.xUt~xw$t (x~x)] Ref: wix t 'again, more, also' (Boas 634, CT JH 1928, WB, EJ, CR 'trail, road'. 9.12, 10.6). Etym: From a Lower Chinook noun: u-íxatk 'trail' (Boas 602, wilamet [w5 .lW/m&F(4)t] Ref: David 666), á-ixatk < eXatk> 'road' (KT LaChance 'Willamette'. 248.5). Note Lower Chinook u- vs Etym: wálamt is on record as the Kathlamet a- (~wa-), feminine name of a former Chinookan village singular. Cf Bay Center CW [_ú5hWt] on the west bank of Willamette < ú4yhat, UGyhat> 'trail, road'. River near Oregon City. Apparently,
(4) this is the original form of the name wawa [wá .wW] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, "Willamette", which every WB, EJ, CR 'to talk, say, tell; talk, Oregonian knows is supposed to be talking; speech, language'. stressed on the second syllable (the Etym: Usually attributed to Nootkan classic mnemonic: "it's wawa 'to say' (Gibbs 1863:28; cf Sapir Wil-LAM-ette, dammit"). Gatschet, and Swadesh 1939:257); however, at Grand Ronde in 1877, recorded while Clark (2005) lists wawa among [w$lám&Ft] as a local his Nootka Jargon reconstructions, English pronunciation of the name. he finds it "poorly attested" in his The citation form given here is from sources. The word is just as likely, if Grand Ronde elder David LaChance, not indeed more likely to be of who spent his childhood in one of Chinookan origin; in Kathlamet and the community's French-speaking Upper Chinook, -wa 'to talk' is households (Zenk 2008:25-26). recorded as a verb-stem, -wawa 'speech, language' as a noun-stem, xulxul [xUFl.xUl (JH 1928, WB); hú(4)l.hUl, and wawa 'talking' as a particle: hUFl.hUl (EJ)] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ, CR i- -t-i-x á-wa- k 'he 'mouse, rat; thief'. answered' (KT 180.8: parsed Etym: From a Chinookan noun:
303 u-kúlxul 'mouse; thief' (Boas 568, the source form is -la ~ -l 'move 617), u-kúl x al, u-kúl x ul vigorously', the initial syllable [x$] (Clatsop in the CW form being explained by [Hymes pace Boas]). Cf Bay Center reflexive x -, and the termination [$l] CW [húl$hUl] 'mouse'. by the continuative suffix -l (~-la, -lal): i-x -l- l 'he moves', xa laq7 [xá(4).lWq7, xW.FlWq7; há(4).lWx~l x] Ref: a- -x -l- l 'it moved' (CT 60.9, 220.17), i-x -lá-la Etym: From a Chinookan verb-stem 'he moves', ig-í-x -la 'he given by Hymes as -aq , with moved' (KT 203.9, 250.8). Cf Bay reflexive x - and relational l-: -x -l-aq , Center CW [xWlWFl] 'to shake as in i- -i-x -l-aq -q 'he into'. ( -) opened it (= him, -i-)' (KT 143.15: xl uyma [xlú(4).w5.mW, x$.lú(4)5.mW (ú~ó); parsed following Hymes 155), (4) (4) a- -i-x á-l-aq 'he q$.lú 5.mW, h$.lú 5.mW (ú~ó)] Ref: JH opened it (= him)' (CT 130.11), 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ 'differently, ga- -i-x -l-aq 'he opened it (= him)' separately; strange, different, (CCT 83). Cf Bay Center CW [xálWq7] mysterious'. 'open'. Etym: From a Lower Chinook inflected stem, classified as verbal by xa n7q i [xWFn.7q 5~q 5] Ref: WB 'crooked, Boas; Hymes classifies the bent'. corresponding Kathlamet stem as a Etym: This appears to be from a pronoun: -x luima 'other, different' Chinookan verb-stem, but the exact (Boas 659; see CT 187.25, 261.16); source remains to be identified; the -x aluita 'different' (Hymes 70; see KT first syllable looks to be from 46.7, 91.11, 156.2). Cf Bay Center CW reflexive x - + relational n- (compare [xWlúy5mW] 'different'.
xa laq7, etym): cf mix n k áyugu (4) 'you (m-) bend it xu mxum [xú m.xUm, xUFm.xUm (U ~o)] (= him, i-)' (CT 107.21), ix n k áyukta Ref: VH, WB 'brains'. 'a crooked one' (CT Etym: From a Chinookan noun: 107.23). Possibly related to - k ik -x úmx um 'brain' <-kik> 'crooked' (verbal stem, Boas (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]), 665). Cf Bay Center CW [xWFn7k i, i -gá-x umx um-ba 'where her brains xWFn7q i] 'crooked'. (were)' (CCT 436). xa wqa7 [xá(4)U.q W7~q wW7, xá(4)U.W7; xw ani • Ref: (Demers), qá(4)U.q W7~q wW7, qá(4)U.W7; há(4)U.wW7, <54FQ"wan54FQ"wan5P> (jph 18.0139 há(4).wW7] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, [Emma Luscier]: given as EJ, CR 'unable to, can't'. Chinookan) 'seagull'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle: Etym: The citation form here is a x áuqa (x ) (KT 36.1), reconstruction based on Demers and (CT 139.26, the following Chinookan forms: 165.16) 'cannot'. Cf Bay Center CW -q níq ni <-qon--qon-> (Boas 598), [háUqa7] 'can't do it'. i-x ánina (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]: for with x$ l$l [xWF.l$l] Ref: JH 1928, WB 'move, written underneath). While the shake, quiver'. Harrington citation from Emma Etym: From a Chinookan verb. Luscier was given as Chinookan (one Judging by Hymes (203), the stem of of Harrington's attempts to get her
304 to re-elicit Chinookan words from <--(ke)sE> 'sharpness' (Boas 599), Curtis's lists), Mrs. Luscier did not i-ia-k isi 'it is sharp' (from speak Chinookan and remembered i-k isi 'sharpness') (Wasco-Wishram mainly Chinookan nouns that she [Hymes slip-files]). also knew as CW. Hence, it is possible that she actually knew this yap7qaw [yá(4)p .7qaU] Ref: VH (mj 37) word as CW. [given as CW translation of Molala 'in-laws through a ya [yW (~yá)] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, deceased linking relative']. EJ, CR 'she/he, his/her; her/him'. Etym: From a Kathlamet or Upper Etym: Jacobs (1932:41-42) terms the Chinook noun: -p qau <E pqau> set of CW formal short-form 'widows and widowers' (KT 49.6), pronouns "basic", deriving ya from i-p qau 'he is a widower', a-p qau Chinookan i- '[masculine] third 'she is a widow', a-iá-p qau 'his person' plus [a]. Sapir (Boas 627) widow' (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes records Wishram ya, yax 'he' slip-files]); cf Lower Chinook -p au (short-form), which suggests that 'a dead brother's wife, a dead CW ya could be directly from husband's brother, a dead father's Chinookan, or more specifically, wife; widow, widow and widower', as from Upper Chinook. Note that in u-iá-p au <y pDz au> 'his dead Clackamas Upper Chinook speakers brother's wife' (CT 41.17: note that were resident at Grand Ronde, while original q changes to [_] in the Lower short forms of pronouns are Chinook form). virtually unknown as CW outside of Grand Ronde. yaqsu [yá(4)q.so; yá(4)k.sU ~so] Ref: JH 1928, WB, CR 'hair'. (4) yaka [yá .k W~gW] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, Etym: From a Chinookan noun: -iá-qšu WB, EJ, CR 's/he, his/her; him/her'. <i qc> 'his hair' (KT 19.3), -q šu Etym: Abbreviated form of the <qE c> 'a hair' (KT 136.10, 137.2), Chinookan independent pronoun á-ia-qšu < yaqc> (CT 61.23, 134.11, iax ka (see yaxk a, etym). Cf Bay 155.1) 'his hair'. Cf Bay Center CW Center CW [yWkW] 'his'. [yáqsU] 'head hair, any hair'. yakwa [yá/k wá(4)] Ref: JH, VH, WB, EJ, yatum [yá(4).tUm] Ref: VH CR 'here, this way'. 'sister-in-law'. Etym: From a Lower Chinook Etym: From a Chinookan noun: particle, classified by Boas as a a-gá-tum 'her demonstrative adverb: yákwa sister-in-law' (KT 155.9), a-n á-tum (demonstrative position near 'our sister-in-law' (CCT 642, note speaker; Boas 621); also: 'here' (Boas Chinookan -iá- 'his ...'. 668, CT 65.21, 65.25, 174.15); iákoa 'there' (CT 235.13). Cf Bay Center CW yawa [yá/wá(4)] Ref: JH 1928, WB, CR [yWkwá] 'here'. 'there, that way'; VH (in yawa-iwa 'yonder, thither'). yak isi7 • Ref: (Bay Center Etym: From a Lower Chinook CW, jph 18.0473), (St. particle, classified by Boas as a Onge) 'sharp', 'sharp, demonstrative adverb: Chinook fine, thin' (Demers). yáwa (demonstrative Etym: From a Chinookan noun: -k isi position near person addressed;
305 Boas 621); also: 'then' (CT bragging' (CT 203.18). Cf Bay Center 127.3). Cf Bay Center CW [yWwá] CW [yUt7 ] 'glad, 'there'. proud', [yUFt7 W7] 'to be happy'. yawa-iwa [yW.wá(4)._5.wW] Ref: VH, WB 'yonder, over there, thither'. yutskat [yú(4)ts.k Wt] Ref: JH 1928, WB, ET Etym: From yawa 'there' + iwa '-way' 'short'. (both from Chinookan particles): Etym: From a Lower Chinook refer to yawa, iwa. inflected stem, classified as verbal by Boas; Hymes classifies the yaxa l • Ref: (Demers), corresponding Kathlamet stem as a (Gibbs) 'name'. noun: yúcqat 'short' (Boas Etym: From a Chinookan noun: 646, 661: parsed as a verb based on i-iá-xaliu> 'its name' (Hymes 128 [KT the stem-form -cqat ); 112.4, 112.13]), i-iá-x al <-y I-q l> 'his k-i-iá-sk tx ax 'short name' (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]). ones' (KT 192.4, parsed in Hymes 127 as a noun based on the stem-form yaxk a [yá(4)x.k W] Ref: VH, WB, LK, CR -sk tx ax ). Cf Bay Center CW [yUFtsk Wt] 's/he, her/his; her/him' (emphasis 'short'. form). _oho_oho [_ F.ho._ .ho] Ref: JH 1928 'to Etym: From the Chinookan cough'. independent pronoun iax ka, used to emphasize or focus attention on a Etym: From an onomatopoeic masculine third-person singular particle; Chinookan for 'cough' is subject, object, or possessor. Cf Bay very similar: (Boas 630), há Center CW [yáxkW] 'he'. (CCT 90) 'to cough'. Cf Bay Center CW [hó_ho_] 'to cough'. yu7qat [yú(4)7.q Wt] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, CR 'long'. _o_ [_ F_] Ref: JH 1928 'to vomit'. Etym: From a Lower Chinook Etym: From an onomatopoeic inflected stem, classified as verbal by particle, perhaps related to the Boas; Hymes classifies the Lower Chinook verb-stem -m a (as in corresponding Kathlamet stem as a na-g -m a( )a 'she noun: yú qat 'it is long' vomited', CT 13.6), corresponding to (Boas 638, 665: parsed as a verb Kathlamet -mqu (as in ig-a-g -mqu-q based on the stem-form - qat 'she vomited', KT ); í-ia- qt <- yaqt> 'long' 101.3 parsed following Hymes 200; (KT 44.11, parsed in Hymes 122 as a Kathlamet [q] corresponds to noun based on the stem-form - qt Chinook [_]).
<-qt>). Cf Bay Center CW [yUFt7kWt] (4) 'long'. _ush_ush [_ú š._Uš, _UFš._Uš; _UFš] Ref: VH, EP, JP 'to sleep'. yut7i7 [yú(4).t757] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ Etym: The alternate form _ush 'proud, stuck-up; glad, happy'. matches a Chinookan verbal particle Etym: From a Chinookan stem used in baby-talk: 'sleep' (as exemplified both as a particle and a in uš i-m-x -u-x 'you go noun: yu l, yu 'proud, to sleep') (Wasco Language Program glad' (particle) (Boas 632, CT 63.13, spellings from Spilyay Tymoo, 93.18), -yu l 'pride' (noun) (Boas official newspaper of the Warm 599), as in i- á-yu l 'be Springs community, April 20, 2000).
306 VH attributed the word to Molala local Salishan ("Chihalis", that is, (mj 51:8-9; see text 9), but this Lower Chehalis). Emma Luscier, surmise is not confirmed by Harrington's principal Bay Center available records of that language. source, gave Lower Chehalis n u p as 'my (paternal or 2 From local Salishan maternal) grandfather' (jph 18.0498); but also, Lower Chehalis ay$xw$l • Ref: < y\ .hw\l > (Bay [ntsW_mí_ts ] 'my Center CW, jph 18.0493), grandfather' (compare Lower (Demers) 'to borrow'. Chehalis mí a 'grandfather' [Snow]), Etym: Gibbs attributes the word to which she contrasted with CW local Salishan ("Chihalis"). [tšup ] (jph 18.0374). Kinkade and Powell (2005) note resemblance chich [tš5 tš; tšWFtš] Ref: JH 1928, VH, EJ, to Upper Chehalis up a CR 'grandmother'. 'grandfather'. Etym: According to Kinkade and il$p [_í(4).l$p] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, CR Powell (2005), Lower Chehalis Salishan í a 'grandmother' is the 'first; ahead'. source. Emma Luscier, Harrington's Etym: From local Salishan: ilp (from principal Bay Center source, insisted _il$Fp-) 'first, in front' (Cowlitz that the proper Lower Chehalis form [Kinkade]). Cf Bay Center CW < 54Flp, has only one syllable - as illustrated í4lp> 'first'.
by Lower Chehalis [ntš5 tš] (4) 'my grandmother' - the two-syllable kanish [ká .n5š~n5s] Ref: Gatschet form [tš5tšW] being CW (jph (1877:58), Eustace Howard (mj 47:7) 18.0374). Demers' dictionary spells 'whale'. the word , Gibbs's . Etym: Although recorded as Kalapuyan, this word is of ultimate chinuk • Ref: (W. C. McKay Salishan origin, and closely matches 1892). the regional CW word for 'whale' Etym: According to Boas (563), this spelled in Gibbs's name goes back to c inúk , dictionary: cf [qWnís] originally a Lower Chehalis name for 'whale' (Salmon River Tillamook the Chinook tribe, whose original [Harrington 1942:n.p.]) .
homeland was on the north bank of (4) the Columbia River near its mouth. kwa7 [kwá 7] Ref: WB, EJ, EP 'aunt'. Cf inúk (Lower Etym: From local Salishan: k a 'aunt' Chehalis [jph 18.0189]) 'Chinook (Lower Chehalis [Kinkade and (people)'; anúk , núk 'Chinook Powell 2005]), k a (from k $F7u_-) (people)', anúk q 'Chinookan 'aunt (mother's or father's sister)' languages; CW' (from 'anúk (Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]). Cf Bay 'Chinook' + =q 'language' [variant of Center CW 'aunt'. =aq , a lexical suffix]), s anúk -qà 'Columbia River' (from 'anúk kwi_im [kw5 /_í(4)m] Ref: VH, EJ, CR, EL 'Chinook' + qá4_ 'water, river'; 'grandchild'. Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]). Etym: According to Boas (1892), the
(4) source is "Chihalish" (Lower chup [tšú p] Ref: JH 1928, EJ, CR Chehalis Salishan). However, the 'grandfather'. word does not appear in Kinkade Etym: Gibbs attributes the word to and Powell's (2005) list of CW words
307 from Lower Chehalis, nor has the [Kinkade]). Cf Bay Center CW [7WFq W7] word been recorded in Cowlitz or <7\QQ a7> 'wide'. Upper Chehalis Salishan. Cf Lower Columbia CW (Boas 1892) 7$k wanu • Ref: (Demers) 'grandchild'. 'earring'.
(4) Etym: From local Salishan: k án k ak a_ [k á .k a_] Ref: JH 1928 'crow'. 'earring', k á n u 'earrings' Etym: From a local Salishan noun: (Lower Chehalis [Snow]); 7$Fk - s-k á k a (from k á4k a_-; Cowlitz 'strike, peck', =an 'ear' [lexical [Kinkade]), k a4- (Upper Chehalis suffix] (Cowlitz [Kinkade]). [Kinkade]) 'crow'. 7iqaya [75.q_á(4).yW] Ref: EJ 'snail'. k winin [k w5 .n5n] Ref: VH, WB, EJ 'to Etym: Apparently from local count, enumerate'. Salishan, though not recorded as Etym: From local Salishan: k n-n such in the usual sources: cf 7iq i- (transitive: from k $Fna- 'count'; (stem-form: Cowlitz [Kinkade], Cowlitz [Kinkade]), k an- n Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]) 'slide, (transitive: from k $Fn- 'count'; slip'. Kinkade also records a lexical Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]). Cf Bay suffix, =ayu , used to form names of Center CW [q wWnWFn] animals in both languages (as in 'to count'. Cowlitz sík l=ayu 'snake'). Evidently, the CW goes back to an unrecorded k wish$n [k w5 F.š$n, k w&F.š$n; k wWF.š$n] local Salishan noun referring to an Ref: CR, EP 'to toast (food)'. animal that moves by Etym: Probably from local Salishan, slipping/sliding.
although we find no record in the (4) (4) usual local sources of a form maq [má q_, má q ] Ref: CR 'gulp down'. suggesting it. But note the following Etym: The source appears to be a forms from Salishan languages to local Salishan stem-form, possibly the north: Lushootseed k ása-d 'she borrowed into Chinookan as a roasted them', k ás- d 'heat it up; particle (cf m$km$k, etym): m$q - barbecue it' (from k as(a)) (Bates, (Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]), Hess, Hilbert 1994:127); Saanich m$q a- (Cowlitz [Kinkade]) sk wes 'toast (something)' 'swallow'. (Montler 1991:82). m$km$k [mWFk.mWk, mWF.k$.mWk; 7ak w$n [7á(4).k wWn] Ref: JH 1928 'to má(4)q_.maq_] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, wipe'. WB, CR 'to eat; food'. Etym: From local Salishan: ak Etym: The source appears to be a 'wipe' (Lower Chehalis [Snow]); the Salishan verb, possibly borrowed CW form is presumably derived from into Chinookan as a particle: mák - a Salishan form with the transitive 'put into one's mouth' (Cowlitz suffix -n. Cf Bay Center CW [7WFk wWn, [Kinkade]), mák a- 'put into a 7áq wWn] <7\kk wan, 7 F4Q wan> 'wipe person's mouth, taste' (Upper it off; to wipe (dishes or anything)'. Chehalis [Kinkade]); m q m q -t-n (transitive: from m$q -) 'swallow 7aq a7 [7WF.q W7] Ref: JH 1928 'flat, wide'. repeatedly' (Upper Chehalis Etym: From local Salishan: q - [Kinkade]). Compare the alternate (intransitive: from 7$q - 'wide'; CW form maq maq and the Cowlitz [Kinkade], Upper Chehalis Wasco-Wishram verbal particle
308 má maq 'gulping down' (Hymes Chehalis place-names (Kinkade). slip-files). Cf Bay Center CW With an appropriate lexical suffix [mákWmWk] 'to eat'. (Kinkade and Powell speculate, one derived from Proto-Salish *=ucin m$q$s$n • Ref: 'mouth, edge'), a related element in (Demers) 'jib boom'; some local Salishan language (most (Lionnet 13), (Pinart in likely Lower Chehalis) could have Grant 1951:283) 'chin'. given rise to such a CW form. Other Etym: The historical spellings local Salishan elements also seem suggest local Salishan for 'nose': suggestive: for example, the Upper m qsn ( m$qs$Fn-; Cowlitz [Kinkade], Chehalis element núw- 'bottom, Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]), m qs end' and the Upper Chehalis lexical (Lower Chehalis [Snow]) 'nose'. On suffix = i 'water, river' (Kinkade).
the other hand, Chinookan for 'chin' (4) may have been similar in form: palaks [p á .lWks] Ref: JH 1928, WB <-meq[..]in> 'chin', <kúmeqa[..]in> 'penis'. 'my chin', <b--beqa[..]in [b~m]> Etym: A word of identical meaning 'thy chin' (Clatsop [Hymes à la Boas]: but imperfectly matching form has marginally legible); cf id-m qšu been recorded as local Salishan: 'face-hair' (Wishram s-p lq, s-p láyqa (from p$Flq-) 'penis' [Sapir in Boas 640]), a-ia-mlq tan 'his (Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]); cf also cheek (human or salmon)', p$l $Fk - 'pierce' (Cowlitz id-mlq tan-kš 'cheeks' [Kinkade]). (Wasco-Wishram [Fowler and French 1982:21]), <g-moku-> 'my p i7i7 [p 5 .757; p5 .757] Ref: WB, EL, EP flesh under chin' (CT 149.14), 'thick; insensitive'. <-m-ku-> 'throat' (Boas 601). Etym: The source appears to be local
(4) Salishan, although the derivation is musum [mú .sUm] Ref: JH 1928, VH, problematic. Kinkade's Upper WB, CR 'to sleep'. Chehalis dictionary shows p - Etym: From a local Salishan verb (from p$F7-) 'thick', but p il- (from with "middle voice" suffix -m: mús-m p il-) 'very thin'. In Bay Center CW, (from músa-; Cowlitz [Kinkade]), p ixwati • (a Chinookan derived m ús-m (from m ús-; Upper word) is 'thin', while [pWF757] (cf the Upper Chehalis form (Lower Chehalis [Snow]) 'sleep, above) is 'thick'. The form p i7i7 is asleep'. Cf Bay Center CW cited from WB (vs the alternate form 'to sleep'. pi7i7, from EP), and could have been influenced by Chinookan consonant nuch • Ref: (Bay Center CW, symbolism from his Clackamas jph 18.0451) 'way out' (in the water: family circle; it is also just possible opposite of on shore); that his form was influenced by a (Gibbs) 'off shore, on the stream; Molala word for 'skin', given by VH sea-beach'. (a Clackamas-Molala member of the Etym: Derivation obscure, but likely same family circle) as [p 5 7] (mj to be from local Salishan. Citing 37). Cf Bay Center CW [pWF757, pWF7$7] Gibbs's spelling, Kinkade and Powell 'thick'. (2005) call attention to the Upper Chehalis element náwa- 'old, big', p is • Ref: (Demers) 'soul, recorded in a number of Upper breath, life' ( evidently for [p ]).
309 Etym: Evidently from local Salishan: The Salishan etymology thereby s-p ís 'soul' (Lower Chehalis [Kinkade implied for the CW word is 1991:103]). problematic, however; Kinkade does not show clear cognates of Lower p i_ns [p 5 _.n$s, p_í (4)ns; p 5 n.5š~5s] Ref: Chehalis q l p in either Upper VH, CR, EP 'bake in ashes'. Chehalis or Cowlitz. Cf Demers Etym: Apparently from local 'to sink', 'deep, Salishan: cf Cowlitz p $n c-, abrupt', 'sunset', Gibbs occurring in an incompletely 'deep, sunken'. With analyzed expression cited by reference to Gibbs's spelling, Kinkade ( acp n c tani tit qáwm Kinkade and Powell (2005) cite Local 'prepared camas': qáwm 'camas'); cf Salishan p 'deep', which we (?) Upper Chehalis p n=stq 'by the associate with t 7ip 'go in, sink'. fire' (from p $Fn- 'near, beside'; Gibbs and the other compilers of Kinkade). Cf Bay Center CW [p Wn_s] English-orthography "Chinook" 'to roast'. dictionaries used to spell a number of sounds that are clearly p ux$ n [p ú (4).x$n, p ó (4).x$n; p ú (4).xw$n; distinct from an indigenous point of pú (4).xw$n, pó (4).xw$n] Ref: JH 1928, view, notably [t7 ], [t7], and [7]; [q l] WB, EP 'to blow; swollen'. would also be so written. Note that Etym: From local Salishan: púx -n the forms cited from Demers all (transitive: from púx i- 'blow': cf show , except in one alternate forms) (Upper Chehalis, instance, the latter evidently meant Cowlitz [Kinkade]). Cf Bay Center CW to suggest the glottalized affricate 'to blow out'. [t7 ] ( ) (compare CW t 7ip-san 'sunset'). Two words of originally p u_ [p UF_, p ó_] Ref: WB 'fart'. different form but similar meaning appear to be at issue Etym: From local Salishan: p ó_ here - conflation of meaning in some (Cowlitz [Kinkade]), p ó , pó (from cases leading to confusions of form. pó4_-; Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]) 'fart'. q ayax [q á(4).yWx] Ref: JH 1928 'guts, entrails'. qawaq • Ref: (Bay Center CW [Emma Luscier], jph 18.0398), Etym: From local Salishan: q yx (Lionnet, St. Onge) 'to fly'. (from q $yáx-; Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]), q íyx (from q iyáx-; Etym: Lower Chehalis for 'to fly' is Cowlitz [Kinkade]) 'guts, intestines'. the same, as noted by Emma Luscier Cf Bay Center CW [q WF5_yWx] (reference above) and as recorded 'guts'. elsewhere: qáw q 'to fly' (Snow). However, no obviously related forms q eyt • Ref: (Demers) are noted from other local Salishan 'fishing-line'. languages, and Kinkade and Powell Etym: From local Salishan: q ét (2005) do not include this item in 'fish-line, fish-hook' (from q it - 'go their list of CW words with Salishan fishing'; Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]). etymologies. q $lax [q WF/lá(4)x] Ref: JH 1928, LK q al$p • Ref: (Bay Center CW [Emma Luscier], jph 18.0260) 'deep'. (Tualatin: Berman slip-files), JH (Jacobs 1945:279, 325), EJ 'fence, Etym: Mrs. Luscier also gives q l p fence rails; corral'. as Lower Chehalis for 'deep'.
310 Etym: From local Salishan Etym: From a local Salishan noun: cf (specifically, Lower Chehalis): q láx s-k (from k $F'-) 'vagina [vulgar (Lower Chehalis form]' (Kinkade). [Czaykowska-Higgins 2003]), q $láxan (Upper Chehalis sl$hal [slW.há(4)l] Ref: ET 'bone game'. [Kinkade]), q láx n (from q $láxan-; Etym: From a Salishan noun: sl hál Cowlitz [Kinkade]) ‘fence’. Cf Bay (from l$hál) 'bone game' Center CW [q Wláx, k Wláx] 'fence'. Harrington's principal Bay Center
(4) (4) informant, Emma Luscier, gave 1) q oka [q F .k W; q F .k W] Ref: EP, MM 'to [í7WkUm] < 5 7akUm > as CW, [slWhál] choke'. as Lower Chehalis Etym: The source appears to be a Salishan; but also, 2) as CW, local Salishan stem-form, possibly [5 _57WkUm] < 5 57akUEm > as Lower borrowed into Chinookan as a Chehalis. Both words are in regional particle: q$Fqa- (Cowlitz [Kinkade]), CW as 'bone game'; sl$hal shows the q$Fq- (Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]) Salishan nominal prefix s-, while 'choke, stick in the throat'. i7ukuma shows the Chinookan masculine singular prefix i-. q w$lan [q wWF/lá(4)n] Ref: JH, WB, EJ, CR 'ear; hear'. smit aq s • Ref: "locally Etym: From local Salishan: q lán called quóhog [sic]" (Bay Center CW 'ear' (Lower Chehalis [Snow]), [Emma Luscier], jph 18.0465); q alán (from q al- + =an [variant "the large clam of =an i-, lexical suffix referring to (Lutraria)" (Gibbs: a word "used ears]; Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]), only at the mouth of the Columbia q alán (from q alaní_-) 'ear' river"). (Cowlitz [Kinkade]); k álan- 'hear Etym: Emma Luscier, Harrington's about' (Upper Chehalis, Cowlitz main Bay Center source, observed [Kinkade]). Cf Bay Center CW that the Lower Chehalis term is [q wWlán] 'ear'. identical, agreeing with Gibbs's information that the CW is from a sic hum [s5 .tš Um] Ref: JH 1928 'to "Chihalis" word. s- suggests a swim'. Salishan nominal prefix; beyond Etym: From a local Salishan verb that, however, recorded Upper with "middle voice" suffiix -m: Chehalis and Cowlitz terms for s m (Lower Chehalis [Kinkade and shellfish species offer no obvious Powell 2005]), sa - m (from s$' -; matches. Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]) 'swim'. Cf shwiqiq [šw5.qé(4)q; šwW.ké(4)k, Bay Center CW [šitš WFm] 'to (4) swim'. šwW.ká 5k] Ref: JH 1928, EJ, JP 'frog'. Etym: From a local Salishan noun: skal$m$n • Ref: (Demers) swaq íq (Lower Chehalis [Kinkade 'sea-otter'. and Powell 2005]), s-w q íq (from Etym: From a local Salishan noun: w$q íq -) Upper Chehalis s-kalmn (from kalmn-) 'river otter' [Kinkade]), šwaq íq (from waq íq -; (Cowlitz [Kinkade]). Cowlitz [Kinkade]) 'frog'.
(4) (4) skwich [skw5 tš, skw5 ts] Ref: JH 1928, tatis [t W.t í s; t&F/tí s] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB 'vagina'. WB, EJ, CR 'flower; pretty thing'.
311 Etym: A word of matching CW) 'to patch (e.g., a canoe or form/meaning has been recorded as clothes)’, (St. Onge) 'a Tillamook Salishan: dadís, da dís patch', (Gibbs) (diminutive of dís 'blossom, 'a needle'. flower') 'blossom, bloom' Etym: Evidently from local Salishan, (Thompson and Thompson). though available comparisons leave Assuming that another local the exact derivation uncertain: Salishan source is unlikely, this is t lp-š-n 'patch it' (transitive: from one of the few unambiguous t $l$Fp- 'put around, put on, hook examples of a Tillamook-derived on'; Upper Chehalis, Cowlitz word in Grand Ronde community [Kinkade]); t á -n (transitive: from CW. t á' i- 'sew'; Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]). t$qsin [tWFq.s5n] Ref: JH 1928 'to follow, pursue'. t u_an [t ú(4)._Wn; t ú(4)_.wWn] Ref: JH Etym: Apparently from a local 1928/1932, VH, WB 'to have, keep'. Salishan form with the transitive Etym: From local Salishan: t ó -n suffix -n. Cf Lower Columbia CW (transitive: from t ó_i- 'put away, [t$Fks_n] 'to pursue' (Boas store'; Upper Chehalis [Kinkade], 1892). Cowlitz [Kinkade]).
(4) t amulch [t á/mú ltš; t $.mUFlš] Ref: VH, t 7$mxw$n [t7 WFm.xw$n] Ref: WB, CR 'to WB, LK 'barrel, tub'. prick, stick, stab'. Etym: From local Salishan: t am úl t Etym: From local Salishan: mx -n 'barrel' (Lower Chehalis [Kinkade (transitive: from L $m$Fx- 'stick an and Powell 2005]). Cf Bay Center CW object into, spear, throw a spear'; [t WmUF_UlWtš] 'bucket'. Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]), am x -n (transitive: from L $m$Fx- 'poke'; t an$m • Ref: (Bay Center Cowlitz [Kinkade]). Cf Bay Center CW CW), (Gibbs) 'to [t7 Wm$xWn] 'to stab'. measure', (St. Onge) 'a measure'. t s$q$n [ts W.FqWn; tš WF.qWn; ts5 .q 5n] Ref: Etym: From local Salishan: t án-m JH 1928, WB, EJ 'to kick'. ("middle-voice": from t ánimi- Etym: From local Salishan: c qy n 'measure'), t ánm 'a line' (also listed 'kick' (Lower Chehalis [Kinkade and under t ánimi; Upper Chehalis Powell 2005]), caqíy n (transitive: [Kinkade]); also note: Lower Chehalis from c$qíy - 'kick'; Cowlitz 'clock' (jph 18.0354), [Kinkade]), c q y-n (transitive: from 'moon' (jph 17.0093), c$q$yí- 'kick'; Upper Chehalis t n ím 'moon' (Snow). [Kinkade]); cf c q -n (transitive: from
(4) c $q - 'push in, press down'; Cowlitz t aqwin [t á .qw5n] Ref: JH 1928 'to [Kinkade]). Bay Center CW [tsWFq$y5n] lick'. 'to kick'. Etym: From local Salishan: t a q 'lick' (Lower Chehalis [Snow]); t sikw$n [ts í(4).kw$n] Ref: WB, EP, JP 'to t áq -n (transitive: from t áq a- pinch, scratch'. 'lick'; Upper Chehalis [Kinkade], Etym: From local Salishan: c ík -n Cowlitz [Kinkade]). 'pinch' (transitive: from c ík -; Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]). t $pshin • Ref: (Bay Center
312 Etym: From local Salishan. Mrs. Etym: From Local Salishan: x úq -m Luscier observed that the CW word (detransitive: from x úq i- is also Lower Chehalis; and indeed, 'gather'; Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]). terms of like form and meaning were widely known among speakers yaxa n • Ref: <ïahan [sic]> (Demers 58: of local Coast Salish languages: St. Onge's personal copy of Demers Upper Chehalis c iátk 'Stick shows hand-written correction to Indian, Sasquatch', Cowlitz ' iátk u ), V (St. Onge) 'to 'Stick Indians' (Kinkade); judge'. Lushootseed c yátk u (an Etym: From local Salishan: yax - n unidentified group of "vicious, wild (transitive: from y$Fx- 'make a people"), c yák u "some kind of choice, pick out, sort'; Upper monster" (Bates, Hess, Hilbert). Chehalis [Kinkade]), y x -n (transitive: from y$Fx- 'sort, make a xa xa _ • Ref: (St. Onge) choice') (Cowlitz [Kinkade]). 'wonder'. Etym: Apparently from local ya_im [yá(4)._5m; yá(4)_.yUm] Ref: JH 1932, Salishan: x ax á 'sacred, taboo, VH, WB, EJ, MM 'to tell, narrate; forbidden' (from xaxá_i-; Upper telling, narration'. Chehalis [Kinkade]). Cf Kathlamet Etym: From a local Salishan verb x áx a 'to notice' (verbal particle, KT with "middle-voice" suffix -m: 34.11), Wasco-Wishram x, x 'to yáy ay m 'tell (news) (Lower transform (into), create' (verbal Chehalis [Kinkade and Powell 2005]), particle; Hymes slip-files, Dyk 125). yá y-m (from yá4ya- 'tell something'; Upper Chehalis xi l$m$7 • Ref: (Bay [Kinkade]); cf yáy-n (transitive: from Center CW, jph 18.0386: jph notes yáy- 'tell, tell on') (Cowlitz that <é4> is "almost 5 ") 'work', [Kinkade]). Cf Bay Center CW (lower Columbia River [yWF_WyWm] 'to tell'. CW, Boas 1892) 'to make'. Etym: From local Salishan: x m ye_lan [y&F_/lá(4)n] Ref: JH 1928 'help, 'work, do' (Lower Chehalis [Snow]); assistance'. x lm- (intransitive: from Etym: From local Salishan: yelá n x$l$Fmi-~x$l$Fma- 'ready'; Upper 'help' (Lower Chehalis [Kinkade and Chehalis [Kinkade]). Powell 2005]); cf (?) s-yal m 'hired
(4) help' (from yal$Fm- 'hire'; Upper xu q$n [xú .q$n] Ref: VH 'pick out, Chehalis [Kinkade]). Cf Bay Center gather up'. CW [y5lWF_Wn] 'help Etym: From local Salishan: x úq n (noun)'. 'gather together' (Lower Chehalis [Kinkade and Powell 2005]), x úq -n y$n$s • Ref: (Demers) 'teeth'. (transitive: from x úq i- 'gather'; Etym: From local Salishan: y ns Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]). Cf Bay 'tooth, teeth' (from y$nís-; Upper Center CW [xó_qwWn] Chehalis [Kinkade], Cowlitz 'pick it up' ("e.g. from the floor"). [Kinkade]). xu qum$7 • Ref: , _aptsit • Ref: 'rudder' (Lionnet) 'to heap up, (Demers). to gather', (St. Onge) Etym: From local Salishan: apcit 'gather'. 'front, stern' (Lower Chehalis
313 [Czaykowska-Higgins 2003]), ápct, Etym: From an interrogative particle s- ápct 'stern of a canoe, front seat of shared by Chinookan and local a car' (from _ápcat-; Upper Salishan: na '?' (CT 145.4, 37.8; Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]). Chehalis [Kinkade], Cowlitz [Kinkade]). Cf Demers '?' (not entered in the 3 From Chinookan and/or local dictionary, but frequently appearing Salishan in the catechism: examples in texts 31.Q12, .Q14; 32.12). c h$t 7$xw • Ref: Chet--lo, Jet--lo (Gibbs), (Bay Center q$st$kw • Ref: 'baume' form, jph 17.0262; the language (Pinart in Grant 1951:286), isn't identified, and may be CW or 'balsam' (Demers). Lower Chehalis) 'oyster'. Etym: The form and meaning of this Etym: From a noun recorded both as obscure CW word suggest words for Lower Chinook and as local Salishan: 'mint, peppermint' recorded both i-c x <-ts etlq> 'oyster' (Clatsop from Chinookan and local Salishan: [Hymes pace Boas]), x (Lower Upper Chehalis q$Fstk 'mint, wild Chehalis [Snow]). peppermint' (Kinkade), Upper Chinook i-q štik 'peppermint, k wik wiyans • Ref: peppermint leaf' (Clackamas [mj (Bay Center CW, jph 18.0416) slip-files], Wasco Wishram [Hymes 'needle'; slip-files]). Note also Canadian (Demers) 'pin'. French "li boum", "Le baume Etym: Compare local Salishan sauvage" (corresponding to Michif k ík i- 'sticking in' (Upper Cree li boum, liboum savæzh; Chehalis [Kinkade]), k ík - 'stick compare Pinart above) 'wild mint, into' (Cowlitz [Kinkade]), peppermint' (Fleury and Barkwell 5).
k ík iyan st 'straight pin' (Lower (4) Chehalis [Snow]). The immediate q al$s [q á .lWs~l5s] Ref: EJ 'raccoon'. source of the CW is in some doubt, Etym: From a Chinookan noun however, because a very similar shared with local Salishan: i-q alás form is also on record as a <-qoalás> (Boas 598), i-q álal š (WT Chinookan noun: a-k ik iyáns 'a 152); q áls (from q álas-; Upper pin' (Clackamas [mj slip-files]). Not Chehalis [Kinkade]), q á4l s included in Kinkade and Powell's (Cowlitz [Kinkade]) 'raccoon'. (2005) list of Salishan etymologies. q ay_wa [q á(4)5_.wW; q á(4).yU.wW] Ref: JH liplip [l5 p.l5p; lWFp.lWp] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'twisted, 1928/1932, CR 'to boil, boiling'. crooked; dishonest'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle also Etym: A near-matching stem-form is recorded as a local Salishan on record from local Salishan: stem-form: l p 'to boil' (Boas q yw-n (transitive: from q $Fyw- 631), láplap 'bubbling' (CCT 148); 'crooked'; Upper Chehalis l pl p-n (transitive: from l$Fp- 'boil'; [Kinkade]). Cf also Chinookan -q aya Cowlitz [Kinkade]), l$p- 'boil, 'squeeze' (verb-stem), as in bubble' (Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]). qa-i-a-x -au-i-q aya-(a)k a-x Cf Bay Center CW [lWFp$lWp] 'to boil'. '[tense-he?-her?-reflexive-them-to- Stem -about-usitative] he squeezed na [na] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH '?'. himself through it' (apparently: he
314 squeezed himself through her about 'sunset'. them) (KT 32.1, parsed following Hymes 186). t sikt sik [ts 5 k.ts( )5k; tš 5 k.tš( )5k; ts5 k.ts5k, tš5 k.tš5k] Ref: JH 1928, JH tat [tá(4)t; tá(4)t a] Ref: JH 1928, VH (Jacobs 1945:297, 315, 318), WB, EJ 'uncle'. 'wagon'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun and Etym: From a Chinookan noun address-form shared with local shared with local Salishan: i-c íkc ik Salishan: táta 'uncle!' (address-form) 'wagon' (Clatsop (CT 9.7), i-iá-tata 'his maternal uncle' [Hymes pace Boas]; marginally (Boas 607), tat 'uncle' (Lower legible), c íkc ik 'wagon' (from c ik- Chehalis [Snow]). Cf Bay Center CW 'squeak'; Cowlitz [Kinkade]). Some of '(maternal or paternal) uncle'. the phonetic variation recorded for the Chinook Wawa word may trace t 7$xw t 7$xw • Ref: ultimately to Chinookan consonant (Gibbs) 'oyster'. symbolism, as in the following Etym: Widely recorded for 'oyster' in Wishram series (Sapir in Boas 640): Coast Salish languages: Lushootseed i-cíkcik 'wagon', contrasting with úx ux ; Saanich, Samish, Upper is-c ikcik 'buggy' and i-djíkdjik 'heavy Chehalis x x (Montler 1991:11, truck'. However, the Chinookan Galloway 1990:68, Kinkade and nuanced meanings illustrated are Powell 2005). Apparently shared entirely lost in CW. Cf Bay Center CW with Chinookan: Chinook <--xox> 'wagon, (Boas 598), Kathlamet (KT wheel'. 214.7) 'oyster'. t siqwa_ [ts í(4).qwW_] Ref: JH 1928 t 7i7 [t7 5 7] Ref: JH 1928 'bitter'. 'piss-ant'. Etym: From a stem-form shared by Etym: A matching Upper Chinook Chinookan and local Salishan: í- noun is on record: a- íqwa 'ant' <--> 'bitterness' (a noun) (Boas (Clackamas [mj 52:29]). But note 600), L $F7 'bitter, sour' (Upper also the resemblance to local Chehalis [Kinkade]). Cf Bay Center Salishan for 'step on' (): c íq -n CW [t7 W7] 'bitter'. (transitive: from c iq a- 'step on'; Cowlitz, Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]). t 7ip [t7 5 p] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB (4) (4) 'penetrate, go in, sink'. ulq [_ú lq ; _ó l.q &] Ref: JH 1928, VH 'snake'. Etym: From a Chinookan particle; or perhaps more accurately, a particle Etym: This word suggests the same shared by Chinookan and local Chinookan particle/verb-stem that Salishan: l p <lEp> (Boas 631), is the source of loqa 'swallow'; the lap <lap> (KT 115.2) 'under CW form is also identically a word water'; cf local Salishan L $Fp 'deep' for 'snake' in local Salishan: ulq (Lower Chehalis [Kinkade and 'snake' (Lower Chehalis [Snow]); cf Powell 2005], Upper Chehalis Chinookan -wulq , variant of -lq [Kinkade], Cowlitz [Kinkade]). Lower 'swallow' (as in a-n- -u-wúlq -am-a Chehalis q l p 'deep' is the source of 'I will eat them', KT a Bay Center CW word of similar 121.10: parsed following Hymes 265). meaning: q al$p • 'deep'. Cf Demers Cf Bay Center CW [_UFlWq ] < UF4l. aQ > 'to sink', 'deep, 'snake'. abrupt', (for t 7ip-san)
315 uma_ [_ú(4).mW_] Ref: VH 'to give food lower Columbia recorded to, feed'. similar-looking Nootka Jargon forms Etym: This word suggests stem-forms (Clark 2005), strongly suggesting recorded both as local Salishan and that the CW really does go back to a as Chinookan; the immediate source Nootkan original. Cf Bay Center CW may have been a related particle or [tš5 kWm5n] 'money, imperative, most likely from local iron'.
Salishan. Boas (1892) cites < ma> 'to (4) give food' as Lower Columbia CW, haykwa [há 5.kwW] Ref: JH 1928, LK, EP attributing the word to "Chihalish" 'dentalium shells'. (Lower Chehalis): cf úm-la 'feed it' Etym: From Nootka Jargon haihwa (from _um- 'feed'; Cowlitz (Clark 2005): cf Ditidaht Nootkan [Kinkade]), úm-n 'give food to, feed' iix a 'dentalium shell' (Powell 9). Cf (transitive: from _úmal- 'give'; Bay Center CW [há5kwW] Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]); cf also 'dentalia'. Chinookan - im 'feed', as in n-a-l- im-a '[I-her-to- Stem -future] I hayu [há/yú(4)] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, will feed her' (Boas 619), í-l- im WB, EJ, CR 'many, much'. <- l -m> '[him-to-give] give him Etym: From Nootka Jargon hayú food' (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]). 'many, much' (Clark 2005): cf Nootka Nootkan ayu '10' (Powell 217), aya 4 From Nootka Jargon 'to be lots' (Powell 149); Makah
(4) (4) (4) Nootkan x ayu [word for '10' used in chaku [tšá .k U~gU, tšá .k o~go; tšá .gwW] songs] (Pascua 2001). Cf Bay Center Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR, ID CW 'lots'. 'come, approach, arrive; bring about'. huyhuy [hú(4)5.hU5] Ref: JH 1928, ET Etym: From Nootka Jargon 'exchange, barter'. chukwá- 'come (here)' (Clark 2005: Etym: The source appears to be a Clark notes that the word is "a little Nootkan word, introduced to the unclear" in his sources). Cf Nootka lower Columbia in distorted form by Nootkan uk a 'come' (imperative the late-eighteenth and particle) (Sapir and Swadesh 280); early-nineteenth century Makah Nootkan šu uk, šu uk a English-speaking seafaring traders: 'come here!' (Pascua 2001). Cf Bay a uyi, aa uy 'to trade, barter, Center CW [tšákU] 'come swap' (Nootka [Powell 174]). Cf Bay here'. Center CW 'to trade'. chik$min [tš5 .k$.m5n] Ref: JH 1928, kaksh$t [k á(4)k.š$t] Ref: JH 1936, WB, EJ, WB, EJ, CR 'metal; coin, money'. CR 'beat, whip, damage, destroy'. Etym: The source appears to be a Etym: From Nootka Jargon Nootkan word: cikimin 'iron' (Powell kwat-shitl 'break', ka(t)shitl 'kill' 107-108, Sapir and Swadesh 303), (Clark 2005): cf Nootka Nootkan cikipq- 'to strike with iron' (Sapir and k a i , k a i 'to break or snap in Swadesh 303). According to Sapir two' (Powell 103-104), qa -ši 'to die' and Swadesh, these Nootkan forms (Powell 91-92); Makah Nootkan are actually based on a borrowing qax -ši 'to die' (Pasqua 2001). Cf Bay from CW. However, the early Center CW [kákšWt] "to hit seafaring traders responsible for or lick a person". introducing Nootkan words to the
316 k$mt$ks [k WFm.dWks; kWFm.t Wks] Ref: JH 'trade' (Clark 2005): cf Nootka 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'know, Nootkan ma kuk 'to buy' (Powell understand, remember; perceive, 174), 'trading, buying, selling' (Sapir hear, listen'. and Swadesh 264). Cf Bay Center CW Etym: From Nootka Jargon kamataks 'to buy'.
'understand' (Clark 2005): cf Nootka (4) Nootkan kamat 'known, definite' mamuk [má .mUk, mWF.mUk] Ref: JH (Sapir and Swadesh 284), Makah 1928, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'to do, make, Nootkan kabat ap 'to know a fact' work; to bring about, cause; to (Pascua 2001); Clark proposes -ak-s fornicate; day (of the week)'. (durative 1 sg) as the original Nootka Etym: From Nootka Jargon mamúk suffix, Silverstein (1996:128) -a 'work' (Clark 2005): cf Nootka (irrealis). Cf Bay Center CW Nootkan mamu k 'working' (Sapir [kWFmtWks] 'to know'. and Swadesh 264); Makah Nootkan babuyak 'working' (Pascua 2001; 7atwa [7á(4).dwW; 7á(4).t U.wW~dU.wW, Nootka [m] corresponds to [b] in 7á(4).t o.wW~do.wW; 7á(4).t U~t o, 7á(4).dU~do] Makah). Cf Bay Center CW Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'go'. 'to make'.
Etym: From Nootka Jargon klatawa (4) 'go away' (Clark 2005): cf Nootka mawich [má U.w5tš] Ref: JH 1928, VH, Nootkan atw a 'to paddle' (Powell EJ, JP, EP 'deer'. 165), Makah Nootkan ata wa ak 'a Etym: From Nootka Jargon mowich paddle' (Pascua 2001). Cf Bay Center 'deer': cf Nootka Nootkan muwa CW [7átWwW, 7átUwW] <7 F4tawa, (Powell 27-28), Ditidaht Nootkan 7 G4tUwa> 'go, travel'. buwa (Powell 27) 'deer'. Cf Bay Center CW 'deer'. 7uchm$n [7UFtš.m$n] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'woman, female'. munk [mUF·k; mWF·k] Ref: JH 1928/1932, Etym: From Nootka Jargon klutsma VH, WB, EJ, CR 'to make, do, use as, 'woman' (Clark 2005): cf Nootka work with or around'. Nootkan u cma 'woman' (Powell Etym: Derived from mamuk 'do, 111). Terminal -n in the CW form make, work; fornicate' (originally may be by analogy with English from Nootka Jargon mamúk 'work'). "woman". Cf Bay Center CW It is possible that the switch to [7útšWm5n] <7ú4tNam5n> 'woman'. munk was originally motivated by desire to avoid the taboo meaning 7ush [7ú(4)š] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, 'fornicate'; compare mamunk, EJ, CR 'good'. recorded as a "polite" Etym: From Nootka Jargon klush (taboo-meaning excluding) alternate 'good, pretty' (Clark 2005): cf Nootka of mamuk. The form munk has been Nootkan u 'pretty, handsome', recorded consistently only from u - 'good' (stem-form) (Powell 97, Grand Ronde community speakers, 98, 183); Makah Nootkan u u 'good, for whom it has largely replaced clean', u - (stem-form) (Pascua regional mamuk.
2001). Cf Bay Center CW [7uš] <7û4N, (4) (4) (4) 7UF4N> 'good'. nanich [ná .n5tš; ná ntš, ná nš] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'to see, makuk [má(4).k Uk] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ, look, observe'. CR 'to buy, pay for'. Etym: From Nootka Jargon Etym: From Nootka Jargon makúk nananich(i) 'look, see' (Clark 2005):
317 cf Nootka Nootkan n an a n i , Etym: From Nootka Jargon taná(s) n an a 'looking (at something)' 'child, little' (Clark 2005): cf Nootka (Powell 171). Cf Bay Center CW Nootkan t an e is, t an a is 'child' [nán5tš] 'to see'. (Powell 111-112). The same Nootkan word is the original source of tunus, palach [p á(4).lWtš, p WF.lWtš; p á(4).7Wtš; p á(4)lš] t$n$s- 'small', which in Grand Ronde Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'to give'. CW if not elsewhere is a word Etym: The source has been identified independent of 'child'. Cf Bay Center (by Clark 2005 and others) as CW [tWnás] 'little'. Nootkan p a- i 'give t$n$s- [t WnWs, t UnUs, t $n$s; t ú/nú(4)s, away-[momentaneous]', which is (4) (4) reasonably close to Clark's t UFnUs; t$ní s, t$n&F s] Ref: JH, VH, WB, reconstructed Nootka Jargon for EJ, CR 'small'. 'give': pachitl. If the latter form or Etym: From Nootka Jargon taná(s) something like it was indeed the 'child, little' (Clark 2005): cf Nootka source of the CW word, it underwent Nootkan t an e is, t an a is 'child' further distortion for reasons (Powell 111-112). The same Nootkan unknown. Cf Bay Center CW [pá7Wtš] word is the original source of t$nas 'to give'. 'child', which in Grand Ronde CW if not elsewhere has become a word pishak [p5 /šá(4)k_] Ref: JH 1928, WB independent of 'small'. Cf Bay Center 'bad (rough, brushy) place; CW [tWnas-, tánas-] unsettling'. 'little'.
Etym: From Nootka Jargon pishak (4) (4) (Clark 2005): cf Nootka Nootkan p išaq wik [w5 k, wí k; wé k] Ref: JH 'bad, wicked, immoral, ugly' (Powell 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'no, not'. 97-98), p išx ak 'rough, dirty' (Sapir Etym: From Nootka Jargon wik (Clark and Swadesh 263), Makah Nootkan 2005): cf Nootka Nootkan wik 'not, p išek 'oh rats' (interjection) (Pascua nothing' (Sapir and Swadesh 259), 2001). Makah Nootkan wiki, wik- 'no, not, be not' (Pasqua 2001). Cf Bay Center saya [sá/yá(4), sá(4).yW] Ref: JH 1928/1932, CW 'no'. VH, WB, EJ 'away, far'. Etym: From Nootka Jargon saya 5 From other indigenous sources
(Clark 2005): cf Nootka Nootkan saya (4) 'distant, far off' (Powell 119-120). Cf ampkwa [_á mp.k wW, _WFmp.k wW] Ref: Bay Center CW [sWyá] 'far WB, EJ 'Umpquas'. away'. Etym: Ultimately from a k a, a Tututni Athapaskan name applied to tayi [t á/yí(4)] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ, the Umpquas (HNAI7:586). The CR 'chief, boss; best, excellent'. Chinuk Wawa form of the name was Etym: From Nootka Jargon tayi(s) shared generally by speakers of (Clark 2005): cf Nootka Nootkan ta yi Northwest Oregon languages.
'oldest son' (Powell 111-112), 'older (4) brother, senior' (Sapir and Swadesh antiye7 [_á n.t5.y&7] Ref: Johnny Allen 267). Cf Bay Center CW [tWF/yí] 'chief'. 'yellowjacket'. Etym: Jacobs records Clackamas t$nas [t WF/ná(4)s] Ref: JH, VH, WB, EJ, CR Upper Chinook wa-ánty , but also, 'child'. Santiam Kalapuya ant y
318 'yellowjacket' (CCT 15, Jacobs [Hymes slip-files]); Sahaptin áx 1945:51). a(n)- is a Kalapuyan noun 'yucky, icky' (a Yakama baby-talk marker, revealing the Clackamas to word [Beavert and Hargus 2009]); probably be a Chinookan borrowing local Salishan x ínustn 'he from Kalapuyan. The word could defecated' (from _áx a- 'throw, have come into CW either from throw away' + =ínus [lexical suffix: Chinookan or Kalapuyan, since CW variant of =inwasi 'stomach, belly, words derived from Chinookan insides']) (Upper Chehalis [Kinkade]). nouns usually drop unstressed Chinookan gender markers (such as, kanaka [kW.ná(4).kW; kW.nJ(4).kW] Ref: here, wa- 'feminine singular'). cf Bay Gatschet (1877:238), EP, Norwest Center CW [ánt5yW7] < G4nt5ya7, family usage 'Hawaiians' (also used F4nt5 y\7> 'yellowjacket, bumblebee' locally for dark-skinned or black (mf 17.0284, 0295, 0296). persons). Etym: From the Hawaiian word for ant wa7 • Ref: (Lionnet) 'person'. Hawaiians were part of the 'tree'. ethnic mix during fur-trade times in Etym: From a Kalapuyan noun: the Pacific Northwest, and are an-t wá (Santiam-Marys River), represented in some Grand Ronde hán-t wa (Tualatin) 'Douglas fir' family genealogies. (Zenk 1976:92-93). "Tree" is a logical extension of the original meaning, kinikinik • Ref: (Bay considering the ubiquity of the Center CW [Emma Luscier], jph Douglas fir in the lower Columbia 18.0247: plant with red berries, region. leaves mixed half-and-half with tobacco). (4) ch$mawa [tš$.má .wW] Ref: WB, CR, EJ Etym: Judging from available 'Chemawa Indian School'. spellings, the CW word is identical in Etym: From the original Kalapuyan form to a Michif Cree word for name of a nearby prairie, recorded another plant widely used in as a-m wi 'place of low-lying, smoking mixtures: kinikinik 'red frequently overflowed ground' willow' (Fleury and Barkwell 7). The (Santiam [mj 33:53, 46:74]). There word could have come from local was indeed a good deal of low-lying Métis French, local English, or and marshy land in the vicinity, conceivably both; the ultimate ideal camas habitat, making the source is an Algonkian word for location a favored Santiam smoking mixtures, variously given: camas-harvest site. The same for example, Natic Kalapuyan name has been recorded 'mixture' (American Heritage for other places in the Willamette Dictionary, 1978 ed.). Valley, which before modern agriculture was notably marshier kw$sh • Ref: > (Bay Center CW, than now. jph 18.0418) (exclamation of refusal). $x [_WFx] Ref: WB, EP 'feces; to defecate'. Etym: This interjection is close in Etym: A number of words from local form and meaning to a number of languages show similar forms and/or particles recorded from lower meanings: Chinookan áx 'cough up, Columbia languages: Chinookan and spit up', x 'to transform, create' Lower Chehalis kuš 'good' (Boas (Wasco-Wishram verbal particles 636); Chinookan k š 'oh' (Boas 636);
319 Lower Chehalis x s (Snow), Upper pumpum • Ref: (Jacobs Chehalis x$Fs (Kinkade), Cowlitz Molala slip-files: given as Molala x$Fš (Kinkade) 'bad'; Tillamook q š and CW) 'drum'. negative particle (Thompson and Etym: Attested as both Kalapuyan Thompson). and Molala (mj slip-files).
(4) k aynu7 [k á 5.nU7] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ pupup [po.pó(4)p, pW.pú(4)p] Ref: JH 'tobacco'. 1928, EP 'owl'. Etym: The source is a noun shared by Etym: This is the Hudson-family Chinookan and Kalapuyan: generic CW term for 'owl'. The Chinookan i-k áinu 'tobacco' origin is clearly Kalapuyan, but the (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas], exact derivation is uncertain. Three Clackamas [CCT 507], Wasco [Zenk Santiam/Marys River Kalapuya 1976:84]); Kalapuyan an-k áinu terms show similar forms and (Santiam-Marys River), a-k é nu meanings: 1) ant púpu ‘screech owl [Otus asio]' Cf Bay Center CW [k ái_y5nU7] (4) (Jacobs 1945:41; Frachtenberg 1913); 'tobacco'. 2) <”Bú Bú Bú Bú ”>, the usual or
(4) (4) (4) ordinary call of the screech owl mitas [mí/t á s; mí/tá š, mí/tJ š] Ref: JH (‘owl! owl! owl! owl!’, in Jacobs 1928, JH (Jacobs 1945:29, 184), 1945:79: contrasting with <“q ú q Gatschet (1877:161, 1877a:31), q ú q q ú q q ú q”>, the call that Frachtenberg (1913, 1:133) portends trouble); 3) pup ú p 'leggings'. , identified as a tiny owl Etym: From Canadian French “the size of a matchbox,” whose "mitasse", referring to gaiters. hooting early in the morning Norman Fleury, a speaker of Michif portended good weather (size and Cree (a Cree and French based call suggest the pygmy owl, "mixed language" spoken in Glaucidium gnoma) (mj Santiam slip Saskatchewan and Manitoba), files). observes that [mitás] is general Cree for 'pants', but Michif Cree for shayim [šá(4).y5m; šá(4).yUm] Ref: JH 1928, 'leggings' - exactly as in CW VH, EJ 'grizzly'. (Norman Fleury personal Etym: From a Chinookan noun communication). The word is shared with Kalapuyan: i-šáyim presumably originally from Cree. Cf 'grizzly' (Lower Chinook, Clackamas Bay Center CW 'leggings'. [Boas 567, 604, CCT 18]), a-šáyum (Santiam Kalapuya [Zenk 1976:83]). pa_ [pWF_] Ref: EP, MM 'egg'. Etym: From a Kalapuyan noun: tax [tá(4)x; táq] Ref: EP, ID 'to gasp, be [_ampá_] 'egg' (JH Santiam [Hajda astonished'. pace Swadesh 1953]). This is the Etym: This word happens to closely word for 'egg' the Hudson siblings match Kalapuyan [ta4x], [taq] grew up with. The word actually 'weep, cry' (Tualatin [Berman comes from their father's tribal slip-files], Mary's River language, Santiam Kalapuya, [Frachtenberg 1913, 1:83]). although that by no means disqualifies it as CW - at least, as tukw$s [tú(4).kw$s] Ref: EJ '(walking) Hudson-family CW. In Kalapuyan, cane'. the same word also means 'seed'. Etym: From a noun recorded both as
320 Sahaptin and from the easternmost sisters, whose father spoke Santiam Chinookan dialects: i-túk waš 'cane, Kalapuya. Cf Bay Center CW [tUh ] walking stick, crutches' 'to spit'. (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]), túk ash 'cane, crutches' (Yakama t sipi [ts í(4).p 5, ts í(4).p 5_; tsí(4).p 5, tší(4).p 5] Ref: Sahaptin [Beavert and Hargus JH 1928, WB, EJ 'to miss'. 2009]). Etym: From a Kalapuyan transitive
(4) verb: -c í pi , - í pi 'missed (it)' twalat i [twá .lW.t 5~t 5] Ref: VH (Jacobs (Santiam-Marys River [Jacobs 1958-59:520), JH (Swadesh 1953), 1945:49.46 (1), 233.10 (4)]). Cf Bay WB 'Tualatins'. Center CW [ts 5 p5_] Etym: The citation-form is recorded 'to miss the mark; to get lost, lose also in Chinookan and Central one's way'. Kalapuya. The Tualatins' own name in Tualatin Kalapuya was a-t fálat i. t sulu [ts ú(4).lU] Ref: WB, EJ 'to get lost, lose the way'. (4) twin [twí n, tw5 n] Ref: ET 'tail'. Etym: From a Kalapuyan intransitive Etym: This is a Sahaptin word verb: -c úlo 'be lost' (Santiam- recorded as CW only from ET, who Marys River [Jacobs 1945:299]). spent much of his adult life at Warm Springs Reservation among Sahaptin walawala [wá(4).lW/wá(4).lW] Ref: JH 1928, speakers: twín 'tail' (Yakama Gatschet (1877a:66) ‘Walla Walla’ Sahaptin [Beavert and Hargus (in walawala-win 'East Wind'). 2009]). Etym: From Sahaptin walawála 'little
(4) rivers' (reduplicated diminutive of t upa [t ú .p W] Ref: EP 'cow parsnip wána 'river') (HNAI 12:419). (Heracleum lanatum)'. Etym: From a Chinookan noun wayhi [wá(4)5.h5] Ref: Gatschet shared with Kalapuyan: i-t úba (1877:238), VH 'Hawaiians'. (Clackamas [mj slip-files]), i-dúba Etym: From Hawaiian "Hawa i", for (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]), the Polynesian homeland. Hawaiians an-t úpa (Santiam Kalapuya [mj were part of the ethnic mix during 74:24, 83:139]) 'H. lanatum'. fur-trade times in the Pacific Northwest, and are represented in t ux [t UFx; tUFf] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EP, ID some Grand Ronde family 'to spit; saliva'. geneologies. Etym: Similar looking forms are on record from local Salishan and yamhil [yá(4)m.h5l] Ref: Gatschet Kalapuyan: t$Fx s- 'spit' (Cowlitz (1877a:26), Frachtenberg (Molala: and Upper Chehalis stem-form 1911), VH (Jacobs 1958-59:556) [Kinkade]: cf Upper Chehalis 'Yamhills'. t úx s inan 'spit on'); [t auf] 'spit' Etym: From a Kalapuyan tribe-name. (Santiam Kalapuya [Hajda pace The Yamhills' own name for Swadesh 1953]), [taf, t af] themselves was a-yámil; to other 'saliva' (Marys River Kalapuya Kalapuyans they were known as the [Frachtenberg 1913, 1:16]). The a-yámhala (Zenk 2008:26). The CW immediate source of the citation form has been influenced by local form may have been an unrecorded English, in which the name has long Chinookan particle. The alternate been pronounced as if it meant "yam form with [f] is from the Hudson hill" [sic].
321 yankala [yá(4)·.k W.lW] Ref: EP 'Yoncallas'. Etym: From English "bridge". Etym: From a Kalapuyan tribe name, recorded as Yoncalla (Southern buk [bUFk] Ref: JH 1928 'book'. Kalapuya) a-yánkalat and Santiam Etym: From English "book". Cf Bay (Central Kalapuya) a-yánk alat (Zenk Center CW 'book'. 2008:26). Harrington notes: "She [his informant, Emma Luscier of Bay 6 From English Center, Washington] supposes the Eng[lish] word, if used in the jarg. [= ayrish [_á(4)5.r$š] Ref: Gatschet CW], to be thus. She hesitates at (1877:238), WB 'Irish'. approving this word, she w[oul]d Etym: From English "Irish". ev[idently] never use it".
(4) (4) ays • Ref: (Demers) 'ice'. but(s) [bú t, bú ts] Ref: Gatschet (1877:84) 'boot(s)'. Etym: From English "ice". Etym: From English "boot(s)". (4) (4) (4) bast$n [bá s.t $n; p á s.t $n; bá .s$n] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ, CR 'American; chap • Ref: (Bay Center CW, White'. jph 18.0329) 'Japanese'. Etym: From English "Boston", a Etym: From non-standard English legacy of the first American traders "Jap".
to visit the lower Columbia River, (4) beginning with Captain Robert Gray chayn$m$n [tšá 5.n$.m$n] Ref: JP and the crew of the Columbia 'Chinese; Oriental'. Rediviva in 1792 - seafarers whose Etym: From non-standard English home port was most generally the "Chinaman" (Chinese; any Oriental). city of Boston, Massachusetts. Cf Bay Center CW [pástWn, pástWn] chayni [tšá5/ní(4)] Ref: Marion Mercier
Forrester, Gatschet (1877:238) 'American; White man'. 'Chinese; Oriental'.
(4) Etym: From non-standard English bet [b&F t] Ref: JH 1928 'bet'. "Chinee" (Chinese; any Oriental). Etym: From English "bet". ch$lis • Ref: 'Cherries' (Upper b$t [bWt; p Wt] Ref: WB, CR, EJ 'but'. Chehalis [Kinkade], Etym: From English "but". Wasco-Wishram [Hymes]). Etym: From English "cherries". bit [b5 (4)t] Ref: JH 1928, EJ '(one) bit [a Appearing as Upper Chehalis '$Flis dime]; (two) bits [a quarter]'. (Kinkade) and Wasco-Wishram i- íliš Etym: From English "bit". Gibbs's (Hymes slip-files). Like most other dictionary shows 'a dime old loans from English into local or shilling'. indigenous languages, this one most likely came originally through the bon [bó(4)n] Ref: JH 1928 'bone; bone medium of CW. gambling piece'. chikin • Ref: (mj Etym: From English "bone". Molala slip-files [Fred Yelkes]) brich [brí(4)tš] Ref: JH 1941, Gatschet 'Chinese Pheasant'. (1877:260) 'bridge'. Etym: From English "chicken".
322 Appearing in Molala (mj slip-files); Etym: From English "hops". also known as regional CW. haws [há(4)Us] Ref: JH 1932, VH, WB, EJ dakta [dá(4)k.t W; dá(4)k.t $r] Ref: EP, CR 'house; building'. 'doctor'. Etym: From English "house". Cf Bay Etym: From English "doctor". Cf Bay Center CW 'house'. Center CW [táktW] 'doctor'. hikch$m [hí(4)k.tš$m, h&F(4)k.tš$m; dala [dá(4).lW; t á(4).lW] Ref: JH 1928, WB kí(4)k.tš$m] Ref: JH 1928, Gatschet 'dollar; money'. (1877:384, 1877a:84), Frachtenberg Etym: From English "dollar". Cf Bay (1914,6:36, 12:19, 23), VH (mj 69:83) Center CW [tálW] 'dollar'. 'handkerchief'. Etym: From English "hankerchief" d$chm$n [dWFtš.m$n] Ref: ID 'German'. (and/or "kerchief", à la the alternate Etym: From non-standard English for form kikch$m). Cf Bay Center CW 'German'. [híktš$m] 'handkerchief'.
(4) dj$s [džWFs] Ref: WB, CR 'just'. hol [hó l] Ref: CR 'to hold'. Etym: From English "just". Etym: From English "hold".
(4) $n [_$n] Ref: CR 'and'. hom [hó m] Ref: CR, ID 'home'. Etym: From English "and". Etym: From English "home".
(4) fit$l [f5 .d$l] Ref: JH 1928 'fiddle'. huf [hUFf, hú f] Ref: Gatschet (1877:171) 'foot (in length)'. Etym: From English "fiddle". Etym: Apparently from English geyt [gé(4)t] Ref: Gatschet (1877:385), CR "hoof". 'gate'. kapech • Ref: (Demers) Etym: From English "gate". 'cabbage'. git$p [g5.t WFp; g&.t WFp, k 5.t WFp] Ref: JH 1928, Etym: From English "cabbage". VH, ET 'get up, arise'. kapt$n • Ref: (Demers) Etym: From English "get up". Cf Bay 'captain'. Center CW 'get up'. Etym: From English "captain". gul [ (Gatschet 1877:263)] Ref: (4) Gatschet (1877:263) 'gold'. kephaws [k&F p.hWUs] Ref: JH 1928 'jail'. Etym: From English "gold". Etym: From English "keep-house".
(4) hal [há(4)l] Ref: VH, EP 'pull, haul'. ket$l [k&F .d$l; k5 .d$l] Ref: CR 'kettle'. Etym: From English "haul". Cf Bay Etym: From English "kettle". Center CW 'to pull'. kilay [k5 /lá(4)5; klá(4)5] Ref: VH, WB, EJ, hala [há(4).lW] Ref: CR, EP 'holler, cry CR 'cry'. out'. Etym: From English "cry". Cf Bay a Etym: From English "holler". Center CW [k$láy] 'to cry'.
(4) (4) haps [há(4)ps] Ref: WB, EJ 'hops'. kinchuch [k5n.tšú tš; k 5n~kin.dž F tš] Ref: JH 1928, VH, Gatschet (1877:238)
323 'Englishman'. kut [kUFt, kú(4)t; kó(4)t] Ref: Gatschet Etym: From English "King George". Cf (1877:15, 103, 148, 1877a:84), Jacobs Bay Center CW [k5ntš Ftš] . (re-elicitation of De Angulo and Freeland 1928, item 6230) 'coat; kip$p [kí(4).pWp] Ref: EJ 'keep up'. gown, dress'. Etym: From English "keep up". Etym: From English "coat".
(4) kis • Ref: (Bay Center CW, jph kwata [kwá .t W] Ref: Gatschet 18.0492) 'kiss'. (1877:160) 'quarter [25c]'. Etym: From English "kiss". A number Etym: From English "quarter". Cf Bay of English words adopted into CW Center CW [kwátW] show extra-long vowels: here [54], '1/4'. replacing English [5]. kwilt [kwí(4)lt] Ref: VH, CR 'quilt'. kit7$n [k í(4).t7$n~7$n; kí(4).t7$n~7$n] Ref: Etym: From English "quilt". VH, WB, CR, EP 'bucket'. (4) Etym: Presumed to be from English la [lá ] Ref: EP 'law'. "kettle". Cf Bay Center CW [k5 tlWn] Etym: From English "law". 'kettle'. lam [lá(4)m, lWFm] Ref: JH 1928, WB, VH, klin [klí(4)n] Ref: EJ, CR 'to clean'. CR 'whiskey; booze'. Etym: From English "clean". Etym: From English "rum", a word going back to the English-speaking klis [k lí(4)s; k rí(4)s, glí(4)s] Ref: JH 1928, WB, seafaring traders who began EP, MM 'grease'. entering the mouth of the Columbia Etym: From English "Grease". Cf Bay River in 1792. Cf Bay Center CW Center CW [k$lís] 'fat'. [lWm] 'whiskey'.
(4) klisi [k_lí(4).si] Ref: WB 'crazy'. lariyet [lW.r5.y&F t] Ref: JH 1928 'lariat; a lash'. Etym: From English "crazy". Etym: From English (or Spanish?). klism$s • Ref: (Demers) 'Christmas'. lays • Ref: (Bay Center CW, jph 18.0277), (N Oregon Coast Etym: From English "Christmas". CW [Louie Fuller], jph 20.0123), kofi [kó(4).f5; ká(4).f5] Ref: Gatschet (St. Onge) 'rice'. (1877:125), MM 'coffee'. Etym: From English "rice". Etym: From English "coffee". leyk • Ref: (Demers) 'lake, kul [kú(4)l; kó(4)l; kó(4)lt, kó(4)lt] Ref: JH pond'. 1928, VH, WB, EJ 'cold; a year'. Etym: From English "lake". Etym: From English "cold" and/or lisi [lí(4).si] Ref: EP 'lazy'. "cool". Cf Bay Center CW 'cold'. Etym: From English "lazy".
(4) (4) kum • Ref: (Demers), lup [lú p; ló p] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB (Gibbs) 'comb'. 'rope, line'. Etym: From English "comb". Etym: From English "rope". Cf Bay Center CW 'string, thread,
324 rope'. burn; cooked, done'.
(4) Etym: From English "fire". Cf Bay man [má n] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, Center CW [páyW]
'fire'. EJ, CR 'man, husband; male'. Etym: From English "man". Cf Bay pæ [pJ(4)] Ref: Gatschet (1877:18) Center CW 'man'. 'pear'.
(4) (4) (4) Etym: From English "pear". In meri [m&F .r5; m&F .l5, má .l5] Ref: CR, MM common with other recorders 'to marry'. before us (notably, Melville Jacobs), Etym: From English "marry". we feel that English words borrowed into Grand Ronde tribal languages m$lasis • Ref: (Bay Center are probably also to be considered CW, jph 18.0295) 'syrup', community CW, whether or not (Demers) 'molasses'. explicitly identified as such. Etym: From English "molasses". pey [pé(4)] Ref: CR 'to pay'. m$skit [mWFs.k5t ] Ref: JH 1928 'gun'. Etym: From English "pay". Etym: From English "musket". Cf Bay Center CW 'gun (of any peynt • Ref: (Demers) 'paint, kind)'. color'. Etym: From English "paint". mun [mú(4)n] Ref: JH 1928, CR 'moon; month'. pilt$n [p_5 l.t $n, p_5 lt ._n ; p&Fl.tWn] Ref: JH Etym: From English "moon". Cf Bay 1928, WB, CR 'foolish, crazy'. Center CW 'moon, month'. Etym: According to Gibbs (1863:20): "The Indians adopted this word nim [ní(4)m; né(4)m] Ref: JH 1932, CR, ET, from the name of a deranged EP 'name'. person, Archibald Pelton, or perhaps Etym: From English "name". Cf Bay Felton, whom Mr. Wilson P. Hunt Center CW 'name'. found on his journey to Astoria, and carried there with him." If true, this nus [nú(4)s; nó(4)z] Ref: JH 1928, VH, ET, anecdote dates the word to the EP, MM 'nose'. presence of English-speaking traders Etym: From English "nose". Cf Bay during the early days of the Center CW 'nose'. land-based fur trade (Astoria was founded as Fort Astor in 1811). Cf nuwis [nú(4).w5s] Ref: ET 'noise'. Bay Center CW [pWFltWn] 'foolish'. Etym: From English "noise". pipa [p í(4).p W; pí(4).pW, pé(4).pW] Ref: JH or [_or] Ref: WB, CR 'or'. 1928, WB, EJ 'paper; letter, Etym: From English "or". document, book'.
(4) Etym: From English "paper". Cf Bay pawaw [pá U.waU] Ref: EP 'pow-wow'. Center CW [p5 pW] 'paper'. Etym: Recently borrowed into local CW from modern pan-Indian pis [p í(4)s] Ref: WB 'to urinate'. English. Etym: From English "piss". A number (4) (4) of English words adopted into CW paya [p á .yW; pá .yW] Ref: JH show de-aspirated initial consonants 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'fire; to
325 (here [p ], replacing English [p]) and sik [s5 k] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ extra-long vowels (here [i(4)], 'sick; sickness'. replacing English [5]). Etym: From English "sick". Cf Bay
(4) Center CW 'sick'. According to pit [p í t] Ref: VH 'bed'. Harrington, the informant pointed Etym: From English "bed". out that CW [54] is "longer" than [5] in English "sick": suggesting that she plum [plú(4)m; p rú(4)m] Ref: JH 1928, VH did not consider the CW form to be 'broom'. simply the same as the English word.
Etym: From English "broom". Cf Bay (4) Center CW [p$lUFm] 'broom'. sil [s5 l, sí l] Ref: JH 1928, VH, LK 'cloth, rag'. pot [p ó(4)t; p UFt] Ref: JH 1928, Gatschet Etym: From English "sail", a word (1877:85) 'boat'. going back to the English-speaking Etym: From English "boat". Cf Bay seafaring traders who began Center CW 'boat'. entering the mouth of the Columbia River in 1792. Cf Bay Center CW push [pUFš; p UFs, p ú(4)s, pUFs] Ref: JH 1928, 'sail'. VH, CR 'push'. silhaws [s5 Fl.haUs, sí(4)l.haUs] Ref: JH 1928, Etym: From English "push". VH, LK 'tent; a camp'. rawnd [rá(4)Un(d)] Ref: VH, CR 'around in Etym: From English "sail" + English a circle; the whole of'. "house": refer to sil, haws. Cf Bay Etym: From English "round". Center 'tent'. (4) sam$n [sá(4).m$n] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, sing [sí ·] Ref: CR 'to sing'. EJ 'salmon; fish (generic)'. Etym: From English "sing". Etym: From English "salmon". Cf Bay sisu [s5 .sU] Ref: Gatschet (1877:78) Center CW [sámWn] 'fish (generic)'. 'scissors'. Etym: From English "scissor(s)". Cf san [sá(4)n; sWFn] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, Bay Center CW 'scissors'. WB, EJ, CR 'sun; day'. skilit [sk5 .l5t] Ref: JH 1932 'cooking pot'. Etym: From English "sun". Cf Bay Center CW 'sun'. Etym: From English "skillet".
(4) (4) sang [sá(4)·] Ref: CR 'a song'. skin [sk 5 n, sk í n] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, Etym: From English "song". EJ 'skin, hide; covering'. Etym: From English "skin". Cf Bay santi [sá(4)n.t 5~sWFn.t 5] Ref: JH 1928, VH, Center CW 'skin'. LK 'Sunday; week'. skul [sk ú(4)l] Ref: Gatschet (1877:36), Etym: From English "Sunday". Cf Bay Center CW (no translation WB, CR 'school'. given). Etym: From English "school". sapil • Ref: (mj Molala smuk [smú(4)k, smUFk; smó(4)k] Ref: VH, CR, slip-files [Fred Yelkes]: identified as EP 'smoke; to smoke (e. g., tobacco); "jargon") 'shovel'. to fumigate (ritually)'. Etym: From English "shovel". Etym: From English "smoke". Cf Bay
326 Center CW 'smoke'. stinput [st 5 n/p ú(4)t] Ref: VH 'steamboat'. (4) (4) snu [snú ; snó ] Ref: JH 1928 'snow; a Etym: From English "steamboat". year'. Etym: From English "snow". ston [st F(4)n, st ó(4)n] Ref: JH 1928, VH 'stone; testicles'. (4) so [só ] Ref: Gatschet (1877:9) 'saw'. Etym: From English "stone". Cf Bay Etym: From English "saw". Center CW 'stone, rock'. so [so] Ref: CR 'and so'. Etym: From English "so". stuv [stUFv] Ref: Gatschet (1877:5) 'stove'. solt [só(4)lt] Ref: Frachtenberg (1913, Etym: From English "stove". 1:36) 'salt'. (4) Etym: From English "salt". Cf Bay shap [šá p] Ref: EP 'sharp'. Center CW [s lt] 'salt'. Etym: From English "sharp". sop • Ref: (Bay Center CW, jph shat [šá(4)t] Ref: Gatschet (1877:74, 148, 18.0466), (St. Onge), 272), Frachtenberg (1913, 1:133; (Lionnet) 'soap'. Harrington also 1914, 8:21), LK 'shirt'. records Bay Center CW Etym: From English "shirt". Cf Bay 'soup', but notes that in the Center CW [šat] 'shirt'. latter is "closer" than the in 'soap'. shat • Ref: (Gibbs) 'shot, lead'. Etym: From English "soap". Etym: From English "shot".
(4) spun [spú n] Ref: JH 1928 'spoon'. shim [ší(4)m] Ref: WB 'ashamed, Etym: From English "spoon". Cf Bay embarrassed, disappointed'. Center CW 'spoon'. Etym: From English "shame". Cf Bay Center CW [šem] 'shame'. stach$n • Ref: (Bay Center CW, jph 18.0143), ship [š5 p] Ref: JH 1928 'ship'. (Gibbs) 'sturgeon'. Etym: From English "ship". Etym: From English "sturgeon". (4) (4) shuka [šú .k W~gW] Ref: Gatschet stakin [st á .k 5n] Ref: Gatschet (1877:84), (1877:125), VH 'sugar'. Frachtenberg (1913, 1:133) 'stockings, garters'. Etym: From English "sugar". Cf Bay Center CW [šukwWF_W] Etym: From English "stocking". Cf 'sugar'. Bay Center CW [stákWn] 'stocking'. shulchast [šú(4)l.tšWst] Ref: VH 'soldiers'. stik [st 5 k] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ Etym: From English "soldier(s)". 'stick, bush, tree, woods; wood'. shus [šú(4)s] Ref: JH 1928, WB, CR 'shoes'. Etym: From English "stick". Cf Bay Center CW 'tree'. Etym: From English "shoe(s)". (4) (4) (4) stil • Ref: (Demers). tanis [t á .n5s~n$s; dá n(t)s, dJ ns] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ, CR, ET 'a dance; Etym: From English "steel".
327 to dance'. ul [_ú(4)l; _ó(4)l] Ref: CR 'old'. Etym: From English "dance". Cf Bay Etym: From English "old". Center CW 'dance'. ulman [_ú(4)l.mWn; _ó(4)l.mWn] Ref: JH tawn [tá(4)Un] Ref: VH 'town'. 1928/1932, EJ 'old man, husband; Etym: From English "town". senior'. Etym: From English "old man". Cf taym [tá(4)5m] Ref: WB, CR, ET 'time, Bay Center CW [UFlmWFn] occasion'. 'old man'. Etym: From English "time". wach [wá(4)tš] Ref: CR 'to watch, look ti [tí(4)] Ref: JH 1928, Gatschet at'. (1877a:64) 'tea'. Etym: From English "watch". Etym: From English "tea". Cf Demers 'tea'. wach • Ref: (Demers) 'watch, clock'. tiktik • Ref: (Bay Center Etym: From English "watch". CW, jph 18.0354), (St. Onge) 'clock'; (St. Onge), wash Ref: EP 'to wash'. (Gibbs) 'watch'. Etym: From English "wash". Etym: From English "tick-tick". wam [wá(4)m] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ tilay [t 5 /lá(4)5, t $F/lá(4)5; t .lá(4)5] Ref: JH 1928, 'warm, hot'. VH, WB, EJ 'dry'. Etym: From English "warm". Cf Bay Etym: From English "dry". Cf Bay Center CW 'hot'. Center CW [t$lWF5] 'dry'. wayn • Ref: (Demers) 'wine'. tishis [t 5 .š5s] Ref: Frachtenberg (1913, Etym: From English "wine". 1:132) 'dishes'. Etym: From English "dishes". wel [w&F(4)l] Ref: CR '(water) well'. Etym: From English "well". tubits [tú/b5 (4)ts] Ref: EJ 'twenty-five cents'. wel [w&F(4)l, w&(4)F l_, w$Fl_] Ref: CR 'well Etym: From English "two bits". Cf Bay (then ...)'. Center CW 'two Etym: From English "well". "bits"'. win [w5 (4)n; w5 (4)nt , w5 (4)nd] Ref: JH 1928, (4) (4) (4) tumala [t U.má .lW, t .má .lW; tU.má .lW] WB, ET, CR 'wind; breath'. Ref: JH 1932, VH, WB, EJ 'tomorrow, next day'. Etym: From English "wind". Cf Bay Center CW 'wind'. Etym: From English "tomorrow". Cf Bay Center CW [tWmálW] wiski • Ref: (Demers) 'tomorrow'. 'whiskey'. tuttut • Ref: (Demers) Etym: From English "whiskey". 'wind instrument'. yuk Ref: Gatschet (1877:137) 'yoke Etym: Apparently from English (measure for oxen)'. "toot". Etym: From English "yoke".
328 7 From French Glossary of Mississippi Valley French.
The initials MLT below stand for kapu [ká/p ú(4); ká/p ó(4)] Ref: JH 1928, EJ, Marie-Lucie Tarpent (personal MM 'jacket, coat'. communications, 2010) Etym: From French "capot". Cf Bay Center CW [kWpú] apa • Ref: (Demers) 'well then, 'coat'. ... ; if this is the case, ...'. Etym: In a handwritten annotation to karapin [k á.rW/p í(4)n; kW.lW.p í(4)n] Ref: WB, his personal copy of Demers (of JH 1928 'gun, rifle'. which he was final editor), Fr. St. Etym: From French "carabine". Cf Onge cites French "h bién or eh Bay Center CW [skWlWp5 n] bien" (well) as the likely source of 'rifle'. this word. MLT concurs, citing the expression's Canadian French casual katolik • Ref: (Demers) form: "eh ben" \e b&H\. 'Catholic'. ata [_á/t á(4)] Ref: VH, WB, EJ 'wait, wait Etym: From French "catholique". for'. kriye [krí(4).y&; krí(4)] Ref: JH 1928, VH, Etym: Probably from French MM 'scream, yell, cry out'. "attends" \at H\ (second person singular imperative form of Etym: From the French verb "crier" "attendre", to wait) (MLT). \krije\. The alternate form kri may be from the noun "cri" and/or a budi [bU.dí(4); bo.dí(4)] Ref: EP, JP 'to pout'. homophonous singular verb form (MLT). Etym: Apparently from French "bouder", to sulk. kuri [k ú(4).r5, k UF.r5; k ú(4).l5] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'to run'. dret [dr&F(4)t; t r&F(4)t, t 5.r&F(4)t; dl&F(4)t, d5.lí(4)t] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, ET, CR 'straight; Etym: From French "courir" directly, really; correct, true'. (probably reflecting the dialectal pronunciation \kuri\, according to Etym: From Canadian French MLT). Cf Bay Center CW 'to "drette", a dialect alternant of run'. Standard French "droit(e)" 'straight, right(-hand)' (MLT). Cf Bay Center kushu [k ú(4).šu] Ref: Jacobs 1928, VH, CW [tWlít] 'straight, WB, EJ 'hog, pig'. right, really'. Etym: From French "cochon" \k š H\ eklis • Ref: (Demers) 'the or \kuš H\ (the latter is a dialect (Catholic) Church'. alternate; MLT). Cf Bay Center CW [kúšu] 'hog'. Etym: From French "église".
(4) (4) labins • Ref: (N Oregon kabreys [k W.bré s; gW.bré s] Ref: Coast CW [Louie Fuller], jph Gatschet (1877:14) 'lariat strap'. 20.0103) 'beans'. Etym: David Robertson (personal Etym: From Canadian French communication) calls our attention "bines", in turn derived from English to New World French "cabresse", "beans" (MLT). ultimately from Spanish "cabestro", referring to a halter rope: an entry labrid [lW.brí(4)d] Ref: Gatschet (1877:83) in John Francis McDermott's A
329 'bridle'. Etym: From French "la clé". Cf Bay Etym: From French "la bride". Cf Bay Center CW [lWklí] 'key'. Center CW [lWp$lít] 'bridle'. laklwa • Ref: (Demers, St. lachuk [lW.tšú(4)k; tšú(4)k] Ref: JH 1928, JP, Onge) 'cross'. EP, MM 'tasseled cap; hat, cap'. Etym: From French "la croix" Etym: From Canadian French "la \krwa\. tuque" \tsyk\, referring to a knitted lakum [lW.k ú(4)m; l&.k UFm, l$.k ó(4)m; winter cap with a long tasseled tail (4) (4) (MLT). Mr. Norman Fleury, a speaker lW.gó m~g F m] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, of Michif Cree (a Cree and French LK, EJ 'gum; pitch'. based "mixed language" spoken in Etym: From French "la gomme". Cf Saskatchewan and Manitoba), Bay Center CW [lWkó4m] informs us that the CW form is 'pitch'. identical to a Michif Cree word also referring to a tasseled cap. Cf lalam [lW.lá(4)m] Ref: VH 'paddle'. Demers 'woolen cap'. Etym: From French "la rame" (the
(4) (4) oar). Cf Bay Center CW [lWlám] lahash [lá/há š; l5.há š] Ref: JH 1928, 'oar'. VH, EJ, JP 'axe'. Etym: From French "la hache". MLT lalang [lW.lá(4)·] Ref: JH 1928, ET, ID/MM points out that while [h] is not 'tongue; language'. pronounced in modern Standard Etym: From French "la langue" French, it is an archaic feature of (tongue, language) (usually \l H·\ in some dialects, including Canadian casual speech, according to MLT). Cf French. Cf Bay Center CW [lWháš] Bay Center CW [lWlá·] 'axe'. 'tongue'.
(4) lakan [lW.k á n] Ref: VH 'cane'. lalasin • Ref: (Demers) 'root'. Etym: From French "la canne". Etym: From French "la racine". lakarat [lá.kW/rá(4)t; l&F.kW/rá(4)t, lalim [lW.lí(4)m] Ref: JH 1928 'file (tool)'. (4) (4) l5 .kW/r&F t; lá.kW/lá t] Ref: JH 1928, Etym: From French "la lime". Cf Bay WB, EJ 'carrots'. Center CW [lWl5 m] 'a file'. Etym: From French "la carotte". Cf Bay Center CW [l5kWlát] lamatin [lá.mW/tí(4)n, lWF.mW/tí(4)n] Ref: 'carrot'. EJ 'mittens'. Etym: From Canadian French "la lakaset [lW.kW.s&F(4)t] Ref: JH 1928 'trunk, mitaine" (mitten). box'. Etym: From French "la cassette". Cf lamatsin [lá.mW/tsí(4)n, lWF.mW/tsí(4)n; Bay Center CW [lWkWsít] lWm.tsí(4)n; lW.m&.tsí(4)n] Ref: JH 1928, 'box'. WB, EJ 'medicine'. Etym: From French "la médecine". laklas • Ref: (Demers) 'ice'. According to MLT, the word has Etym: From French "la glace". come to mean 'the medical
(4) profession' in modern Standard lakli [lá/klí ] Ref: JH 1928, WB, French, but retains its earlier Gatschet (1877:85, 394) 'key'. meaning of 'medicine' in Canadian
330 French. Cf Bay Center CW [lWm5tsín] 'potatoes' (Fleury and Barkwell 7), 'medicine'. modern Canadian French "la pataque" 'sweet potato'. lamesh [lá/m&F(4)š] Ref: JH (Jacobs 1945:343) 'church'. lapel • Ref: (Demers, St. Etym: From French "la messe" (the Onge) 'spade, shovel'. mass). Etym: From French "la pelle". lam$tay [lá.m$/t á(4)5 (m5~mU~m$); lap$yush • Ref: (Bay Center lW.mo/t á(4)5] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, EJ, CW, jph 18.0424) 'shovel, spade, CR 'mountain'. clam-digger'; (Demers) Etym: From French "la montagne". 'hoe'. Etym: From French "la pioche" lamil [lWF/mí(4)l] Ref: WB 'mule'. \pj N\. MLT points out that the word Etym: From French "la mule" (female means 'pick-axe' in Standard mule). Cf Bay Center CW French, but may refer to several 'jackass'. digging instruments in Canadian French. (4) (4) (4) lamiyay [lá.m5/yá 5; lám/yá 5, lám/yé ] (4) Ref: JH 1928, VH, EJ, CR 'old woman'. lapip [lW.pí p] Ref: WB, Frachtenberg (1913, 1:39, 91) 'pipe'. Etym: From French "la vieille" \vj&j\. Cf Bay Center CW [lWm5y5 ] Etym: From French "la pipe". Cf Bay 'old woman'. Center CW [lWpíp] 'pipe'. lamuwel [lW.mU.w&F(4)l; lWm.w&F(4)l] Ref: JH lapiskwi • Ref: (Demers) 1928, EP 'marrow'. 'biscuit, cake'. Etym: From French "la moelle"; Etym: From French "le biscuit". Canadian French preserves the older pronounciation \mw&l\, contrasting lapish • Ref: (Bay Center CW, with modern standard French jph 18.0424) 'pole'. \mwal\ (MLT). Etym: From French "la perche". lapal • Ref: (middle Columbia laplash [lá/p lá(4)š; lá/plá(4)š] Ref: JH 1928, CW [Joe Peter], jph 18.0009) LK, Gatschet (1877:196) 'plank, 'paddle'. lumber; seed bat'. Etym: From French "la pale". Etym: From French "la planche" \plãN\. Cf Bay Center CW [lWpláš] lapal • Ref: (Bay Center CW, 'board'. jph 18.0272) 'ball'. (4) (4) (4) Etym: From French "la balle". lapot [lW.p F t; l5.p F lt; lW.p F rt] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB 'door'. laparp [lW.p á(4)rp ] Ref: JH 1928, VH Etym: From French "la porte". Cf Bay 'beard'. Center CW [lWpót] 'door'. Etym: From French "la barbe". lapotay [lW.p o.tá(4)5; lá.pU/té(4), lá.pU/tá(4)5] lapatak • Ref: (Demers) Ref: Jacobs 1928, EJ 'bottle'. 'potatoes'. Etym: From French "la bouteille" Etym: From a Canadian French word (Canadian French "tends toward" for 'potato': cf Michif Cree lee patæk \butaj\, vs Standard \but&j\,
331 according to MLT). Cf Bay Center CW pronounciation \sw&\ (MLT). [lWpUtá5] 'bottle'. lashantel [lW.šWn.t &F(4)l; l5 .šWn/t &F(4)l] Ref: JH lapush [lá/p ú(4)š~bú(4)š] Ref: JH 1928, VH, 1928, LK 'candle'. WB, CR, EP 'mouth'. Etym: From French "la chandelle". Etym: From French "la bouche". Cf Bay Center CW [lWpú4š] lashen • Ref: (Demers) 'mouth'. 'chain'. Etym: From French "la chaîne" \N&n\. lapushet • Ref: (Demers, St. Onge) 'fork'. lash$mine [lá.š$.m5.n&; l&F.šam/né(4)] Ref: Etym: From French "la fourchette". Jacobs 1928, LK 'chimney'.
(4) Etym: From French "la cheminée" lapuwel [lW.pU.w&F l; l&F.pU.w&l] Ref: JH (chimney, fire-place). 1928, Gatschet (1877:8), Frachtenberg (1913, 1:132) 'frying pan'. latam [lá/t á(4)m; l5 /t á(4)m] Ref: JH 1928, Etym: From French "la poêle"; VH, WB, LK, Gatschet (1877:83) Canadian French preserves the older 'table'. pronunciation \pw&4l\, contrasting Etym: From French "la table" \tabl\ with modern Standard French (final [l] tends to disappear in casual \pw l\ (MLT). Cf Bay Center CW speech, especially in Canadian [lWpUwél] 'frying pan'. French; MLT). Cf Bay Center CW [lWtám] 'table'. larp [lá(4)rp] Ref: EP 'Kinnikinnick leaves; marijuana'. latet [lW.t &F(4)t; lW.t í(4)t] Ref: JH 1928, VH, Etym: From French "l herbe": cf WB, EJ, CR 'head'. Michif Cree (from Canadian Métis Etym: From French "la tête". Cf Bay French) l arb, referring to an herb Center CW [lWtét] 'head'. (Fleury and Barkwell). lawen [lá/w&F(4)n] Ref: LK, Gatschet (4) lasel [lW.s&F l] Ref: JH 1928 'saddle'. (1877a:64, 93), JH (Jacobs 1945:329) Etym: From French "la selle". Cf Bay 'oats'. Center CW [lWsél] 'saddle'. Etym: From French "l avoine", with dialectal weakening of intervocalic lasiyet • Ref: (Bay Center [v] (MLT). Cf Bay Center CW [lWwén] CW, jph 18.0432), (Demers) 'oats'. 'plate'. Etym: From French "l'assiette" lawest • Ref: (Bay Center \lasj&t\. CW, jph 18.0434: is "open"), (Demers) 'vest'. (4) lasup [lá/sú p] Ref: JH 1928/1932 Etym: From French "la veste" (vest), 'soup'. with dialectal weakening of Etym: From French "la soupe". intervocalic [v] (compare lawen) (MLT). laswe • Ref: (Bay Center CW, jph 18.0433: is "open"), lefil [l&~l5.fí(4)l] Ref: JH 1928 'thread'. (Demers) 'silk'. Etym: From French "le fil". Etym: From French "la soie", with the older (still Canadian) legley [l&.glé(4); l$.gré(4)] Ref: JH 1928, EP
332 'grey'. Bay Center CW 'chicken'. Etym: Evidently from French "le gris", though apparently influenced leruban [l&F.rU.bWn] Ref: Gatschet by English "grey" (MLT). (1877:84) 'ribbons'. Etym: Presumably from French "le leklu [l&.klú(4) (l&~l5)] Ref: JH 1928, ruban", though the final [n] is Gatschet (1877:213) 'nail'. anomalous (influenced by English Etym: From French "le clou". Cf Bay "ribbon"?) (MLT). Cf Bay Center CW Center CW [l5k$lú] 'nail', [lWlUpá] 'ribbon'. Demers 'nail, peg'. lesash • Ref: (Demers) lemarto [l&.má(4)r.to] Ref: Gatschet 'angel'. (1877:83) 'hammer'. Etym: From French "les anges" Etym: From French "le marteau". (angels).
(4) lemula [l&.mU.lá(4) (l&~l5)] Ref: JH 1928, lespro [l&.spr F ] Ref: JH 1928 'spurs'. Gatschet (1877:225) 'mill'. Etym: From French "les éperons" Etym: From French "le moulin" \lezepr H\ (spurs). MLT observes that \mul&H\. Cf Bay Center CW 'a the dropping of the French second mill'. syllable in the CW form conforms to a Canadian French phonological lemus • Ref: (Demers, St. pattern (devoicing or loss of high Onge), (St. Onge) 'fly, vowels next to voiceless gnat'. consonants). Etym: From French "les mouches". leshaf [l&.šá(4)f] Ref: JH 1928 'egg'. lepashey • Ref: (Demers Etym: The source is French "les 66) 'shepherd(s)'. œufs" \lezø\, plural form of "l'oeuf" \lœf\. MLT observes that the Etym: From French "le berger" co-occurence of [f] with plural "les" \b&r]e\ (shepherd) (MLT). seen in the CW form could reflect a lepet • Ref: (Demers 32) Canadian French dialect alternate or 'festival, holiday'. local innovation, not necessarily a CW speakers' generalization. Cf Bay Etym: From French "les fêtes" (the Center CW 'egg(s)'. holidays). letowa • Ref: (St Onge) lepiyesh • 'finger, claw'. Etym: From French "le piège" (trap, Etym: From French "les doigts" snare). \dwa\ (fingers, not claws) (MLT). lepot • Ref: (Demers) l$hwet [l$.hw&F(4)t] Ref: JH 1928 'whip'. 'pitcher, cup'. Etym: From Canadian French "le Etym: From French "le pot" (pitcher, fouet" \fw&t\; no final [t] in pot; not cup); no final [t] in Standard Standard French, but possible as French, but possible as Canadian Canadian French (MLT). Cf Bay French (MLT). Center CW [lWhwét] 'whip'. lepul [l&.pUFl] Ref: JH 1928 'chicken'. Etym: From French "les poule(s)". Cf l$sandjel [l$.sWn.dž&F(4)l] Ref: JH 1928
333 'belt'. \kr&m\ (cream), possibly confused Etym: "La ceinture" \s&Htyr\ is modern with "le Saint-Chrême" \kr&4m\ (the Standard French for 'belt', but holy chrism; hence perhaps, li in the according to MLT a more likely CW form) (MLT).
source is "la sangle" \s Hgl\ (strap, (4) (4) especially, the strap going around the liku [l5 F/k ú ; l&F/kú ] Ref: JH 1928, WB, belly of a horse or mule); [dž] in the CR, EP, JP 'neck, throat'. CW form could have arisen as a Etym: From French "le cou". Cf Bay palatalization of [g] in some Canadian Center CW 'neck'. French variety. [n] and final [l] are harder to explain, possibly lilu [lí.lU; l&.lú(4)] Ref: JH 1928/1932, EJ bespeaking English influence. 'wolf'. Etym: From French "le loup" \lu\. libar$du [l5.bá(4).r$.dU; l&.p á(4)l.tU] Ref: Gatschet (1877:13), LK lima [l5 /má(4); l&.má(4)] Ref: JH 1928, VH, (Frachtenberg in Gatschet 1877:13) WB, EJ, CR 'hand, arm'. 'shingles, clapboard'. Etym: From French "les mains". Cf Etym: From French "le(s) bardeau(s)" Bay Center CW 'hand'. (shingles) (MLT). limoto [l5 .m /t F(4)] Ref: JH 1928, (4) liblo [l5 /bló ] Ref: Gatschet (1877a:70) Gatschet (1877:31, 83, 207) 'sheep'. 'sorrel (color)'. Etym: From French "le(s) Etym: From French "le blond" \bl H\. mouton(s)". Cf Bay Center CW 'sheep'. ligwin [l5.gwí(4)n (l5~l$); l&.k wí(4)n] Ref: Gatschet (1877:9), LK (Frachtenberg limulo • Ref: (Bay Center in Gatschet 1877:9) 'a saw'. CW, jph 18.0274), Etym: From French "l égoïne" (Demers), (Gibbs) 'wild'. \leg in\, the technical term for the Etym: According to Gibbs, the source usual kind of handsaw (MLT). is Canadian French "le moron",
(4) meaning 'wild, untamed'. MLT likak [l5.ká k (l5~l&)] Ref: EP, JP, suggests that this is a non-standard Gatschet (1877:366) 'rooster'. spelling for "le marron" \m r H\, an Etym: From French "le coq". Cf Bay adjective for 'escapee, outlaw'. Center CW 'rooster'. lipiskwi • Ref: (Bay likart [l5.k á(4)rt] Ref: JH 1928 'cards'. Center CW, jph 18.0435) 'round Etym: From French "les cartes" \le hard-tacks', (Demers) kart\ (cards). 'biscuit, cake'. Etym: From French "le biscuit" likay • Ref: (Bay Center CW, (small flat cake, cracker). jph 18.0439), (Demers) 'spotted, speckled'. lipla [l5.plá(4)] Ref: WB 'plate'. Etym: From French "la caille" \k j\ Etym: From French "le plat" \pla\ (quail) (MLT). (dish [utensil or food]). likrem [lí/kr&F(4)m] Ref: LK 'yellow, lipret [l5 /pr&(4)F t] Ref: JH 1928, JH dun, buckskin-colored'. (Jacobs 1945:343), MM 'priest, Etym: From French "la crème" minister'.
334 Etym: From French "le prêtre" liyop [lí/y F(4)p , lí/yó(4)b; li.yá(4)b] Ref: JH \pr&tr\ (final [r] would tend to 1928, JH (Jacobs 1945:284), EL 'the disappear in casual speech, devil'. especially in Canadian French; MLT). Etym: From French "le diable"; Cf Bay Center CW probably a dialect form such as 'preacher'. \gj 4b\, rather than Standard
(4) (4) (4) French \dj bl\ (MLT). Cf Bay Center lipum [lí/p ú m; l&F~lí/p F m ~p ó m] Ref: CW 'the devil'. JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'apple'. Etym: From French "les pommes" lolsh • Ref: (Demers) 'barley'. \p m\ (but \pum\ in some Canadian Etym: From French "l'orge". dialects; MLT). Cf Bay Center CW 'apple'. malakwa • Ref: (Demers),
(4) (Gibbs) lipwa [l5 /pwá ] Ref: JH 1932, Gatschet 'mosquito'. (1877:37) 'peas; green beans'. Etym: From Canadian French Etym: From French "le(s) pois" "maringouin", based in turn upon a \pw \ (peas). Cf Bay Center CW U borrowing from Portugese, which in [l5p$wá] 'peas'. turn is based upon a word
(4) (4) (4) contributed by Tupi-Guarani, a lipyi [l5 /pyí ; l5 /pí ; l&.pi.yé , l5 .p5.y5] South American Native language Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB 'foot'. (Alan H. Hartley, personal Etym: From French "les pieds" \pje\. communication 2005). Cf Bay Center CW 'foot'. maliyash • Ref: (Demers, St. lisak [l5 /sá(4)k; l&F/sá(4)k] Ref: JH 1928, JH Onge) 'marriage'. (Jacobs 1945:21), VH, WB, EP 'bag, Etym: From French "mariage" sack'. \marja]\. Etym: From French "le sac". Cf Bay Center CW 'bag'. malyi • Ref: (Bay Center CW, jph 18.0293) 'to marry; lisayu • Ref: (N Oregon Coast married'. CW [Louie Fuller], jph 20.0104), Etym: From French "marié" \marje\ (Demers) 'onion'. (married), also used transitively (to Etym: From French "les oignons" marry) (MLT). \lez nj H\. mama [má/má(4)] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, lishesh [l5 /š&F(4)š] Ref: EJ 'chair'. CR 'mother'. Etym: From French "la chaise". Etym: From French "maman" \mam H, m Hm H\. Cf Bay Center CW lishol [l5 /š F(4)l] Ref: LK, Gatschet [mWmá] 'mother'. (1877:84, 148) 'shawl'. Etym: From French "le châle" \N l\. masi • Ref: (Bay Center CW, jph 18.0303) 'thank-you'. lita [l5 /t á(4); l&.t á(4)] Ref: JH 1928, WB, CR, Etym: From Canadian French JP 'tooth, teeth'. "merci" \marsi\ (for Standard Etym: From French "les dents" \d H\. French \m&rsi\; MLT).
Cf Bay Center CW 'tooth, (4) teeth'. mersi [m&F r.s5] Ref: EP 'thank-you'.
335 Etym: Compare regional masi • . The Thomas's (1935) popular dictionary, speaker (EP) may have been in which the word appears spelled influenced by modern standard "POO--LIE". Most words of French French. origin retain [r] in local CW, albeit not in regional CW: cf Bay Center CW nipersi [n5 .pœr.si] Ref: Gatschet 'rotten'. (1877:31) 'Nez Perce Indians'. (4) (4) Etym: From French "nez percé" \ne puyu [p ú .yU; bo.yá ] Ref: JH 1928, JP p&rse\, 'pierced nose' (HNAI 12:437). 'broth, soup'. Etym: From French "bouillon" nowel • Ref: (Demers) \buj H\. 'Christmas'. (4) Etym: From French "Noël" \n &l\. sand$li [sá n.d$.li] Ref: Gatschet (1877a:70) 'roan (colored)'. papa [p á/p á(4); pWp á] Ref: JH 1928/1932, Etym: From French "cendré". VH, WB, EJ, CR 'father'. Etym: From French "papa" sesukli • Ref: (Demers), ("daddy"). Cf Bay Center CW [pWpá] (St. Onge) 'Jesus Christ'. 'father'. Etym: From French "Jésus Christ" \]ezy kri\. pi [p 5, p i(4)] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'and, but, yet; than'. shapu [šá/pú(4)] Ref: EP, ID 'hat'. Etym: From Canadian French "pis", Etym: From French "chapeau". corresponding to Standard French "puis": compare Michif Cree (from shati [šá(4).t i] Ref: VH 'to sing'. Métis French) pi 'and' (Fleury and Etym: From French "chanter". Barkwell 6). Cf Bay Center CW 'and'. shawash [šá/wá(4)š; sá/wá(4)š] Ref: JH 1928/1932/1941, WB, EJ 'Indian'. pliye • Ref: (Demers, St. Onge) 'pray; religion; sacred'. Etym: From French "sauvage" (wild). A Métis French origin or influence is Etym: From French "prier" \priye\ suggested by the following citation (to pray). from materials of the Michif language program: savazh, savæzh ptsiza [ptsi.zá(4), ptši.zá(4); tši.zá(4); t5.zá(4), (4) 'Indian' (Fleury and Barkwell 4, 5). t$.žá ] Ref: JH (Jacobs 1945:275-335), WB remembered that EP, EL 'Petit Jean; the trickster'. French-speaking community Etym: From Canadian French \p i] H, members would sometimes refer to ti]ã\, corresponding to Standard Indians as [sWvJš] (sic), a term French "Petit Jean" \p($)ti] H\ (MLT); which he took to be derogatory. He cf "Ti-Jean", given as "the French was not aware that his own word for (French Canadian) trickster" (Bakker 'Indian' (sshawash) is from the same 1992:63). source. Cf Bay Center CW [sWwáš] 'Indian'. puli [pU.lí(4)] Ref: EP 'rotten'. Etym: From French "pourri". It is shenu • (St. Onge) 'knee'. possible that the speaker (EP) Etym: From French "genou" refreshed her memory of this word \]($)nu\. by consulting Edward Harper
336 ubut [_U/bú(4)t , _U.bó(4)t , _o.p ó(4)t ] Ref: JH Etym: According to Kinkade 1928, CR 'end, goal'. (2004:38), this word is ultimately Etym: From Canadian French "au from Ojibwa appišimo n 'something bout" (at the end; cf "le but", goal); to lie or sit on'; initial la- shows that in contrast to Standard French, the it was introduced into CW by Canadian pronunciation retains final French-speaking fur-company [t] (MLT). employees. Cf lapišmú 'saddle-blanket' (Cowlitz [Kinkade]). 8 From multiple sources latsikan-stik • Ref: $nk aw [_WFn/k á(4)U] Ref: EJ 'untie'. 'oak' (Demers). Etym: From English "un-" + CW (from Etym: From a Chinookan noun plus Chinookan) k aw 'tied'. CW (from English) stik ‘wood’: i-láckan (Chinook iktas [_5 k.tWs] Ref: EJ, EP 'clothes'. [Curtis]), i -ná kan (Wishram [Dyk Etym: From CW (from Chinookan) 94]) 'oak'; cf -t út la kan ikta 'thing, something' + the English <t-tElatckan> 'hearth-side plural suffix –s. As EJ remarked, sitting-plank' (a feature of "iiktas is clothes . . . 'things' they traditional Chinookan houses) (KT said" (EJ 44). Cf Bay Center CW 100.10). [5 ktWs] < 5 ktas> 'things'. lesuk$r [l&.sú(4).kWr] Ref: JH 1928 kakupus [k á(4).gU.p Us] Ref: JH 1928, VH, 'sugar'. WB, EJ 'seemingly, as if'. Etym: MLT observes that the CW form violates expected pattern for Etym: Contracted for CW (of obscure deriving a CW word from a French origin) kakwa ‘thus, so’ + CW (from source: the putative source, "le Chinookan) pus ‘if, would’. sucre" \l$ sykr\, would probably lakamas [lá.k W/má(4)s, lW.k á(4).mWs] Ref: JH have dropped its final [r]; and the 1928, VH, EJ, JP 'camas; edible vowel \y\ [ü] should not be roots'. represented by CW [u]. Apparently, local French from English "sugar". Etym: From Nez Perce qém es 'camas', picked up by lishat [l5.šá(4)t] Ref: JH 1928 'shirt'. French-speaking voyageurs and introduced into CW with the French Etym: Apparently, local French from article la-. Cf Bay Center CW English "shirt". [lWkWm F4s] 'camas'. pa7lam [pá(4)7.lWm; pá(4).t7Wm, pá(4).7Wm, (4) lapeyl • Ref: (Middle p á .7Wm] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ, CR Columbia CW [Joe Peter], jph 'drunk'. 18.0009: one of Harrington's more Etym: While obviously compound in cryptic citations; in its entirety it origin (consisting of pa7 'full', from reads: "lapél We used a can for Chinookan, and lam 'booze', from boiling"). English), this item is usually perceived Etym: Evidently, a local French and pronounced as one word, with borrowing of English "pail". stress falling on the first syllable. (4) (4) lapusmu [lá.pUs.mU] Ref: JH 1928 pasayuks [pa.sá .yuks; pa.šá .yuks] Ref: JH 1928, EJ, JP 'French'. 'saddle-blanket, sitting-blanket; bed'. Etym: Two etymologies of this word
337 are on record. Gibbs (1863:20), wikna [w5 k .nW] Ref: WB, EP 'isn't that noting that Chinookans referred to right?'. Lewis and Clark as "Pashisheooks", Etym: From CW (from Nootka proposes Chinookan -pašíši 'blanket' Jargon) wik 'no' + CW (from + -ukš [plural]. Hale (1846:640) Chinookan/Salishan) na '?'. proposes "Français" \fr Hs&\ (also \fr Hsa\ in Canadian French) 'French' 9 Of obscure origin + -ukš, observing that Chinookan lacks the segments [f] and [r] and aha [_á/há(4), _WE.hWF] Ref: JH 1928, VH, the nasalized vowel: hence, WB, CR 'yes'. (assumed Chinookan) [pasá(5)] + -ukš Etym: Also recorded as 'yes' in 'French person/people'. While Kalapuyan (Takeuchi 1969); cf also Gibbs's proposal no doubt explains English "ùhúh". Lewis and Clark's "Pashisheooks" (cf Lewis and Clark in Moulton 1990, al$ksh [_á(4).l$kš] Ref: EP 'beg for'. 6:434: "they call us pâ-shish -e-ooks, or cloth men"), Hale's form/meaning Etym: This word suggests, without match is more convincing as an perfectly matching, some elements explanation of CW pasayuks. recorded from local Salishan languages: cf _ale- 'pity, poor', p us [p ú(4)s; pú(4)s, p ú(4)s; pUFs.pUs] Ref: JH _al$q - 'loosen' (Tillamook 1928, WB, EJ 'cat'. [Thompson and Thompson]); ó x š=ala a 'beggar' (from _ó4x aš- Etym: Ultimately from English "puss" 'beg for' + =ala a 'agent, doer of' (compare alternate forms), [p ] [lexical suffix]; Upper Chehalis marking a Chinookan diminutive. [Kinkade]: cf Lower Chehalis [Snow] [s], which belongs to the original ux 'give'). English word, can also mark a diminutive form in Chinookan; alikuchik [< llíkotchik> (Gatschet according to Sapir (in Boas 641-642), 1877:111)] Ref: Gatschet (1877:111) [p] (in the source-word) changes to 'dentalium shells' (given as English [p ] (in Chinookan) because "p translation of Tualatin ). in -pus [sic] would not be consistent with diminutive s". Cf Bay Center CW Etym: Of obscure origin. Gibbs's 'cat'. dictionary includes as a word for clams salts$qw [sá(4)l.ts$qw] Ref: WB 'ocean; "used chiefly on Puget Sound". saltwater'. Gibbs's form may be from French "la coquille" \k kij\ (shell), as he Etym: From English "salt" plus CW suggests: note that "qu" [k] would (from Chinookan) ts$qw 'water'. Cf tend to be palatalized in Canadian Bay Center CW [s Flt-ts qw] 'salt-water'. "tch" for "qu" less strange than it t$mwata [t WFm/wá(4).t a, t Um.wá(4).t $r] Ref: might first appear. Gill's dictionary JH 1928, VH, Gatschet (1877:31) (1909 ed., 47) has 'Willamette Falls, Oregon City; as "a small shell worn as an Willamette Falls Chinookans'. ornament for the ear"; we have so far been unable to trace Gill's source. Etym: From CW (from Chinookan) tum 'thump' + English "water". Cf alim [_W.lí(4)m; _5.lí(4)m, _&.lé(4)m] Ref: JH Bay Center CW [tWmwátW, tWmw FtW] 1928, WB, EJ 'to rest'. ‘waterfall’. Etym: French "aliment" (food) has
338 been suggested as the source of this obscure. word. But according to MLT: “Even if the meanings were more chasti [tšá(4)s.t 5; tš&F(4)s.t 5] Ref: Gatschet compatible, this [French] word is not (1877:31, 69), Jacobs (CCT 552, an ordinary, everyday word like Tualatin [Berman slip-files]), WB English 'food', it belongs to a higher, 'Shastas'. more specialized register (e.g. when Etym: Origin obscure. The Chinuk discussing nutrition) and would Wawa form of the name is also have been unlikely in the vocabulary Chinookan, and shared generally by of French speakers in the relevant speakers of Northwest Oregon time and place”; moreover, “the languages. expected correspondence [of 'aliment'] with CW would be chipchip [tš5 p.tš5p] Ref: JH 1928 *((a)lima, not alim.” Cf (especially 'winking'. with reference to EJ’s alternate Etym: Of obscure origin. forms ilim, eleym) the Lower Chinook verb-stem - im 'feed', as in hayash [há/yá(4)š] Ref: JH 1928, VH, n-a-l- im-a '[I-her-to- Stem -future] I WB, EJ, CR 'big; greatly'. will feed her' (Boas 619), í-l- im <- l -m> '[him-to- Stem] give him Etym: Of obscure origin. Gibbs food' (Clatsop [Hymes pace Boas]). If (1863:5) proposed that the word is the word is indeed originally "corrupted from" the Nootkan word Chinookan, its usually recorded CW ultimately underlying hayu (refer to form may reflect a French-speakers’ hayu 'many, much' in the Nootka folk-etymology. Jargon list). A Chinookan particle of similar form/meaning has been champuyk [tšám/pú(4)5k~pó(4)5k; recorded from the extreme upriver šæm.pú(4).w5g] Ref: Gatschet (1877:70, dialects, but not, so far as we know, 267, 282), David LaChance, EL from any downriver dialect: ha as 'Champoeg'. 'plentiful, more than enough' (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes slip-files]). Etym: The first pronunciation cited Maria Parker Pascua (2001), director corresponds both to Gatschet of the Makah language program, (1877:70, 267, 282), reflecting the points to Makah Nootkan x ayaa usage of Tualatin-speaking members 'high', corresponding to Ditidaht of the Grand Ronde community, and Nootkan xaa k 'high' (Powell 117). Cf to pioneer-era English also Ditidaht haac 'tall; pronunciations of the name; the high-ranking' (Powell 77). While second pronunciation (from David some such Nootkan form could LaChance and EL) apparently conceivably have given rise to a reflects local French influence. Nootka Jargon word resembling CW Gatschet also gives Tualatin hayash 'big', the question must a- íma-búi uk 'place (in front of?) remain open for lack of búi uk (yampah, Perideridea sp., documentation. Cf Bay Center CW probably, P. oregana)', for a hill in [hWyáš] 'big'. the vicinity where Indians once gathered seasonally to dig hilu [hí(4).lU~o; hé(4).lo] Ref: JH 1928/1932, yampah - a nutritious root that VH, WB, CR 'lacking, gone, expired'. could be eaten either raw or boiled. The historical town name is Etym: Of obscure origin. Lower probably related to the name of the Chehalis Salishan has hílu 'no, not', plant, though the exact derivation is alongside mi t 'no, not' (Snow); only
339 mi t has cognates in other Salishan Hymes (Wasco-Wishram slip-files), languages, hílu is unique to Lower the noun is -q apšalwaš, which yields Chehalis. Dale Kinkade (personal 'turtle' with masculine i-, and 'lock' communication) suspects an with dual is-. Clark (2005) ultimate Chinookan origin, but no reconstructs Nootka Jargon resemblant Chinookan forms are on kap(t)sshitl 'to steal': cf Nootka record to support his hunch. Cf Bay Nootkan haptši 'to hide (something Center CW [hílu, _ílu] 'no, not, none'. the parallels are suggestive but not conclusive. Cf Bay Center CW kakwa [k á.(4)k wW~gwW; ká(4).k wW~gwW; [kWpšwálW] 'to steal'. k á(4).k U~o(/gU~o), ká(4).k U~o(/gU~o)] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR, EP kimt$ks [k í(4)m.d$ks] Ref: WB 'feel 'accordingly; like, resembling'. deeply about, regard with respect'. Etym: Of obscure origin. Chinook Etym: This obscure word was Texts, dictated by Charles Cultee, recorded only from WB; possibly, it shows an example of apparent use as traces to k$mt$ks 'know, a Chinookan particle: kák a understand', amplified by an 'thus' (CT 67.16). Since this was not elsewhere unrecorded lengthening one of Cultee's usual Chinook words of the first syllable. for the indicated meaning, it is possible that we have here an kiy$p [kí(4).y$p; k í(4).y$p] Ref: WB, EJ, intrusion from CW, which Cultee CR, MM 'dark'. spoke fluently. Kathlamet Texts, also Etym: Of obscure origin. dictated by Cultee, shows another (no doubt genuinely Chinookan) k alapuya [k á.lW/pú(4).yW] Ref: VH, WB particle: ák a 'thus' (KT 50.8, 51.4, 'Kalapuyas'. 52.6, 54.4, 55.1, etc.). But an even Etym: This is the usual name for closer match to the CW is presented Kalapuyans in CW and other local by Nootka Jargon kwokwokwa 'like languages. It apparently came into (this)' (Clark 2005): cf Nootka regional currency from Chinookan, Nootkan q a- 'thus, such, so' (Sapir where it has been recorded in the and Swadesh 294), Makah Nootkan inflected forms itk alapúyawaykš, q a 'to be thus' (Pasqua 2001). Cf Bay itgalapúywiukš. The origin of the Center CW [kákwW] 'all stem-forms -k alapúyawa, -galapúywi same'. is obscure (HNAI 7:552). (4) (4) kapshwala [k áp/šwá .lW, k WFp/šwá .lW; k watin [k wWF/tí(4)n; k wWF/t í(4)n] Ref: JH k áp/swá(4).lW, k WFp/swá(4).lW] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'stomach'. 1928, WB, EJ, CR 'to steal'. Etym: Origin obscure. Local Salishan Etym: Of obscure origin. A Chinookan sources show matches for the first noun of suggestive but not identical part of the word, but reveal no form and meaning has been obvious explanation of the whole recorded from the extreme upriver form: k ásn 'stomach' (from dialects, but not, so far as we know, k as$Fn-, Cowlitz [Kinkade]; or from any downriver dialect: k ásin-, Upper Chehalis Wasco-Wishram i-q apšálwaš 'turtle' [Kinkade]). Gibbs attributes the (base form), is-k ápsalwas word to Chinook; and regional CW (diminutive form) 'lock (of door)' forms showing initial [ya] do suggest (Sapir in Boas 641); according to a Chinookan noun with ia- 'his'. The
340 noun-stem -q utan, recorded in Etym: Of obscure origin. Cf Bay Center Wasco-Wishram a-q után 'wood CW [lWpWlá] "to roast on an trough' (Hymes slip-files; cf Bay erected stake by a camp fire". Center CW below), is suggestive, inasmuch as some Chinookan nouns laq [lá(4)q] Ref: CR 'flapping (sound or assume different meanings motion)'. depending on which gender they are Etym: Of obscure origin. Likely an assigned. Cf Bay Center CW [q wWtín] onomatopoeic particle from some 'belly'. local language or languages.
(4) k wayts [k wá 5ts] Ref: JH 1928, EJ lariyet [lW.r5.y&F(4)t] Ref: JH 1928 'lariat; a 'nine'. lash'. Etym: 'Nine' is recorded as k ict Etym: From English? Spanish? (Boas 637), k is (Wishram (compare spanyol, below). [Dyk 137]) in Chinookan, but as k wí st (Tualatin [Jacobs 1936a]) in lawtish [lá(4)U.t_5š, lá(4)U.t 5š] Ref: EP 'a Kalapuyan. The source of the CW is bickerer, argumentative person'. clearly local, only the exact Etym: Of obscure origin. Related to derivation is obscure. Cf Bay Center English "loutish"? CW 'nine'. lideynt • Ref: (N Oregon lakamin [lW.k W.mí(4)n, lW.gW.mí(4)n] Ref: Coast CW [Louie Fuller], jph Gatschet (1877a:43), CR, ET 'soup, 20.0119: Harrington notes, stew, gravy; potatoes and water "[informant] thinks, but is not sure stirred till thick; food requiring of the jarg[on] form") 'dandelion'. mixture/stirring'. Etym: Jim Armagost (personal Etym: Of obscure origin. The word is communication) suggests that widely known on the Columbia non-standard French "les Plateau: cf Yakama Sahaptin dents-de-lion" (literally, lion's teeth, lakamíin 'stew, flour soup' (Beavert an old word for dandelion) is the and Hargus 2009), Wasco-Wishram source. MLT suspects that [dent] is a-lagámin 'stew' (Hymes slip-files) . It actually from "dand", a shortening is also known in local Salishan, of English "dandelion", since French where Kinkade (1991:339) attributes "les dents" also yields CW lita. it to "French la commune, via Chinook Jargon lagamín". However, malax [má(4).lWx; má(4)lx] Ref: LK, MLT considers "la commune" a very Gatschet (1877:5), JH (Jacobs unlikely source for the meanings 1945:303) 'tinware, pan, dishes'. attributed, while Nicole St-Onge (personal communication to George Etym: Of obscure origin. Well-known Lang) has never encountered this or as CW to the north of the lower any like usage in her many years of Columbia, according to Jay Powell interviewing French Canadian (personal communication). Cf Bay Métises. The earliest attestation as Center CW [mWláx] 'tin; pan, dishpan'.
Demers' dictionary (1871): (4) 'soup, gravy, stew'. mash [má š] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, WB, EJ, CR 'throw, put away, leave lapala [lá.pW/lá(4), lWF.pW/lá(4); lW.plá(4)] Ref: behind'. WB, CR, EP 'roast food on sticks in Etym: Of obscure origin. Gibbs front of flames'. attributes the word to French
341 "marcher" 'to walk, step, march'; The CW form is widely recorded as a while Jay Powell (personal loan word in Northwest languages. communication) points to French Cf Bay Center CW [músWm_Us] "(le) marché" 'market, bargain, 'cow head' [sic]. deal'. Differences of form and meaning however render these n$x [nWFx] Ref: 'Dear, "hon" [term of possibilities less than entirely endearment]' (EP, MM, Velma convincing. Cf Bay Center CW Mercier). 'to throw; leave it, throw it away'. Etym: Of obscure origin.
(4) (4) mashachi [má/šá .tš5; má/sá .tš5] Ref: JH pik w [pí(4)k w] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB 1928/1941, WB, EJ, CR 'bad'. 'back; back-bone'. Etym: Of obscure origin. Gibbs says Etym: Of obscure origin. the word is from Chinookan. We fail to find a direct match in the pulali [p UF.lW.l5, p ó(4).lW.l5] Ref: JH 1928 linguistic record; but note the 'powder, sand, gunpowder'. following Chinookan particle of Etym: Of obscure origin. Cf Bay similar form (and diametrically Center CW [pUFlWl5] opposed meaning): (CT 'powder'. 70.14, 166.22, 218.18), (KT 146.14) 'pretty'. Cf Bay Center p a7i7 [p á(4).757] Ref: WB, EJ, CR, EL 'lie, CW [mWšátš5, m5šátš5] 'no good, bad'. Etym: Of obscure origin. It is molala [mó(4).lW.lW] Ref: EJ 'Molalas'. interesting that this word, known as CW only from Grand Ronde, also Etym: This is the usual name for appears as the personal name of Molalas in CW and other local someone who lived there: Stevens languages. It apparently came into Savage (Molala name: p a7i7), who regional currency from Chinookan, through Frachtenberg's work is the where it has been recorded as muláliš source of much of what we know (Clackamas, Jacobs) and [mólališ] about the Molala language and (Wasco Upper Chinook and Columbia Molala traditional culture. River Sahaptin, Bruce Rigsby) (HNAI 12:445). The origin of the name is qohoho [q F(4).h .h ] Ref: JH 1928 obscure. 'shinny'. musmus [mú(4)s.mUs, mUFs.mUs] Ref: JH Etym: Of obscure origin. 1928, EJ, CR 'cow, ox, buffalo'. saliks [sá(4).l5ks] Ref: JH 1928/1932, VH, Etym: Of obscure origin. The word EJ 'to quarrel, fight; angry'. occurs in Chinookan and local Salishan with the puzzling added Etym: Of obscure origin. Cf Bay element [-ki] : i-músmuski (CCT 551), Center CW músmuski, wamúsmuski (Upper 'mad; to fight'.
Chehalis [Kinkade]), w$músmuski (4) (Cowlitz [Kinkade]) 'cow, cattle'. santiyam [sán.t5/yá m] Ref: JH David Robertson (The Chinook List, (Swadesh 1953) 'Santiams'. September 2003) proposes an Etym: A name of obscure origin. It ultimate Klamath and/or Molala appears in Jacobs's Santiam source: cf Klamath mosmas~mosmos, Kalapuya field notes (mj 78:n.p.) in Molala musims 'black-tailed deer'. the form santyám ; but
342 the Santiams' usual name for 'a hat', -iá-siapu <i siap> 'his themselves was anhálpam 'those hat' (CT 24.8, 24.16); Nootka Jargon above (upstream or upland)' (HNAI (t)siapuks (Clark 2005), from 7:552). Nootkan ciya px s, ciyapux s, ciyapux(s) 'hat' (Powell 51-52). Cf Bay saplel [sáp /l&F(4)l, sá(4)p .l$l; sáp /lí(4)l~lé(4)l; Center CW 'hat'. French sá(4)b.l&] Ref: JH 1928, VH, LK, EJ, CR "chapeau" is the source of another 'grain, wheat, flour, bread'. CW word for 'hat' (refer to shapú); Etym: While the origin of this word is there seems no good reason to obscure, it is clearly local and not consider it also the source of CW from French, as even some Indians siyapu7, as Gibbs does.
have thought (note the alternate (4) (4) form sable, evidently influenced by skichutxwa [sk5.tšú t.xwW; tšú t.xwW] French "sablé", meaning shortbread Ref: Gatschet (1877:24, 71, 94, 282), or biscuits). Lewis and Clark Fred Yelkes (mj Molala slip-files) recorded "shapallel", "chapallel" as 'Fort Vancouver'. the name of a meal locally made Etym: Origin and original reference from roots and processed into cakes obscure. Lionnet's CW vocabulary (Moulton 1990, 5:39, 7:92). Later-day shows 'Columbia River'. Kiksht (Upper Chinook) speakers Cf qicútx a , k útx a (Upper Chehalis described a-sáblal as: 1) "Indian [Kinkade 1991:107, 335]), <(tch ) biscuits made of powdered roots tchút hw > (Tualatin [Gatschet baked in ashes, or the sun"; 2) a flat 1877:94]), ski útx a loaf made of a-dwák ("wild Indian (Molala [mj slip-files]) 'Fort carrot"); 3) modern baked goods, Vancouver'. specifically, flat bread-loaves or biscuits (Wasco-Wishram [Hymes skukúm [sk U.k ú(4)m] Ref: VH, WB, EP slip-files]). According to George 'monster; something dangerous'. Aguilar (When the River Ran Wild : Etym: Of obscure origin. Note: Indian Traditions on the Mid-Columbia skukúm 'harmful being; something and the Warm Springs Reservation, p. dangerous' : skúkum 'strong'. Gibbs 64), adwák is Yampah (Perideridea writes both , given as one word: "A a [tsWpWl5 l] ghost; an evil spirit or demon; 'bread'. strong". Emma Luscier, Harrington's
(4) main Bay Center source, attributed silets [s5.l&F ts] Ref: ET 'Siletz'. to "jargon" (CW); but Etym: A name of obscure origin; to local Salishan (Lower Harrington's Salmon River Chehalis). She recalled "one Tillamook fieldnotes show it in the who had a projection [on] local form [nš($)lJtš ] (HNAI 7:567). his foot a ft. long clear as an icicle & he w[oul]d kick one with this" (jph siyapu7 [s5.yá(4).p U7 , s5.yá(4).p $7; š5.yá(4).p U7] 17.0077). The source may well be Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ 'hat'. local Salishan, as Gibbs notes; s- is Etym: While a Chinookan noun of often noted as a Salishan nominal identical form and meaning is on prefix. On the other hand, š-, s- are record, the ultimate source must be also noted as noun-classifiers in considered obscure in view of Chinookan, as in: s-k ním 'toy canoe', historical evidence for a Nootkan š-kák li 'lamprey eel', etc. (Boas source: Chinook -šiápu <ci p> 602-603).
343 skukum [sk ú(4).k Um, sk UF.k Um] Ref: JH English [k]. 1928, WB, CR 'strong'. (4) Etym: Of obscure origin. Note: t$na [t$ná ] Ref: EP, JP 'a (human) skúkum 'strong' : skukúm 'harmful pest, nuisance'. being; something dangerous'. Etym: Of obscure origin. Related to Attributed to Salishan, though a Nootka Jargon derived t$nas 'child'? Chinookan origin cannot be entirely ruled out (details: skukúm, etym). tulituli • Ref: (Demers) 'wind instrument'. (4) snas [sná s] Ref: JH 1928, WB 'rain; to Etym: Of obscure origin; possibly rain'. related to a Chinookan noun: cf Etym: Of obscure origin. In Wasco-Wishram i-dudu 'flute' Kathlamet Chinook, the noise of rain (Hymes slip-files). is recorded as as as as (KT 113.2). Cf Bay Center CW 'rain'. tutush [t ú/t ú(4)š; tU.tú(4)š] Ref: JH 1928, VH, WB 'to nurse, suck; breast, spanyol [spán/yó(4)l] Ref: Gatschet nipple'. (1877:238) 'Mexican'. Etym: Of obscure origin. Gibbs Etym: This name could either be (1863:26) attributes the word to from French "espagnol", or from "Chippeway" (Ojibwa). Cf Bay Center Spanish "español"; the CW [tUtúš] "chiche". pronunciations are the same. The Hudson Bay Company regularly t isay [t 5 /sá(4)5; t 5 /šá(4)5, t WF.ša5] Ref: VH, sent out trading brigades from Fort WB, EJ, CR, EP, JP [a gambling Vancouver to Spanish-speaking game]. California, raising the possibility Etym: Of obscure origin. Elder that the name dates back to these memory associates the game early contacts. There were also especially with Siletz Reservation, some individuals of Mexican suggesting that the word may come ancestry in the nineteenth-century from a coastal language. reservation community. Note that "Spanish" is old local English for t 7axanhæn [t7 á(4).xWn.hæn] Ref: EP anyone or anything Mexican. 'deadbeat, good-for-nothing'. Etym: Of obscure origin. The last shox [š Fx] Ref: WB, EP 'to slip'. syllable of the word suggests English Etym: Of obscure origin. The "hand", while the first two syllables Chinookan onomatopoeic particle appear to match local Salishan š x , šix [noise of rattling or rustling] L á4xan- 'to hunt' (as cited from (see s$x, Chinookan list) is close in Kinkade's Upper Chehalis and form and at least suggestive in Cowlitz dictionaries): 'hunting for a meaning, but we fail to find relevant handout'? examples in the available sources. t syu_ [ts UF_] Ref: WB 'to cohabit'. tantin [tán/tí(4)n] Ref: JH 1928 Etym: Of obscure origin. 'canteen'. Etym: Recorded by Jacobs from JH in upq ati [_UFp.q W.t 5] Ref: JH 1928 'bow'. 1928 as . While the word Etym: Of obscure origin. suggests English "canteen", there seems no obvious motivation for the upxa chi [_UFp.xW.tš5] Ref: JH 1928 'beads; substitution of CW [t] for initial
344 Indian money'. Clark's observation that the word Etym: Of obscure origin. was in wide use on the lower Columbia in 1805-06 ("a root they waptu [wá(4)p.tU; wá(4).p$.tU] Ref: JH 1928, [the Natives] call Wapto", etc.), LK, WB, EJ, CR 'potatoes' (originally: before the arrival of resident foreign 'wapato [Sagittaria latifolia]'). settlers (Thwaites 1904-1905, 3:196-197, 4:7, 10). Cf Bay Center CW Etym: Of obscure origin. The late 'potato'; also (mf 17.0170, Professor David French of Reed 0184): [sWwáš wáptU] 'wild potato' (that is, in 1976 that the CW is from an Upper wapato). Chinook noun based on a Kalapuyan stem: Upper Chinook wa- (~a-), wax [wWFh] Ref: ET [exclamation]. feminine singular; Tualatin Kalapuya , Yoncalla Kalapuya Etym: Of obscure origin.
'wapato (Sagittaria (4) latifolia)' (Kalapuyan spellings xa x$ t sak [xá .x$.ts Wk] Ref: JH 1928 following Berman 1990:54, who 'grasshopper'. considers the stem-forms <-pdu>, Etym: Of obscure origin. <-pdu_> to be cognate, that is, indicative of a word belonging yix [y5 x] Ref: JH 1928, WB, EJ 'tipsy, originally to ancestral Kalapuyan). half-drunk; off-base, out of touch'. This very plausible explanation only Etym: Of obscure origin. lacks solid evidence that the word was indeed originally indigenous to _ayu_ayu [_á(4).yU._à(4).yU] Ref: ET Chinookan. Alternative 'nickering (noise made by a horse)'. proposals - one deriving it from Cree Etym: Of obscure origin. wapatowa 'white mushroom'; another deriving it from Spanish and/or Portugese for 'potato' - are difficult to square with Lewis and
References
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345 Boas, Franz. 1892. The Chinook Jargon. Science (March 4, 1892):129. Boas, Franz. 1894. Chinook Texts. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 20. Washington. Boas, Franz. 1901. Kathlamet Texts. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 26. Washington. Boas, Franz. 1911. Chinook. Pp. 559-677 in Vol. 1 of “Handbook of American IndianLanguages,” F. Boas, ed. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 40. Washington. Clark, Ross. 2005. Nootka Jargon—evidence from the earliest vocabularies. (Ms draft in author’s possession.) Curtis, Edward S. 1911. Wishram, Chinook, Cathlamet [word-lists]. Pp 198-205 in The North American Indian, vol. 8. Norwood, Mass.: Plimpton Press. Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa. 2003. [Lower Chehalis word-list and other data.] (Mss in possession of David Robertson, University of Victoria, Victoria, B. C.) DeAngulo, Jaime, and Lucy S. Freeland. 1928. The Tfalati Dialect of Kalapuya. (Ms in Melville Jacobs Collection, University of Washington Archives, Seattle.) Demers, Modeste, Francis Norbert Blanchet and L.N. St. Onge. 1871. Chinook Dictionary, Catechism, Prayers and Hymns. Montreal. Drucker, Philip. 1934. [Clackamas Chinookan ethnographic field-notes.] (Mss 4516 (78, 82), National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.) Dyk, Walter. 1933. A Grammar of Wishram. PhD dissertation in linguistics, Yale University. Fleury, Norman, and Lawrence Barkwell. n. d. The Canadian Michif Language Dictionary (Introductory Level). (Ms draft in possession of Norman Fleury.) Fowler, Nancy, and David French. 1982. Wasco-Wishram Noun Pluralizaton. (Working paper for the 17th International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages, Portland State University.) Frachtenberg, Leo J. 1911. [Molala field-notes.] (Ms 2517, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.) Frachtenberg, Leo J. 1913. [Central Kalapuya field-notes.] (Mss 1923-a, 1923-d, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.) Galloway, Brent. 1990. A Phonology, Morphology, and Classified Word List for the Samish Dialect of Straits Salish. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization. Gatschet, Albert S. 1877. Texts, Sentences, and Vocables of the Atfálati Dialect of the Kalapuya Language of Willámet Valley, Northwestern Oregon. (Ms 472-a, National Anthropological Archives, Washington.) Gibbs, George. 1863. Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon; or, Trade Language of Oregon. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Gibbs, George. 1863a. Alphabetical Vocabulary of the Chinook Language. New York: Cramoisy. Gill, John. 1909. Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon, with Examples of Use in Conversation and Notes upon Tribes and Tongues. 15th ed. Portland, Oregon: J. K. Gill Company. Grant, Rena. 1951. Alphonse Pinart and the Chinook Jargon. California Folklore Quarterly (October):277-297.
346 Hajda, Yvonne. [Chinuk Wawa data from members of the Grand Ronde community, Oregon: tapes and tape transcripts.] (Originals in possession of author, duplicates in the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde language archives.) Hale, Horatio. 1846. The “Jargon” or Trade-language of Oregon. Pp 635-650 in “Ethnology and Philology,” vol. 6 of United States Exploring Expedition during 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Philadelphia: C. Sherman. Harrington, John P. 1942. [J. P. Harrington papers microfilm, vol. 1, reels 17, 18.] Millwood N. Y.: Kraus International Publications. Hunn, Eugene. 1990. Nch'i-wána, "The Big River”: Mid-Columbia Indians and their Land. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Hymes, Dell. 1955. The Language of the Kathlamet Chinook. PhD dissertation in Linguistics, Indiana University. Hymes, Dell. n. d. [Wasco-Wishram linguistic slip-files.] (Microfilms in Library of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.) Jacobs, Elizabeth D. 1959. Nehalem Tillamook Tales. Melville Jacobs, ed. Eugene: University of Oregon Books. Jacobs, Melville. 1928. [Chinuk Wawa words, sentences, and text from John B. Hudson.] (Field notebook nos. 33:57, 165-194, 34:197-199, Melville Jacobs Collection, University of Washington Archives, Seattle.) Jacobs, Melville. 1928-29. [Clackamas Upper Chinook and Chinuk Wawa texts and data from Victoria (Wishikin) Wacheno Howard.] (Field notebooks nos. 52-69, Melville Jacobs Collection, University of Washington Archives, Seattle.) Jacobs, Melville. 1932. [Chinuk Wawa texts from John B. Hudson.] (Field notebook no. 87:2-26, 30-34, Melville Jacobs Collection, University of Washington Archives, Seattle.) Jacobs, Melville. 1936. Texts in Chinook Jargon. Seattle: University of Washington. Jacobs, Melville. 1945. Kalapuya Texts. Seattle: University of Washington. Jacobs, Melville. 1958-59. Clackamas Chinook Texts. Bloomington Ind.: Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics. Jacobs, Melville. n.d. [Linguistic slip-files: Clackamas Upper Chinook, Molala, Kalapuyan.] (Mss in Melville Jacobs Collection, University of Washington Archives, Seattle.) Johnson, Tony A. 1998. [Chinuk Wawa data from members of the Grand Ronde community, Oregon: tapes and tape transcripts.] (Originals in possession of author, duplicates in the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde language archives.) Kinkade, M. Dale. 1991. Upper Chehalis dictionary. Occasional Papers in Linguistics No. 7. Missoula: University of Montana Press. Kinkade, M. Dale. 2004. Cowlitz Dictionary and Grammatical Sketch. Missoula: University of Montana Press. Kinkade, M. Dale and Jay Powell. 2005. And Now, Finally, the Last Word on the Lower Chehalis Loanwords into Chinook Jargon. (Paper delivered at Chinuk Lu7lu 2005, June 5-7, 2005, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C.) Lang, George. 2008. Making Wawa: The Genesis of Chinook Jargon. Vancouver: UBC Press.
347 Lionnet, Père. 1853. Vocabulary of the Jargon or Trade Language of Oregon. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. McKay, William C. 1892. Chinook Address [text of a speech in Chinuk Wawa]. (Ms in William C. McKay Papers, University of Oregon Archives, Eugene.) Mercier, Vincent. 1941. [Home disc recording of John B. Hudson and Ila Hudson (Dowd) speaking Chinuk Wawa.] (Tape dubbing in Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde language archives.) Montler, Timothy. 1991. Saanich, North Straits Salish Classified Word List. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization. Moulton, Gary E., ed. 1990. The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Pascua, Maria Parker. 2001. Chinook Jargon Words of Nootkan Origin and Their Corresponding Makah Pronunciations. (Paper delivered at Chinuk Lu7lu 2001, August 11-12, 2001, Neah Bay, Washington.) Powell, Jay. 1991. Our World - Our Ways: T aat aaqsapa cultural dictionary. Nuuchahnulth Tribal Council. Sapir, Edward 1909. Wishram Texts. Leyden: E.J. Brill. Sapir, Edward and Morris Swadesh. 1939. Nootka Texts: Tales and Ethnological Narratives, with Grammatical Notes and Lexical Materials. Philadelphia: Linguistic Society of America, University of Pennsylvania. Silverstein, Michael. 1996. Chinook Jargon. Pp 127-130 in “Languages,” vol. 17 of Handbook of North American Indians, Ives Goddard, ed., William C. Sturtevant, general ed. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Snow, Charles. 1969. A lower Chehalis phonology. M.A. thesis in linguistics, University of Kansas, Lawrence. St. Onge, L. N. 1892. Chinook Wawa [Chinuk Wawa—English dictionary]. (Ms in Archives Séminaire St-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.) Swadesh, Morris. 1953. [Tape recording of Santiam Central Kalapuya words, sentences, and texts from John B. Hudson, at Grand Ronde, Oregon.] (In Archives of Traditional Music, Indian University, Bloomington.) Takeuchi, Lone. 1969. Santiam Kalapuya Vocabulary with Notes on Phonology and Morphology. (Ms in possession of Scott DeLancey, Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon, Eugene.) Thompson, Laurence C., and Terry M. Thompson. n.d. [Tillamook dictionary.] (Ms in possession of authors.) Thwaites, Reuben Gold, ed. 1904-05. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804-1806. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. Zenk, Henry. 1976. Contributions to Tualatin Ethnography: Subsistence and Ethnobiology. M.A. thesis in Anthropology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon. Zenk, Henry. 1980-83. [Chinuk Wawa data from members of the Grand Ronde community, Oregon: tapes and tape transcripts.] (Originals in possession of author, duplicates in the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde language archives.) Zenk, Henry. 2008. Notes on Native American Place-Names of the Willamette Valley Region. Oregon Historical Quarterly 109, 1: 6-33.
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