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Order Number 8726461 Rethinking noun and verb: An investigation of AUX in a Southern Wakashan language Renker, An n M., Ph.D. The American University, 1987 Copyright ©1987 by Renker, Ann M . A ll rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Aibor, M I 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or pages. 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print _____ a Photographs with dark background____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy _I 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page. 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages \/ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements _____ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine_______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print. 11. Page(s) ___________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) ___________seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered ______ . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages v 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received \/ 16. Other University Microfilms International Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. RETHINKING NOUN AND VERB: AN INVESTIGATION OF AUX IN A SOUTHERN WAKASHAN LANGUAGE By Ann M. Renker submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology Signatures of Committee: Cha irman: •ftt/tL bddjLyn* Dean of'the College Date 1987 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 CEE infeBThw UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © COPYRIGHT BY ANN M. RENKER 1987 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. RETHINKING NOUN AND VERB: AN INVESTIGATION OF AUX IN A SOUTHERN WAKASHAN LANGUAGE BY Ann M. Renker ABSTRACT The tenuous boundaries of form classes in Northwest Coast languages has been a subject of historical and contemporary linguistic investigation; the subject is especially important in relation to the universal quality of established grammatical categories such as noun and verb. This dissertation asserts that noun and verb are not present in Makah grammar, and the use of these entities in a description of Makah obscures the nature of the language. Instead, the analysis proposes the use of the category AUX as the means to disambiguate form class assignations for Makah. Because AUX is a subject of debate in its own right, the dissertation first confirms the existence of the category in Makah, a Southern Wakashan language, describes the morphology of the category, and then applies the stability of the category to the description of Makah sentences. AUX provides a means to systematically describe Makah sentence variation, discourse topic and ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. the rudiments of clausal formation. Additional conse- quences relate to the universal nature of Alix as a sentential constituent, as well as the universality of the form classes noun and verb. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people contributed to the maintenance of my sanity and/or to my academic growth during the course of my graduate studies. Most prominently, I thank the people of Neah Bay and the Makah Indian Nation for their support and help while I conducted my dissertation fieldwork. I am also thankful that this support continued when I returned to Washington, D.C. to finish the analytic portion of the dissertation. The Makah Cultural and Research Center also deserves special recognition. Working at the facility provided me with the opportunity to learn many important lessons about the philosophy of anthropological field methods. Primarily, my experience at the Makah Cultural and Research Center forced me to define an ethical code which protected the humanistic qualities of anthropology as a discipline while upholding the rights of human beings within a research context. The staff of the Makah Cultural and Research Center, and especially the Makah Language Program staff, merit thanks and recognition in this regard. Helma Ward, Hildred Ides, Meredith Parker, Hamilton Greene, Huey iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Smith, Helen Peterson and John Thomas spent many hours patiently enduring my linguistic questions and insights. In addition, these elders offered me the help I needed to learn to understand and speak Makah. Without these teachers, I would not have been able to complete my research or my analysis. Other Makah people require special thanks. Grieg Arnold gave me a great deal of professional and personal support, as did Maria Parker-Pascua, Meri Flinn,: Keely Parker,- Kirk Wachendorf, and the remaining members of the Makah Language Program staff. Unfortunately, two people who also deserve special mention were killed in an accident years ago. I thank Arly and Kathy Flinn for their part in bringing me to Neah Bay and introduc­ ing me to the village and its people. In another part of the world, I owe thanks to my dissertation committee, especially Bill Leap, my dissertation advisor. He was instrumental in furthering my interest in American Indian Languages, and introduced me to the idea that linguistic and ethnographic research concerning Tribes should be accountable to. the Tribes themselves. T also thank Hanni Woodbury for initiating my interest in American Indian language study. Other individuals who deserve mention are Donna Longo, Paul Cissna and Steve Gill for providing conversation and opinions regarding my topic and the v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. dissertation processJ Dale Kinkade and Richard Demers for commentary regarding an early draft of ideas in this dissertation; Mary Theobald and Ann Bannerman for help­ ing with the tedious process of preparing this document; and the Carson-Barnetts for giving me a family while I lived in Washington, D.C. Last, but not least, I thank my mother, my sister Elizabeth, and my brother Tommy, for their help and encouragement during the last eight years, I also thank my father and dedicate this dissertation to his memory. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........ .7................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...,............................... iv LIST OF TABLES..................................... ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.............................. x INTRODUCTION...................... 1 CHAPTER I. THE CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT: THE MODERN RESERVATION AND THE CULTURAL RENAISSANCE; THE MAKAH RESERVATION IN 1986.... 8 The Ozette Excavation.................... .. 20 The Makah Cultural and Research Center...... 26 The Makah Language Program. .............. 28 II. MAKAH CULTURE.* PRE-CONTACT CLASSIFICATION AND LIFE AND A REVIEW OF THE SOURCES.............. 35 Cultural Classification....................