Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) National Report, Poland

DG Research Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) National Report, Poland

October 2011

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DG Research Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS)

National Report, Poland

October 2011

Written by

Jan Kozłowski

Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 1

Table of Contents

0 Introduction 3

1 National context 5 1.1 The place of science in society - current debates 5 1.2 Policy goals and priorities 8 1.3 National challenges, opportunities and trajectories 9

2 Priority setting, governance and use of science in policy-making 13 2.1 Public engagement in priority setting 13 2.2 Public - private interaction 18 2.3 Use of science in policy making 19 2.4 Key actors 21

3 Research related to Science in Society 25 3.1 Research on Science in Society 26 3.2 Main stream research embedding Science in Society issues 27 3.3 Funding for research on Science in Society 27 3.4 Importance of Science in Society issues as evaluative elements for national research programmes and academic institutions 28

4 Activities related to Science in Society 30 4.1 National science communication trends 30 4.2 Young people and science education in schools 32 4.3 Communication activities 32

5 The Fukushima accident 60 5.1 Media coverage and public debate 60 5.2 Levels and modes of public involvement 63 5.3 Political responses and scientific advice 64

Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 2

Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 3

0 Introduction The EU recognises the importance of ensuring that European research and research in Member States is firmly rooted in the needs of society, particularly in light of the constantly changing Europe. Efforts to reinforce the societal dimension of research are channelled through the 'Science in society' (SIS) programme. The SIS programme supports activities focusing on the governance of the research system, research ethics, public engagement in science, women in science and the promotion of scientific education and science communication.

The Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) initiative is a major undertaking under the SIS programme. Its aim is to map, steer and monitor the SIS landscape in the European Research Area (ERA) (http://ec.europa.eu/research/era/index_en.htm), in order for EU citizens and society to benefit the most from SIS efforts. MASIS also covers the eleven Associated Countries.

The national MASIS reports are cornerstones in this endeavour, as they contain the knowledge gathered by a network of national correspondents on SIS. The reports will be updated every six months. The reporting format was developed on the basis of advice from the network of national correspondents, as well as discussions with authors of the initial MASIS report (see this LINK, ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/sis/docs/sis_masis_report_en.pdf). In addition, the Commission and a network of national validators offered comments and advice.

In total, 38 national reports covering 38 (EU and associated) countries have been produced. This is the report on Poland. It consists of four main sections:

1. National context 2. Priority setting, governance and use of science in policy-making 3. Research related to SIS 4. Activities related to SIS 5. The Fukushima accident.

The intention of this report is to provide a good general overview of the SIS situation in Poland, including public engagement in science, different models and use of scientific advice and expertise for policy-making, activities related to assessment and ethical issues of science and technology, SIS research activities and scientific culture as well as trends, policies, actors and activities. The last Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 4

chapter on the Fukushima accident was added later to the original report and contains information on the national coverage and the role of scientific advice in connection with the accident.

Please note, in accordance with the terms of reference for the MASIS project, that the issue of „women in science‟ is not included in the mapping as this has been extensively mapped and reported in other European projects. Please note also that the present report follows the initial MASIS report in using the term „science‟ in its broadest sense, as in the German „Wissenschaft‟, covering also the social, economic and human sciences. A few subsections are concerned only with the natural sciences, and in these cases it is explicitly indicated.

Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 5

1 National context

1.1 The place of science in society - current debates This section sets the scene and describes political developments, public debates and policy initiatives of major relevance to the place of science in society in POLAND.

By “public / political debate” we understood the formal presentation for discussion items important for the public interest involving opposing viewpoints. In that sense “public / political debate” differs from addressing the issue without the emergence of opposing viewpoints, e.g. presenting it as information. In Po- land some issues of „the place of science in society‟ are present in the nationwide or academic world media as value-free or value-bound information, but not as an issue for debate. This distinction is important as the information phase sometimes precedes the debate phase.

As regards the public debate on science, one can distinguish three levels of debate:

• National (nationwide newspapers, TV and radio);

• Research community debates (e.g. in the monthly “Forum Akademickie” (Academic Forum, read by the science managers of the public sector of science), several thousand readers;

• Expert and stakeholders debates (e.g. in the quarterly “Science and Higher Education” or during Congresses of the Institute for Market Economy, a think-tank known for organising policy debates), several hundred readers or participants.

At the national level, together with the aforementioned topics, the following issues associated with science have been the subject of intense debate:

• In vitro as a method of infertility treatment (mostly in the social and religious context). The main issues are should in vitro be allowed or forbid- den? If allowed, to what extent and under what conditions?

• Climate change (mostly in the context of implications of European Com- mission proposals for the energy balance in the country). The main issues Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 6

are how new European requirements might slow economic growth of Po- land and how Poland could achieve temporarily deferment of these requirements.

• Innovation strategy. The main question: whether in Poland as a catching- up country innovation policy instruments adopted from advanced countries are successful? How to raise innovation awareness among entrepreneurs?

• New reform of science and higher education (since 2008), and in particular;

- Concept of “flagship” research universities (KNOW, Krajowe Nau- kowe Ośrodki Wiodące, National Scientific Leadership Centers). The main issue is if KNOW as a policy measure would really improve the quality of Polish science;

- A new model of institutions of higher education, their autonomy and government control, the relations between public and private schools, student fees/tuition. The main issue is how to reconcile top-down reforms with preservation of traditional academic autonomy;

- A new model of academic careers, and in particular the future of the habilitation degree. The main issue is how to improve and streamline academic careers without the loss of quality control mechanisms.

So in principle all three topics are not discussed in the context of “Science in Society”.

Name of debate Arena „endemic‟ or „epidemic‟ Role of citizens In vitro Politi- Epidemic (since 2010), par- Yes (limited to letters to journals cal/academic/public tially endemic and interviews for radio, tv and (media) Internet)

Climate change Politi- Endemic Yes (limited to letters to journals cal/academic/public and interviews for radio, tv and (media) Internet)

Energy choices (in- Political (media) Endemic Yes (limited to letters to journals cluding exploitation of and interviews for radio, tv and shale gas) Internet) GMO Political (media) Endemic Yes (limited to letters to journals and interviews for radio, tv and Internet)

Privacy & freedom of Political (media) Endemic Yes (limited to letters to journals information and interviews for radio, tv and Internet)

Reform of the public Political (media) Endemic Yes (limited to letters to journals transport and interviews for radio, tv and Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 7

Internet) Internet as a driver of Political (media) Endemic Yes (limited to letters to journals change and interviews for radio, tv and Internet)

Innovation Strategy Politi- Endemic Yes (limited to letters to journals cal/academic/public and interviews for radio, tv and (media) Internet)

Concept of the “flag- Politi- Epidemic (since 2006), par- Yes (limited to research community ship” research universi- cal/academic/public tially endemic and invited stakeholders) ties (media) New model of higher Politi- Epidemic (since 2006), par- Yes (limited to research community schools cal/academic/public tially endemic and invited stakeholders) (media) New model of aca- Academic/public Epidemic (since 2006), par- Yes (limited to research community demic career (media) tially endemic and invited stakeholders)

“Two recent strategies, published independently by two different group of experts, (…) investigate and analyse the research and higher education landscape in Poland in (…) complex way and put forward concrete solutions and recommendations”: Strategy for the development of higher education in Poland until 2020 (February 2010) and Strategy for the development of higher education: 2010-2020 (December 2009). Both contribute “to the ongoing debate on the reform of the Polish science system and are highly discussed among the research and universities community, students and policy makers.”1

Two topics are endemically present in media, but rarely as a subject of debate:

• Underfunding of science and researchers in Poland • Plagiarism as relatively widespread pathology in research community

At the “research community” and “expert” levels, the following topics have been discussed (from several articles in professional press; “Science in Society” issues put in italics):

• Ethos and values among researchers (a critical approach – weakness of: scientific criticism; competitiveness; project management skills; risky and creative research; low standards of scientific work; plagiarism); • Gender parity in science; • “Open science”, its benefits, risks and opponents; • Scholars as experts in policy-making (accepted or ignored); • Future of humanities in Poland; • Policy of the Institute of National Remembrance and governmental “historical policy”;

1 Erawatch Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 8

• Methods of institutional evaluation of public research sector (including measurement of impact of science); • Former secret communist agents among researchers.

Other topics of discussion: “fossilization” of research establishments; path of scientific advancement; aging of research personnel; brain drain and returns; “inbreeding” at universities; lack of research mobility; Europeanisation of the Polish science (e.g. necessity to implement The European Charter for Re- searchers); the European Institute of Innovation and Technology as a chance for Polish science and research; ICT-led innovations in science; science- industry relations; technology incubators at universities; entrepreneurship culture among researchers; commercialization of science and its impact on the academic values; IPR management; public support for business R&D; agencifi- cation (creation of two grant agencies, for basic and for applied science); OECD Thematic Review of Tertiary Education; reform of the governmental (non-university) branch R&D institutes.

As mentioned before, many topics are present in media but (mainly) not as topic of the public debate. For example, in January 2007 – November 2010 biotechnology was mentioned in press 973 times, nanotechnology – 157, neurobi- ology – 36 times, ethics in science 293.

1.2 Policy goals and priorities During September 2008, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education presented a reform package known as “Building upon knowledge,”2 which set directions for a revision of five legislative acts. “This decision, together with the plans to increase the science budget by 29%, shows the government‟s strong commitment to introduce structural changes into Poland‟s research system.” The reforms, ratified by the President, came into force on October 1 2010.

The new five acts are as follows:

New Act on principles of funding science. The objectives of the reform are: to increase the effectiveness of the current system, and to create an environment conducive for business R&D investments.

New Act on the Polish Academy of Sciences. The rationale for introducing revi- sions to the Act on the Polish Academy of Sciences3 is to make better use of the Academy‟s potential, increase the quality of ongoing research, improve the efficiency of management, and change the age structure by employing more young researchers.

2 http://cordis.europa.eu/erawatch/index.cfm?fuseaction=policy.document&uuid=506B0103- 9A9F-0972-415BE1F1919B378B 3 http://www.nauka.gov.pl/mn/index.jsp?place=Lead09&news_cat_id=13&news_id=7434&l ayout=6&page=text Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 9

New Act on Research institutes. The objective of the new Act on Research institutes4 is to create a new legislative act adapted to create framework conditions necessary for merging, restructuring, commercialisation and closure of institutes.

New Acts on National R&D and Science Centre (funding agencies subordi- nated to the Ministry of Science and Higher Education). The objective of the Act on National Science Centre5 is to shift the responsibilities for basic research funding from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education to an independent institution. The new version of the Act on National R&D Centre6 proposed several changes, such as new division of responsibilities between Centre and the ministry, new measures concerning intellectual property rights.

Recently a new reform of higher education came into force by 1 October 2011. The reform focuses on studies and students‟ rights; new model of academic career; new model of managing universities; introduction of a National Qualifica- tions Framework (the Polish counterpart of the European Qualifications Framework). The Framework emphasises the effects of teaching in the form of specific skills and competencies.

Summing up, the main idea of the reform, as reflected in the five new acts of law, is not directly driven by “Science in Society” ideas. It is driven by ideas of a) upgrading the quality of research, b) making public R&D sector more efficient, c) strengthening the science-industry relation. Nevertheless, the new acts of law create or rearrange many institutions, such as the Evaluation Committee of Research Institutions, new rules of institutional evaluation-based funding, strategic research and development programmes, National R&D Programme. It is the matter of understanding “SinS” issues and negotiations between the Min- ister and her Political Cabinet, civil servants and members of the Science Council as well as the National Science Centre7 and the National R&D Centre, http://www.nauka.gov.pl/mn/index.jsp?place=Lead09&news_cat_id=13&news_id=7434&l ayout=6&page=text, to take ideas of “SinS” into account while creating new regulations.

1.3 National challenges, opportunities and trajectories It is hard to assess the importance of the “SinS” topics in different countries. In Poland there is relatively high interest for science education (although not as

4 http://www.nauka.gov.pl/mn/index.jsp?place=Lead09&news_cat_id=13&news_id=7434&l ayout=6&page=text 5 http://www.nauka.gov.pl/mn/index.jsp?place=Lead09&news_cat_id=13&news_id=7434&l ayout=6&page=text 6 http://www.nauka.gov.pl/mn/index.jsp?place=Lead09&news_cat_id=13&news_id=7434&l ayout=6&page=text 7 http://www.nauka.gov.pl/mn/index.jsp?place=Lead09&news_cat_id=13&news_id=7434&l ayout=6&page=text Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 10

high as in the Nordic countries), while interest for “democratisation of policy making” is weaker.

“SinS” (or impact on science on society) has not become an important issue in Poland, whether in policy debate or in policy initiatives. Other topics, such as the underfunding of science, research quality, science-industry relations or effectiveness of the science system are considered to be more vital.

In order to understand the relatively low recent interest in “SinS” as a policy issue and a possible driver of change, let us present some basic information on research policy dynamics.

Let us answer two questions:

• What is the status of policy debates in Poland and their thematic structure and how it might affect “SinS” debates?

• What are and what might be drivers of change?

What is the status of policy debates in Poland and their thematic structure and how it might affect “SinS” debates?

One of the topics discussed in Poland concerns the strength of policy debate as an indicator of the health of democracy and civil society. The dominant opinion is that formal democracy in Poland (constitutional forms, free elections at national, regional and local levels, freedom of political expression, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(political), speech8 and press, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press, is relatively strong (except for low participation rates in parliamentary elections), but Tocqueville‟s informal democracy (vitality of the civil society, public mobilisation, size and resilience of the third sector, importance of public debate, civic and discursive compe- tences) is relatively weak as compared to more advanced societies.

In their historical experience, which had, and still has, an adverse effect on economic growth, Central and Eastern European countries followed a different path of economic and social development starting from the 16th century9. In the years of World War II and, notably, under the communist regime, many social regulatory mechanisms were destroyed. In the early 1990s the sociologist Piotr

8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech 9 The so-called second serfdom, stagnation or downfall of towns and weak bourgeoisie were the reasons why nations of Central and Eastern Europe (Czechs being an exception) became nations consisting of peasants and noblemen or purely of peasants. The two social layers, peasants and noblemen, separated from each other with impassable barriers, had a lot in common, i.e. low geographical and social mobility, narrow cognitive capacity and strong traditionalism. The historical experience of peasants (much more numerous), was lack of subjectivity (i.e. serfdom) and forced labour for the benefit of others. Some important elements in the mentality of noblemen survived even after noblemen as a social class disappeared. They included contempt for town-related occupations (handicrafts and trade), condemnation of success and entrepreneurship, ostentatious consumption. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 11

Sztompka pointed out that CEE countries still lack the attitudes, competencies and institutions necessary for an efficient modern society i.e. “civilization competence”, which is a prerequisite for participation in modern civilization, such as enterprise culture, civic culture, (rule of law, discipline, respect for opponents, compliance with the majority), discursive culture (tolerance, open- mindedness, acceptance of diversity and pluralism, scepticism, criticism) and everyday culture, indispensable for daily existence in advanced, urbanized, technologically advanced society (orderliness, punctuality etc.). Today despite evident progress in all four areas, Szompka‟s diagnosis remains to some degree valid (albeit to a lesser degree).

The current level and prospects for public debate were recently discussed at the Institute for Structural Studies. The key conclusions of discussion were as follows.

In open democratic societies key political decisions should be made upon on the basis of consensus reached during public debate. However, this is still relatively rare in Poland. The reasons behind “the failure of public debate” are numerous:

• Low level of confidence and social capital, as measured by surveys (e.g. European Social Survey), both between citizens and between citizens and authorities.

• Weakness of public policy (politics dominates policy; legalism and politics more than effectiveness and consensus building steer public administration; evidence policy-making is still in its infancy; consultations are rarely used).

• Weakness of social partners (lobbying instead of dialogue; fragility of awareness of “public interest” and “common good”).

• Cultural factors (the rhetoric of fighting prevails over the rhetoric of cooperation and dialogue; weakness of “culture of discussion”).

• Negligence and malpractice in school and the media (e.g. relatively low level of expertise in TV debates).

Lack of institutional platforms for public debate.

Some institutional platforms do appear, such as public “Tischner debates” at the University of Warsaw or the interactive portal “Politrendy”10.

Over the last five years, the most vivid debates in Poland have concerned the following (order is not significant): Health care reform; cultural values (abor- tion, same-sex marriages, euthanasia, living wills, in vitro fertilization); Euro- pean debate (the dispute over the future of EU and Poland‟s place in the EU); the “Fourth Republic” debate (on the programme of the right-wing “Law and

10 http://politrendy.pl/ Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 12

Justice” party, which ruled in 2005-2007); position of the Roman Catholic Church in a democratic state.

Science topics, and especially “science in society”, so far have not been so viv- idly discussed (except for science and higher education reform).

What are and what might be drivers of change in the public interest in “SinS”?

Over time, three factors gradually started to exert a powerful influence on R&D policy and systems in the CEE countries: Europeanisation, globalisation, as well as the maturation and development of Polish society, which is gradually catching up with the advanced countries.

Little by little, after the collapse of communism, both governmental research administrations and research systems ceased to be „worlds unto themselves‟ within their national boundaries and gradually became more and more inter- linked with the multitude of EU agencies, joint committees and expert groups (administration) as well as research teams and projects. The inherited after communism weaknesses of administrative practices in Poland mean that the EU appears to exert a much stronger structuring influence on governmental activity in the new member states (NMS) than in the EU-15. The impact of the EU ex- tends beyond mandatory Community documents, actions and procedures. Co- ordination of the Member States‟ policies forces Poland to synchronise, coordinate and monitor different policies better.

It is too early to assess the overall impact of Europeanisation on research policy making and the research system in Poland. Obviously, there are “rhetorical policies” and there are examples when the NMS react to EU policy demands by adding new elements to old policy repertoires while at the same time maintaining the status quo. Nevertheless, continuing improvement of government administration in Poland (in terms of human capital and management) strengthens its “absorptive capacity” for EU Commission (and other international organisations, especially the OECD) ideas and policy practices.

The growing importance of “SinS” in the European and global science policy priorities together with the shift of interest in policy debate due to the (gradual) closing the gap with more advanced countries suggests that “SinS” issues might become more important in the foreseeable future. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 13

2 Priority setting, governance and use of science in policy-making This section focuses on the different actors involved in shaping the relationship between science and society and the processes for governing science at national level. This includes government initiatives, institutions and organizations as well as public involvement and policy-making processes at all levels related to science and technology.

Different themes will be elaborated in the Polish context, including ethics in science and technology, equality, diversity and inclusiveness in scientific institutions, and ethnic or social minority groups in scientific contexts and careers. Moreover, this section will highlight actors in science communication and technology assessment. Public involvement in science and technology decision- making as well as the use of science in policy-making at the national level will be covered in this section.

2.1 Public engagement in priority setting

2.1.1 Formalised procedures for citizen involvement In Poland the procedures for involving citizens are formalized under the head- line of “civic” or “social consultations”. The term “civic” or “social” distin- guishes these types from “closed” “inter-ministerial” or “inter-governmental” consultations. Social consultations take many forms, such as calls for sending remarks to proposed acts of law, surveys carried out by firms, Internet-based consultations etc. Some researchers are engaged in running social consultations for regional and local government.

There are several legal foundations (as well as common practices) for social consultations.

1 The mandatory “Regulatory Impact Assessment” of each act of law, included in the legal process and in text of every legal act (one of the most important innovations in law-making after 1989); it envisages consultation with stakeholders and describes proposed forms of consultation (panels, surveys, focus groups, interviews, open comments etc.) in detail.

2 The system of national law introduced as a framework for absorption of EU funds (National Strategic Reference Framework, National Develop- Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 14

ment Plan, National Reform Programme) requires, and is based on, social consultation (ex ante assessment and monitoring of implementation).

3 An important act of law on the principles of development policy (2006) lays down the rules governing the creation and implementation of national, regional, local, and sectoral strategies (aimed at allocation of the EU funds), and provides that all Operational Programmes and executive plans are to be consulted with economic and social partners and other stake- holders11.

4 There is an Internet-based form of consultations – the Public Information Bulletin (http://www.bip.gov.pl/) publishing all drafts of legal acts (allowing the public to express their opinions).

5 Social consultations are increasingly used voluntarily by the government in the legislative process (simultaneously with inter-ministerial consultations), esp. in sensitive issues (legal acts and regulations). One example was the Warsaw project Reinforcing mechanisms of social participation where this model was introduced (financed by the Norwegian government).

6 Ministries mediate between EU directorates and parties interested in organizing consultation of planned EU documents (On behalf of the EU, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education carried out consultations on EU documents, such as: Strategy 2020; Green Paper on the European Research Area; European Technological Institute; Bologna Process; Transnational Research Collaborations and Knowledge Transfer.)

7 The idea of open government is supported by the Prime Minister Office (Roadmap of open government in Poland, July 201112; portal Open Budget that provides data and visualisation tool for performance budget for 201113).

So far, social consultation was used as a mechanism for priority setting in science and technology policy only once by the National R&D Centre, a govern-

11 All Operational Programmes geared towards allocation of EU funds (on a competitive basis) undergo consultations. Among them were those concerning research and innovation, such as: Sectoral Operational Programme “Improvement of Competitiveness of Enter- prises” 2004–2006; Operational Programme “Science, Technology And The Information Society” 2007–2013; Operational Programme “Innovative Economy” 2007–2013; Opera- tional Programme “Human Capital” 2007–2013; Operational Programme “Infrastructure and Environment” 2007–2013. During 2007, a series of briefings, training events, consultations and conferences was organized on the “European Funds for Innovative Economy.” The European Social Fund finance program Operational Programme “Human Capital”. One of its (many) priorities is to strengthen civil dialogue (contacts and cooperation between the public and NGOs) and social dialogue ((contacts and cooperation between the public sector and social partners and between the social partners), www.efs.men.gov.pl/wiadomosci/item/download/28; www.dialog.gov.pl. 12 http://centrumcyfrowe.pl/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Mapa-drogowa-otwartego-rzadu- w-Polsce.pdf 13 http://otwartybudzet.pl/ Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 15

mental agency for applied research reporting to the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. On 12 May 2010 the National R&D Centre invited the research and business community “to identify areas where there are real chances of S&T success and sufficient research potential.”

Social consultations were used by the Ministry of Science and Higher Educa- tion in the legislative process of the following draft acts:

• Packages of five laws concerning science (on science financing; on the Polish Academy of Sciences; on research institutes; and on two intermedi- ary agencies: the National Centre for R&D (applied research) and the Na- tional Science Centre (basic research) – all researchers (approx. 60,000 people) received personal letters signed by Minister Barbara Kudrycka, asking for their opinions; the Ministry received several hundred answers (2008–2009). Researchers sent their general remarks or comments on specific articles of those acts. The most frequently recurring comments or comments made by most powerful and influential policy actors were taken into account.

• Law on Higher Education, Law on Academic Degrees and Academic Ti- tles (since 2008) – the framework of the regulation e.g. consultation was conducted through numerous conferences and meetings, either with organized bodies14 or with groups of university researchers. In the framework of consultation, different parts of the changes were sent for consultation, e.g. on the model of academic careers, students‟ rights, women‟s participation, education standards, “flagship universities.” Consultation with the academic communities, including students, consisted of three stages. They were launched through the debate organized by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education on 24-25 January 2008, on reforming the system of governance and funding of science and higher education. During these two days, the consultations were attended by about 280 academics, scientists, students and trade unionists. Opinions presented during the conference, and then submitted to the Ministry, were discussed by the Expert Panel on Framework of Reform of Science and Reform of Higher Education. This multi-stage public consultation (including meetings between the Ministry officials and the academic and student communities) increased the level of acceptance for proposed changes.

• Some policy instruments (introduced through regulation) were subjected to consultation (via the ministerial website): for example, Innovative academic entrepreneurship; Technology Initiative.

• The Department of Strategy at the Ministry of Science and Higher Educa- tion carried out a consultations on institutional evaluation (Autumn 2009). Consultations was followed by Consultative Conference (December 2010).

14 Such as The Conference of Rectors of Polish Academic Schools (KRASP), Conference of Rectors of Polish Vocational Schools, Council of Higher Education, National Accredita- tion Commission, Student Parliament of the Republic of Poland, the Independent Associa- tion of Students, and many others. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 16

• Other ministries carried out consultations on the acts of law concerning some socially sensitive aspects of science, such as the act on GMO (Minis- try of the Environment)15.

• Foresight (at national, regional and sectoral levels) often draws on social consultation. National Foresight Programme, completed in 2008, could be treated as a form of public engagement in science and technology policy- making.

• Also interventions of the Ombudsman in the sphere of competence of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (23 since 2006) should be mentioned here.

It is hard to assess effectiveness of each measure. It depends on a) level of political mobilisation and civic culture in society, b) “processing capacity” of governmental administration. According to my knowledge, with the possible exception of foresight (indirect impact of raising awareness) all other measures have some impact on projects of legal acts or policy instruments.

2.1.2 Citizen- or CSO-initiated activities with political impact In 2009 The Conference of Rectors of Academic Schools in Poland (Konfer- encja Rektorów Akademickich Szkół w Polsce, KRASP) prepared and published its own project of the Higher Education Development Strategy 2010-2020 (in response to information that the Ministry of Science and Higher Education organize a tender for the contractor for preparation of a draft strategy for development of higher education). KRASP is a consortium of rectors of Polish research universities which have the right to confer doctoral degrees. The KRASP project is expected to have a strong impact of the final version of the ministerial draft legal act.

As for the importance of upstream engagement, there are no such initiatives specific for science policy (except for the aforementioned National R&D Centre initiative). The cultural policy Pact For Culture (signed in December 2010 between the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland, represented by the Prime Minister, and the community of artists and cultural animators, represented by the “Citizens of Culture”) opens the possibility for public participation in policy-making and could become a model in other policy areas.

However, up-stream engagement is supported in other social and policy areas, such as development of rural communities. There are also numerous initiatives aimed at supporting civic engagement as such, both “downstream” and “upstream”16.

15 Currently two doctoral dissertations on the social consultations in science policy are written in Poland. Personal information. 16Among others, portals for participatory citizenship and policy Wiem jak jest (I know how it is), http://www.wiemjakjest.pl/o-projekcie/idea; Moja Polis (My Polis) - an interactive system for monitoring local partnerships and the development of vibrant local communities, Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 17

Considering the rate of Poland‟s „catching-up,‟ it might be possible that such an initiative could be taken in near future. The data presented in the Eurobarome- ter Science and Technology Report 2010 for Poland indicates such a possibility:

In comparison to the EU average, fewer Poles give a positive answer to the first two questions and they are more negative when it comes to the last one. How- ever, contrary to the previous answers, more respondents stress that “public opinion should be binding when making decisions about S&T” and “NGOs should be partners in scientific and technological research.”

http://www.klon.org.pl/x/426362; another web site enitled Moja Polis (My Polis) – system for democratization of access to public data, http://beta.mojapolis.pl/ web/guest/28; project Wzmocnienie mechanizmów partycypacyjnych w kreowaniu i wdrażaniu polityk publicznych oraz podejmowaniu decyzji publicznych (Strengthening of participatory mechanisms in the creation and implementation of public policies and public decisions), Institute for Public Affairs (The project is being carried out from November 2009 to June 2014 under Priority V Human Capital Operational Programme), http://www.isp.org.pl/?v=page&id=798&ln=pl; Strategia Rozwoju Kapitału Społecznego 2011-2020 (Strategy for the Development of Social Capital), Ministry of Culture and Na- tional Heritage, 2010, http://www.lgo.pl/wwwdane/files/SRKS%20-%2015.01.10.pdf; De- mocracy in Poland 1989–2009. Challenges for the future, ed. by Jacek Kucharczyk and Jarosław Zbieranek, Institute for Public Affairs, Warsaw 2010, http://www.isp.org.pl/?v=page&id=850&ln=pl; Tomasz Schimanek, Dialog obywatelski Polska 2008 (Civil dialogue Poland 2008), Institute for Public Affairs, Warszawa 2008, www.isp.org.pl/files/ 648996200391904001239267281.pdf; Komunikacja i Partycypacja Społeczna. Poradnik (Communication and Civic Participation. Guideline), red. Jerzy Haus- ner, Kraków 1999, http://www.msap.uek.krakow.pl/ doki/publ/komunikacja.pdf; Obserwa- torium demokracji w Polsce (Observatory of democracy in Poland), http://www.isp.org.pl/?id=394&v=page&ln=pl – and numerous other books and reports on citizen participation, social participation etc. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 18

2.2 Public - private interaction Poland and advanced UE economies are characterized by (partially) dissimilar economic structure and innovation systems and (partially) disparate R&D systems and management practices compared to more advanced economies. Po- land science and innovation system is characterized by low investment (in ab- solute and relative terms) in R&D and the predominance of public funding for R&D. Poland have fewer than 1 researcher per 1 000 employees in industry. The business sector plays a smaller role in the national R&D system than the higher education and government sectors. R&D and industrial innovation play different and more modest role compared to more advanced European countries. Innovation is more often based on acquisition of technology embodied in capital equipment. So far both market open to a wide range of Western products and sources of economic growth (such as rationalization of the economy, building of a market-oriented enterprises, firm-based learning, technology transfer from abroad) have not created strong demand for domestic R&D. Re- search is more strongly theoretically driven and relatively neglects experimental and applied approach, government and education sectors dominate in terms of both R&D funding and performance. The market for scientific outputs is relatively narrow (enterprises which can absorb scientific outputs are scarce, consumer demand is mainly satisfied through imports whereas industries usually prefer to copy or buy finished technologies). Disciplining mechanisms that curb public spending on research – ensured by the market, the government (ac- countability, policy evaluation), civil society (public debate) and the research community (standard control mechanism; management techniques) – are yet not so effective as in advanced economies.

The government‟s policy is included in the National Development Strategy 2007-15 and the National Strategic Reference Framework 2007-13. Both aims to shift the policy focus away from basic research and towards technology up- take and innovation. The main directions of innovation policy are: human resources for a modern economy, research for the economy, IPR for innovation and capital for investment infrastructure. A key instrument of the national strategy is the Operational Programme “Innovative Economy 2007-13”, which is to promote high-quality research centres and research infrastructure and to provide venture capital funds for SMEs and new technology-based firms through several policy measures such as Support to cooperation linkages at national level, Creator of innovativeness and the like.

In 2007, a National Centre for Research and Development was established to manage and implement R&D programmes of key importance to the economy and society.

There is an important new bottom-up phenomenon: Polish Technological Plat- forms, initiated in 2004, consisting of enterprises, research institutes, universities, economic chambers and agencies (currently 28). The objectives of Polish Technology Platforms include, for instance, active participation in the Euro- pean Technology Platforms and in the EU Framework Programmes, preparation of sectoral R&D strategies, integration of key economic and research part- Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 19

ners, mobilization of public and private as well as national and foreign resources.

Currently, dozens of universities in Poland are involved in attempts to build an organizational system for broader cooperation with the economy (technology transfer centres, internal IPR regulations, IPR management, university-based academic incubators, science parks), often supported by the Polish Business and Innovation Centres Association. Commercialisation of science is strongly supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (both by financial and information measures).

The question on the impact of science-industry supporting instruments and programs on Polish economy is hard to assess due to the underdevelopment of ex post evaluations.

2.3 Use of science in policy making

2.3.1 Formal procedures and advisory bodies involved There are no specific, formalized procedures for using science-based knowledge and scientific advice in the policy making processes in Poland.

However, there are two important exceptions:

• “Regulatory Impact Assessment” (ocena skutków regulacji) of each act of law, included in legal process and in text of every legal act, requires, among others, a cost-benefit analysis of planned measures.

• Evaluations of projects financed by European funds, undertaken by the Ministry of Regional Development or regional authorities (several hundred).

In principle, there are two sources for funds for policy intelligence for governmental decision-making:

• Funds for “research-supporting activities” allocated by the Ministry of Sci- ence and Higher Education to ministries for e.g. outsourcing statistics, analysis and expert opinions.

• EU funds for the so-called “Systemic Projects” (in the framework of Op- erational Programme “Human Capital” 2007–2013) aimed at strengthening the strategic and analytical functions of public administration.

Governmental and regional administration increasingly uses expertise in decision making and becomes more active in the work of EU and OECD expert groups (and those of other international organizations). Also, more Poles are taking up expert jobs abroad, serving as a bridge between Poland‟s national administration and international organizations. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 20

The Prime Minister Advisers Team, headed by Michał Boni, and the Depart- ment of Strategic Analyses at the Prime Minister‟s Chancellery are the leaders of change.

The Ministry of Regional Development (esp. the Department of Structural Pol- icy Coordination headed by Piotr Żuber) is another important driver of the evidence-based policy.

During the last year several ministries established departments for statistics and analysis (usually under the names Department for Statistics and Analysis or Department for Strategy) or started to make a more conscious use of their own research institutes as a source of knowledge input in decision-making (for example, the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy and its Institute of Labour and Social Studies). The same applies to non-governmental part of public institutions, such as the National Bank of Poland (which has established its internal Institute of Finance), the Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland (Office for Studies and Analyses) or the Polish Parliament (Parliamentary Bureau of Re- search). Also, some ministries (including the Ministry of Science and Higher Education) appointed ad hoc consultative and advisory teams (usually for 1-3 years).

Moreover, some governmental strategies include statements on the necessity of monitoring-type research, e.g. Polish Development Strategy for the Sea for 2007–2015 stipulates an increase in funding of data collection programmes and research on sea resources.

2.3.2 Trends at national level Use of research and scientific advice in policy making depends mostly on the strategic planning capabilities. According to the World Bank report (2007) “Po- land has no over-arching government strategic planning document and no high level strategic forum to coordinate trade-offs. It suffers from weak policy coordination, a high degree of formality in legal and fiscal impact assessment (employing process orientation rather than strategic orientation) and a lack of steer- ing capacity in the government office17.” Other critics rightly stress that in public administration in Poland legal (compliance with the law) and political (compliance with the political interest of the party) considerations prevail over regard of efficiency and effectiveness (possible to carry out by research advice).

However, this weakness is recently recognized and counteracted, especially after EU accession. Sources of improvement include, among others, diverse initiatives such as:

• EU funds for so called “Systemic Projects” (in the framework of Opera- tional Programme Human Capital 2007-2013) aimed at strengthening the strategic and analytical functions of public administration (e.g. over 25 million Euro for the Ministry of Science and Higher Education).

17 Tony Verheijen, Administrative Capacity in the New EU Member States. The Limits of Innovation? World Bank Working Paper no. 115. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 21

• Scholarship Program for young scientists of the Institute of Public Affairs, "Science and Society” (since 2008). The program aims to enable young researchers to become more involved in public affairs and the use of their knowledge, ideas and skills in the public service through participation in research activities of the Institute of Public Affairs in the ongoing programs, projects and grants. Scholarship Program is open to graduates of Master's and doctoral studies as well as PhD students.

• Teaching and research activity of Malopolska School of Public Admini- stration, such as seminars and Portal “Good Governance” and Graduate program "Tools of analysis of public policies".

• Portal SKUTECZNI.GOV.PL that tries to improve the effectiveness of central government, Ernst & Young EFFICIENT STATE PROGRAM aimed at improvement of public institutions in Poland and EIPA (European Institute for Public Administration) activity in Poland, e.g. work on the improvement of performance budgeting.

• An increasing role of consulting firms and think tanks (such as The Gdansk Institute for Market Economics Institute, Centre for Social and Economic Research or Sobieski Institute) in analytical work for (central and regional) government.

2.4 Key actors

2.4.1 Ethics in science and technology Name of actor and web- Type of actor Sector Brief supplementary description link if possible

Advisory Panel on Ethics Appointed by the Minister of Public The 8-member panel has a task to formu- in Science Science and Higher Educa- late recommendations and opinions to the tion and acting in the struc- Minister on the draft act on ethics in sci- ture of the Ministry ence, and the concrete cases of misconduct in research, as submitted by researchers. The Minister often takes part in the Panel meetings.

Commission on Ethics in To be appointed in accor- Public Science at the Polish dance with the Act on the Academy of Sciences Polish Academy of Sciences National Ethical Commis- Appointed by the Minister of Public The National Ethical Commission cooper- sion on Animal Experi- Science and Higher Educa- ates with the network of local commis- ments tion appointed according to sions. Its tasks include creating local the Act of 21 January 2005 commissions, setting standards and provid- on animal experiments. ing local ethical commissions and research institutes with opinions and proposals on matters related to ethical standards.18

18 http://www.nauka.gov.pl/nauka/krajowa-komisja-etyczna-ds-doswiadczen-na- zwierzetach/krajowa-komisja-etyczna/ Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 22

Ombudsman, Public Interventions concerning legal act and in- http://www.brpo.gov.pl/ dividual administrative decisions, concerning e.g. equality of access to higher studies “Nauka” The scientific quarterly Public From time to time discussions on the ethics in science 19 “Gazeta Wyborcza” , Newspapers Private Plagiarism and other ethics-in-science is- “Dziennik Gazeta Praw- sues are discussed in the press (for in- na”, “Polska Dziennik stance, the use of stem cells, embryos pro- Łódzki”, “Nasz Dziennik”, duced during the in vitro fertilisation pro- “Polska Kurier Lubelski”, cedure or animal experimentation). “Rzeczpospolita”20, I National conference Casimir the Great University Public The efforts of academic integrity in Poland “Misconduct in science”, in Bydgoszcz, the Ministry and information on the work of university Bydgoszcz 3-4 November of Science and Higher Edu- disciplinary spokesmen 2011 cation and “Academic Fo- rum” journal

Series of university con- Oraganised by Institute of Since 2007 ferences, seminars and Sociology, Catholic Univer- symposiums on ethics and sity of Lublin; Jagiellonian bioethics University; Department of Fundamentals of Technol- ogy at Technological Uni- versity of Lublin; Warsaw University; Helsinki Foun- dation for Human Rights; Dr Marek Wroński Individual Private Dr Marek Wroński, the advocate for scientific integrity at the Medical University of Warsaw, is known for his long-term efforts to fight plagiarism. Each month, he publishes a column in the “Forum Akademickie” (Academic Forum) monthly entitled “From the archives of scientific misconduct.”

2.4.2 Equality, diversity and inclusiveness in scientific institutions and in educational systems Name of actor and web- Type of actor Sector Influence on public Influence on political link if possible opinion decisions Ombudsman, Public Information about inter- Very influential http://www.brpo.gov.pl/ vention at Ombudsman Web Page

19 http://media.newtonmedia.pl/mnisw/detail- zdroj.asp?back=%2Fmnisw%2Fzprava%2Easp%3Fcal1%3D%26cal2%3D%26SUBMIT% 3DSzukaj%26wpzz%3D%26wnz%3D%26woz%3DEtyk%2A%2Bw%2Bnauce%26wnm% 3D%26wrz%3D%26waz%3D%26wqfd%3D1%26wqfm%3D1%26wqfy%3D2007%26wqt d%3D25%26wqtm%3D6%26wqty%3D2010%26wqfa%3D0%26wkt%3D%26ws%3D%26 wzns%3D20%26wcz%3D22&nm=Gazeta+Wyborcza 20 http://media.newtonmedia.pl/mnisw/detail- zdroj.asp?back=%2Fmnisw%2Fzprava%2Easp%3Fcal1%3D%26cal2%3D%26SUBMIT% 3DSzukaj%26wpzz%3D%26wnz%3D%26woz%3DEtyk%2A%2Bw%2Bnauce%26wnm% 3D%26wrz%3D%26waz%3D%26wqfd%3D1%26wqfm%3D1%26wqfy%3D2007%26wqt d%3D25%26wqtm%3D6%26wqty%3D2010%26wqfa%3D0%26wkt%3D%26ws%3D%26 wzns%3D20%26wcz%3D25&nm=Rzeczpospolita Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 23

So far, unlike gender issues, equality, diversity and inclusiveness in scientific institutions have not been recognized as important. Only education of disabled students has become a topic of discussion and so has the subject of related legal arrangements.

2.4.3 Science communication Name of actor and web- Type of actor Sector Domestic or foreign Brief supplementary de- link if possible (pick or spec- scription ify)

The Copernicus Science Exploratory, Public Domestic New (open October 2010) Centre Institution and the most renown science centre, apart from its created jointly mission as exploratory by the City of fulfil functions of the main Warsaw and institution resp. for science the Ministry of education in Poland Science and Higher Educa- tion “Gazeta Wyborcza” Daily Private Domestic Newspaper active in publishing as well as launching and supporting initiatives for education and science education Polish Radio “Three” Public radio Public Domestic Initiator of “Science Pic- nic” in Warsaw (1997)

Other actors include numerous higher schools, Polish Academy of Science In- stitutes (for example, Institute for the Paleobiology of the Polish Academy of Sciences), learned societies (such as the Lodz Science Society), other NGOs (such as Mars Society Poland or the Polish Association of Amateur Astrono- mers) and foundations.

2.4.4 Technology assessment Name of actor and web-link if Type of actor (pick or Sector Brief supplementary description possible specify)

Agency for Health Technology Governmental agency Public Institution responsible for “evi- Assessment (Agencja Oceny dence based medicine” Technologii Medycznych), http://www.aotm.gov.pl/

Technology assessment in the narrow sense, as a technique used by offices of technology assessment in various countries, has never been systematically used Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 24

in Poland. There are 644 websites at Polish servers citing the phrase “technology assessment” and only 8 citing the Polish equivalent “wartościowanie technologii” (including a definition on an Internet encyclopaedia).

There are two technology assessment projects currently carried out (financed by the Norwegian Fund):

• Advanced Environmental Technologies, Monitoring and Impact on Society,

• Impact of Nanomaterials on Human Health: Lessons from in vitro and animal models.

In 2004, foresight was introduced in Poland, first at the national level, and recently also at regional and sectoral levels (for example, ten sectoral foresights were carried out in 2007). Also, other prognostic methods have been applied, such as technology roadmapping. The Forecasting Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences “Poland 2000 Plus” has been very active. Future management studies are taught at Collegium Civitas. Nevertheless, what all these examples are lacking are ethical issues, constitutive for TA. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 25

3 Research related to Science in Society This section is concerned with research activities related to science in society. The purpose is to describe the efforts in Poland, including the SIS research being undertaken and how SIS issues are embedded in mainstream research. The section will also elaborate on how SIS research is being funded and what the scale of funding is.

A distinction is made between SIS research on the one hand and SIS issues embedded in mainstream research on the other. SIS research are the studies particularly targeting public understanding of science, governance of science, science policy, science education, science communication, ethics in science and technology, the reciprocal relations of science and culture, young people and science and similar issues. However, SIS issues may also be present in other research activities, in which the main objectives of research are not SIS related issues, but in which SIS practices or perspectives are embedded. This could include studies within the natural sciences which apply innovative or extensive use of public involvement in the research process, new ways of communicating research results, ambitious efforts to bring ethical and societal issues into research, innovative ways of involving a variety of stakeholders (politicians, NGOs, industry, social scientists etc.). Such efforts are referred to as SIS issues embedded in mainstream research.

The section provides examples of Polish research projects and funding programmes related to SIS, cross-cutting and emerging themes of SIS. Moreover, the role of SIS in evaluative practices of research programmes and institutions are elaborated.

It should be noted that this section is concerned with mapping research activities which are not fully EU funded. The subsections are concerned with national as well as international research efforts, but not activities funded solely under the European framework programs. Such research activities are already well-documented elsewhere.

Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 26

3.1 Research on Science in Society

3.1.1 Research projects Name of project (incl. web-link or contact Local, na- Institutions Budget and Field of study information) tional, or participat- funding cross- ing source country Research and training project „B+R=€” National Joseph Unknown Description and (R&D=€)” and case book (New Perspectives. Tischner support of initia- Social sciences for the economy 2011) directed European tives linking re- to the researchers, esp. PhD students and young University search and econ- researchers, http://www.bepluser.pl omy and social practice Polish participation in PLACES - Platform of EU Copernicus Science education Local Authorities and Communicators Engaged Science in Science, Platform of networks grouping sci- Centre ence museums, organizers of science events and the cities, VII Framework Programme Book Etyczne i prawne granice badań nau- National Ethics of science kowych (Ethical and legal boundaries of scientific research), ed. Wlodzimierz Galewicz, Uni- versitas 2009 Book Maja Grzymkowska, Standardy bioetycz- National Ethics of science ne w prawie europejskim (Bioethical standards in European law), Kluwer Polska 2009 Book Tomasz Żyro, Reprezentacja poprzez National Warsaw Sociology of wiedzę. Ekspertyza polityczna think tanków w University knowledge warunkach kryzysu demokracji przedstawiciel- skiej (Representation through knowledge. Polit- ical expertises of think tanks in crisis condition of representative democracy) 2011-2012 Every year during the Warsaw Science Picnic National Helena Anna Unknown Science education sociological research are carried out in order to Jedrzejczak understand the views of participants on the pro- of the Co- gram and the events, as well as obtaining infor- pernicus mation on perceptions of the role of science in Science Polish society. Centre in Warsaw

In the frame of the Polish EU presidency (2011), three conferences on SiS issues are organised: “Science, Technology, Higher Education and Society in the Conceptual Age" (Cracow), The International Conference Environmental (Bio)Technologies and EU-FP7 Environmental Brokerage Event (Warsaw, September) and FUMAT 2011: Future materials for Grand Challenges of our time (Warsaw, September).

Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 27

3.1.2 Trends in research As can be seen from the previous list, except for the ethics of science there is a shortage of SiS projects and publications in Poland. The reasons are numerous:

• A theoretical bias of Polish science and higher education programmes, including social sciences. In natural sciences theoretical approach prevails over applied and experimental ones; the same can be said with regard to social sciences.

• There is no research institute on science studies or science policy studies.

Apart from the very rare publications on governance of science, the strongest streams in science writing are philosophical academic works on ethics in science or narrowly set publications on science as a driver of innovation and economic growth. So far between these two extremes there are relatively few publications on the public understanding of science, science education, science communication and no publications on equality and social inclusion in science.

3.2 Main stream research embedding Science in Society issues

3.2.1 Trends and good examples So far, there have been no programmes of this kind, either with national or EU funding. EU-funded Operational Programmes for 2007–2013, such as “Infra- structure and Environment”, “Innovative Economy”, “Human Capital”, or earlier “Improvement of the Competitiveness of Enterprises” carried out in 2004– 2006, were oriented towards strengthening either public research and innovation system, or science-economy relations. SiS issues are hardly present in the programme (with partial exception of “Activity 4.2 Development of staff qualifications in R&D system and increase awareness of the role of science in economic development”).

Supply of SiS works is relatively weak, for reasons discussed earlier. However, in recent years new centres for studies in higher education emerged at some universities. Lists of over 200 experts in science and innovation policy studies and higher education studies is published at the Ministry of Science and Higher Education web site: http://www.nauka.gov.pl/nauka/polityka-naukowa- panstwa/analizy-raporty-statystyki/analizy-raporty-statystyki/artykul/spis- ekspertow-nauki-innowacji-i-szkolnictwa-wyzszego/.

3.3 Funding for research on Science in Society There are two areas where SiS practices or perspectives are embedded.

One of them is evaluation studies of projects financed from the EU funds. The list of the studies carried out in 2003-2010 consists of over 400 items. Evalua- Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 28

tion studies used social science methods and approaches to describe impacts of the projects on the society and economy.

The other area consists of social science (mainly sociological) participatory projects.

As mentioned before, some researchers are engaged in social consultations for the regional and local government (Warsaw University, Jagiellonian Univer- sity, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Lodz University). In these circles of sociologists Michael Burawoy idea of “public sociology” is vivid.

Among them, there are a range of sociological projects connected with Europe Cup 2012, co-organised by Poland and Ukraine. The main assumption of the “Social Project Euro 2012” (modelled on projects carried out in the UK before London 2012 Olympic Games) is:

• Europe Cup in football should not be seen only in terms of national pride, benefits for tourism, or new hotels and transport infrastructure, but also from the point of view of local communities,

• Social research should take up issues of general interest for the nation, have broader applications, beyond science itself, be used as social inter- vention tool, such as building social capital, be carried out in participatory manner, together with all interested actors, be useful not only in the form of product (publications) but also process.

The project consists of series of research undertakings, meetings, workshops and consultations. The project involves research institutes (Polish and foreign researchers, such as Anna Giza-Poleszczuk and Alice Siu from Stanford Uni- versity), NGOs, regional authorities, schools and sport organizations.

3.4 Importance of Science in Society issues as evaluative elements for national research programmes and academic institutions In brief, governmental funding for domestic R&D institutions could be divided into two kinds of instruments: institutional funding (68%) and project funding (32%, 2008).

Rules governing institutional funding are quite complicated. The level of institutional funding is based on the so-called parametric assessment of previous activity of the research institution and expressed in terms of categories (at 1-5 scale). Assessment is carried out once in 5 years on the basis of information provided in annual questionnaires (prescribed by the ministry) called the “Unit‟s questionnaire.” The questionnaire comprises questions concerning research (e.g. peer-reviewed papers) and applications of R&D (e.g. new technologies). As seen from the above, no specific SiS issues are taken into account. This raises objections among the research community (consultation with research community, Department of Strategy, Ministry of Science and Higher Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 29

Education, Autumn 2009). However, the category of the institution (assigned once in 5 years) is just one of premises for (annual) decisions regarding the amount of institutional financing. Other premises include, among others, assessment of the (annual) application for statutory funding. Schedule of the application for statutory funding includes e.g. information on main directions of research, and, in particular, relations between the planned research with disciplinary priorities, social and educational needs, international R&D programmes, sustainable development programmes in Poland and Polish regions, innovation and competitiveness of the Polish economy, etc. Therefore, the final decision could also be based on SiS criteria.

Up to the first years of the 21st century, most of the science policy instruments distributed on a competitive basis had academic-disciplinary features. Since that time, many new instruments were introduced, partly funded from the EU funds and partly allocated by other ministries (Ministry of Economy) or agencies (National R&D Centre, Polish Agency for Enterprise Development). Most of them are economy and innovation-oriented. Three grant programmes of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education are called “Research projects”, “Goal-oriented projects” and “Development projects.” The two latter ones (mainly economic oriented) have been recently moved to the National R&D Centre. Criteria for “research projects” are very general and include, among others, anticipated contribution to the progress of research and the development of civilization. The National R&D Centre is carrying out the “National R&D Programme” that includes five priority areas, one of which may also tackle SiS issues (Safe, accelerated and sustainable social and economic development). Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 30

4 Activities related to Science in Society This section relates to SIS as a field encompassing a variety of different activities particularly concerned with public communication of science and technology in Poland. The issues addressed are formats for science communication and the actors involved in science communication as well as trends at the national level.

4.1 National science communication trends Generally, it is noted that there has been a rapid development of science education in Poland (and in particular, ever more widespread organisation of science festivals). It is increasingly understood that:

• at the current stage of Poland‟s catching-up, it is not as much science as education (and in particular science education) that could push Poland towards prosperity,

• science education, in addition to education of youth, is an excellent platform for cooperation between Polish researchers and between Polish and foreign researchers.

Those engaged in science education are convinced that compared to other Cen- tral and Eastern European countries Poland ranks high but should still learn a lot from the Nordic Countries or the UK.

There is more room for improvement in policy analysis and scientific advice and in using consultation as a tool in policy making.

Still relatively weak is SiS research, necessary input for science policy-making.

4.1.1 Good practises There are six examples:

• Science festival movement. • Copernicus Science Centre. • School festivals organized by the School of Thinking. • Polish active participation in international projects “Hands on Universe” and “ZooUniverse”. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 31

• “Social Project Euro 2012”. • DiaMEmT program.

Science journalism and training activities

Polish Association of Scientific Journalists "Naukowi.pl", part of the European Union of Science Journalists' Associations EUSJA, was established at the founding meeting of 19 June 2007 in Warsaw. Mission of the Association is to:

• integrate the journalists who write about science, medicine and technology (as well as popularisers of science, scientific institutions spokespersons and PR professionals dealing with these issues),

• facilitate the exchange of information on interesting trips, training and scholarships,

• promote science and scientific journalism.

Plans of the Association include maintaining Naukowi.pl website as a forum for exchanging information and holding discussions, holding a contest for journalists, scientific researchers and the highlight of merit for promotion of science in Poland and organizing training and conferences related to the popularization of science.

There is also the Science Promotion Council, a platform for information dissemination activities and initiating studies on popular science, www.run.pan.pl.

Science journalism training events are described in the European Guide to the Science Journalism Training 2008.

Since 2006/2007 Warsaw Higher School of Humanities and Polish Foundation for Science Advancement (PFUN) has been running a postgraduate course in social communication and media. The study is designed for graduates of different fields (with a master's or bachelor's degree) who want to broaden their professional knowledge on issues of communication and media, with particular emphasis on education in science and culture. Training in the press, radio and television studios provides practical knowledge of a workplace for the future.

There is column called “Training” at the Polish Association of Scientific Jour- nalists' "Naukowi.pl" Web Site where all information on trainings is published.

One of the most renown Polish popularizer of science Wiktor Niedzicki has recently published book Sztuka prezentacji w nauce, biznesie, polityce (Art of presentation in science, business, politics), Poltext 2010. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 32

4.2 Young people and science education in schools

4.2.1 Skills and interest • There are numerous science festivals organized in middle and high schools (liceums and gymnasiums) by teachers and pupils, supported by School of Thinking from the NGO Center for Civic Education.21 The idea of “School of Thinking” is to develop reasoning skills and ability to ask research questions, solving problems and using of knowledge. The programme, implemented in the course of six years of the program initiated by “Gazeta Wy- borcza” newspaper “School with class” encourages teachers to apply methods to stimulate thinking, including students‟ educational projects in the field of mathematical, natural, social sciences and humanities. Teachers and students present their achievements at school science festivals.

• Copernicus Science Centre, a multi-functional exploratory centre and opened in a prestigious location in Warsaw in October 2010; it has recently organised exhibitions in different places across Poland, participated in science festivals, organised a travelling exhibition, lectures and workshops. The Centre houses laboratories and conduct workshops and classes, and the surrounding Explorers‟ Park houses an art gallery, an open air theatre, and playground equipment for scientific experiments under the sky. A planetarium will be another attraction of the Centre: one of the largest and most modern facilities of this type in Europe. http://www.kopernik.org.pl/

4.2.2 Societal issues and critical reflection Societal issues and critical reflexion are present as an element of the programme of the International Baccalaureate schools (http://www.ibo.org/). There are 31 such schools in Poland. The new core curriculum of Polish schools aims at including societal issues and critical reflexion into the programme. The new programme started in 2009.

4.3 Communication activities Means Much less Less Same More Much more

Science TV programmes X Radio X Newspapers X Magazines X Large scale festivals X Web-based communication X Museums, exhibitions X Citizen-initiated or CSO initiatives X

21 http://www.ceo.org.pl/portal/home Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 33

4.3.1 TV programmes Programme title (and web-link if possi- Frequency Duration Target audi- Themes covered ble) (in minutes) ence TVP1 general interest national channel Weekly Sunday 35 10-12 years Science documen- Wildlife film Pets of the world: Ants - the min. old+ tary series secret power of nature, Austria 2004 10-12 years TVP1 Wildlife film Our Planet: Plants and Weekly Saturday, 35 Science documen- old+ animals, documentary, Sweden 2006 min tary series 10-12 years TVP 2 Zoo story, Poland 2010 Weekly Saturday, 25 Science documen- old+ min tary series 10-12 years TVP 2 Wildlife film Faces of the Earth: in Weekly Monday 35 Science documen- old+ a search for Alpine Capricorn min tary series

TV4 Galileo, popular science program 5 x week Saturday, 2x Middle school+ Science, different Sunday, scientific topics Wednesday, Thursday 1 hour each Data for Summer 210 In 2005-2010 811 television programs (one-off and recurring) have been given

by the public broadcaters:

Turism

History

General

Medicine

Psychology

Technology

Natural Sciences

History of culture History of science TOTAL TVP1 18 69 28 7 32 88 8 16 11 259 TVP2 9 55 11 0 13 55 5 6 0 145 TVP Culture 4 22 105 0 0 9 2 4 2 144 TVP Sport 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 TVP History 2 191 46 6 1 1 0 11 4 260 TOTAL 33 337 190 13 49 153 15 37 17 811

There are 14 international and two thematic cable channels, usually available in cities. Some TV programmes can be watched from Internet archives.

For years the Ministry of Science and Higher Education finances production of popular science films and their screening on public TV (TVP 2).

4.3.2 Radio programmes Polish Radio One, I half of 2010 Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 34

Title of the programme Frequency Time in Listeners: Topics min. 40-50 years +

Week 25 medicine, history, geography, cultural An Evening Scientific with a Ra- education, physics, archeology, lin- dio One guistics

Week 180 history, philosophy, literary puzzles, Night Meeting medicine, health, ecology

Month 60 medicine, history, chemistry, biology, sociology, ecology, astronomy, sci- Evening of Explorers ence

Week 60 inventions, linguistics, history, geog- WIST - popular science quiz raphy, physics, ecology, technology

Polish Radio II – I half of 2010

Title of the programme Frequency Time Listeners: Topics in min. Persons from 40 to 60 years of age, with secondary or higher education Club of people interested in every- Week 60 History, sociology, cultural education, thing historical monuments, archeology, linguistics, religious studies, philosophy, law, astronomy

Treasury of Polish Science Week 30 Philosophy, ethics, history, literature, social sciences

Polish Radio Three – I half of 2010

Title of the programme Frequency Time Listeners: Topics in min Usually, people from 30 to 50 years of age, with secondary or higher education

Club of Radio Three Week 60 History, technology, health, medicine, psychology, Sociology, Law, Geogra- phy Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 35

Polish Radio Euro – I half of 2010

Title of the programme Frequency Time in Listeners: Topics min Young people

BIS-UP Day 120 history, literature, geography, music education (eg. ethnic music), literary puzzles, ecology The fourth dimension Day 180 technology, internet, technology, tele- communications, health, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, multimedia, inventions, ecology Source: Tomasz Podgórski, p.o. Kierownika Biura Koordynacji Programowej, Polskie Radio s.a.

Number of hours of educational programs in the 2005-2010 period in National Radio

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 I half of 2010 Program 1 198 245 280 376 322 171 Program 2 141 76 135 186 252 120 Program 3 121 142 202 140 112 46 Program 4 964 515 741 601 528 242 * Data for 2010 include the semi-annual period (from 01/01/2010 to 06/30/2010) Source: Tomasz Podgórski, p.o. Kierownika Biura Koordynacji Programowej, Polskie Radio s.a.

Radio programmes on science and technology broadcast by the Polish Radio are to be found on the Internet. Among many commercial radio stations only two, Radio PiN and Radio TOK FM are broadcasting spoken word programmes. Radio PiN offers programmes on business and economics, whereas Radio TOK FM offers programmes such as “Philosophical Programme LEGO- LOGOS”22 or economic programme “Economics, Capital, Economy”. These programmes sometimes have their Facebook subsites.23

4.3.3 Popular science articles in newspapers and magazines A Newspaper science sections:

22 “'LEGO-LOGOS' at Radio TOK FM is a weekly series of programmes for young, older and oldest. We talk about what is important, what is good and what is bad.” http://www.tok.fm/TOKFM/1,89187,5696128, Audycja_filozoficzna_LEGO_LOGOS.html 23 http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=129766665404 Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 36

Title of newspaper (and web- Frequency of No. of print Target audi- Themes covered link if possible) science sec- runs ence tion “Gazeta Wyborcza”, Five days a 316 844 For 20 years the Mainly life sciences and http://wyborcza.pl/0,75400.html week (December most popular physical sciences 2009) daily in Poland, diversified audience from middle school to intellectuals „Rzeczpospolita”, Few days a 109 703 Right wing Various topics: health and http://www.rp.pl/temat/9129.html week (December newspaper medicine; biology; cos- 2009) mos; new technologies; natural sciences; history of civilisation; psychology „Polska. The Times” Few days a No data Diversified au- Diversified topics (natural http://www.polskatimes.pl/rozmai week dience from sciences, social sciences tosci/nauka/ middle school and humanities)

Weeklies:

Title of newspaper (and web-link if No. of print runs Target audience Themes covered possible to science sections) “Polityka”, http://www.polityka.pl/nauka 218 thousands (Feb- Higher educated Various topics ruary 2009) “Newsweek Polska”, 180 thousands (Feb- Higher educated Various topics http://www.newsweek.pl/wiadomosci/na ruary 2009) uka/najnowsze “Przekrój”, 96 thousands (Febru- Higher educated Various topics http://www.przekroj.pl/cywilizacja.html ary 2009) “Wprost”, http://www.wprost.pl/ 219 thousands (Feb- Higher educated Various topics ruary 2009) “Przegląd”, http://www.przeglad- 69 thousands (Febru- Higher educated Various topics tygodnik.pl/index.php?site=nauka ary 2009)

Popular science magazins:

Ca 25 journalsa, among them:

Title (and web-link if pos- Fre- No. of Target audience Themes covered sible) quency print runs “21. Wiek” (21st Century). Monthly, 60 000 Educated middle The journal contains articles from Editor: Amconex, since school students and the fields of biology, medicine, http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 2007 above technology, genetics, biotechnol- Gruner_%2B_Jahr_Polska , ogy, sociology, culture, psychology, history, science, astrophysics, http://www.21wiek.com.pl/ automotive and scientific innovations.

“Charaktery” (Characters), Monthly, 65 000 Educated middle A journal which covers psychologi- Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 37

limited liability comp. , since school students and cal knowledge in a manner under- http://www.charaktery.eu/ 1997 above standable to an average reader. The magazine publishes articles expos- In September 2008 ing the rules of the human mind, “Charaktery” awarded the relations between people, mecha- title of the monthly of the nisms of humans emotions, emer- Year, by, magazine “Media gence of crises and addictions. & Marketing Poland

“Focus”, Grüner + Jahr Pol- Monthly, 170 000 Middle school stu- Regular sections: automotive, civi- ska, since dents and general lization, psychology, science, na- http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 1995 public ture, sports, technology, photo Gruner_%2B_Jahr_Polska, pages, the egg of Columbus. Sepa- also issued in Germany, It- rately sold numerous special edi- aly, Greece, Croatia, France, tions under the name "Focus Extra", Belgium and the Nether- focusing on themes such as human lands, http://www.focus.pl/, sexuality, history, new technologies, riddles, nature, and including sets of questions and answers. There is no subscription for the special editions. Since March 2007, a special historical edition has been published monthly under the name “Focus History”

“Focus Historia”, Grüner + Monthly, 70 000 Middle school stu- Modern computer graphics and Jahr Polska, since dents and general drawing reconstructions http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 2005 (un- public Gruner_%2B_Jahr_Polska , til II 2010 as ” Focus http://www.guj.pl/index.php/ Poznać i prenumerata/focus_historia zrozumieć świat Wydanie Specjal- ne”

“Kosmos”, Copernicus Pol- Quarterly, 4 000 Articles on various Life sciences ish Society of Naturalists, since (2010) fields of broadly http://kosmos.icm.edu.pl/ 1876, defined biology, articles written by special- accessible ists for highly edu- in Internet cated readers interested in questions of biology. It is addressed primarily to researchers, teachers of middle schools and universities and students.

“Mówią Wieki” (Ages are Since Ca 15 000 Middle school and Thanks to a grant from the Commit- saying), Dom Wydawniczy 1958 (2010) university students, tee for Scientific Research maga- BELLONA, all interested in zine goes to 6000 schools across the http://www.mowiawieki.pl/ history country. Since 1999 magazine has organised a contest for schoolchil- dren, "Historical School League" (under the patronage of the Polish Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 38

President and the Speaker of the Senate). Since 2003, an appendix has been issued on history education in modern schools. The journal also organizes a series of international school workshops where young people from Poland confront their skills in alternative history with peers from Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Russia. Together with the publishing house Hachette- Livre Poland, the journal published an adapted version of the reader for the Polish "Illustrated history of the world" and edited the cycle "Polish Rulers" and "Polish Army".

“National Geographic Pol- Monthly 75 000 University students, Geography, discovery, travelling, ska”, The publisher and li- since people with univer- culture, the sciences. censee of the National Geo- 1999 sity degrees graphic Poland is Gruner + Jahr Poland. http://www.national- geographic.pl/

“Traveler”, Grüner + Jahr Monthly, 53 000 Middle school stu- Travel issues, easy and accessible Polska, since dents and general form http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 2004 public Gruner_%2B_Jahr_Polska branch of Polish “National Geographic”

“Wiedza i Życie” (Knowl- Monthly, The aver- Tertiary education One of the oldest Polish popular edge and Life), Prószyński published age num- science monthlies, diverse thematic Media, since ber of blocks. http://www.wiz.pl/index.php 1926 68000 ?id=glowna, archive (with the copies, the http://archiwum.wiz.pl/ exception average of World sale – War II 34000 (1939- (2009) 1945) and Martial Law (1981- 1983).)

“Świat Nauki” (Polish ver- Monthly, The aver- Tertiary education Articles devoted to the latest re- sion of `Scientific Ameri- since age num- search methods, theories, and scien- can`), Prószyński Media, 1991 ber of tific discoveries from the fields of http://www.swiatnauki.pl/ issues 35 natural sciences, economics, medi-

th. copies, cine, anthropology and computer the aver- science. The most popular topics age sale - are related to discoveries in bio- 23 th. technology, astronomy, physics, (2007) cosmology, neuroscience and ICT. Source: http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria:Czasopisma_popularnonaukowe; Internet Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 39

4.3.4 Festivals, science weeks, etc.

Science Festivals, Technology Festivals and Science Picnics (following list summarizes much more comprehensive data set collected by author). Fre- quency: once a year.

Recently 32 annual festivals, among them;

Activity title (and Organiser Since Number of Venue Short description web-link if possible) participants (city/ region/ national) Bydgoszcz Festival Organising 2004 Approx. 14 City Three days, over 350 events. In of Science, committee con- 000 2010: 26-28 May. Events for chil- Bydgoszcz, sisting of repre- dren, students, adults: lectures, http://www.festiwal.u sentatives of workshops, competitions, discus- kw.edu.pl high schools in sions & debates, demonstrations, Bydgoszcz laboratory experiments, presentations, concerts, performances, exhibitions.

Chorzów, Science Chorzów mu- 2009 Less than City One week, 2010: 8-13 March. 11 Festival, nicipal authori- thousand events. Lectures, plenary lectures, www.festiwalnauki.c ties in coopera- conferences, workshops, tours, con- horzow.eu/ tion with uni- tests, other events versities

Katowice, Students` Organising 2005 Approx. 25 Re- Four days, 2010: 12-15 April. Lec- Science Festival, committee con- 000. gional tures, debates, dance workshops, http://www.festiwaln sisting of repre- open days, demonstrations of robot- auki.us.edu.pl/2009/i sentatives of ics, discussions, workshops, music, ndex.php?aktualnosci Silesian high conferences, meetings with authors. 2010 schools Spin-off events in Cieszyn, Sos- nowiec, Chorzów i Rybnik

Science Festival in The main organ- 2001 Tens of thou- City Organized annually since 2001 in Kraków, izer changes sands partici- mid-May, lasts for 4 days. Festival www.festiwalnauki.k every 3 years. pants. consists of 4 different types of at- rakow.pl Organizing tractions: 1) festival events (con- committee concerts, exhibitions and theatrical sists of repre- plays) 2) discussion panels, lectures sentatives of and meetings 3) The Science Fair public higher (scientific contests, experiments education and demonstrations presented in schools and tents located in the Market Square research institu- 4) concerts and performances on tions located in the mains stage during the Science Kraków. Other Fair. participants include foreign institutes and consulates. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 40

Lublin Science Fes- Shifting leader- 2004 35 943 par- City One week: 2010 18-24 September. tival, ship from one ticipants (stat- More than 800 different events such www.festiwal.lublin. Lublin higher ics available as lectures, laboratory demonstra- pl school to an- at: tions, scientific happenings, exhibi- other http://www.fes tions, performances, competitions, ti- popular science (e.g. robot show, wal.lublin.pl/i chemical experiments, presenta- ndex.html?art tions of cars and motorcycles), a =61) science picnic, contests, concerts, and dance workshops. City Lodz Festival of Sci- The main organ- 2001 approx. 25 One week, 2010: 19-26 April. Over ence, Art and Tech- izer the Lodz 000 partici- 300 events. Lectures, exhibitions, nology, Science Society, pants debates, panel discussions, compe- www.festiwal.lodz.pl which operates titions, shows, movies, theatre, con- under a contract certs, fairs, sightseeing and science with the City picnic (35 tents, 24-25 April) and the agree- ment with the Conference of State Universi- ties Rectors.

Poznan Science and Organising 1998 Ca 30 000 City + 3 days, 2010: 27-29 April. Over Art Festival committee con- participants “spin- 350 shows, presentations, exhibi- sisting of repre- off” tions, lecturers, demonstrations, www. festi- sentatives of 8 workshops, seminars, film screen- wal.amu.edu.pl high schools ings and artistic performances; in and Polish 2009 spin-off events in Slubice and Academy of Gniezno Sciences in Poznan Re- Baltycki Science Fes- Organising 2003 Four days, 2010: 27-30 May. Over gional tival, Gdansk, committee con- 800 events, such as lectures, de- Gdynia, Sopot, sisting of repre- bates, competitions, tournaments, www.festiwal.gda.pl sentatives of workshops, demonstrations. Spin- high schools in offs in Słupsk, Elbląg, Miastko, Gdansk, Lębork, Pelplin, Malbork, Gdynia, Sopot Będomin, Borucin oraz Wągliko- wice k. Kościerzyna. City Science Festival, Organising 1997 over 60 000 9 days, 2010: 18-26 September. Warszawa, committee (2010) Approx. 700 events, such as lec- http://www.festiwaln tures, debates, competitions, work- auki.edu.pl/program- shops, performances, club meet- browser ings, evenings of science. City Warsaw Science Pic- Polish Radio 1997 About 120 000 One day, 2010: 12 June. 215 insti- nic, Warszawa, and the Coper- visitors (2009) tutions from 21 countries invited to http://www.pikniknau nicus Science organise events shown in 212 tents kowy.pl/2010/ Centre and stands. Re- Lower Silesian Sci- Organising 1998 2010: 17-22 September Wroclaw, gional ence Festival, Wro- committee con- 23-24 September Legnica, Zgorze- cław, sisting of repre- lec, 7-8 October Jelenia Góra, By- http://www.festiwal. sentatives of strzyca Kłodzka, 21-22 October Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 41

wroc.pl/2010/index.p high schools in Wałbrzych, Ząbkowice Śląskie. hp Wroclaw Approx. 900 events, such as lectures, presentations, meetings, workshops, discussions and concerts.

Cumulative number of science festivals and picnics in Poland (“spin-off” festivals are not taken into account)

0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Source: own graph based on NewtonMedia, Internet data and http://www.run.pan.pl/index.php?option=com_weblinks&view=category&id=39%3Apolsk ie-festiwale-nauki&Itemid=54&lang=pl Festivals are organized in following months: March (2), April (5), May (7), June (7), September (7), October (1). Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 42

SCIENCE FESTIVALS, SCIENCE PICNICS AND OPEN DAYS IN POLAND IN 2010

 Main organising centres (academic centres)  Places of „satellite” festivals (small towns) Source: Jan Kozlowski (data), Adam Płoszaj (map)

Science picnics are organized either independently (as in Warsaw and Radom), or as part of festivals (e.g. in Łódź, Lublin, Opole and Skierniewice).

There is also the Student Festival of Science in Katowice, organized by students themselves.

There are numerous science festivals organized in middle and high schools (liceums and gymnasiums) by teachers and pupils, supported by School of Thinking from the NGO Center for Civic Education. The idea of “School of Thinking” is to develop reasoning skills and ability to ask research questions, solving problems and using of knowledge. The programme, implemented in the course of six years of the program initiated by “Gazeta Wyborcza” newspaper “School with class” encourages teachers to apply methods to stimulate think- Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 43

ing, including students‟ educational projects in the field of mathematical, natural, social sciences and humanities. Teachers and students present their achievements at school science festivals. So far school festivals have been organized across Poland.

Map of schools participating in the “School of Thinking” programme (each school organizes a science festival)

Source: http://www.ceo.org.pl/portal/b_szkola_myslenia Many universities organize “open door days”, mainly to attract prospective students. Sometimes “open door days” are organized during science festivals, such as the Silesian Science Festival.

In three towns “Youth Universities” (series of lectures) have been established: Częstochowa, Dąbrowa Górnicza and Zielona Góra.

Other forms of communicating science to the public include:

Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 44

Town Organizer Link

Science Week Silesian School of http://www.swsz.pl/ Management

The Academy of Mathematics Warsaw School of http://www.run.pan.pl/index.php?option=c Technology om_content&view=article&id=239%3Ami ni-akademia-matematyki-na-politechnice- war- szawskiej&catid=34%3Aimprezy&Itemid =48&lang=pl

Feast of Pi Number (numerous workshops, lec- Silesian University www.sietopi.pl tures (e.g. probabilistic and infinity paradoxes) and competitions such as interdisciplinary Tour de Science or Programming PI.

Workshops for talented young people (mathe- The National Fund www.naukawpolsce.pap.pl matical and astronomical workshops in Torun, for Children workshops in chemistry, physics and biophys- ics, and programming in Warsaw, approx. 600 pupil)

Two permanent scientific cafés (Warsaw and Consortia of re- http://www.kawiarnianaukowa.pl/ Silesian Scientific Café in Katowice) and one searchers organized in the framework of Baltic Science Festival

Children University, Warsaw Consortia of re- www.ud.edu.pl searchers

Critical University, Warsaw: university wants to Consortia of re- http://www.run.pan.pl/index.php?option=c provide a multidimensional critical knowledge searchers om_content&view=article&id=182%3Aun about the world: economics and politics, history ik- and sociology, philosophy and social policy. ryt&catid=34%3Aimprezy&Itemid=48&la ng=pl

Summer Meetings with Science, Centre for http://www.run.pan.pl/index.php?option=c Creative Work of the Institute of Hydro- om_content&view=article&id=214%3Alet Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences nie-spotkania-z-nauk- at Wdzydze Lake 2009&catid=34%3Aimprezy&Itemid=48 &lang=pl

Learning on the beach (on the beach in Gdansk http//: www.interedu.pl “Beach Jelitkowo Center for Science and Edu- cation” – EduFun)

International Olympics in Mathematical Lin- http://www.eid.edu.pl/ guistics in Wroclaw Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 45

4.3.5 National portals, blogs

A general science education portals

Activity title (and Number of Themes covered Short description web-link) users Knowledge and edu- “Wiedza i Edukacja” is a website con- “Wiedza i Edukacja” functions as cation (Wiedza i edu- cerning learning and producing various an open site. It enables its users to kacja) sources of knowledge from different co-author articles and other http://wiedzaiedukacj a.eu/ fields (science, philosophy, art, educa- sources of knowledge. It also en- tion). The website was founded on the ables free share and distribution basis of an online magazine, “Kultura of these, as well as sharing per- i Historia”, sonal experiences and contacting http://www.kulturaihistoria.umcs.lublin other users. It is a place visited by .pl/, that was established in 2001. The those who study (pupils, students, main purpose of this site is to create course attendants), those who a platform for producing and sharing teach (teachers, trainers, instruc- knowledge by means of modern tech- tors), and by accomplished scien- nology. tists and scholars. Virtual Website published by the editorial firm Web site devoted to biology and http://www.wiw.pl Prószyński i S-ka, ecology, mathematics, astronomy, /biologia/ekologia/ http://www.proszynski.pl/ physics, math, modeling, humani- Universe, ties, philosophy, history, culture, http://www.wiw.pl/ art and ancient culture Nauka.polskieradio.pl Portal informing on science and on Diversified topics of textual and (Sci- Polish Radio programs on science audio materials from anthropol- ence.polishradio.pl) ogy, archeology, astronomy, astronautics, ecology, history, geography, ethnography, biology, chemistry, physics, technology, medicine, philosophy, mathematics, logic, paleontology, psychology, sociology Wiktor Niedzicki Personal portal run by the renown tv Tv programs, films, books and Portal popularizer of science articles, presentations. Includes http://www.wiktornie english version of movies. dzicki.pl/index.php?i dp=10 Polish information Polish information service on science - All topics service on science online since 1999 (Polski Serwis Nau- kowy)

Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 46

General educational portals

Activity title (and web- Number of Themes covered Short description link) users Education and Dialogue n/a Eid.edu.pl is a platform to ex- Support for Social Networking in edu- http://www.eid.edu.pl/ change views and information cation. Bloga, E-Video, E-learning, ac- on contemporary education tions to build an active community on the basis of community portals, such as Our-class, Goldenline, Youtube, Digg, Eioba, Facebook, MySpace, Twitter. Experts blogs in various categories: education, pedagogy, didactics, e- learning, technology, teaching, education issues; teachers blogs. Publications. New methods and technologies in education. Descriptions of new educational projects. Reports from the conferences. Internet Television TV Eid. E-learning platform. Centre for Civic Educa- n/a Portal of an NGO engaging in Information on training activity, confer- tion, www.ceo.org.pl/ reforming science teaching ences, publications. Newsletter. Collec- tion of open education materials Institute of Modern Edu- n/a Information on the activity: Institute is cation, carrying out several programs, aimed at http://ine.com.pl/pl/ modernization of Polish education, such as School Multimedia / Multimedia reality Geophysics at the school, Edugames.pl - Poland's first social networking site educational games, Task Magic - software for designing interactive lessons multi-blackboards, Nature and Mathematics Program, Accelerated Learning Systems Poland Open Education Coali- n/a Open Education Coalition is a Information on the activity: educational tion http://koed.org.pl/ consortium of NGOs and insti- materials, projects, issues related to tutions working in education, property rights, public domain issues, science and culture. Its aim is events (conferences, workshops, semi- to develop and promote open nars, trainings). educational resources. R1ng, n/a Logic games and quizzes Knowledge tournaments portal created http://www.r1ng.pl/index as business .html

Disciplinary portals

Over 25 portals, among them:

Activity title (and web- Number Themes covered Short description link) of users http://astronomia.pl/ n/a Polish Astronomy Portal un- Astronomia.pl is the biggest astronomi- der the patronage of the Polish cal portal in Poland. There is English Association of Amateur As- version of news service that translates tronomers news about Polish astronomy, present Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 47

discoveries and activities of professional astronomers, astronomical institutions, as well as astronomy amateurs. AstroNET, n/a Polish Astronomical Portal. Currently service consists of five com- http://news.astronet.pl/ AstroNet is site is run by the ponents: AstroLINKS, SpaceRef (+ As- members and supporters of the troWAP) AstroGALLERY, AstroFO- Club Astronomical Almukan- RUM and AstroSEARCH. AstroLINKS tarat, and by both fans of as- is updated directory of sites and astro- tronomy and professional as- nautic and astronomical. SpaceRef is tronomers. newsletter on events related to astronomy and astronautics. AstroWAP a simplified version of the SpaceRef. AstroGAL- LERY is a directory of information about the photographs and graphics on the astronomy and astronautics. AstroFORUM is a discussion forum. AstroSEARCH is a search engine of news, categories, links, pictures and posts, allowing for selection of highly detailed information on astronomy and astronautics. It's just physics n/a “It's just physics” is a private The project "It's just physics," is to show www.totytlkofizyka.pl educational project. Its author that every can become a physicist- is Marek Pawlowski. The pro- experimentalist and derive much satis- ject presents a simple physical faction from that. No need for large labo- experiences for children and ratories and sophisticated equipment - adults. The project was everything you need to find in your own launched in September 2009 kitchen, at a nearby supermarket or shop and you buy it for pennies. Portal is the main communication vehicle for this private educational project. Philosophy Web Sites n/a Philosophy website for every- Notes on books, reviews, interviews with http://www.filozofia.pl/ one. the philosophers, articles, philosophical conversation. Philosophy, ontology, epistemology, analytic philosophy, logic, philosophy of mind, ethics, metaphysics, aesthetics, epistemology. Mathematica.pl 144 users Community Portal of inter- http://www.matematyka. “Total ested in mathematics pl/ posts: 727 201 | Total topics: 186 028 | Total members: 63 318” Pinakoteka n/a Private site run by Witold Gallery of Polish Painting (page contains http://www.pinakoteka.z Raczunas a picture gallery painters of Polish and ascianek.pl/ address links to other galleries of paintings of Polish and global) Museum Education Por- n/a Community Portal of Museum Launched in 2007 by Forum of Museum tal, Educators Educators http://www.edukacjamuz ealna.pl/

Portals of organizations and individuals popularizing science Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 48

Activity title (and web- Number Themes covered Short description link) of users Polish Association of n/a Polish Association of Science PAST founded on the initiative of a Science Teachers, Teachers founded in 1993 group of teachers of biology, chemistry, http://www.fizyka.umk.p geography and physics. Its objective: l/~scimath/psnpp/ activities for the development of science education, the dissemination of knowledge and skills and integration of the teaching profession. Information on the activity. Nauka.polskieradio.pl n/a Portal informing on science Diversified topics of textual and audio (Science.polishradio.pl) and on Polish Radio programs materials from anthropology, archeology, on science astronomy, astronautics, ecology, history, geography, ethnography, biology, chemistry, physics, technology, medicine, philosophy, mathematics, logic, paleontology, psychology, sociology Naukowi.pl, n/a Web site of the Polish Asso- Information on the activity http://www.naukowi.pl/? ciation of Scientific Journal- cat=9 ists' "Naukowi.pl" Copernicus Science n/a Copernicus Science Centre is Information on the activity Centre the one of the first Polish sci- http://www.kopernik.org. ence centre (exploratory) built pl/ in prestigious place in Warsaw Science Festival in War- n/a Annual Festival of Science in Comprehensive information on the activ- saw Warsaw (two weeks in Sep- ity, including science café, festival http://www.festiwalnauki tember) is first and the large school, festival newsletter, competitions, .edu.pl/ science festival min Poland newsletter Science Picnic of Polish n/a Science Picnic founded in Information on the activity Radio and the Coperni- Warsaw in the same year as cus Science Centre Science Festival (1997) http://www.pikniknauko wy.pl/

Blogs. Information on science blogs in Poland http://wiedzaiedukacja.eu/e- biblioteka/blogi-naukowe

Activity title (and web- Number Themes covered Short description link) of users (if known) Weekly blog for young n/a Blog run by weekly “Tygo- scientists, dnik Powszechny” http://swiat- jaktodziala.blog.onet.pl/ How it works n/a Blog run by weekly “Tygo- Diverse scientific subjects presented in http://swiat- dnik Powszechny” funny way jaktodziala.blog.onet.pl/ Antimatrix. Edwin n/a Blog written by a science Topics include anthropology, security, Bendyk blog journalist and thinker Edwin biotechnology, chemistry, copyright, http://bendyk.blog.polity Bendyk. cleaner, democracy, education, ecology, ka.pl/ economics, energy, Europe, foresight, genetics, globalization, global warming, games, innovation, social capital, cli- Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 49

mate, consumption, convergence, space, culture, popular culture, Linux, literature, people, marketing, media, city, nanotechnology, patents, politics, mobile telephony, Terrorism, Trends, Utopia, Web 2.0, war, freedom. Dominik Batorski blog n/a Blog run by renown young ICT, social network analysis, network http://sna.pl/blog/ sociologist working at War- analysis, researchers, corporate networks saw University diffusion research funding social capital communications network communication network visualization Beyond belief blog n/a Blog created with WordPress Diversified topics http://naukowy.blog.polit yka.pl/ Makroskop. Laboratory n/a Blog run by the Centre for Service-blog Macroscope refers to the of the Future, Research on the Future of Col- book Joël de Rosnay Makroskop. Trying http://makroskop.polityk legium Civitas (Polish Acad- global vision (PIW, 1982). De Rosnay, a a.pl/ emy of Sciences) and the French scientist and futurist shows the weekly “Polityka” need to analyze the reality in a holistic manner. Blog shows different phenomena, events, books, projects that help to understand the development of modern civilization and to create visions of the future. Emergency. Centre for n/a Another blog run by the Cen- Mainly information on the activity of the Research on Future blog, tre for Research on the Future Centre for Research on the Future of http://emergencja.blogsp of Collegium Civitas and the Collegium Civitas ot.com/ weekly “Polityka” Being a young physicist. n/a A young scientist with the help of fellow Nonsense of Polish and physicists collect nonsense published in foreign science, Poland and the world of geeks and http://mlodyfizyk.blox.pl pseudo-scholars. /html Nothing Simpler n/a Blog run by Rafał, student of http://nicprostszego.word chemistry at Imperial College press.com/ London, amateur biologist, chemist.

Daily “Gazeta Wyborcza” described the latest trend among Polish teachers to run their own blog24. Some blogs are available for the public25, other available only to students.

Other

24 Aleksandra Pezda, Nauczyciel w blogu (Teacher In blog), „Gazeta Wyborcza” 07 09 2010, http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,8345964,Nauczyciel_w_blogu.html 25 For example, www.chojnacka.net; chetkowski.blog.polityka.pl Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 50

Activity title (and web- Number Themes covered Short description link) of users (if known) List of knowledge re- positories http://www.bg.umcs.lubli n.pl/nowa/deep.php Source: http://www.bg.umcs.lublin.pl/nowa/port_na.php; Internet

4.3.6 Science museums and centres Science centres and interactive exhibitions

15 science centres, among them:

Activity title (and Activity type Number Theme Venue Short description web-link if possi- of visi- s cov- (city) ble) tors/year ered

Copernicus Science The Copernicus Sci- x Natural War- Multi-functional exploratory, one Centre, ence Centre opened in sci- saw of the largest and most modern in http://www.koperni Warsaw in October ences Europe. Also organises exhibi- k.org.pl/ 2010, on the bank of tions in different places in Po- the Vistula River, as land. More than 400 interactive one of the first institu- exhibits. The centre houses labo- tions of its type in Po- ratories and also conducts work- land. Joint initiative of shops. The Planetarium was the Ministry of Science opened in June 2011. and Higher Education, Ministry of National Education and the City of Warsaw.

EXPERYMENT EXPERYMENT Sci- 50 000 Natural Gdynia EXPERYMENT Science Centre Science Centre, ence Centre is an inter- sci- exhibition consists of more than http://www.expery active exhibition oper- ences 40 exhibits. EXPERYMENT ment.gdynia.pl/ ating in the Pomeranian works also on the field of science Science and Technol- popularization. Lessons for ogy Park in Gdynia. school groups, workshops for One of the first such whole families, science events ventures in Poland, (e.g. Researchers‟ Night, Science opened in June 2007. Picnics), workshops for teachers. Each exhibit presents International cooperation: project the visitor with an op- partners were two science cen- portunity to experience tres: EXPERYMENT and Natur- and understand every- Bornholm from Aakirkeby day phenomena by (Bornholm), Denmark. conducting simple, safe and amusing experi- Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 51

ments. Eureka House of In November 2002 in 20 000 Natural Szczeci The exhibition now consists of Experiments Szczecin interactive persons sci- n about 80 exhibits on area of 300 http://eureka.univ.s physical experiences ences sq. It is open 7 days a week for an zczecin.pl/ exhibition initiated by average of 6 hours a day. There the Faculty of Mathe- are also numerous local and trav- matics and Physics, elling exhibitions and occasional University of Szczecin. educational events. It is planned as one of the many educational elements of the future Center for Science and Arts. Exhibition is the nucleus of the future full-fledged exploratory.

Hewelianum Cen- The origins of Hev- Natural Gdansk Mission of the exploratory is im- tre, elianum date back to sci- plemented by providing perma- http://www.hewelia 1997. ences, nent and temporary exhibitions, num.pl/ histori- which are located in a restored cal fortress. sciences Laboratory of Pro- The project is organ- Natural Bydgos The Project is mainly addressed fessor Curious at ized (2009) is the Uni- sci- zcz to school children as an exten- Family Park in versity of Technology ences, sion of classes. Bydgoszcz, and Life Sciences and http://ciekawski.utp the Centre for Family .edu.pl/, fun Family Park. http://www.familyp ark.pl/family/index. php?page=sala- podroznika Planetarium – To- Planetarium opened in About As- Toruń The Planetarium is located in the run with the Orbi- 1994 presents popular 185,000 tronom area of the Old Town. It is one of tarium Hall, astronomical shows per year y the most popular tourist attrac- under the dome. The on the http://www.planetar tions in Torun. The Planetarium ium.torun.pl shows are dedicated to shows school groups and in- under the in Torun presents popular astro- dividuals. The second dome of nomical shows that embrace al- attraction is the interac- Planetar- most the entire scope of the as- tive exhibition called ium and tronomical knowledge. There is The Orbitarium avail- (+) also an interactive exhibition The able to visitors from 50,000 Orbitarium, where one can feel July, 2005. In 2011 visitors in new exhibition about the Orbi- like a NASA specialist and pilot the Earth will be tarium. the Cassini spacecraft. Sessions opened. These 3 mod- under the dome of the planetar- ules will be combined ium talk about the planets of the into The Center for Solar System, systems of stars Popularizing the Uni- verse. and the construction of the universe. They are intended for audi- ences at different ages. Interac- tive. In preparation an interactive Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 52

exhibition devoted to the Earth. The Jagiellonian Natural Cracow The museum has the largest col- University Museum sci- lection of scientific instruments in interactive exhibi- ences Poland. This inspired the devel- tions, opment of one of Poland's first http://www.maius.u interactive exhibitions. The j.edu.pl/zmysly/ind Jagiellonian University Museum ex.php has prepared two interactive exhibitions: Science and the recent past (now a travelling exhibition), and The World of Senses. There are annual conferences of organizers of science centres entitled "In- teraction-Integration" (since 2008)26. 11 Science, Technology and Industry Museums, among them:

Activity title (and Activity type Number Theme Venue Short description web-link if possi- of visi- s cov- (city) ble) tors/year ered City Engineering Cracow Museum of Urban Engineering, Museum in Cra- founded by the Municipality of cow, the City of Krakow in 1998, gath- http://www.mimk.c ers objects illustrating the devel- om.pl/ opment of public transportation, power, gas, municipal and monuments from the history of technology. Museum of Tech- The Warsaw Museum 132012 War- Museum's of Technology exhibits (2009) nology, of Technology opened saw the development of technology http://www.muzeu since its historical beginnings to in 1955. Museum is m- the modern day. Permanent exhi- tech- often considered to be bition: transport, mining, metal- niki.waw.pl/educd/ the successor of the lurgy, music mechanisms, print- older museum, located ing machines, ICT, electronics, in Warsaw, esp. Mu- physics, ecology, home appliance seum of Industry and technology, radio-technology, astronomy and astronautics, Agriculture (opened in planetarium, anatomy. 1875) and the Museum of Industry and Tech- nology (1929).

Five living museums (of porcelain – 2; of gingerbread – 1, of stained glass – 1; culture and technology of Podhale region – 1).

There are 30 higher schools museums including:

26 http://www.kopernik.org.pl/konferencja_2008.php Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 53

Activity title (and web-link) Activity type Number Theme Short description of users s cov- (if ered known) The Jagiellonian University 1,5 – 2 The The museum has the largest collection Museum, Cracow, since 1867, th. a history of scientific instruments in Poland. The all-university unit year; of the Jagiellonian University Museum origi- http://www.maius.uj.edu.pl/in during univer- nates directly from the collections of dex.pl.html Night of sity. the Archaeological Cabinet, which collegium- museums dates back to the year 1867. It became [email protected] – ca. 800 an independent unit in the university persons structure in 1953. Paintings, sculptures, reliefs, photographs, rector`s gowns, documents, books, scientific instruments Warsaw University Museum, Permanent exhi- The since 1980, permanent exhibi- bition, called history tions in Mianowski Room in ALMA MATER of the Kazimierzowski Palace, since VARSOVIENSIS univer- 2001 in Potockich Palace, , presenting the sity. organized January 20 2010 as history of the uni- separate entity, versity; guided http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/hi tours of university storia/muzeum.html, ul. Kra- campus kowskie Przedmieście 32; 00- 927 Warszawa; tel. 552-01-07, 552-05-91; tel./fax: 828-07-30 Head: dr Tomasz Strączek, Robert Gawkowski e-mail: stra- [email protected] Museum of the Wroclaw Uni- The Museum was The The oldest collections came from the versity, open 1992, established Au- history collection of Leopoldina Academy and http://www.muzeum.uni.wroc. gust 6, 1992 as a of the Frederick William III University of pl/men.htm result of the trans- univer- Silesia. Collections include: scientific Pl. Universytecki 1, 50-137 formation of mu- sity. instruments XV-XX (studio astronomi- Wroclaw, seum collections cal, physical, chemical, mathematical), [email protected] of the Archives collections of research gathered from Department, Uni- scientific expeditions (ethnographers, versity of Wro- archaeologists, linguists), furniture, cław, in an inde- eighteenth-twentieth century, handi- pendent unit. craft items eighteenth to the twentieth century, images of the eighteenth to the twentieth century, sculpture, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, graphics, nineteenth-twentieth century, a photo- graph of the nineteenth and twentieth century, postcards, souvenirs corporate leaflets from the eighteenth century to modern times. Warsaw Technology Univer- The The Museum has about 3 thousand sity Museum, since 1978, history objects, including photographs, post- http://www.muzeumpw.com.p of the cards, medals and measuring devices, l/ univer- archival materials and documents relat- sity. ing to history of Technological Univer- Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 54

sity, old research instruments and technical equipment used at the Polytech- nic. Museum of the Wroclaw The A permanent exhibition of the mu- Technological University, history seum, showing the source and history since 2005, Wybrzeże Wyspi- of the of today's University. Museum collects ańskiego 27 univer- and maintains iconographic materials 50-370 Wrocław sity. and documentation on the activities, tel. 071 320 33 20 the intellectual and scientific Lviv e-mail: technical schools from the years 1844- [email protected] 1945, the operation and the material http://www.portal.pwr.wroc.pl remains of Wroclaw Technical Univer- /muzeum,241.dhtml sity (Technische Hochschule) operated between 1910-1945, the history and achievements of the Technical Univer- sity of Wroclaw 1945. Source: Ewa Wyka, Małgorzata Taborska, University Museums in Poland w: Opuscula Musealia, ed. Stanisław Waltoś, 17, pp. 31-34, Kraków 2009, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwer- sytetu Jagiellońskiego; Internet; telephones.

It has been an increasing tendency to create new museums since 1989; the museums usually function as departments in the university structure; most often they employ 2-3 people from the scientific staff; most of them do not have own infrastructure: storage rooms, restoration workshops, etc.27.

Cumulative number of university museums 1979-2009 (for those that dates of origins are established):

1980 1995 2002 1979 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

27 Ewa Wyka, Małgorzata Taborska, University Museums in Poland w: Opuscula Musealia, ed. Stanisław Waltoś, 17, pp. 31-34, Kraków 2009, Zeszty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiel- lońskiego. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 55

Based on: Ewa Wyka, Małgorzata Taborska, University Museums in Poland w: Opuscula Musealia, ed. Stanisław Waltoś, 17, pp. 31-34, Kraków 2009, Zeszty Naukowe Uniwersy- tetu Jagiellońskiego

Urban, cultural and industrial turism

Usually regional and metropolitan strategies for tourism include industrial, urban and cultural tourism28.

Booklet Tourism in the industrial areas prepared by the governmental agency Polish National Tourist Office (2004) provide guidelines for action aimed at creating, promoting and developing new sort of tourism in Poland. Document informs on the registered historical industrial resources. In Poland there are currently around 100 museums whose profile is linked to industrial heritage. Ap- pendices present List of interesting tourist objects in terms of technology and industry, and trails associated with the monuments and the history of technology and industry in Poland by voivodships and List of museums associated with technology.

28 Among others, Strategy For Tourism Development In The Silesia Region For 2004-2013, http://www.silesia-region.pl/stratur/srt_2.htm Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 56

4.3.7 Citizen- or Civil society organisations initiatives

Science café

Activity title (and web- Activity type Fre- Number Short description link if possible) quency of participants Warsaw Science Café, n/a n/a Popular science meetings organized by http://www.przekroj.pl/c Science Festival Warsaw, Warsaw Univer- ywilizac- sity and “Przekrój” weekly. ja_kawiarnia.html Science café at the War- n/a n/a Parents can listen to "adult" speech on the saw University of Chil- subject similar to that which has been pro- dren “Przekrój” posed for children. 19.3.2009 Silesian Science Café in Meetings organ- n/a n/a Discussions in the Silesian Science Café Katowice, Silesian Asso- ized since Octo- are transmitted by Internet, TVP Kultura ciation of Science Café, ber 2007 and TVP Info. An interview with invited http://www.kawiarnianau guests, discussion and live music (jazz, kowa.pl/ swing, soul, classical and film music). Club Science Café in Lectures, films, n/a n/a Cracow, organized by concerts, de- Polish Academy of Arts bates, exhibi- and Sciences and journal tions “Dziennik Polski”, http://www.kawiarnianau kowa.ovh.org/ Science Café of the Bal- Lectures tic Festival of Science in Sopot, http://www.festiwal.gda. pl/servlet/WWW.TopicP resServ- let2?TOP_ID=200&CO NF_ID=684&F_TYPE= 9

Polish participation in international educational projects

Activity title (and web- Activity type Fre- Number Short description link if possible) quency of participants Mars Society Poland Mars Society n/a n/a The main aim of the society is to carried http://old.marssociety.pl/ Poland out a manned flight to Mars in the next founded in decade. The other aim is to popularize 1999 knowledge about Mars and space research and support initiatives related to space exploration. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 57

Polish participation in the n/a n/a The aim of the Hands-On Universe, “Hands on Universe” pro- Europe, is to bring interactive astronomy gram to the classroom. The primary target group http://www.pl.euhou.net/ are the school teachers. http://www.uk.euhou.net/index.php?option =com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid= 3 Polish participation in the At approx. n/a n/a “Zoouniverise (including 250,000 par- the Galaxy Zoo and the ticipants in the Hunt for Supernova)”, project all Lech Mankiewicz, Jan over the Pomierny world, some (http://www.pte.pl/pliki/2/ 11,000-12,000 21/Czwartek_u_Ekonomist are registered ow- on servers 18_marca_2010_r_e1234.p located in Po-

df) land)

Polish Participation in n/a n/a Citizen Science Alliance, http://di.com.pl/news/3205 2,0,Galaktyczne_Zoo_na_ 20_urodziny_Kosmiczneg o_Teleskopu_Hubblea.htm

Creative Commons Po- n/a n/a NGO engaged in international project of- land, fering a free legal and other tools for man- http://creativecommons.pl/ agement by the creators of copyright to their works.

National educational projects

Activity title (and web- Activity type Fre- Number Short description link if possible) quency of participants Government initiative to n/a n/a The first of 14 school astronomical observa- build municipal school tories are built in kujawsko-pomorskie re- astronomical observato- gion; plan of construction of observatories in ries other regions were announced in July 2011 by the Prime Minister. Open Education Coali- Portal, trainings, n/a n/a NGO engaged in numerous educational ini- tion, http://koed.org.pl/ open educa- tiatives devoted to open access, open sci- tional resources ence, open culture and public domain. Among others, Guide to the open educational resources, 3rd edition 2011, http://koed.org.pl/wp- content/uploads/2010/03/oer_handbook.pdf Modern Poland Founda- n/a n/a NGO engaged in numerous educational ini- tion, tiatives devoted to modern education and http://nowoczesnapolska. development of information society in Po- org.pl/about-us/ land. The biggest project is the school li- brary Wolne Lektury (Free Literature) pre- Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 58

pared in cooperation with the National Li- brary Polish Association of n/a n/a NGO engaged in numerous educational pro- Educators and Animators jects, including project NOBEL (carried out KLANZA, together with Volunteer Development Foun- http://www.klanza.pl/ dation) in which students popularize science among children Open Science, n/a n/a Information about open science movement http://otwartanauka.pl/ in Poland and abroad. Orange University, n/a n/a Orange University promotes modern educa- http://www.akademiaora tion of children and young people by sup- nge.pl/ porting innovative educational projects. Pro- jects: education (37); new technologies (7); film (13); integration (17), theatre (7), music (6), photography (4) visual arts (8), museum (1). Szkoła z klasą 2.0 n/a More “School with Class 2.0” (since 2010), con- (School with Class 2.0), than tinuation of School with Class, supports http://www.ceo.org.pl/po 5 000 teachers in working with students in educa- rtal/szkolazklasa2zero schools tional projects with the use of modern ICT. School of Thinking pro- n/a n/a The “School of Thinking” (2008-2010) was gram, addressed to schools across Poland. Its pur- http://www.ceo.org.pl/po pose was to encourage teachers to carry out rtal/b_szkola_myslenia research projects, both in mathematics, natural sciences, humanities and social sciences, through projects and organizing school science festivals. “School of Thinking” is all about reasoning, asking analytical questions, solving problems and using knowledge in practice. The program is implemented within “School with Class” campaign, that has been conducted for 6 years. DiaMEmT program, n/a n/a The project aims to develop and implement Malopolska Teacher a system supporting the development of Training Centre, Higher cognitive abilities of students: creative School of Business - thinking, English language, mathematics, National-Louis Univer- business, information and communication sity in Nowy Sacz, Na- technologies. The addressees of the project tional-Louis University are: • The students of primary, lower secon- in Chicago, dary, upper secondary schools leading to http://www.diament.edu. secondary school • teachers, school manag- pl/ ers. TEDx Poland (Technol- Since 2010 n/a n/a TEDx is a program of local, self-organized ogy Entertainment De- TEDx are or- events that bring people together to share a ganized in Po- TED-like experience. x = independently sign), land: in War- organized TED event. http://www.ted.com/ , saw, Lodz, Cra- TEDxYouth – event organised for middle TedxYouth Warsaw, cow and schools students (since 2011) http://tedxwarsaw.com/y Gdansk. outh/ Educamp, n/a n/a Series of meetings at which men of science, http://warszawa.educamp business, education and new media, discuss .pl new educational initiatives Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 59

Contests and competitions: over 10 competitions, including "Physics counts", University of Silesia; "Science in Focus" - a competition for researchers and students, University of Silesia; Annual competition “Popularizer of Science”, organized by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and Polish Press Agency; Competition "Discoverer of the Year"; Award Media-Friendly Scien- tist of the Year; Award Discoverer Of The Year.

Other

"Girls go to Technologi- Integrated in- Whole Millions of Information campaign – promotion higher cal Universities!" formation and year with partici- engineering (and science) studies among (Dziewczyny na poli- promotional the main pants (me- middle schools girls, changing social per- techniki!) program campaign. The event dia and ception of technical and science- higher http://www.dziewczynyn main field of every public education, raising a question of gender apolitech- activities is me- April – campaign) equality in important fields of economical niki.pl/index.php?option dia. The Na- + Approx. activities. =com_content&task=vie tional 6 000 of “Dziewczyny na politechniki!” is initiated w&id=128&Itemid=82 Open direct par- by Perspektywy Educational Foundation Door ticipants of and the Conference of Rectors of Polish Day The Open „Girls go to Science” Technical Universities (KRPUT). “Only for Door Day (Dziewczyny do ści- Girls” at słych!) www.dziewczynynapolitechniki.pl Polisch http://www.dziewczynyn technical apolitechni- universi- ki.pl/index.php?option=c ties om_content&task=view &id=155&Itemid=55

Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 60

5 The Fukushima accident

5.1 Media coverage and public debate The context for the Polish debate on the Fukushima disaster

In Poland, there are no nuclear power plants and the only operating nuclear reactor is a research reactor, now managed by the Institute of Atomic Energy. However, the Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster (1986) received a great deal of publicity in Poland due to its close proximity to Ukraine.

In the 1980s, the construction began on power plants at Żarnowiec in the province of Pomerania. Work was stopped in the early 90s, mainly due to pressure from opponents of nuclear energy. In 2005, the government adopted a policy document entitled Polish Energy Policy until 2025, which stated that a) due to the need for diversification of primary energy carriers and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere it is reasonable to introduce a national system of nuclear power; and b) because forecasts indicate the need to obtain electricity from nuclear power plants in 2020, it is necessary to start the public debate on nuclear energy immediately (taking into account the length of the investment cycle).

As in many other countries, the Fukushima disaster was widely described and commented on in media, especially in the two months following the tsunami. Without having comparative data, it is hard to assess the level of media interest in Poland.

There were significant differences between media regarding the coverage: A large proportion of independent websites presented the accident as a great threat to the world and a strong argument against nuclear energy. But the role of the independent media, its “raison d'être” and methods for attracting users is to oppose to the mainstream (commercial) media. The opinion of the main dailies and TV stations was much more nuanced and diversified (for example, there was a difference between the daily “Gazeta Wyborcza” (which in the months following the accident stressed the need for renewable energy) and the daily “Dziennik Gazeta Prawna” (which in many articles explicitly argued for the necessity to continue the program of building nuclear power plants in Po- land). Generally, the dominant position in the commercial media was that de- Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 61

spite its many negative effects, the accident rather confirmed the necessity for running Nuclear Power Plants in Poland.

The observations presented below were based on the texts on the Fukushima disaster published between March and October in the Polish press (dailies, weeklies) and on the Internet, obtained through NewtonMedia service (and directly from the Internet).

Risks emphasized

The debate revealed the kind of risks; a) the pollution risk (but except for citizens' websites most of media emphasise the lower scale of the threat, including the threat to Poland); b) the political and environmental risk of EU countries giving up nuclear energy, which is essential for EU requirements on reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

The Polish Press Agency reported that in order to provide greater security, French companies and scientific institutions will train Polish specialists.

Role of climate concerns

From time to time the Fukushima disaster was analysed in the context of climate change. The influential weekly “Wprost” argued that the Fukushima case should delay or cancel the of construction of nuclear reactors resulting in an increase of prices of emission allowances. This is unfortunate in a situation of global crisis. Moreover, it will strengthen the bargaining power of Gazprom, an influential Russian oil and gas company.

In the context of Fukushima, one Polish expert stressed that “European and Pol- ish interests are not identical. Our economic structure differs from those of the `old EU`. We are at the industrial level, while the old EU countries now belong to the post-industrial region, characterised by progressively less manufacturing production. If products made in China and consumed by Britons were produced in the UK, UK carbon dioxide emissions would be 19 percent higher. And so, the still industrial nations get dirty. From the moral standpoint, this is not ex- actly fair. Currently, solutions are suitable for old EU countries, and not for Po- land. Unfortunately, Poland does not participate in developing these solutions.

However, the counsellor to the Minister of Economy argued that the construction of nuclear power is still necessary to ensure that Poland could fulfil the requirements of the European Union climate package and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Governance and ethics issues have been discussed

As for governance and ethic issues, negligence in the management by the company TEPCO (Tokyo Electric Power Company), the operator of power plants in Japan, was often emphasised (early warnings ignored, misconduct in internal control procedures, weak state supervision, the hiding of failure, falsification of documents and a chaotic response to the crisis). Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 62

Scientific or political issue

The accident was very rarely framed as a scientific issue; it was predominantly framed as a political or economic issue, at least in the mainstream media (the main dailies). As concerns the political dimension, it was widely stressed that Fukushima divided Europe into the supporters (Poland, Czech Rp., France, It- aly) and opponents (Germany, Switzerland, Austria) of nuclear energy. It depends on France whether atomic energy will survive on the Old Continent. If Paris decides to close its nuclear power plants, the rest of the EU will follow. But it seems to be unlikely, taking into account the strength of the nuclear energy lobby in France.

One of the main points against nuclear energy is that; a) it requires the import of raw materials (uranium and plutonium) from outside the EU and that; b) it creates problems related to the construction of large and expensive transmission networks and the disposal of nuclear waste. Anne Applebaum, the influential American journalist and wife of the Polish Foreign Minister, pointed out that in the wake of Fukushima, the costs and risks associated with the development of nuclear power are so high that the concept of a “nuclear renaissance” is called in question.

The political dimension was intertwined with the economic one. It was generally accepted that the Fukushima accident may increase demand and prices for alternative sources and particularly for oil.

The Polish economy is growing and therefore consuming more and more power. Although the appropriate energy strategy has been discussed, without making any detailed quantitative assessment, it seems that the prevailing view (most visibly expressed by the daily “Dziennik Gazeta Prawna”) is that at the present stage of technological development there are not cheap, clean and inex- haustible energy sources. Nuclear power plants are not only the cheapest way of producing energy, but also the most ecological. All the failures in nuclear power plants together have caused many fewer deaths and much less environmental damage than the most common means of producing energy - coal mining. Demonstrations against atomic power are an expression of ideology and not the result of rational calculation.

Other views were also expressed, including;

Milton Catelin, Director General of the World Coal Association (Business and Energy): the European Commission needs to change its attitude to carbon,

the Polish expert, Janusz Popczyk: the lack of an EU charge on CO2 emissions in Poland would contribute to the perpetuation of the inefficient energy sector; even China puts emphasis on the development and distribution of renewable energy,

the Press: as Germany and some other European countries will give up nuclear energy, natural gas will probably become the main source of energy for the Old Continent. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 63

How has science and technology been portrayed

In general, and particularly in the mainstream media, science and technology were portrayed quite positively. S&T was seen as a solution, not the problem: “What happened in Japan is a gigantic ecological disaster of which nuclear power is the victim, not the culprit”, “scientific knowledge allows us to build a much safer nuclear power plant than Fukushima”, “despite everything, Fuku- shima emerged from the cataclysm unscathed”, “fear of atomic power is like a medieval superstition”, “Areva and Veolia Water has developed and implemented the technology to treat contaminated water in the Fukushima Daiichi Japanese power plants”, etc. The most cautious were the opinions of Professor Michio Kaku (cited in the press) - “due to the presence of plutonium we must take great precautions, because this substance is extremely dangerous, even in the smallest quantities”).

However, the independent media, and particularly Internet ecology websites, were very critical of the experts presented in the mainstream media: “Unfortu- nately, the debate is dominated by professionals associated with the nuclear industry. Therefore, opinions are usually unilateral. Experts do not see a greater threat from nuclear energy, and constantly repeat that this is the cheapest and purest form of energy production”.

Issues related to responsible research and technology

Security issues were raised (but not debated). The Ministry of the Economy reassured that “government developed new rules for nuclear safety” and “had the Fukushima plant reactors been designed according to current standards, the accident would probably not have happened because an earthquake and tsunami would turn it off automatically”.

5.2 Levels and modes of public involvement There were three main modes of public involvement.

Firstly, the Internet allowed NGOs and individuals to publish their opinions in the form of articles on websites (in particular, ecology websites such as Portal Ekogrup, Zmianyna ziemi.pl, EkoForum; electrotechnical websites, such as Elektrosystemy; or general websites, such as Salon 24 Niezależne Forum Pub- licystów – Salon 24 Independent Journalist Forum, New Media, New Screen or Rozbrat.org or Deon.pl) and blogs (such as Onet blog). Some of these fo- rums posed a series of important questions for the debate concerning the pros and cons of producing different sources of energy. However, no single long debate emerged.

Secondly, the press releases on the Fukushima accident were usually published on the Internet at the daily or weekly newspaper websites and, interestingly, they were then reprinted by websites run by NGOs and individuals; some websites allowed for users' posts or comments. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 64

Thirdly, after Fukushima opinion polls were conducted on attitudes towards nuclear energy (CBOS, IQS Group for "Newsweek", Millward Brown for Money.pl portal). As expected, they showed that the Fukushima accident weak- ened the faith of Poles in the safety of nuclear power (as compared to earlier pools).

Fourthly, the public was involved in events devoted to the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster and the future of nuclear energy in Poland during science festivals (in spring and autumn). Fukushima was also the subject of a discussion at Lodz University of Technology in March (papers, posters and installa- tions presented by over 300 high school and junior high school students from around the province; different approaches towards nuclear energy were presented).

Fifthly, on April 26, 2011 anti-nuclear-energy street demonstrations were organized by the Anarchist Federation in Poznan, Gdansk, Czestochowa, War- saw, Krakow, Szczecin and Lodz. A leaflet with a long list of power plant breakdowns was distributed. In the early 1990s, after a series of massive and sometimes violent social protests against the nuclear energy industry in several Polish cities, the government gave up its plans for nuclear power plant construction. Nowadays, however, following the Fukushima disaster, demonstrations attracted the attention of only a handful of anarchists, passers-by and the local media.

It is hard to assess the level of public involvement without having access to comparable data. Generally, the number of entries with the word “Fukushima” on Polish language websites is comparable with that in languages such as Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Finnish or Dutch.

5.3 Political responses and scientific advice The political response to the Fukushima disaster was to support earlier plans to develop nuclear energy in Poland. In June, the President signed a bill on the preparation and introduction of nuclear power facilities. The Polish Energy Group plans to announce a tender for the choice of technology delivery and the government is preparing an educational and information campaign. In April at the meeting with German Environment Minister, Norbert Roettgen, the Minis- ter of the Environment, Andrzej Kraszewski, explained that the Polish government has no other option but to develop nuclear energy. In May, the Counsellor to the Minister of Economy, Andrzej Chwas, argued that nuclear power is necessary to ensure that our country could fulfill the requirements of the European Union climate package.

In April, the President's National Security Council discussed nuclear energy issues. The meeting was also attended by experts invited by President Bron- islaw Komorowski. “I did not hear any arguments about the real threat connected with the construction of modern nuclear power plants in Europe, including Poland” - Komorowski said after the meeting. We do not know which experts were invited, nor what the course of the meeting was. Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) 65

In media the (often contradictory) opinions of nuclear power, energy, ecology and physics experts are cited.