CLIMATE RISK AND VULNERABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF BUILDING SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE AND ADAPTATION
Theme: climate change, vulnerability, resilience, measurement, adaptation
Sesele Sokotela, National Soil Surveys Programme –ZARI/MoAL 09 Jan 2013_Ibis Gardens, Chibombo Notes on context key terms Climate risk –implies a measure of lack of predictability in climatic conditions, leading to looming catastrophic set of situations for biota Vulnerability –a state of lacking the ability to withstand or overcome a challenging condition or situation Resilience –an ability to withstand and overcome a set of challenging conditions and situations Adaptation –positive set of intervention mechanisms or practices developed as part of the custom for perpetual and sustainable survival by biota species Measurement –determination of a condition or state of being by quantification of a threshold or level of quantity in objects using defined units and means Presentation contents Vulnerability and Resilience Research • Highlights from southern and eastern Zambia • Indiana/Princeton Universities collaborative research with a spatial variability assessment (GIS) dimension
Soil Organic Carbon Measurements • Soil Organic Carbon Quantification Estimates in the Trans- frontier Conservation Area (TFCA) of Western Zambia • UN-REDD+ mechanism Programme and ILUA II Project in Zambia
Adaptation • Conservation Agriculture • Agriculture, Biodiversity and Forestry interfacing
Introduction
Concerns about Climate Change (global warming) and its associated subsequent results of occurrence of adverse weather conditions on Earth (droughts and floods, etc.) are receiving great attention by various quarters of human society with varying views from the scientific community, policy makers and local communities of people Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
emissions to atmosphere are responsible (CO2 –an important culprit) Measurement for the amount of carbon (C) stored in soils (Soil Organic Carbon) is essential to help understand dynamics of C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems (Biophysical variables) Socio-economic and Ecological systems vulnerability and resilience are also important to understand adaptation factors
Importance of estimation of soil carbon
Concerns about the rising quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere (0.5%yr-1) Projected warming of world climate has hastened studies of Carbon (C) dynamics within known C pools emissions to the atmosphere (Lal et al., 2001) IPCC, (1992) reported estimates of C fluxes to the atmosphere from land use changes amongst the most uncertain in quantifying C Indications are that sinks for C, can be enhanced due to land use changes
(e.g. forest re-growth, reforestation, CO2 fertilization and atmospheric N deposition effects (Watson et al, 1992; Hudson et al, 1994; Thornley et al., 1991) Soil is recognised as one of the largest C reservoirs in the biosphere In reported global C pools, SOC is about 2 to 3 times C more than in the atmosphere and terrestrial biota (Post et al, 1982; Eswaran et al., 1993) Highlight results on “Effects of Agro- forestry plants in Soil Fertility Restoration and maize productivity in a degraded Miombo woodland in the Petauke district of eastern Zambia Introduction
Vulnerability and Resilience of Social – Ecological Systems research in Zambia being conducted to help elucidate issues pertaining to the mitigation of adverse effects of climate change in ecological systems Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) Ministry of Agriculture and livestock (MoAL), in collaboration with the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) in conjunction with the Inter-University Research Institute Corporation and the National Institute for Humanities of Japan established a research site, Petauke in eastern Zambia • Mwelwa village, area of Chief Sandwe of the Nsenga speaking people in the Petauke District, Eastern Province. Purpose study is aimed to help add knowledge and find ways to remove conditions that undermine food security, soil ecology quality, and the natural environment health, in reference to climate change, with a particular focus for the local area or region, thereby provide for means to build both social and ecological resilience in the country Objectives
Within Climate Change Context the study served as a trial and demonstration to evaluate the effectiveness of agro-forestry technologies and practices in enhancing soil ecology resilience for crop productivity measured by the evaluation of effect of selected agro-forestry and green manure plant species in soil fertility restoration demonstrate the named agro-forestry plants species can restore and improve soil fertility conditions, and positively contribute to improved crop plant growth measure soil property and characteristics resulting from imposed agriculture cultural practices, like the use of agro- forestry technology provide a platform foundation for assessment for socio-economic beneficial impacts that can be achieved by local farming households on adoption of demonstrated technologies Methodology
Locality approximately 400 km east of Lusaka Great East Road, Petauke District about 40 km to the north of the Petauke on the Ukwimi Road, at Mwelwa village in Chief Sandwe’s area Selection criterion noted prevalent high levels of forest and soil degradation . by preliminary studies on the physical ecology . with application of Remote Sensing techniques . and review of climatic, vegetation, geology, soils and land use information available land through local consultations with the traditional leadership and communities at various appropriate fora e.g. meetings, about 20 ha land allocation for field research on a relatively virgin site both RIHN and ZARI are at the site engaged in conducting field research studies presentation concerns the ZARI trial and demonstrations treatments six treatments imposed, each replicated three times in a randomized complete block design (RCBD)
A Grilicidia sepium fallow (Gs) B Maize (Zea mays) continuous fertilizer (MF1) C Native Forest fallow (NF) D Maize, no Fertilizer (MF0) E Mucuna pruriens (Velvet bean) green manure fallow (BV) F Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) fallow (Pp) Soil measurement and sampling
each field plot 20m x20m soils were sampled at two depths, namely, the top soil (0-20) cm, and subsoil (40–60) cm depths Soil parameters analyzed for chemical and physical soil properties pH, Bases (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), cation retention capacity (CEC), soil Organic Carbon (C%), total Nitrogen (N%), available Phosphate (P ppm), Particle Size Distribution (PSD), Bulk density (BD) Land preparation
All cultivated had plots initial land preparation cutting down and stumping trees found on the site digging with hand hoes well before the onset of the rainy season in October soil samples taken at the prescribed top and sub soil depths Biomass estimation
Above ground plant biomass in the agro- forestry and native fallow plots was estimated by measuring plant height and stem girth (diameter) at ground collar level Field Days
Purpose for hosting the field days to demonstrate and disseminate improved agro-technology and soil fertility management information . for the local community share a platform of understanding and appreciation of research activities conducted and promoted in the area a first field day was held in March 2009 second field day was held in April 2011 to show case developments of the research trials and demonstrations being conducted at the research site Results highlights
study area forms part of the eastern plateau on eastern shoulder of the Luangwa Rift Valley ecology system the study site is in Agro-Ecological Region IIa (east of the Luangwa River)
. Annual rainfall ranges between 750 Agro-Ecological Regions N Chiengi Kaputa Mpulungu
W E Nchelenge Mbala Nakonde Mporokoso to1000 mm S Kawambwa Mungwi Isoka Scale 1: 2,500,000 Mwense Luwingu Kasama
Chinsali Chilubi Mansa Chama LEGEND
Samfya
Milenge Mpika Regions . a crop growing period of 90-150 days Mwinilunga Chililabombwe
Solwezi Chingola Mufulira Lundazi I
Kalulushi Kitwe Ndola IIa Lufwanyama Luanshya
Chavuma Serenje Mambwe Kabompo Masaiti IIb Mpongwe Zambezi Mufumbwe Chipata Kasempa Petauke Katete Chadiza III Kapiri Mposhi Mkushi . major soils are largely Lixisols, Luvisols, Nyimba Kabwe Lukulu Kaoma Mumbwa Chibombo Kalabo Mongu Chongwe Lusaka Urban Luangwa Alisols, Acrisols, some Leptosols, and Itezhi-Tezhi Kafue Namwala Mazabuka Senanga Monze KEY Siavonga Sesheke Gwembe Shangombo Choma District boundary e Kazungula Kalomo w g Vertisols in low lands (Soil Survey n o z a in Livingstone S 200 0 200 400 Kilometers Section, 1991). December 2002 Source: Soil Survey, Mt. Makulu Chilanga
Soil Classification
Initial soil characterization classified as Typic Plinthustalfs (Soil Survey Staff, 2000), or Plinthic Luvisols ( FAO, 1999) soil profile comprises a darkish brown sandy clay loam topsoil, fine reddish brown subsoil and gravelly in the lower horizons below 90 cm depth in the pedon Soil properties
the soils were low to medium in soil fertility Soil reaction conditions were of strong to
medium acidity (pHKCl 5.1 – 5.7) low organic C content (<2.0 %), low N and P content, BSP low to medium Sample soil properties at research site
Parameter Mean SD CV
Total N (%) 0.8 0.02 28.7 Total C (%) 1.24 0.47 38.0
pH (H O) 2 6.3 0.2 3.5 pH (KCl) 5.5 0.3 5.2 Sand (%) 72.9 3.4 4.7 Clay (%) 12.6 2.5 20.1 Bulk Density (Mgm3) 1.3 0.1 8.6 Soil fertility status
soil fertility indicator parameters measured at each research/demonstration plot in top soil (0 -20 cm) sub soil (40 -60 cm) depths
soil fertility condition (year 2010)
Topsoil Mean LSD SE Subsoil Mean LSD SE Total Carbon (%) 0.71 0.71 0.22 CEC (ppm) 10.6 3.3 1.5
CEC (ppm) x Ca (ppm) 456 330.8 105.0
K (ppm) 185.6 60.5 19.2 K (ppm) 197.8 66.5 21.1
Ca (ppm) ? Mg (ppm) 138.9 67.6 21.4 Mg (ppm) 135.6 70.4 22.3
Na (ppm) 46.2 63.5 20.1 Na (ppm) 38.9 18.7 5.9
P (ppm) 9.8 7.1 1.3 P (ppm) ?
pH (CaCl2) 5.4 0.43 0.14 pH (CaCl2) 5.3 0.66 0.21 Initial field soil condition
soil fertility field conditions showed no significant differences across the imposed treatments soil types were relatively uniform in soil fertility maize crop was imposed over all treatment trial field subplots to appreciate effects of farming practice technologies (agro-forestry, etc.) @50 % of the recommended fertilizer rate (mTF1/2) @ and no fertilizer use (mTFo) Maize Biomass at Harvest (Kg)
Maize Biomass at Harvest (Kg) with half and zero fertilizer rates (mTF1/2 & Fo)
Plot no. Treatment Rep Block Biomass (mTFo) mTF1/2
1 B 1 9.81 37.14
2 C 1 12.65 33.65
3 E 1 5.14 30.66
4 F 1 20.12 43.24
5 D 1 14.76 39.53
6 A 1 21.28 50.16
7 F 2 10.53 31.88
8 B 2 12.84 37.28
9 E 2 6.28 45.06
10 D 2 9.18 28.18
11 C 2 3.72 17.9
12 A 2 21.24 33.7
13 F 3 12.58 44.02
14 D 3 8.4 25.02
15 A 3 14.32 48.28
16 C 3 3.92 33
17 B 3 13.08 37.56
18 E 3 10.46 37.64 Agro-forestry demonstration performance (@2 years)
Trees diameter at stem ground collar Trees growth performance at 2 years
4
3.5
3
2.5 C. cajan 2 G. sepium C. cajan G. sepium 1.5 N. forest Height(m) N. forest 1
0.5
0 1 Technology practice
Plant sp. C. cajan G. sepium N. forest
Height (m) 3.66 2.04 3.06 Girth (mm) 43.54 43.7 51.78
Highlights from social-ecological Resilience and vulnerability Research in southern Zambia (RIHN/ZARI Collaborative study)
Objective
The main objective is two-fold: to gather detailed socio-economic data information on the identified local households in the community, undertake some biophysical data through field experiments, to help guide not only intervention actions in the context of climate change, but facilitate future government policy with regard to food security
Study site location
CHOMA PLATEAU
ZAMBEZI ESCAPMENT
LAKE KARIBA (A) Weather Station installed @ sites A and C
AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATION Local Agricultural Production Summary of results (Site A) Site B Rainfall Site C Rainfall
All sites showed above normal rain
Socio-economic factors Body Mass Index for Men and Women Conclusion
Observed precipitation in the rainy seasons showed different intra-seasonal variations. Households and their communities do show remarkable local social resilience to shocks Recommendation
Further studies are needed to clarify strategies to adapt to climate change and maintain food security
Highlights On Soil Organic Carbon Quantification Estimates In The Trans-frontier Conservation Area Of Western Zambia
Climate Change Programme in Collaboration with PPF, RSA The Study Area
Fro the southern Africa sub-continent PPF’s Climate Change Programme aimed to assist host countries (Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) To provide an economic driver to help reduce deforestation in the TFCAs restore degraded areas and provide improved livelihoods for local communities of people the initiative would also provides a platform for exploring means to benefit from the international carbon market Pilot site for the Location maps showing the Kaza- Zambia TFCA Study Area
Because soil comprises a major source and sink for atmospheric CO2 the characterization, measurement and quantification of soil organic pools are of significant importance
Soil organic carbon is commonly characterized by various carbon components present in the soil The complexity and diversity of soil organic matter physical and chemical composition are recognized As such careful identification and selection of methods for the quantification and estimation of the content of SOC is critical Study sites in western Zambia The study site land area assessed constituted approximately 1.5 million hectares or about 15,000 km2 in size The area stretched from Mulobezi in the east, to Sinjembela in the west, Sioma in the north, and Katima Mulilo to Imusho in the south. The Zambezi River bisects the study area The vegetation ranges from open Burkea africana woodlands to tall, closed Baikiaea purijuga woodlands, Brachystegia spp. woodlands, Acacia spp. woodlands, open grasslands and floodplains on deep Kalahari sands (Hansen et al. 2002) For a detailed description of vegetation, soils and geology also see Trapnell (2001), Edmonds (1976), and D.O.S. (1970) Objectives
Soil carbon stock quantification has the main objective to estimate changes in soil organic carbon in the study area serve as a means for designing and the development of a methodology to help establish a threshold of baselines of carbon stock quantification in the Kaza-Zambia Transfrontier Conservation Area (TFCA) in the Western Province of Zambia As part of a development objective PPF provided means for conservation and management of vast wilderness areas, add connectivity and robustness to ecosystems and contribute to the improvement of the livelihood of rural people Methods
Conducted in the Kaza-Zambia TFCA in western Zambia from 18 May 2009 to 16 June 2009 multidisciplinary-participatory and collaborative exercise for carbon stock quantification in the area, and was spearheaded by the Peace Parks Foundation of South Africa
Zambia key participating and collaborating institutions comprised the Forestry Department (FD) and Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA), Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR), presently, Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources , and Environmental Protection (MLNREP) Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MoAL), formerly, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MACO)
The study focused development of Conservation Agriculture management practices Carbon sequestration consequences, especially, adaptation and development of methods and techniques for field sampling, data capturing, and taking measurements of terrestrial carbon content in study areas
Thus, much effort was devoted to the development of methods to help estimate baselines for quantification of Soil Organic Carbon stocks in pilot study sites from western Zambia Prevailing climatic conditions
Water balance diagram for Sesheke Temperature (oC) Soil Organic Carbon Assessment
Calculation of total carbon five main pools may be identified, namely, 1) live and dead standing tree trunks, 2) tree parts excluding trunks, but including canopy and coarse roots (diameter >2 mm), 3) vegetation other than trees, 4) other woody debris and forest floor, and 5) mineral soil organic matter (including faunal and floral materials and roots <2 mm diameter) Soil organic carbon measurements The current study, calculated C in successive soil layers of 0 – 5 cm, 5 – 10 cm and 15 – 20, respectively Thus -a specified soil depth of 20 cm over the unit land area equivalent to one square kilometer Mg mass value Estimation of soil organic carbon For the TFCA pilot site study area of western Zambia the areal calculation (Grossman et al., 2000) applying the general equation for summation of soil organic carbon (SOC) by 5 cm soil layers on an areal basis was employed equation:
SOC ₌ L1 x SOCP1 x p1 (1-V>21 )/100 + L2 x SOCP2 x p2 (1-V>22 )/100 + … • ______10 • Where, SOC ₌ Soil Organic Carbon in Kg m-2 SOCP ₌ Soil Organic Carbon percentage (laboratory determined) L ₌ Thickness of the soil layer in cm (measured in soil profile) p ₌ Moist bulk density of the < 2 mm soil fabric (at 33 kPa suction V>2 ₌ Volume percent soil coarse fragments greater than 2 mm diameter
for our purpose soil organic carbon is the mass of carbon stored in the soil per square kilometer
SOC ₌ MC ₌ Mg C km-2 to 20 cm • Where, SOC is soil organic carbon MC is Mass organic carbon storage in soil Mg C km-2 is 1000 g carbon mass per square kilometer or Kg of carbon in a land unit area of one sq. km of the soil layer to 20 cm depth from the ground surface
Field soil sampling
Field soil sampling for carbon stock was conducted in the Kaza Zambia TFCA in the Western Province of Zambia across 50 sample plots randomly selected on local locations from Mulobezi, Sesheke, Sioma, Sinjembela and Imusho, study sites At each study site (Cluster) several sample plots were visited and physically sampled as locations of study sites Location of study site points Cluster sites locations
The study sites were treated as 3 sample clusters, 1 namely, 1 Mulobezi, 4 2 Sesheke, 2 3 Sioma, 5 4 Sinjembela , 5 Imusho
Soil properties
Soil Texture (Plots 31 – 43) Soil Texture (Plots 11 – 21)
Dominance of the sand fraction, the fine and medium sand grain size was consistent with the nature of the Kalahari sand parent materials from which the local soils were formed Spaargaren, (1987) asserts that the whole sand fraction is quartz Mulobezi sample data
Study Plot Study Site SOC (Mass Mg C /sq. km pH (CaCl2) Org C % N % Texture Class Elevation
1 MULOBEZI X 5.1 0.168482 0.18 Sand 994 2 MULOBEZI 1745.3 5.5 0.094022 0.012 Sand x 3 MULOBEZI 3702.4 5 0.216398 0.022 Sand x 4 MULOBEZI 4187.2 4.7 0.221488 0.026 Sand 973 5 MULOBEZI 4158.5 4.6 0.255563 0.02 Sand 971 6 MULOBEZI 2632.5 4.6 0.215467 0.023 Sandy Loam 994 7 MULOBEZI 6374.4 4.5 0.304993 0.032 Sand x 8 MULOBEZI 5904.6 5.1 0.295948 0.0501 Sandy Loam 960 9 MULOBEZI 3519.6 4.8 0.295948 0.028 Sand x 10 MULOBEZI 5088.1 4.6 0.333507 0.024 Sandy Clay Loam 1000
pH and SOC levels in study sites
Soil reaction SOC Levels Result highlights
Sioma and Sinjembela with mean values of SOC about 2,373 and 2,650 Mg C km-2 _ 20 cm, respectively, had substantial levels of human settlement activities In the Sioma area arable agriculture such as subsistence crop farming (maize, sorghum and pearl millets cultivation) were prominent Sinjembela area, in addition to crop cultivation, cattle rearing were also an important farming activity Mulobezi area (mean SOC content about 4,100 Mg C km-2 _ 20 cm) is well settled by local people, but a number of Protected Forest reserves were in existence and the area is also an important regulated timber harvesting concession region The Sesheke area (3,210 Mg C km-2 _ 20 cm) proximity to a prominent urban center, and where protected forest reserves exist, timber harvesting activities take a significant prominence A high SOC value (4,659 Mg C km-2 _ 20 cm) in Imusho area seems to be associated with low levels of human settlement and forms part of the Sioma-Ngwezi National Park It was observed that Land Use and Land Use Changes may have influence on Soil Organic Carbon of local areas Recommendation
Similar comparative and verification studies be conducted in other areas than the KAZA Trials and Demonstration research may be conducted involving local communities of people for adaptation productivity in prevailing environments
SOIL SURVEY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Introduction
Zambia is developing a national strategy and action plan to reduce deforestation and land degradation
In order to develop an effective national forest resources monitoring system, baseline data and information are needed to be in place to serve as reference levels
In this regard the United Nations Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (UN-REDD) programme for Zambia is undertaking an active implementation phase since its approval by the UN-REDD Policy Board for implementation in 2010
The effective implementation is supported by the U.N. Agencies (FAO, UNDP, and UNEP) as part of the partnership with the Government of Zambia Main outcomes of the project
Strengthened capacity to undertake planning and implementation of Sustainable Forest Management and Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (SFM & REDD) through: better information provisions, institutional capacity building, information dissemination improved multi-sector dialogue within the country and internationally Outputs from the programme implementation are threefold: effective information dissemination and use improved methodology regarding : human resource capacity development, data capture and analysis, forest resources inventory, and provide information for sustainable forest management (SFM), monitoring of REDD, undertake carbon stocks inventory, facilitate the implementation of the REDD+ mechanism and ILUA II through : mapping and field surveys
Objectives
The main objective of the present assignment is to
help estimate soil carbon stocks through the development of a soil survey design and methodology for conducting field soil samples collection, Define procedure for carrying out laboratory analytical tests, and undertake to facilitate soil data interpretations and information dissemination for the implementation of the UN-REDD & ILUA II project under the Forestry Department in Zambia
And produce, a manual to serve as standard instruction to guide soil carbon survey sampling design and laboratory analysis methodology Manual for soil carbon survey assessment
A manual for soil carbon survey was designed as standard guideline for conducting assessments and monitoring of soil carbon is provided in two parts and includes the following main contents
Part I -field soil sampling procedures and Part II -soil laboratory analysis methodological procedures
Procedural protocol
The Manual sets out the procedural protocol to be followed for consistency in measurement, reporting and verification concerning carrying out the inventory soil organic carbon stocks covering the entire country in Zambia
Developed Pre-proposal: Promoting Resilient Farming Technologies Against A Changing Climate Amongst Vulnerable Rural Farmers In Zambia Goals and Objectives The overall goal of the project is to improve capacities for farmers to fight against poverty and hunger in the nation through the adaptation of soil fertility and water management technologies and best practices available from agricultural research and extension services Therefore, in the end the development and provision of improved agricultural technologies and sustainable use of soils, land and water resources are to help build capacity for rural farmers in poverty alleviation and achieving food security by interfacing Agricultuture, Biodiversity and Forestry
SOIL CARBON STOCK INVENTORY AND MONITORING: TRAINING AND FIELD MANUAL FOR SOIL SAMPLING
2012
Forestry Department LUSAKA
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