Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
1 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Government of the Republic of Zambia United Nations Development Programme
PIMS No. 3942 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Brief description
The majority of Zambia’s farmers lack the capacity, resources and financial assistance to adapt to and overcome worsening climatic conditions. The Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) highlights that Zambian communities are vulnerable to climatic hazards (such as drought, flooding, extreme temperatures and prolonged dry spells) which precipitate widespread crop failure, negatively impact food and water security and, ultimately, affect the sustainability of rural livelihoods. Indeed, within the last 20 years, prolonged dry spells and shorter rainfall seasons have reduced maize yields to only 40% of the long-term average. Furthermore, based on a CO2 doubling scenario in these regions, estimates predict a yield reduction of approximately 66% under rain-fed conditions. The ability of the agricultural sector in Zambia to cope with increases in temperature and potential reductions in rainfall is negligible. Reasons include: i) low levels of investment ii) land degradation; iii) limited access to agricultural inputs such as fertilizer; and iv) a reduced labour force due to HIV/AIDS. To reduce the vulnerability of communities in AER I and II to climate change impacts, the project will take a two pronged-approach: i) mainstream adaptation into agricultural planning at national, district and community levels to make the case for increased investment in adaptation in the agricultural sector ii) test and evaluate the adaptation value of interventions that protect and improve agricultural incomes from the effects of climate change. Capacity and systems to anticipate assess and prepare for climate change risks will be developed at community, regional and national levels. Adaptation learning generated from the pilot projects will be used to guide mainstreaming of adaptation in national fiscal, regulatory and development policies, to support adaptive practices on a wider scale. The following four outcomes will be delivered:
1. Climate change risks integrated into critical decision-making processes for agricultural management at the local, sub-national and national levels 2. Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change 3. National fiscal, regulatory and development policy revised to promote adaptation responses in the agricultural sector 4. Knowledge and lessons learned to support implementation of adaptation measures compiled and disseminated
The project will address the barriers that prevent the scaling up of successful interventions and the adoption of profitable activities by local entrepreneurs. Barriers that will be overcome by the project include: i) limited access to markets ii) limited climate risk information used in agricultural planning iii) limited institutional capacity to adequately address climate change; and iv) limited public awareness of climate change and the need to adapt.
2 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Acronyms ADC Area Development Committee LDC Least Developed Country AER Agro-ecological Region LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund APDD Agriculture Policy Planning Department MACO Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives APR Annual Project Report MDG Millennium Development Goal ASIP Agriculture Sector Investment M&E Monitoring and Evaluation Programme AWP Annual Work Plan MEWD Ministry of Energy and Water Development BEO Block Extension Officer MT Metric tons CAC Camp Agricultural Committee MTENR Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources CAP Conservation Agriculture Project NAIS National Agricultural Information Services CASPP Conservation Agriculture Scaling up from NAP National Agricultural Policy Increased Productivity and Production CBD Convention on Biological Diversity NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action CCFU Climate Change Facilitation Unit NAPSSFZ National Association for Peasant and Small Scale Farmers of Zambia CEO Camp Extension Officer NCSA National Capacity Self Assessment CF Conservation Farming NDMP National Disaster Management Policy CFU Conservation Farming Unit NEX National Execution CIF Cost Insurance and Freight NGO Non-governmental Organisation COMA Community Markets for Conservation NGOCC NGO Coordinating Committee CO DAC District Agriculture Committee NIP National Irrigation Policy DACO District Agricultural Coordination Officer NPE National Policy on Environment DDCC District Development Coordination NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product Committee DMMU Disasters Management and Mitigation PAC Project Appraisal Committee Unit DOA Department of Agriculture PACO Provincial Agricultural Coordination Officer DOF Department of Fisheries PAM Programme Against Malnutrition DSSAT Decision Support System for Agro- PB Project Board 3 Technology Transfer DWA Department of Water Affairs PDCC Provincial Development Coordination Committee EIA Environmental Impact Assessment PIF Project Identification Form EPPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution PIR Project Implementation Report Control Act ERC Evaluation Resource Centre PM Project Manager EWS Early Warning System PPG Project Preparation Grant FMU Financial Management Unit PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers FNDP Fifth National Development Plan PS Project Secretariat FSP Food Security Pack PTC Project Technical Committee GCM Global Circulation Model PTR Project Terminal Report GDP Gross Domestic Product RCU Regional Coordination Unit GEF Global Environmental Facility RMG Results Management Guidelines GNP Gross National Product SADC Southern African Development Community GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia SCCI Seed Certification and Control Institute HADC Hadley Centre Coupled Model Version 3 SNC Second National Communication M3 HDI Human Development Index SRF Strategic Results Framework HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries TPR Tripartite Review HPI Human Poverty Index TTR Terminal Tripartite Review IDA International Development Agency UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
3 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
IDRC International Development and Research UNCCD United Nations Convention on Combating Centre Desertification INC Initial National Communication UNDAF United Nations Development and Assistance Framework IPD Irrigation Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate UNDP United Nations Development Programme Change ITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence AER UNDPCA United Nations Development Programme P Country Programme Action Plan IR Inception Report VAC Vulnerability Assessment Committee IW Inception Workshop ZARI Zambia Agriculture Research Institute JASZ Joint Assistance Strategy for Zambia ZMD Zambia Meteorological Department
4 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION I: ELABORATION OF THE NARRATIVE ...... 8 PART I: Situation Analysis ...... 8 Zambian context ...... 8 The Problem ...... 9 Root causes ...... 14 LDCF Alternative Scenario ...... 16 Barriers ...... 18 Institutional baseline ...... 19 Stakeholder analysis ...... 20 PART II: STRATEGY ...... 22 Project Goal, Objectives, Outcomes and Outputs/Activities ...... 24 Project Indicators, Risks and Assumptions ...... 49 Expected national and local benefits ...... 52 Country Ownership: Country Eligibility and Country Drivenness ...... 52 Sustainability ...... 54 Replicability ...... 54 Linkages with other programmes and action plans at regional and sub-regional levels ...... 55 PART III: MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS ...... 59 PART IV: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan and Budget ...... 63 Monitoring and Reporting ...... 63 Monitoring Responsibilities and Events...... 64 Independent Evaluation ...... 67 Learning and Knowledge Sharing ...... 68 Indicative Monitoring and Evaluation Work Plan and Corresponding Budget...... 68 PART V: Legal Context ...... 69 SECTION II: Strategic Results Framework ...... 71 PART I: Strategic Results Framework ...... 71 PART II: Cost-effectiveness Analysis ...... 75 SECTION III: Total Budget and Workplan ...... 76 SECTION IV: Additional Information ...... 85 PART I: Terms of Reference for Key Project Groups, Staff, and Sub-Contractors ...... 85 A. Project National Steering Committee ...... 85 B. Project Executive ...... 85 C. Project Manager ...... 86 D. Administrative and Financial Assistant ...... 86 E. Site Level Managers ...... 87 F. Monitoring and evaluation expert ...... 88 G. Knowledge Management Expert ...... 89 PART II: Stakeholder Involvement Plan ...... 89 ANNEXES ...... 92 ANNEX A - The major impacts of the four main climatic hazards within Zambia and the main coping strategies adopted by the local communities...... 92 ANNEX B – Analysis of mean temperature over the last three decades from 32 meteorological stations in Zambia ...... 94 ANNEX C – Vision setting and site selection workshop report...... 95 ANNEX D – Checklist for field trip data collection to inform site selection ...... 98 5 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ANNEX E – Site selection criteria...... 101 ANNEX F – Strategic Results Framework: Outcomes, outputs, indicators and targets ...... 103 ANNEX G: Cost calculations for outputs ...... 114 ANNEX H - List of stakeholders consulted during the PPG phase of the project ...... 130 ANNEX I – A brief description of policies that address environmental issues...... 136 ANNEX J – Current fertilizer distribution schemes and irrigation schemes in place in Zambia ... 139 ANNEX K – Kataba Community Fish Farming Initiative, Senanga District, Western Province ... 140 ANNEX L – List of people who attended the Draft Project Review Workshop on the 15th July 2009 and the PAC meeting on 7 August 2009 ...... 141 ANNEX M – National Agricultural Information Services budget breakdown for the dissemination of lessons...... 143 ANNEX N – Capacity assessment for project implementation...... 147 ANNEX O – LPAC Minutes ...... 152 SIGNATURE PAGE ...... 154
6 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Main crop zones within Zambia______13 Figure 2: Map indicating the districts in which the selected pilot sites are situated______17
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Ministries and departments involved in the project and their specific roles...... 20 Table 2. Co-financing donors and amounts per project Outcome...... 24 Table 3. Project outputs and the corresponding pilot sites in which the outputs will be implemented...... 44 Table 4. Risks that could potentially affect the success of the project...... 50 Table 5. Additional projects in progress in the pilot sites...... 56 Table 6. Indicative Monitoring and Evaluation Work Plan and Corresponding Budget...... 68 Table 7. Strategic Results Framework of the project...... 71 Table 8. Total budget and workplan...... 76 Table 9 Budget notes for Outcome 1: Climate change risks integrated into critical decision making processes for agricultural management at the local, sub-national and national levels...... 79 Table 10. Budget notes for Outcome 2: Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change...... 80 Table 11. Budget notes for Outcome 3: National fiscal and development policy revised to promote adaptation responses in the agricultural sector...... 82 Table 12. Budget notes for Outcome 4: Lessons-learned and knowledge management component established...... 83 Table 13. Budget notes for Project Management...... 83 Table 14. References for Budget Notes...... 84 Table 15. Stakeholder Involvement Plan...... 89
7 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
SECTION I: ELABORATION OF THE NARRATIVE
PART I: Situation Analysis
Zambian context
1. Zambia is a landlocked sub-Saharan African country with an estimated population of 11.8 million and is characterised by an annual growth rate of 1.63% (2009 estimate)1. When compared to its seven neighbouring countries2, Zambia exhibits the lowest life expectancy (38.6 years), which can be partly attributed to its devastating HIV/AIDS epidemic. The UNDP’s 2008/2009 Human Development Index (HDI) ranks Zambia as 163rd out of 179 countries, whilst the Human Poverty Index (HPI) places it 124th out of 135 developing countries3. Approximately 39.2% of the population is concentrated in urban areas making Zambia one of the most urbanized countries within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region4.
2. Despite Zambia having a stable and peaceful multi-party democratic system characterised by a free press and an active civil society, development and economic success is currently marred by a number of factors, including: i) high levels of poverty (73% of Zambians are classified as poverty-stricken5 with rural poverty as high as 78% in 20086 – defined as a daily income of less than 1 US dollar); ii) food insecurity (over 70% of the population is food-insecure7); iii) insufficient economic diversification; iv) insufficient investment initiatives and savings; and v) debilitating levels of HIV/AIDS and malaria8.
3. Four decades ago, Zambia was a prosperous middle-income country with a per capita income of $752 (1965). However, per capita income fell as low as $351 in 2002. The main reason behind the economic decline was the reduction in the purchasing power of copper, Zambia’s primary export at that time. During the 1970s, oil prices escalated whilst international copper prices dropped, resulting in severe economic hardship in Zambia 9 . As a result, Zambia’s economic development has been adversely influenced by declining copper prices leading to a steady decrease in all development indicators since the 1990s. In response, and with short-term interests in mind, the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) borrowed heavily which rendered Zambia one of the most heavily indebted countries in sub- Saharan Africa. Investment into human development was replaced with interest repayments on foreign debts and, as a result, Zambia was granted debt relief in 2000 as part of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Despite the debt relief, Zambia remains heavily dependent on foreign donors at present10.
4. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has exacerbated the poverty and food security situation in Zambia. HIV/AIDS prevalence was as high as 15.2% in 200711. As a result, The HIV/AIDS disease burden has
1 CIA World Fact Book 2009 (https://www.cia.gov). 2 Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. 3 UNDP 2008 Statistical Update (http://hdrstats.undp.org/2008/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_ZMB.html). 4 WHO Country Cooperation Strategy Zambia (2002 – 2005) (http://www.who.int). 5 2002 – 2005 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). 6 Central Statistical Office (2006) Statistical Fact Sheet. 7 Jorgensen, S.L. & Loudjeva, Z. 2005. A Poverty and Social Impact Analysis of Three Reforms in Zambia: Land, Fertilizer and Infrastructure. The World Bank. Social Analysis Paper No. 49 8 World Bank – Zambia Country Brief (http://web.worldbank.org) 9 Jorgensen, S.L. & Loudjeva, Z. 2005. A Poverty and Social Impact Analysis of Three Reforms in Zambia: Land, Fertilizer and Infrastructure. The World Bank. Social Analysis Paper No. 49 10 Jorgensen, S.L. & Loudjeva, Z. 2005. A Poverty and Social Impact Analysis of Three Reforms in Zambia: Land, Fertilizer and Infrastructure. The World Bank. Social Analysis Paper No. 49 11 CIA World Fact Book 2009 (https://www.cia.gov). 8 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia increased to adversely impact on inter alia household incomes, the health system, the labour force and overall economic development. Malaria is also endemic in Zambia with an estimated three million clinical cases reported each year12, with major repercussions for economic development in Zambia.
5. Zambia experiences a predominantly sub-tropical climate characterised by three distinct seasons, namely a hot and dry season (mid-August to the end of November), a rainy season (November through to April) and a cool dry season (May to mid-August). Rainfall is strongly influenced by the movement of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) as well as the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and varies from an annual average of 600 mm in the lower south up to 1300 mm in the upper north of the country. Due to the variation in rainfall, the country has been divided into three agro- ecological regions (AERs) according to rainfall, namely: . Agro-ecological Region I: this region covers the western and southern part of Zambia and receives less than 800 mm of rain annually. It was once considered the bread basket of the nation but it has experienced low, unpredictable and poorly distributed rainfall over the last 20 years. The observed meteorological data indicates that it is currently the driest region in Zambia. In addition, the region is particularly drought-prone and has limited potential for crop production. AER I has a growing season spanning between 80 and 120 days. The soils are highly erodible and agricultural production is concentrated on bulrush millet (Pennisetum glaucum), sorghum and livestock. . Agro-ecological Region II: this region covers the central part of the country, extending from the east through to the west. It is the most populous region with over 4 million inhabitants and has the greatest agricultural potential. The region receives about 800–1000 mm of rainfall annually, which is evenly distributed throughout the crop growing season and its soils are relatively fertile. AER II has a growing season of between 100 and 140 days. The central plateau of AER II has productive soils, allowing permanent cultivation of sorghum, maize, groundnuts, cow peas and a range of cash crops including tobacco, sunflowers, irrigated wheat, soybeans and horticultural crops. The aggraded Western plateau is characterized by infertile, coarse sands. Cassava, bulrush millet and Bambara nuts (Voandzeia) predominate on the upland with some maize and sorghum. Maize, rice and sorghum are grown in the flood plain. . Agro-ecological Region III: this region spans the northern part of the country and has a population of over 3.5 million. It receives over 1000 mm of rainfall annually. As a result, the soils within this region are highly leached and acidic. AER III has a growing season of 160 days. The main crops, grown by traditional slash and burn farming systems, are finger millet (Eleusine coracana), beans and cassava. Cash crops include maize, sunflowers, coffee, tea, tobacco, irrigated wheat and soybeans13.
The Problem
6. The majority of Zambia’s farmers lack the capacity, resources and financial assistance to adapt to and overcome worsening climatic conditions. Agricultural production within Zambia is dominated by small-scale farmers14, the majority of whom farm on less than two hectares of land. With very little infrastructure for water collection, many farms lack irrigation systems 15 and rely solely on rain-fed agriculture, rendering them particularly vulnerable to variations in climatic conditions and to predicted
12 Zambia Country Profile: Overview of malaria control activities and programme progress. (http://rbm.who.int) 13 Aregheore, E.M. Country Pasture/ Forage Resource Profiles. (http://www.fao.org). 14 Crops cultivated include maize, groundnuts, roots and tubers. 15 Of the country’s irrigation potential, conservatively estimated at 2 750 000 hectares, only about 100 000 hectares is currently under irrigation mostly by commercial farmers who account for about 52 000 hectares (Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 2004. Irrigation Policy and Strategy). 9 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia climate change. To further aggravate the situation, poverty is endemic among small-scale farmers, with an incidence of 84%16.
7. The Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) highlights that Zambian communities are vulnerable to climatic hazards (such as drought, flooding, extreme temperatures and prolonged dry spells) which precipitate widespread crop failure, negatively impact food and water security and, ultimately, affect the sustainability of rural livelihoods. AER I and II are particularly prone to such climatic hazards (the impacts of which and the communities’ associated coping strategies are listed in Annex A). Since the 1980s, agricultural production within both AER I and II has been hampered by a later onset and shortening of the rainy season. Furthermore, drought and flooding episodes across Zambia have become more frequent and of increasing intensity, which is believed to be a manifestation of long-term climate change17. The negative impacts of such events have adversely impacted inter alia water quality, soil quality, agricultural production, food security, water security, wildlife and infrastructure and resulted in the displacement of human populations18. Predicted climate change is likely to exacerbate this situation. For this reason, this LDCF project (hereafter referred to as “the project”) has chosen to focus on adapting AER I and II to drought and other predicted climatic changes, including variability.
Climate change projections and expected impacts
8. Climate change projections outlined in the NAPA show an increase in temperature and a change in rainfall patterns, leading to prolonged droughts, localized flooding and a shortened growing season in Zambia19. As a result, AER I and II are predicted to experience strong water deficits at critical periods of the cropping calendars, resulting in severe decreases in crop yields20. Without the implementation of timely adaptation measures, all of the abovementioned impacts will drastically reduce food security, particularly in rural communities in AER I and II. Climate change is also expected to impact disproportionately on women. As such, understanding how the different social expectations, roles, status, and economic power of men and women affect, and are affected differently by, climate change will improve actions taken to reduce vulnerability and combat climate change in the developing world. For example, climate change is predicted to reduce crop yields and food production in certain regions. Women are responsible for 70 – 80 % of household food production in sub-Saharan Africa. They achieve this despite unequal access to land, information, and inputs, such as improved seeds and fertilizer. In Zambia, the agricultural sector, which has been identified as one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change, is the main source of employment for rural women who constitute 65% of the total rural population.
9. Climate projections reported by the IPCC AR421 indicate that Africa is very likely to warm by 3 to 4oC during this century22, which is predicted to be greater than the global mean temperature increase.
16 Jorgensen, S.L. & Loudjeva, Z. 2005. A Poverty and Social Impact Analysis of Three Reforms in Zambia: Land, Fertilizer and Infrastructure. The World Bank. Social Analysis Paper No. 49. 17 Jain, S.2007. An Empirical Economic Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture in Zambia. The World Bank Development Research Group. Sustainable Rural and Urban Development Team. 18 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 19 Zambia Project Preparation Grant, 2008. 20 Results of an assessment of the economic costs of climate change on agriculture in Zambia undertaken by the World Bank, with support from FAO, IWMI, Yale University and the University of Pretoria. 21 Christensen, J. H., Hewitson, B., Busuioc, A. et al. 2007. Regional Climate Projections. - In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M. and Miller, H. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 848-940. 22 Under the A1B scenario i.e. projected atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration of 850 parts per million in 2100. This prediction is based on a future world of very rapid economic growth, global population that peaks in mid- century and declines thereafter, and the rapid introduction of new and more efficient technologies, with a balance of fossil intensive and non-fossil energy sources. 10 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Climate change assessments for Zambia suggest that projected mean temperatures (between 2010 and 2070) are set to increase relative to baseline mean temperatures (between 1970 and 2000) by approximately 2°C (HADCM3 Global Circulation Model, GCM)23. Projections of mean annual rainfall are less certain. IPCC projections indicate that rainfall in the southern African region may decline by between 10-20% by 2050 as a result of climate change24. Within Zambia, seasonal changes in rainfall are predicted with a reduction in rainfall envisaged for the hot, dry season (in particular from September to October) and an increase in rainfall expected for the rainy season especially in AER III (in particular from December to February)25. Heavy bouts of rainfall are projected to increase annually26, which is likely to cause additional flooding events. However, rainfall predictions are frequently inconclusive, partly because the GCM’s are unable to reproduce the mechanisms largely responsible for precipitation (such as sea surface temperatures, dust aerosols, deforestation and soil moisture). Ambiguity also exists as to how climate change may affect ENSO, which exerts a strong influence over rainfall variability within Zambia27. Any increase in rainfall, however, is likely to be offset (potentially entirely) by warming and loss of water via evapotranspiration. In short, projections of future climate indicate that within AER I and II there will be a trend of increasing temperatures (with concomitant increases in evapotranspiration rates) and alternating periods of drought and flooding28.
10. Analysis of the observed mean temperature trends over the last 30 years from 32 meteorological stations29 in Zambia (see Annex B) supports the predicted trend of warming, and indicates that summer temperatures have been increasing at a rate of approximately 0.6°C per decade. Similarly, baseline data shows that rainfall in the southern African region has been decreasing over the last 25 years30. Analysis of observed rainfall data from all of Zambia’s meteorological stations reflect that of the 14 years between 1990/1991 and 2003/2004, at least ten years experienced below normal rainfall in each AER. AER I was also shown to have experienced more severe dry seasons than AER II over the past two decades31.
11. Currently, Zambia experiences an average annual potential evapotranspiration (ranging from 1394 to 1892 mm) that exceeds average rainfall (estimated at 684 mm between 1970 and 2000) resulting in a precipitation deficit of up to 1100 mm each year32. This already has serious implications for agricultural productivity and water availability and management. Climate change is likely to exacerbate this situation with additional negative consequences for the agriculture and water resources sectors.
12. Since the 1990s, crop production in Zambia has been exposed to more extreme events such as drought and flooding. Although Zambia has historically been affected by drought and flooding, the frequency, intensity and geographic distribution of such incidents have increased over the past two decades. Over the last 16 years, for example, six droughts have affected the country during the growing
23 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 24 Christensen, J. H., Hewitson, B., Busuioc, A. et al. 2007. Regional Climate Projections. - In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M. and Miller, H. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 848-940. 25 McSweeney, C., New, M. & Lizacana, G. UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles: Zambia. (http://country- profiles.geog.ox.ac.uk). 26 McSweeney, C., New, M. & Lizacana, G. UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles: Zambia. (http://country- profiles.geog.ox.ac.uk). 27 Hulme, M, RM Doherty, T Ngara, MG New, and D Lister. 2001. African climate change: 1900-2100. Climate Research 17:145-168. 28 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 29 Jain, S. 2007. An Empirical Economic Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture in Zambia. The World Bank Development Research Group. Sustainable Rural and Urban Development Team. 30 Hulme, M, 1996. Climate change and Southern Africa. Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, UK. 31 Jain, S. 2007. An Empirical Economic Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture in Zambia. The World Bank Development Research Group. Sustainable Rural and Urban Development Team. 32 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 11 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia seasons. The 2004/2005 drought, which coincided with the critical flowering period for major cereal crops, resulted in two thirds of the country receiving little or no rainfall. Following this event, the Vulnerability Assessment Committee (VAC) (June 2005) reported some 1.2 million starving people and estimated that at least 120 000 tons of food aid was required to ensure their survival until the 2006 harvest33. Maize production failures as a result of the drought were estimated at 740 000 metric tons (MT), the largest production loss in recent history34. In addition, the 2006/07 floods affected almost 1.5 million people in 41 out of 72 districts in the nine Zambian provinces and for several of those districts it was the first time that they had been affected by flooding35.
13. The Zambian NAPA process and the Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP) have established that climate change and variability will have detrimental effects on Zambia’s agricultural sector beyond the current baseline pressures. In light of the heavy reliance of small-scale farming on rain-fed agriculture, the agricultural sector is highly vulnerable to increasing temperatures and variable precipitation in the coming years. Overall, climate change (the impacts of drought, flooding and increased evapotranspiration) is likely to have numerous adverse consequences within Zambia including inter alia: i) reduced agricultural productivity (crop and livestock production); ii) reduced fisheries production iii) reduced water availability for human consumption iv) human welfare impacts in urban areas due to increased migration from rural to urban areas; v) reduced hydro-electric power generation; iv) human health impacts; and vii) biodiversity impacts. These risks are discussed in detail below. i) Reduced agricultural productivity 14. Agriculture is an integral part of Zambia’s economy and seen as one of the driving forces for the anticipated economic growth that is required to reduce poverty36. Agriculture contributes between 18-20% to GDP37, employs approximately 67% of the labour force and remains the principal source of income and employment for women in rural areas38. Assessments using the Decision Support System for Agro- Technology Transfer (DSSAT3) have indicated that the predicted shortening of the growing season will prevent key crop varieties, particularly maize39, from reaching maturation in AER I and II. Furthermore, the Zambia NAPA highlighted that the area suitable for staple crop (such as maize) production under rain- fed conditions is likely to decline by 80% by 2100 as a result of climate change. Consequently, food security will be undermined nationwide because these two regions are the primary maize producers (see Figure 1) 40. Indeed, within the last 20 years, prolonged dry spells and shorter rainfall seasons have reduced maize yields to only 40% of the long-term average41.
33 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 34 Umetsu C., Thamana L., Sakurai T. District Level Analysis of Drought Response and Resilience Index (http://www.chikyu.ac.jp). 35 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 36 Ministry of Finance and National Planning, 2006. Fifth National Development Plan, 2006-2010. 37 Ministry of Finance and National Planning, 2006. Fifth National Development Plan, 2006-2010. 38 Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, 2004. National Agricultural Policy, 2004-2015. 39 Maize is the major staple food in Zambia and accounts for over 87% of the caloric intake. 40 Maize dominates the area dedicated to crops in AER I and II by 84% and 72%, respectively. Maize is only planted across 18% of AER III’s cropping area (Jain, 2007). 41 Jain, S.2007. An Empirical Economic Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture in Zambia. The World Bank Development Research Group. Sustainable Rural and Urban Development Team. 12 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Figure 1. Main crop zones within Zambia, indicating that maize is predominantly grown in AER I and II, cassava in AER III, millet in AER I and III, sorghum in AER I and II and wheat in AER II and III42.
15. Furthermore, vulnerability assessments indicate that agricultural production in AER I and II will exhibit severe yield deficits at critical periods of the cropping calendar as a result of climate change43. Based on a CO2 doubling scenario in these regions, estimates predict a yield reduction of approximately 66% under rain-fed conditions compared to 16% under irrigated conditions44.
16. Apart from being the major maize producing belts, AER I and II are also the major livestock producing regions in the country. Communities in AER I, for example, are largely dependent on livestock as a source of livelihood, food and draught power45. The livestock industry is increasingly becoming an important component of Zambia’s economy as it contributes approximately 7.45% to GNP and accounts for approximately 35% of the total agricultural production46. However, the livestock sector is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because livestock numbers are strongly correlated with rainfall and temperature47. As such, the anticipated variability in rainfall and increase in temperatures in AER I and II are likely to impact negatively on the livestock industry with additional consequences for food security.
42 Source: The IDL Group. 2002. Trends in the Zambian Agriculture Sector. 43 Results of an assessment of the economic costs of climate change on agriculture in Zambia undertaken by the World Bank, with support from FAO, IWMI, Yale University and the University of Pretoria. 44 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 45 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 46 Policy Advisory Note on Enhancing Livestock Development in Zambia. 47 As temperatures rise, population size is reduced and vice versa. Livestock population size improves during periods of high rainfall as a result of the effect rainfall has on pasture. The opposite is true during periods of low rainfall. 13 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia ii) Reduced fisheries productivity 17. The productivity of fisheries is also at risk of climate change impacts48. The potential reduction in rainfall in AER I and II will reduce nutrient levels in lakes and rivers thereby negatively impacting fish breeding activity and depleting fish populations in the long-term. Bream and sardines were identified as being the fish species most vulnerable to the impacts of drought within AER I and II49. Overall, the envisaged reduction in agricultural (crops and livestock) and fisheries production is likely to have various negative impacts on all sectors of the economy and may affect political stability within Zambia. iii) Reduced water availability for human consumption 18. Both flooding and drought events are likely to impact on the availability of safe and clean drinking water for human populations within Zambia. Flooding events have the ability to spread disease and thereby reduce the availability of safe drinking water. Drought directly reduces the amount of drinking water available, with additional health impacts. Furthermore, drought affects surface water reserves by lowering water tables and causing boreholes and streams to dry up. In rural communities, women and children frequently have to travel long distances in order to collect water50. The distances to be walked in the future are likely to increase as climate change effects continue to manifest, and surface water reserves begin to dry out, resulting in a vastly reduced quality of life for many people. The time taken to collect water by these vulnerable groups also has a negative economic effect in that the water bearers are unable to contribute to economic productivity. iv) Human welfare impacts 19. Floods and droughts have additional socio-economic consequences, such as migration. The increased frequency of floods and droughts in the Gwembe Valley in AER I, for example, has resulted in increased migration to the nearby cities51. Already considered a highly urbanized country compared to its neighbours, the increase in rural-urban migration is likely to increase the stress on the GRZ’s ability to provide basic services and amenities for these migrants.
V) Forestry impacts 20. Climate change poses a significant threat to the forestry sector within Zambia. For example, the regeneration of the Miombo Woodland 52 , which usually occurs relatively rapidly, has already been hampered by drought and excessive temperatures 53 . Over 80% of Zambian households rely on the Miombo Woodland for charcoal and fuelwood and it is vital that their use of the woodlands is rapidly curtailed in order to manage for lower precipitation levels and to avoid unsustainable harvesting of the woodlands (e.g. clearing of forest for agriculture and charcoal production). The negative effects of climate change within Zambia will be superimposed on the effects of current unsustainable land-use practises including the clearing of forests for agriculture and charcoal production amongst other practises.
Root causes
21. There are various factors driving Zambia’s poor agricultural performance. These factors include: i) low levels of investment ii) land degradation; iii) limited access to agricultural inputs such as fertilizer in the last two decades; iv) a reduced labour force due to HIV/AIDS.
48 Brander, K. 2006. Assessment of Possible Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries. 49 Data is based on the Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments conducted under the United States Country Study Programme, 1992. 50 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 51 Zambia Vulnerability Assessment Committee (2004) Zambia Livelihood Map Rezoning and Baseline Profiling. 52 The Miombo Woodland covers approximately 60 % of Zambia’s total surface area and thus is the most important vegetation type. 53 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 14 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
i) Low levels of investment 22. The ability of the agricultural sector in Zambia to cope with increases in temperature and potential reductions in rainfall is negligible given the limited investment in this sector and the minimal amount of supporting infrastructure (e.g. storage depots, transport networks). Despite the fact that over 60% of the population derives their livelihood from agriculture54, government spending on the sector is less than 5% of the government budget and only approximately 1% of GDP55. This low level of investment into agricultural-related developments has resulted in the deterioration of agricultural support infrastructure, high incidences of livestock diseases and extension service delivery operating at only 40% of its potential capacity56.
23. Despite holding about 40% of the water in the SADC region, irrigation has not been promoted in Zambia57. Less than 5% of arable land in Zambia is currently irrigated58, rendering small-scale farmers particularly vulnerable to the predicted increase in temperature and rainfall variability as a result of climate change. The development of the irrigation sector has been limited by the lack of infrastructure available for extracting and distributing water, the lack of appropriate technologies to facilitate water extraction, and inadequate access to markets and financial resources59. In addition, water resources are often mismanaged as a result of insufficient knowledge concerning appropriate maintenance and management techniques 60 . For example, to ensure sustainable management of community irrigation schemes and dams, the establishment of management committees as well as establishment of maintenance funds are required. However, in most of the districts visited during the preparation of this document, neither of these was in place. ii) Land degradation 24. After Zambia achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1964, its agricultural policy focused on promoting maize production through large-scale marketing support and provision of extensive fertilizer subsidies. Maize marketing guarantees provided further incentive for the adoption of high-input maize packages by farmers. Following decades of heavy application of nitrogen fertilizers and extensive ploughing, many agricultural landscapes in Zambia (particularly in AER I and II) became acidic by the 1990s, thereby reducing land quality and productivity61. Consequently, agricultural production in Zambia is strongly reliant on fertilizer use and liming to improve yields. Zambia’s agricultural sector is also largely reliant on cash crops, with tobacco and cotton being particularly important to the economy. This has a major impact on farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change as promoting cash crops is, to a large extent, the endorsement of monocultures62. Because monocultures tend to be vulnerable to pest and disease outbreaks, the canopy cover of crops can be rapidly and markedly reduced during the rainy season, exposing the bare soil to raindrop impact. Such raindrop impact degrades the structure of the soil by breaking up aggregates and also increasing dispersion of clay. The clay dispersion causes soil crusting
54 Adverse Impacts of Climate Change and Development Challenges: Integrating Adaptation in Policy and Development in Zambia. A Least Developed Countries for Adaptation to Climate Change (CLACC) project. 55 Ministry of Finance and National Planning, 2006. Fifth National Development Plan, 2006-2010. 56 Ministry of Finance and National Planning, 2006. Fifth National Development Plan, 2006-2010. 57 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 58 UNDP Initiation Plan: Adaptation to the Effect of Drought and Climate Change in Agro-ecological Zone I and 2 in Zambia. 59 MACO, 2004, Zambia Irrigation Policy Review and Strategy. 60 During field missions in the four pilot provinces for the purpose of site selection, the field mission teams came across some poorly managed silted dams in some of the districts. 61 Haggblade, S. and Tembo, G. 2003. Conference Paper No. II: Conservation Farming in Zambia. Paper presented at the InWEnt, IFPRI, NEPAD, CTA conference “Successes in African Agriculture”. 62 Ikeme. J. 2003. Climate change adaptation deficiencies in developing countries: the case of sub-Saharan Africa. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 8(1): 29-52. 15 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia which dramatically reduces infiltrability of the soil, increasing runoff and soil erosion as a result63. The effect of monocultures can thus, unless managed carefully, greatly increase the agricultural sector’s vulnerability to climate change64. iii) Limited access to farming inputs 25. Although there are fertilizer support programmes in place in Zambia (details contained in Annex H), they reach a very small proportion of farmers, despite the fact that support for the programmes constitutes 80% of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives’s (MACO) budget 65 . Fertilizer imported for government distribution programmes, for example, has declined from over 100 000 MT in the early 1990s to less than 40 000 MT. Furthermore, the price of fertilizer has increased more than two-fold whilst delivery has become progressively less reliable. As a result, agricultural productivity across Zambia suffered as subsistence farmers, who constitute 75% of the farming community, have struggled to access agricultural inputs66. Although early maturing and drought-resistant seeds are distributed to farmers in AER I and II, suitable seed is also frequently unavailable and delivery is often late. As a result, farmers plant inappropriate crops, resulting in below-optimum yields. iv) HIV/AIDS prevalence 26. Zambia’s agricultural sector has been significantly affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. One in six Zambians between 15 and 49 years of age is estimated to be infected with HIV, with four times as many females between 15 and 24 years of age infected than males67. The higher infection rate in females, the primary caregivers, adversely affects food security and income streams because women, who are more involved in food provision at the household level, cannot participate as much as they used to in agricultural activities68. In general, labour is constrained by the incidence of disease and sickness. Malaria, for example, is endemic during the rainy season and prevents numerous able-bodied men and women from taking part in farm activities. Not only does sickness inhibit time spent in the fields, but it also increases medical costs.
LDCF Alternative Scenario
27. To reduce the vulnerability of communities in AER I and II to climate change impacts, the project will take a two pronged-approach: i) mainstreaming of adaptation into agricultural planning and national, district and community levels to make the case for investment in adaptation in the agricultural sector ii) test and evaluate the adaptation value interventions that protect and improve agricultural incomes from the effects of climate change. Capacity and systems to anticipate assess and prepare for climate change risks will be developed at community, regional and national levels. Adaptation learning generated from the pilot projects will be used to guide mainstreaming of adaptation in national fiscal, regulatory and development policy, to support adaptive practices on a wider scale. The following four outcomes will be delivered:
1. Climate change risks integrated into critical decision-making processes for agricultural management at the local, sub-national and national levels
63 Mills, A.J. and Fey, M.V. 2004. Effects of vegetation cover on the tendency of soil to crust in South Africa. Soil Use and Management 20:308-317. 64 Salinger, M.J., Stigter, C.J. and Das, H.P.: 2000, ‘Agrometeorological adaptation strategies to increasing climate variability and climate change’. Agric. Forest Meteor. 103: 167–184. 65 Slater, R. 2007. Climate change: implications for DFIDs agricultural policy. Overseas Development Institute. 66 Jain, S. 2007. An Empirical Economic Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture in Zambia. The World Bank Development Research Group. Sustainable Rural and Urban Development Team. 67 United Nations Development Assistance Framework for the Republic of Zambia 20007 – 2010 (2005). 68 World Food Programme (2006) Country Programme-Zambia (2007-2010) 16 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
2. Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change 3. National fiscal, regulatory and development policy revised to promote adaptation responses in the agricultural sector 4. Knowledge and lessons learned to support implementation of adaptation measures compiled and disseminated
28. The pilot interventions implemented in the eight pilot sites will test the extent to which agricultural productivity; income streams and quality of life are protected and improved under changing climatic conditions.
29. The results of the pilot interventions will be used to promote policy and budgetary adjustments so that successful pilots are scaled up and catalysed throughout Zambia.
30. Importantly, local capacity will be strengthened (through extensive training and involvement in the implementation of interventions) to facilitate effective project management, generate community ownership and to ensure that project interventions are sustainable beyond the project lifespan. In particular, the project will focus on overcoming barriers that prevent the upscaling of successful interventions and the adoption of profitable activities by local entrepreneurs. The adaptation rationale here is that successful adaptation to climate change across the country can only be achieved if adaptation interventions are profitable for local communities and are thus spontaneously adopted by local businesses. A policy environment needs to be created that facilitates such entrepreneurship. In order to address inequalities, the project will promote gender equality and empowerment of women through affirmative action.
. Lusaka Province: Kabeleka (Chongwe District) and Zalapango (Luangwa District).
LEGEND Shangombo
Luangwa
Senanga
Kazungula
Chongwe
Chama
Mambwe
Siavonga
17 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Figure 2. Map indicating the districts in which the selected pilot sites are situated.
Barriers
31. There are a number of barriers that are likely to hinder adaptation in the agricultural sector in Zambia, which the project will address. These are set out below:
Limited access to markets limits farmers’ ability to sell goods and their ability to source goods such as fertilizers, equipment and extension advice. One of the largest determinants of fertilizer price is the high cost of transportation over Zambia’s deteriorating roads 69 . Furthermore, information on current market prices is rarely available and, in most cases, trade is through a barter system. Limited climate risk information hampers decision makers’ ability to make informed policy changes. At the farmer-level, planning tools are lacking for the planting and harvesting season. At the national level, strategic decisions on agricultural planning over the medium term are prevented by a lack of national-level long-term projected changes in climatic parameters. Although there is an early warning system (EWS) in place in Zambia to disseminate climate risk information, there are a number of key weaknesses associated with the system, namely: i) a lack of agro-meteorological stations70; ii) forecasting institutions are inadequately equipped and have little capacity; iii) inadequate communication to stakeholders (such as water managers, extension officers, other agricultural/hydrological stakeholders) and, in particular, farmers (including packaging the information in a format that is not easily understood or accessible) 71 ; iv) insufficient institutional processes in place to ensure effective distribution of information due to ineffective links between the MACO and the District authorities72; and v) limited capacity to cater for effective adaptation support at all levels (national, district, and local community levels). Limited institutional capacity to adequately address climate change: climate change is not properly integrated into planning processes73. Certain planning processes and policies within Zambia, such as the National Agricultural Policy (NAP) and the National Irrigation Policy (NIP), do not explicitly acknowledge the impact climate change is likely to have on their ability to achieve their objectives (see Institutional, Sectoral and Policy context). In addition, apart from the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, Zambia lacks a clear and specific legal and policy framework to address climate change concerns. Limited public awareness of climate change. The public within Zambia have a limited understanding of how climate change will potentially impact on socio-economics, livelihoods, resources and ecosystems. This dearth of awareness hinders public participation in shaping climate change policy and legislation 74 . In Zambia, there is also a lack of private sector involvement on issues related to climate change.
69 Jorgensen, S.L. & Loudjeva, Z. 2005. A Poverty and Social Impact Analysis of Three Reforms in Zambia: Land, Fertilizer and Infrastructure. Social Development Papers. The World Bank. Social Analysis Paper No. 49. 70 Presentations during the Inception Workshop by ZMD revealed that there are only 9 agro-meteorological stations in Zambia and none are situated within AER I. 71 Information from consultations with MACO as well as with the ZMD during the Project Identification (PIF) phase. 72 Information from consultations with MACO as well as with the ZMD during the Project Identification (PIF) phase. 73 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 74 National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA), Draft. 2006 (http://ncsa.undp.org/docs/237.doc).
18 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Institutional baseline
32. Zambia is vulnerable to present climatic hazards, which significantly affect food security and poverty. In response, the GRZ has set in motion a number of policies and programmes, detailed below, aimed at mitigating the impacts of these hazards.
33. A prominent example is the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP, 2002-2004), which was succeeded by the Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP, 2006-2010). A large proportion of the development fostered by these two strategies lies within the agricultural sector, which has been bolstered by an improved provision of seed, fertiliser, livestock, equipment, training and land development as well as the establishment of new investment opportunities and disease control. Other sectors being further developed by the PRSP and FNDP include the infrastructure, education, health, tourism and mining sectors. Through the FNDP, the government plans to raise expenditure on agriculture from less than 5% of the government budget to approximately 9% by 2010. The FNDP programmes for the agricultural sector are aimed at: a. Attaining food security for the majority of households with at least 90% of the population being food secure by 2010; b. Increasing the contribution of the agricultural sector to total foreign exchange earnings from current 3-5% to 10-20 % by 2010; c. Attaining growth in the agricultural sector of 10% per annum from 2006 onwards; d. Increasing the overall agricultural contribution to GDP from 18-20% to 25% by 2010; e. Increasing incomes for those involved in the agricultural sector.
34. Other policies relevant to adaptation include the National Disaster Management Policy (NDMP, 2005), the National Agricultural Policy (NAP, 2004-2015) and the National Irrigation Plan (NIP, 2006- 2011). The NDMP was put in place in an effort to respond to local, regional and national disasters related to flooding, drought and other climatic hazards. The purpose of Zambia’s NAP and the NIP is also to enhance agricultural productivity and thereby reduce poverty by means of inter alia capacity building, sustainable agricultural practices, soil conservation measures and increasing the extent of irrigated agriculture.
35. The National Environment Policy (NPE, 2004) identifies 11 government ministries involved in environmental affairs 75 . Nine of these ministries have policies that include environmental matters (nineteen policies in total, the details of which are contained in Annex G). The draft NPE also highlights current shortfalls in these nineteen policies including ineffectual mechanisms for community-based natural resources management, lack of informal inter-sectoral links, limited up-to date baseline data and limited national guidelines for effective integration of international environmental conventions 76 . In addition, intra and inter-sectoral institutional arrangements are limited and few coordination mechanisms exist for effective multi-sectoral integration of legislation, and of adaptation into such legislation.
36. Furthermore, Zambia has a Gender Policy, which was adopted in 2000. This policy recognizes the gender disparity that exists between men and women, where women remain a disadvantaged and vulnerable group. In this regard, the policy advocates for gender equality and women’s empowerment in all sectors. This is also captured in the FNDP where gender concerns are regarded as a sectorial as well as a cross-cutting issue. Furthermore, the strategic plan for the implementation of the gender policy has prioritized five sectors and agriculture is one of these sectors where affirmative action has to be undertaken in the planning and implementation of projects/programme.
75 These ministries are: Finance and National Planning; MACO; Mines and Mineral Development; Health; Education; Local Government and Housing’ Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources; Community Development; Lands; and the Cabinet Office. 76 NPE (2004) 19 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
37. Although climate change is likely to have serious impacts on Zambia’s ability to meet its development targets as outlined in the FNDP and attain the MDGs, climate change has not been integrated into any of the abovementioned policies, apart from the FNDP. However, the policies do acknowledge that present climatic variability is, to a large degree, responsible for crop failure and associated food, water and health insecurity. As a result of this acknowledgement, most of the policies emphasise the need for an improved EWS that is effective at a local level. Due to the fact that climate change is not adequately taken into account, the policies’ mitigation and development strategies are likely to be less effective and potentially maladaptive in the future. For example, the NAP and the NIP promote an increase in irrigation to reduce the reliance on rain-fed agriculture. While irrigation is a viable option at present due to Zambia’s substantial groundwater reserves, this may not be the case in the future due to climate change. With increasingly variable rainfall, increasing temperatures and concomitant increasing evapotranspiration, the rate of depletion of groundwater reserves may outstrip the recharge rates. Although the FNDP recognizes climate change as a problem and highlights the importance of incorporating climate change considerations in development planning, it does not propose how to address the situation.
Stakeholder analysis
38. Project interventions will range from the level of national government to that of village farmer. In order to foster ownership of the project, the project document was formulated with the help of stakeholder consultations from the outset. These consultations included: . The Project Preparation Grant (PPG) Pre-Inception Workshop held from 2-6th February 2009; . The PPG Inception Workshop held on 2nd March 2009; . The Vision Setting workshop held on 3rd April 2009; . Consultations with Agricultural and Natural Resources subcommittees of the Provincial Development Coordination Committee (PDCC) and District Development Coordination Committee (DDCC), which were held between 28th April and 10th May 2009; . Consultations with the communities in which the interventions are to be piloted, which were held between 28th April and 10th May 2009, and; . A site selection workshop held between 14 and 15th May 2009; . A draft review workshop where all the stakeholders from the government departments; non- governmental organisations; provincial, district and site level representatives as well as the international consultant were present. This was held from the 14th to 17th of July 2009. . A PAC meeting was held on the 7th of August 2009. 39. Reports of the consultation meetings and workshops, including the list of stakeholders involved, are included in Annex C and J. Annex F contains a summary of PPG activities as well as a list of stakeholders consulted during the PPG phase. Table 1 below contains the list of key Ministries/Departments and their role in the project.
Table 1. Ministries and departments involved in the project and their specific roles. Ministry/ Department/ Role in Project Organizations Ministry of Agriculture Will serve as the Government Cooperating Agency. and Cooperatives Will be directly responsible for government’s participation in the project. (MACO) Will designate a representative for the project who will perform the role and functions of either the Executive or Senior Beneficiary on the project board. Department of Agriculture Will serve as the implementing Department and will, therefore, be responsible for executing the project. Will chair the Project Technical Committee (PTC). Served as the resource institution during PPG for technical aspects related to agricultural production. Will delegate implementation responsibilities to other departments such as ZARI, 20 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Department of Fisheries (DOF), NGOs and others which are still to be identified. A National Project Coordinator will be appointed from within the Department. Will house the Project Secretariat (PS). Will implement project activities through its extension network. Department of Policy and Will be a member of the PTC. Planning Will be responsible for reviewing existing policies to ensure the incorporation of climate change considerations. Will facilitate the sharing of lessons and experiences at a national level as resources permit. Served as a resource institution during the PPG for policy-related issues. Responsible for M&E. Department of Veterinary Will be a member of the PTC. and Livestock Served as a resource institution during the PPG for technical aspects related to Development livestock development. Will provide the PS with technical assistance on livestock related matters during project implementation. Departmental staff will be engaged at a local level to implement certain livestock related interventions. Department of Fisheries Will be a member of the PTC. (DOF) Served as a resource institution during the PPG for technical aspects related to aquaculture development. Will provide the PS with technical assistance regarding fisheries related matters. Departmental staff will be engaged at a local level to implement certain fisheries related interventions. Zambia Agricultural Will be a member of the PTC. Research Institute Researches the feasibility of drought-resistant crops, horticulture and agro-forestry for livelihood diversification. Will provide field-level technical support to farmers in the project areas where necessary. Will conduct field-level adaptation research concerning crop diversification options. Will be responsible for adaptive technologies demonstrations in AER I and II. Will provide training to project staff and farmers concerning the adoption of suitable drought-tolerant crop varieties that have been tested and proven suitable for AER I and II. National Agricultural Will be a member of the PTC. Information Services Will disseminate climate change information. Serves as a channel for disseminating weather data from Zambia Meteorological Department (ZMD) to local farmers. Serves as a channel for disseminating information concerning improved climate resilient practices through radio and television programmes. Ministry of Energy and Will be a member of the PTC. Water Development Provide technical assistance concerning water-related activities such as dam (MEWD) (Department of building. Water Affairs, DWA) Will assist with the revision of water-related policies to ensure that they incorporate climate change considerations. Served as a resource institution during the PPG for activities related to water resources. Responsible for collection of hydrological data at the pilot sites. Ministry of Will be a member of the PTC. Communication and Served as a resource institution during the PPG for activities related to Transport (Zambia meteorology. Meteorological Supervises and provides technical assistance on climate modelling and Department) downscaling of climate information. Will be responsible for coordination and implementation of activities related to 21 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
meteorological information production and dissemination. Office of the Vice Will be a member of the PTC. President [Disaster Served as a resource institution during the PPG for activities related to the impacts Management and of climatic hazards. Mitigation Unit (DMMU)] Will be a recipient of project information and input from the project to incorporate climate change projections into disaster management plans, policies and projects. Ministry of Tourism, Will be a member of the PTC. Environment and Natural Served as a resource institution during the PPG for activities related to the Resources environment. Departmental staff (Forestry Department) will be engaged at a local level to implement certain environment-related interventions. United Nations Served a technical advisory role during the PIF and PPG processes. Development Programme Provided technical support to the Project Manager during the site selection (UNDP) Country Office workshops and project preparation phase. Will provide support to the National Project Coordinator and the PS concerning the implementation of project components. Will be responsible for reporting project progress to GEF. Will participate in the PTC. Will be responsible for monitoring (technically and financially) the use of project funds. Will mobilize and coordinate support from international partners through a global network. Will facilitate the international dissemination of project knowledge and lessons. Local Communities/ Was consulted during the PPG process. CBOs/ NGOs Participated in the site selection at the National, Provincial, District and Community levels. Members of the field mission teams. Will participate in the planning and implementation of the project interventions at the community-level. Agricultural and Natural Participated in the site selection at provincial, district and community levels. Resources Subcommittee Served as a resource institution during the PPG phase regarding local knowledge of the PDCC and DDCC and relevant interventions. Will facilitate effective coordination of the project at the provincial, district and community levels. Will be responsible for supporting and monitoring the project at provincial, district and community levels. Will be responsible for community mobilization. Gender in Development Will be a member of the PTC. Division Served as resource institution for promoting gender equality and women empowerment. Will serve as resource institution on gender-related issues during the project implementation.
PART II: STRATEGY
40. To reduce the vulnerability of communities in AER I and II to climate change impacts, the project will take a two pronged-approach: i) mainstreaming of adaptation into agricultural planning and national, district and community levels to make the case for investment in adaptation in the agricultural sector ii) test and evaluate for adaptation value interventions that will protect and improve agricultural incomes from the effects of climate change. The metric to be used with be percentage increases in agricultural incomes. Capacity and systems to anticipate assess and prepare for climate change risks will be developed at community, regional and national levels. Adaptation learning generated from the pilot projects will be
22 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia used to guide mainstreaming of adaptation in national fiscal, regulatory and development policy, to support adaptive practices on a wider scale. The following four outcomes will be delivered
41. Outcome 1 of the project will improve capacity to use climate risk information to inform planning processes in the following ways: . Training will be provided to ZMD in order to capacitate them to provide seasonal and long-term weather forecasts. This will be used to inform decision-making by government planners and farmers; . An economic impact assessment evaluating the benefits of climate risk information will be undertaken to guide further investments in climate risk information services. . Equipment for the collection and monitoring of water and weather data will be provided for the pilot sites. Staff within pilot sites will be trained on how to operate equipment and how to collect water and weather information. . Existing EWS’s will be evaluated and strengthened where necessary and, based on assessments within the pilot sites, new EWS(s) will be developed so that climate risk information is effectively communicated to end-users.
42. Outcome 2 of the project will implement priority interventions identified through consultation with communities within the eight pilot sites. These interventions will be closely monitored and their cost- effectiveness will be determined. Barriers to the upscaling of successful activities will also be identified. Results of the interventions will be documented and disseminated to all key stakeholders (e.g. the community, policy- and decision-makers, and the public). In addition, lessons learned will be formulated in order to catalyse upscaling and entrepreneurship. Interventions to be implemented in the eight pilot sites (all of which are situated within AER I and II) include: . Implementation of soil and water conservation techniques. . Promotion and introduction of crop diversification practices. . Promotion and introduction of alternative livelihoods . Water storage and irrigation systems improved or developed to ensure adequate water provision to crops and livestock.
43. Outcome 3 will use the results of Outcome 1 and 2 to encourage adjustments of the strategies and policies that reduce the resilience of rural communities to climate change impacts. Central to this argument for adjustments will be information regarding the economic benefits offered by adaptation investments. The activities of Outcome 3 will sensitise decision-makers and sectoral planners of the benefits associated with mainstreaming adaptation into planning in the agriculture sector.
44. Outcome 4 will ensure that the project lessons are adequately disseminated to stakeholders (at all levels) and to other African countries that are experiencing a situation similar to that of Zambia.
45. For all of the above outcomes the project will contribute to an understanding of how adaptation responses can be designed to strengthen gender equality. To achieve this, the project will ensure that women attend workshops and are part of interventions and management committees. Disaggregated indicators will be used to monitor the project performance on this.
46. Overall, the project will improve food security in the most vulnerable regions of Zambia (with the potential for upscaling), which will contribute towards attaining MDG 1 (“Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger”). The resultant improved nutritional status of Zambians will lead to better health outcomes, thereby positively affecting MDGs 4 and 6 (“Reduce child mortality” and “Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases”, respectively). In addition, the project will promote environmental sustainability of all interventions, thus contributing towards MDG 7 (“Ensure environmental sustainability”).
Project Financing
23 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
47. Table 2 includes the project’s co-financing amounts and donors according to project Outcomes. The GRZ, with support from cooperating partners, is implementing the CCFU, ZMD and CASPP projects (detailed in forthcoming sections).
Table 2. Co-financing donors and amounts per project Outcome. Outcome Support Type Donor Amount (US$) Outcome 1: Climate change risks integrated into critical decision-In-kind ZMD 500,000 making processes for agricultural management at the local, sub-In-kind CCFU 250,000 national and national levels Outcome 2: Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made In-kind FAO (CASPP) 5,000,000 resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change Cash GRZ (MACO) 809,000 Outcome 3: National fiscal, regulatory and development policy In-kind CCFU 2,020,000 revised to promote adaptation responses in the agricultural sector Cash UNDP-CO 15,000 Outcome 4: Knowledge and lessons learned to support In-kind CCFU 330,000 implementation of adaptation measures compiled and disseminated Project management In-kind GRZ 720,000 (MACO)77 Cash UNDP-CO 160,000 TOTAL 9,804,000 Note: The GRZ is presently in dialogue with the Japanese Government with respect to undertaking the African Adaptation Programme (AAP) within Zambia. A decision had at the time of completion of this document not been taken and consequently the AAP is not recorded in the budget as contributing co-financing to this LDCF project.
Project Goal, Objectives, Outcomes and Outputs/Activities
48. A number of responses will be employed in order to reduce the anticipated impact of climate change on the agriculture sector in Zambia. The implementation of NAPA priorities will largely be adding to and expanding on present government and donor projects.
49. The overarching goal of this project is to “to improve food security through enhanced adaptive capacity to respond to the risks posed by the effects of climate change (including variability) in AER I and II of Zambia 78”. The objective of the project is “to develop adaptive capacity of subsistence farmers and rural communities to withstand climate change in Zambia”. As a result, the project’s expected outcomes are: a. Climate change risks integrated into critical decision-making processes for agricultural management at the local, sub-national and national levels. b. Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change. c. National fiscal, regulatory and development policy revised to promote adaptation responses in the agricultural sector. d. Lessons learned and knowledge management component established.
50. The PIF outcomes and expected outputs have been slightly revised during the project preparation process. The content remains the same as in the PIF, but the order of presentation and the wording have been altered to improve the structure of the project. The order of the new structure is summarised as follows: 1) risk assessment and early warning systems; 2) on-the-ground piloting of proposed interventions; 3) policy review and revision; and 4) dissemination of results.
77 This will be in form of office space, staff and vehicles, for example. 78 See the Vision Setting Report in Annex B. 24 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Outcome 1: Climate change risks integrated into critical decision-making processes for agricultural management at the local, sub-national and national levels.
Rationale
Baseline Situation 51. To date, climate change management efforts have not been aligned with mainstream development processes in Zambia. This is largely due to a shortage of human, technical and institutional capacity in the field of climate change and adaptation79. In particular, knowledge gaps have been identified as a particular barrier to the mainstreaming of climate change risks into agricultural planning. There are, for example, few planning tools available which can assist communities in adapting to the increasing threats of climate change. Such technical barriers are constraining climate change adaptation.
52. Weather forecasting is another example of a technical capacity barrier to adaptation. Rural communities in Zambia are inadequately equipped with the weather forecast information required to inform agricultural planning. Indeed, the lack of accurate downscaled information on predicted climate scenarios for the AERs hinders adaptation planning at all levels (local, provincial and national). In addition, forecasts that are generated are not adequately disseminated to relevant stakeholders. There are programmes, such as the RANET80 Zambia Project, that aim to assist rural communities by providing climate and weather information in a timely manner. However, assessments show that many communities have not been able to access this information, and those that do access RANET programme information via radio are unsure how to firstly, interpret the information and secondly, react appropriately81. These shortcomings may be due to the design of the programmes, which are currently targeted at building capacity of the ZMD and tend to overlook the needs of the end-users of the information such as local farmers and policy makers. Overall, the agriculture sector lacks adequate forecast tables, planting calendars and advice on which crops to plant, leaving farmers without planning tools for the planting and harvesting season.
53. Zambia’s NDMP of 2005 observes that the present disaster management strategy in place in Zambia requires improvement82. The NDMP identifies crucial gaps affecting its functionality including: i) the lack of an overarching disaster management policy, which has led to ad hoc management efforts; ii) the lack of a legal framework to authorise management actions; ii) inadequate coordination and therefore duplication of activities; and iii) insufficient up-to-date information available on risks, vulnerabilities and resources. Further barriers to effective risk reduction and management in Zambia are that risk monitoring information is not widely distributed, and is not packaged in a format that is understandable, to small- scale farmers in particular, limiting the ability of vulnerable communities to respond to warnings.
54. The NDMP therefore aims to enhance national capacity to: i) prepare for, ii) respond to, iii) mitigate against and iv) prevent the impacts of disasters. To do this, the NDMP outlines a series of actions and measures to be undertaken to develop an improved disaster management regime, which will incorporate an effective over-arching early warning system (EWS)83. These actions include building capacity for: i) disaster preparedness and timely response; ii) disaster prevention; iii) disaster mitigation
79 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 80 RANET refers to the Radio and internet communication mediums that will be targeted by the RANET Zambia Project, for disseminating information. 81 Ziervogel, G., Taylor, A., Hachigonta, S. and Hoffmaister, J. 2008. Climate adaptation in southern Africa: Addressing the needs of vulnerable communities. Oxfam and Stockholm Environment Institute. 82 Zambia is party to a number of regional and international EWS’s, including the SADC regional famine EWS and the international Famine EWS Network (FEWSNet), but there are no EWS’s specific to Zambia. 83 Zambia NDMP. 2005. Zambia National Disaster Management Policy. Lusaka, Zambia. 25 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia and restoration of livelihoods; and iv) coordination. In formulating these actions, the NDMP has produced a solid foundation for establishing a people-centred EWS84.
55. The NAPA confirms the strengthening Zambia’s disaster management regime as a first priority and stipulates the need for: i) an EWS for floods (which includes a health/malaria as well as a crop loss warning); and ii) a strengthened EWS for agricultural/food security (warning of floods, drought, shortened growing season, and agricultural disease outbreaks). Entry points that the NDMP can utilise in addressing the NAPA priorities and developing country-wide EWS(s) include: i) the Malaria Control and Prevention Programme, part of the Public Health Sector Strategy (PHSS, 2006-2010) under the FNDP, which needs, but does not include, a climate-driven warning system85; and ii) the Integrated Disease Surveillance network (also part of the PHSS), which could form the foundation of a health EWS in Zambia86.
56. No economic assessments of the value of improved climate risk information for the protection and improvement of livelihoods have been undertaken in Zambia, which limits understanding of how much to invest in climate information services.
Adaptation Alternative 57. The capacity of rural farmers to manage climate change, including variability, will be strengthened by providing short-term and seasonal forecasts and training farmers to use this information to assist in agricultural planning. Furthermore, staff within pilot sites will be provided with equipment (and trained on how to use the equipment) to collect and monitor weather data within the pilot sites. As such, the project will capacitate staff within the eight pilot sites to provide key data to MACO, ZMD and the Water Department.
58. The ZMD requires technical capacity in the form of staff training to downscale information from global and regional climate models to a format relevant and appropriate for Zambian farmers. In addition, the capacity of end-users to access, interpret and use the information also needs strengthening. The project will collaborate with the ZMD project (“Capacity development for effective early warning systems to support climate change adaptation in Zambia” to co-produce the outputs (see para 155 for more details). This collaboration will complement the support ZMD have to develop EWS(s) to ensure that these are driven by user needs and are ultimately useful to decision-makers.
59. Building on the foundations Zambia already has in place for people-centred EWS, the project will i) build further technical and human capacity to incorporate climate risk considerations into disaster reduction; ii) increase access by disaster reduction planners to up-to-date information including climate risk data; and iii) increase public and private sector participation, to ensure the implementation of effective EWS(s). Based on assessments at each of the eight pilot sites, the appropriate EWS(s) will be implemented to reduce the climate-related risks faced by vulnerable communities by allowing them adequate time to react to impending hazards.
60. An economic assessment of the value of climate risk information to protecting and improving agricultural incomes from the effects of climate change will be undertaken pre- and post seasonally at least twice during the project, to guide policy makers’ understanding about appropriate levels of resource allocation to climate information services.
61. Co-financing amounts for Outcome 1:
84 People-centred EWS’s are comprehensive, integrated warning systems in which a multi-stakeholder network is responsible for forecasting the warnings and then ensuring that a pre-determined, well-rehearsed response is activated (Basher 2006). 85 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 86 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 26 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ZMD: US$ 500 000 CCFU: US$ 250 000
LDCF Project Grant Requested: US$ 350 000.
Outputs and activities
Output 1.1. Number of government planners and private sector trained on climate risk management for improved agricultural productivity.
62. The above output incorporates the PIF outputs 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3, which pertain to seasonal weather forecasts, training in the agricultural and water sectors, and partnerships with the Meteorological Services, respectively.
Indicative activities under Output 1.1:
1.1.1. Provide equipment for the collection and monitoring of water and weather data for the pilot sites. Staff within pilot sites will be trained on how to operate equipment and how to collect water and weather information. 1.1.2. Train ZMD staff to provide short-term and seasonal forecasts, from downscaling of available data, in a format that is suitable for use by small-scale farmers and planners in the agriculture sector. This will be undertaken in collaboration with the ZMD under their project, entitled “Capacity development for effective Early Warning Services to support climate change adaptation in Zambia”. The training will be ongoing for the duration of the project and will entail consultants, who will work directly with ZMD staff, to: i) develop and/or configure the appropriate software and databases; and ii) use the software, databases and training to produce regular short-term and seasonal forecasts that are accessible to the end-users. This new approach to forecasting and to dissemination of information will be incorporated into the day to day activities of the ZMD. 1.1.3. Train farmers, extension staff, and the Agricultural and Natural Resources subcommittees of the DDCC/PDCC on how to access, interpret and apply ZMD forecasts for planning purposes in collaboration with their project, entitled “Capacity development for effective Early Warning Services to support climate change adaptation in Zambia”.
Output 1.2. Effective EWS(s) developed to enhance preparedness and reduce climate-related risks.
63. The above output pertains to the PIF output 1.4 on revising the national approach to disaster management.
Indicative activities under Output 1.3:
1.2.1 Assess and document the EWS needs of the eight pilot sites to safeguard investments in alternative livelihoods and protect the interventions to be implemented at pilot sites. This will be undertaken in collaboration with the ZMD under their project, entitled “Capacity development for effective Early Warning Services to support climate change adaptation in Zambia”. 1.2.2 Develop EWS(s) based on the needs assessment undertaken in activity 1.2.1 for all the pilot sites. This will require the help of a consultant and will be undertaken in collaboration with the ZMD under their project, entitled “Capacity development for effective Early Warning Services to support climate change adaptation in Zambia”.
27 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Output 1.3: Economic impact assessment on the adaptation value of climate risk information to protect agricultural incomes from climate change effects.
64. The above incorporates the PIF outputs 1.5.
Indicative activities under Output 1.3:
1.3.1 Conduct annual pre- and post-season farmer surveys to evaluate incomes gains from the use of seasonal weather forecasts.
Outcome 2: Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change.
Rationale
Baseline Situation 65. Today in AER I and II, maize cultivation still covers the majority of cropped land, averaging 84% in Southern Province and 72% of total cropped area for Central and Eastern Provinces, yet climate change is predicted to result in the contraction of suitable maize-growing areas in AER I and II by more than 80%87.
66. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), FNDP and the NAP have highlighted numerous non-climatic factors that have undermined the agricultural sector’s ability to contribute to national development and increased food security. As such, the GRZ, in its FNDP, has formulated a plan to tackle these problems so as to make the agricultural sector an engine for economic growth.
67. The ‘baseline’ activities (i.e. activities that would be implemented in the absence of climate change) outlined in the FNDP are aimed at increasing agricultural productivity between 2006 and 2010. These activities include: i) crop research into drought-resilient crop varieties; ii) improved seed distribution services; iii) improved and extended irrigation; iv) increased agricultural extension advice; v) increasing the availability of micro-finance to rural farmers; and vi) improving market and trade conditions88. In the fisheries sector, the Zambian fisheries department has a number of initiatives underway including a strict fisheries licensing system89 and the promotion of aquaculture and aquaculture research90. To provide an alternative livelihood in drought years, the department plans to promote the stocking of fish in farm dams.
68. The challenge remains to scale up those interventions that have high adaptive value and to implement new types of interventions that would help communities become resilient to climate change. Many of the interventions being tested currently, such as planting early maturing crops and crop diversification are potentially sustainable under climate change conditions, but better information on sustainability and cost effectiveness is needed to help decision-makers allocate resources to scaling these up. A more informed and integrated policy approach to adaptation is required to support and promote the sustainability of current coping strategies.
69. The GRZ plans to increase funding in the agriculture sector from 1.6% of GDP to at least 2.3% of GDP by 2010, in light of the FNDP statement that agriculture is to be the key driver of economic development in Zambia. The GRZ, with support from the donor community, has allocated a total of US$93 950 200 for the irrigation support development project; US$89 607 200 for agricultural infrastructure and land development; US$107 120 600 for agricultural services and technical development;
87 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 88 Zambia’s Initial National Communication (2002). 89 To improve the ability to monitor fisheries exploitation and maintain the sustainability of fish resources. 90 Zambia’s Initial National Communication (2002). 28 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia and US$100 515 200 for the fertilizer support programme, for the period 2006 to 2010 (see below). These programmes are specifically designed to improve food security through increased productivity but do not consider how climate change risks could damage investments or where investments could yield greater benefits by promoting those projects that help the economy to adapt to climate change.
70. Current projects underway in the pilot sites are detailed in Table 5.
71. The following is a list of relevant baseline activities outlined in the FNDP that have been implemented in the agriculture and water sectors in Zambia that, although not focused on adaptation per se, have assisted Zambians in coping with changing climatic conditions.
. The Irrigation Development and Support Project This project is managed by MACO and funded by concessionary credit from the International Development Agency (IDA). Its focus is on increasing the income of small-scale farmers by developing reliable irrigation schemes. In this way, the project aims to promote a well-regulated and profitable irrigation sub-sector, attractive to both private and public sectors. Another facet to the project is the establishment of an irrigation development fund allowing farmers access to loans to purchase irrigation technology. . Agricultural Infrastructure and Land Development Managed by MACO, this project aims to improve agricultural infrastructure and the land available for agricultural production in a sustainable manner in order to improve food security. By achieving this, the project aims to create employment opportunities, augment food production and enhance the standard of living within rural areas. Activities undertaken by the project include the development of farm blocks. Development will involve the supply of electricity, improvement of surrounding infrastructure, provision of irrigation materials (dams and boreholes) and social amenities surrounding the farm block. The main objectives of the programme include: i) commercializing agricultural land; ii) exploiting land to its full potential in order to attain economic diversification and growth; iii) enhancing food security through production of adequate food; iv) utilizing undeveloped rural areas; v) reducing poverty; and vi) minimizing migration from rural to urban areas. The project will cost the GRZ approximately US$28 million. . Livestock Development Programme This programme falls under MACO and aims to improve the livestock sector and thereby enhance food security and increase the income of farmers. A central feature of this programme will be the development of an EWS to reduce the negative impacts of disease outbreaks. . Agricultural Services and Technology Development This programme is also managed by MACO. It aims to improve agricultural production by developing technology and transfer services. Activities include crop diversification schemes and the promotion of sustainable agricultural technologies. . Fertilizer Support Programme Operating since 2002, under the guidance of MACO, this programme aims to augment household food security and incomes. To achieve this, the programme provides small-scale farmers with seed (early-maturing seed for drier areas such as Agro-ecological Zones I and II) and fertilizer, 50% of which is subsidized. The programme currently supports 120 000 small-scale farmers. . Conservation Agriculture Project Managed by MACO, this programme seeks to conserve soils, water and nutrients under variable rainfall conditions. The programme’s objectives are inter alia to promote early preparation of land, reduce the cost of land preparation and improve crop growing conditions through soil, nutrient and water conservation methods.
72. In addition, other programmes implemented by various cooperating partners are currently underway in Zambia. These include:
29 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
. IUCN climate change and development project This project commenced in 2007 and will finish in 2009. It is funded by the Government of Finland and has a budget of US$2 700 000. The pilot phase of the project was implemented in Zambia between January and September 2007. The full-size project will expand project activities within Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique. The key objective of the project is to mainstream climate change adaptation into natural resources management and poverty reduction related development interventions. The project supports the collection of site-specific data for climate change in order to develop tools to enable stakeholders to assess vulnerability. . Conservation Farming In a bid to reverse declining productivity among smallholder farmers, a growing coalition of stakeholders from the private sector, government and donor communities has been promoting in-situ water harvesting techniques such as conservation farming (CF) since 199691. CF systems involve dry season land preparation, retention of crop residues and planting in fixed stations, thereby enabling farmers to plant with the first rains so that seeds benefit from the nitrogen flush and to buffer the effects of shortened rainy seasons. By breaking pre-existing plough-pan barriers, the CF rip lines and basins improve water infiltration, water retention and plant root development. Research has shown that despite the fact that CF is labour intensive, CF farmers produced 1.5 tons more maize per hectare compared to those using conventional tillage implying that the technology has the potential to improve food security 92 . This is a six year project which has been running since 2005 and is implemented by FAO, MACO and the Conservation Farming Unit (CFU). The aim of the project is to support sustainable farming practices within the southern, eastern, central and western provinces of Zambia. In so doing, the project aims to achieve an increase in agricultural production and build the capacity of farmers. The project budget is estimated at US$29 000 000. . ZNFU/CFU Agro Dealer Programme This programme supports improved availability and timely delivery of agricultural equipment and inputs for conservation farmers. The programme is funded by the Norwegian government (with a budget of US$405 000) and commenced in 2008 for a period of two years. The programme area involves the eastern, western, central and southern provinces of Zambia. . COMESA Climate Change Project This project is also funded by the Norwegian Government and has an estimated budget of US$2 200 000. The project aims to enhance adaptive capacity and knowledge concerning climate change. Furthermore, it sets out to promote the engagement of civil society in climate change matters and concerns. Its main objective, however, is to develop an African political platform on climate change to support policy dialogue. . Second National Communication to the UNFCCC The objective of this four year project (implemented in 2007) is to prepare the Zambian Second National Communication to the UNFCCC. This is undertaken by a number of implementers including the Environmental Council of Zambia and the Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR). Included in the document will be a complete Green House Gas inventory, progress reports on vulnerability assessments and adaptation interventions and information concerning the dissemination of climate change information at a national level. . Ground Water Resources for Southern Province This on-going project funded by the German Government seeks to establish a complete groundwater database, including hydro-geological maps. The objective is to develop a comprehensive management programme for ground water resources, which are likely to be negatively impacted by climate change. Project areas include the Southern Province, the Kafue Basin and Lusaka. . Gender Support Programme
91 Haggblade, S. and Tembo, G. 2003. Conference Paper No. II: Conservation Farming in Zambia. Paper presented at the InWEnt, IFPRI, NEPAD, CTA conference “Successes in African Agriculture”. 92 Haggblade, S. and Tembo, G. 2003. Conference Paper No. II: Conservation Farming in Zambia. Paper presented at the InWEnt, IFPRI, NEPAD, CTA conference “Successes in African Agriculture”. 30 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Managed by the Gender in Development Division, this programme seeks to strengthen the capacity of line ministries for gender analysis, accountability and mainstreaming. Through this programme, it is envisaged that the skills of the staff in MACO, particularly at the district level will be enhanced for undertaking affirmative action for the purpose of women’ empowerment in the implementation of the project activities.
73. Current fertilizer distribution schemes and irrigation schemes in place within Zambia are detailed in Annex J.
74. Although the abovementioned baseline interventions will enhance adaptive capacity by improving livelihoods and reducing food insecurity, concerns remain regarding their long-term effectiveness and sustainability as the frequency and intensity of climatic hazards increase. As such there is a clear need to: i) develop strategies for adaptation supported by a coordinated mix of policy and financial instruments and based on evidence of best practice; ii) develop political will for policy change to upscale cost- effective adaptation measures and to adjust national spending plans where appropriate. Understanding current as well as projected levels of climate risk in affected regions in Zambia is essential to these objectives.
Adaptation Alternative
75. An indicative 31 interventions will be implemented under Outcome 2, which will be spread across eight pilot sites. It is estimated that these interventions would benefit a total of 7629 people within the eight pilot sites. The number of beneficiaries per output is included in Annex G, Table 1. This table also shows the interventions individually to be small scale - all will be community-based and managed. The tables in Annex G also illustrate the areal extent and spread of activities across the eight pilot sites.
76. The project will implement high priority interventions within the pilot sites, the effective implementation of which will contribute towards boosting agricultural productivity under changing climatic conditions and improving the income streams of vulnerable farmers. For example, crop diversification is an important response to the impacts of climate changes on maize (80% loss of suitable croplands, see paragraph 14). Fish farming and rice growing are both important potential adaptation options, as they could become more viable with climate change (i.e. using harnessed floodwater). Other interventions (such as soil and water conservation and soil improvement techniques) will rehabilitate degraded lands, allowing the expansion of agricultural activity, and alternative livelihoods will be investigated, tried and tested. To effectively mitigate the effects of drought in the pilot sites, water storage and irrigation facilities will be developed (and rehabilitated where necessary). This will also serve to improve agricultural productivity under changing climatic conditions by providing water to humans, livestock and crops.
77. These interventions will be tested at the pilot sites to identify the interventions that can be upscaled catalytically to other areas of AER I and II, based on their demonstrated cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, the interventions will aim to build local capacity to ensure that the adaptation measures are sustainable beyond the project lifespan.
78. The approach taken to identify the interventions that can be catalytically upscaled to other areas of AER I and II is as follows: . Undertaking “economic experiments” i.e. implementing the priority adaptation interventions identified by pilot sites in a scientifically controlled manner. . Assessing the profitability of interventions (cost-benefit analyses) and using this information to revise policy and catalyse entrepreneurship. This will be done after the first year of operations (likely to be in Year 2 of the project). . Determining which interventions are most successful in terms of profitability and feasibility.
31 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
. Determining which interventions will be spontaneously adopted by entrepreneurs within the communities given the right economic and regulatory environment (policies will be amended to facilitate this). Barriers to this and to the upscaling of interventions will be determined and documented. This information will be used to catalyse policy revision. In addition, during the analyses, incentives for interventions will be identified and provided should the intervention fail. . Training management committees in order to equip them with the ability to train neighbouring communities in the adoption of profitable interventions. Training management committees consisting of community members to oversee implementation of successful interventions will ensure ownership and longevity of the interventions at the local level. Training will not only involve the actual intervention but will also include financial, administrative and business management training in order to facilitate entrepreneurship involving interventions. A strong focus of the project will be to sufficiently capacitate members of the management committees in order to promote that the committees become permanent features within each pilot sites. Each pilot site will establish one management committee and sub-committees where necessary for managing specific interventions. For example, Kataba requires two management committees, one for fish farming and one for rice farming. Therefore, the project will establish one management committee with two sub-committees for these two interventions.
79. Additionally, in order to ensure that the pilot interventions are successful and sustainable after the project lifetime, the following activities will be undertaken at all the pilot sites for all of the interventions under Outcome 2:
. Market access will be improved for the products produced from the pilot sites as well as to improve farmers’ access to input markets. A consultant will be hired to review the existing agricultural marketing arrangements at the pilot sites to identify gaps. In addition, he/she will review existing interventions more broadly to extract lessons and promote partnership linkages. Based on these gaps, an improved marketing system will be developed, which will assist in boosting the income streams and introduce farmers to sources of high yielding inputs (such as fertilizers). This will shift the focus of existing agricultural production from subsistence activities and maximise benefits from the pilot interventions and promote their sustainability. . Access to weather forecasts will be improved to allow farmers and input suppliers to make informed pre-production decisions (i.e. to ensure that the appropriate seed will be planted depending on anticipated seasonal weather). This will minimise losses and protect investments. . Continuous monitoring of the i) progress; ii) productivity; iii) feasibility and profitability (using cost-benefit analyses); and iv) acceptability by the farmers of each intervention. . Capacity will be built (through training) within the management committees to ensure continuous monitoring and improved management above and beyond assistance received from extension officers. . Lessons will be continually captured during the process by knowledge management experts. These will be documented in the form of technical reports as well as in a feasibility analysis, which will be used for lobbying for policy change and catalysing upscaling. . Public awareness on the benefits of adaptation will be increased though continuous capturing of lessons and their dissemination to the general public by the NAIS. This will be achieved using newsletters, television programmes, radio programmes, and brochures and newspaper articles. This increased awareness will assist all stakeholders when lobbying for policy changes.
80. The evidence generated under Outcome 2 will be used in work undertaken in Outcomes 3 and 4 on policy development and the strengthening of national awareness of the need for adaptation.
81. Annex G set out the financial feasibility of the outputs proposed under Outcome 2. The interventions will be implemented through the already existing MACO extension structures, which are well represented from the national to the village (site) level. The extension system has representation at
32 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia the district level in the development decision bodies (DDCC). At each of the pilot sites there are block extension officers and camp extension officers who live within the communities. Furthermore, experts in different interventions (e.g. agronomists and fisheries experts) will be visiting the pilot sites and selecting and overseeing feasible interventions. Overall, there is sufficient staff within the districts represented by the eight pilot sites in order to ensure that the interventions are correctly implemented and monitored.
82. Co-financing amounts for Outcome 2: FAO (CASPP): US$5 000 000 GRZ (MACO): US$ 809 000
LDCF Project Grant Requested: US$2 641 038.
Outputs and activities
Output 2.1. Techniques for soil and water conservation as well as soil improvement tested for their ability to improve the productivity of small-scale agriculture.
83. This output is a subcomponent of the PIF outputs 2.1. and 2.2. pertaining to technologies on water storage and land management techniques for maintaining yields and income levels in rural areas despite climate change effects.
84. In several districts, restoring land degraded by water erosion and poor farming practises has been identified as a priority. For example, in districts characterized by hills with steep gradients, heavy rainfall on slightly vegetated or bare soils causes extensive soil erosion and gully formation. Gully erosion, in particular, enhances the water stress caused by irregular rainfall by channelling rain water away from fields as surface runoff, preventing infiltration. Furthermore, poor farming practises have mined the soils of nutrients in many regions, leaving a legacy of nutrient-poor, acidic and largely unproductive lands.
85. To restore degraded farmland for crop production, soil and water conservation methods will be introduced, which are mostly included in the practice of CF. Restoration of soil nutrient levels will be achieved by several soil improvement methods including inter-cropping with leguminous crops, agroforestry techniques involving leguminous trees/shrubs, mulching, and the judicious application of fertilisers. Water harvesting methods such as potholing93, tied ridging94 and bunds will be implemented to relieve water stress. Baseline interventions involving CF are mainly taking place in AER II where return on investment is greatest95. Due to climate change, there is a need to scale up these interventions to other regions, especially the relatively dry AER I. The project will facilitate this expansion and experiment with interventions in this latter region. In this way the project is different from the baseline and is responding specifically to climate change risks.
86. Pilot sites which will participate in Output 2.1 are Lusitu, Chikowa, Mundalanga-N’ganjo, Sioma, Kataba and Zalapango. In total, soil and water conservation and soil improvement techniques will be implemented across 245.25 ha (see Annex G for details on costs and coverage).
Indicative activities under Output 2.1:
93 Potholing involves digging holes between the planting rows in order to trap excess water to potentially reduce runoff. 94 Tied-ridging is a form of micro-basin tillage which involves forming ridges in order to trap water. A ridge is a long, narrow elevation of land aimed to create a micro-catchment for retention of water during heavy rainfall events. This results in more water available for crop production due to reduced runoff. 95 The CASPP Project, for example, is underway in both AER I and II, but of the 12 districts in which it is underway, nine are entirely in AER II and the other three fall within both AER I and II (two of which are predominately within AER II). 33 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
2.1.1. Train agricultural extension staff and community development staff from the pilot sites on soil and water conservation and soil improvement techniques, and task them with extending the training received to surrounding communities’ extension and development staff (to be undertaken by the PS, PTC and consultants). 2.1.2. Form farmer/user groups 96 and train them on soil and water conservation and soil improvement techniques97 designed to protect agricultural yields against climate change (such as potholing; tied ridging; mulching98; contour ridges; planting of Sesbania sesban99 and Winter Thorn; grass fencing; terracing; bunds; planting of indigenous plants; and conservation farming techniques) via training workshops given by the government extension staff. The project will ensure that at least 50% of the farmers who attend and participate in the training workshops will be women. 2.1.3. Provide farmers with an input pack, which will comprise 5kg early maturing maize (or cassava/ sweet potato equivalent), 50kg fertilizer, 10kg of legume, a bag of Faidherbia, herbicides and a chaka hoe, after successfully completing the workshops. This input pack will be supplied once and will serve as a “starter pack” to assist farmers. In the year following the training workshops and the provision of the input pack, farmers will be linked to local suppliers. 2.1.4. Identify and assess which techniques are applicable at each site. This will entail undertaking an economic analysis and performing cost-benefit analyses to ascertain which techniques are most suitable for each site. 2.1.5. Establish and train management committees of at least 10 members at each pilot site to oversee and encourage sustainable soil and water conservation techniques. Five of the management committee members will be women. (To be undertaken by the PS and the extension officers).
Output 2.2. Crop diversification practices tested for their ability to improve resilience of farmers to drought.
87. This output is a subcomponent of the PIF output 2.2. Pertaining to land management techniques for maintaining yields and income levels in rural areas despite climate change effects.
88. For the last two and half decades following independence, Zambian agricultural policy has focused on the promotion of maize farming. Large-scale marketing support coupled with extensive fertilizer and input subsidies encouraged farmers to devote large areas to maize. Consequently, other crops such as cassava, sorghum, millet (especially in AER I and II), and others that may be better adapted to changing climate conditions, were neglected. Increasing water scarcity, shortening of the growing season and increased temperatures will alter crop yields as their ideal climatic zones (in which their optimum growing conditions are found) shift. In order to maintain agricultural productivity, alternative crops which are more suited to changing conditions will be identified (e.g. drought-tolerant, early maturing or tolerant of water-logging), and cropping practices will be diversified (e.g. planting several different crop types and
96 These groups will comprise the farmers within the pilot sites who will be involved in and benefit from the project intervention. The management committees formed will be a subset of these groups. 97 Both Mundalanga-N’ganjo and Chikowa have identified contour ridges, bunds, vetiver grass and drought-resilient crops as priority measures to restore degraded lands within those sites. Lusitu has identified soil improvement as a priority, and Zalapango has prioritized water harvesting. 98 Mulching may also be used to trap water in the field. It involves the spreading of leaves, straw, peat moss or remains of crop residues on the ground around the crops to prevent water evaporation from the soil. Moreover, it lowers the speed of runoff across fields. As a result, it helps to maintain the soil stability and fertility by reducing erosion and trapping nutrients that would be washed away with runoff. 99 Sesbania sesban is a leguminous nitrogen-fixing shrub/tree which can be used in inter-cropping, improving soil nutrients and stability, and providing high-nitrogen forage. 34 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia planting different varieties of the same crop), to insure against widespread crop failure. These measures are of critical importance for improving the adaptive capacity and resilience of communities to climate change.
89. The crop diversification activities will be undertaken at all eight pilot sites. In total 315 ha will be dedicated to crop diversification (see Annex G for details on costs and coverage).
Indicative activities under Output 2.2:
2.2.1. Train farmers at all the pilot sites on the importance of crop diversification as well as crop diversification techniques as an adaptive measure to climate change (e.g. planting drought tolerant crops, early maturing crops as well as adopting multiple cropping techniques to spread risks). 2.2.2. Supply farmers with an input pack after successfully completing the training on crop diversification. Each input pack will comprise 5kg early maturing maize (or cassava/sweet potato/sorghum equivalent), 50kg fertilizer, 10kg of legume, a bag of Faidherbia, herbicides and a chaka hoe. Each farmer will only receive one input pack. During the following years, farmers should be able to produce their own seed (training will help is this regard) as well as source other inputs from local suppliers. 2.2.3. Conduct farm trials to demonstrate drought resilient and/ or alternative crops as climate change adaptive techniques. ZARI will select farmers in the pilot sites on whose farms researchers will conduct the farm trials. 2.2.4. Facilitate the production of drought-resilient and improved seeds within the communities in order to boost accessibility to seed. This will be achieved by training the local cooperatives and farmers on seed production methods so that they can produce seed for sale to the community. This will be undertaken by the staff from Seed Certification and Control Institute, SCCI, and ZARI, who will also be responsible for preservation of genetic resources. 2.2.5. Assess the suitability of techniques in the pilot sites. This will entail undertaking an economic analysis and performing cost-benefit analyses to ascertain whether crop diversification or the use of drought-resilient crops are suitable at each site. In addition, this will identify suitable crop species. 2.2.6. Form farmer/user groups on crop diversification and establish and train management committees of at least 10 members at each site to facilitate and oversee the adoption of drought-resistant and alternative crops by the wider community. Five of the committee members will be women. In addition to production methods, training of the committees will include financial, administrative and general business management.
Output 2.3. Alternative livelihoods tested for their ability to diversify incomes away from maize production.
90. The above output is a subcomponent of the PIF outputs 2.2. Pertaining to land management techniques for maintaining yields and income levels in rural areas despite climate change effects.
91. Coping mechanisms when food shortages are experienced (because of floods or droughts), include engaging in alternative livelihoods that directly provide communities with food or with income to purchase food. Increasingly unpredictable climate conditions as a result of climate change require the development of alternative livelihoods that communities can rely on in case of crop failure or simply to augment low yields. Alternative livelihoods are likely to become an important source of cash for families to meet basic requirements such as food and health. However, barriers exist to the upscaling of activities (such as insufficient market linkages). The project will test the feasibility of certain alternative livelihoods to act as financially sustainable income streams that are resilient to changing climatic conditions.
35 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Furthermore, the project will focus on capacitating community members to manage and market the alternative livelihoods in order to ensure their sustainability beyond the project lifetime and market linkages will be developed in order to improve income streams. In this way, the project will make these alternative livelihoods profitable, which will potentially offset losses experienced by farmers as a result of changing climatic conditions.
Output 2.3a. Bee keeping tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production
92. Traditional honey collection is unsustainable as a coping mechanism, as it involves chopping down trees, on an ad hoc basis, where honey combs are sighted. In improved practices, hives are manufactured from planks and set near homesteads or in the forest. The honey collected by these techniques is usually sold locally. These improved bee keeping activities will be upscaled and further refined, with the establishment of management committees and standard bee keeping procedures (based on best practises and lessons-learned).
93. This demonstration project will be carried out in Kasaya, Chikowa and Mundalanga-N’ganjo.
Indicative activities under Output 2.3a:
2.3.1. Establish and train a “bee keeping group” at each of the three pilot sites that identified bee keeping as a priority intervention. The group will comprise at least ten farmers. Five of the farmers will be female. The groups will be trained in bee keeping, honey processing, forest management and basic business skills. 2.3.2. Assess the suitability of beekeeping in the sites as well as establish the most suitable beekeeping techniques. This will entail undertaking an economic analysis and performing cost-benefit analyses to ascertain whether bee keeping is an economically viable option and which techniques are most suitable for each site. 2.3.3. Assist farmers in identifying and engaging a local carpenter to manufacture at least 4 beehives per farmer. 2.3.4. Provide technical assistance to the groups on setting up of beehives and construct firebreaks where necessary to protect the beehives.
Output 2.3b. Fish farming tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production
94. Fish farming can provide supplementary food and income where crop loss due to adverse climatic conditions (flooding and drought) has negatively affected food security and financial resources, and current coping strategies are not effective in ensuring sustainability of community livelihoods. Fish farming was initiated in Kataba once before with numerous problems, the key ones being (see Annex K for more details): . poor cost recovery; . poor technical design and construction so that floods were poorly managed; . limited technical backstopping.
95. Capacity will be built in community members to handle all aspects of fish farming from pond construction to harvesting. Management committees, set up by the community and trained during the course of the project, will oversee the running and monitoring of the project. Technical backstopping will be provided by Fisheries Officers to ensure that management and fish harvesting is done in accordance with set standards.
96. Kataba will be the only pilot site carrying this demonstration project.
Indicative activities under Output 2.3b:
36 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
2.3.5. Establish and train a “fish farming group” at the Kataba pilot site. The group will comprise at least 20 farmers. Ten of the farmers in the group will be female. The training will cover: i) feed formulation; ii) pond stocking, construction and management; iii) AquaSilviculture; and iv) integration of fish with livestock and v) fingerling production. Training will be undertaken by the PS, MACO and DOF. 2.3.6. Assess the suitability of techniques as well as production methods, and certain fish breeds. This will entail undertaking an economic analysis and performing cost-benefit analyses to ascertain whether fish farming is an economically viable option and which methods and breeds are most suitable at Kataba. In addition, suitable sites for fish ponds will be selected. 2.3.7. An appropriate management plan, including cost recovery, agreed by all stakeholders will be put into place. 2.3.8. Rehabilitate existing drainage canals in the selected sites using local labour (The project will only supply manual excavation equipment, such as shovels). 2.3.9. Construct breeding and growing fish ponds, this will entail: i) digging and building of embankments; ii) curing of ponds; iii) filling them with water; and iv) construct water inlet and outlet channels.
Output 2.3c. Rice farming tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production.
97. At present, the demand for rice in Zambia exceeds supply and deficits are met by imports. The national demand for rice is estimated at 54 107 MT annually. For example, the 2008/09 crop estimates indicate that although there was a 39% increase in rice production compared with the previous season, Zambia will still have to import approximately 22% (12 000 MT) of the commodity to meet the national demand. The flood-prone areas in Eastern (where Mundalanga is located) and Western (where Kataba and Sioma are located) Provinces have comparative advantage and approximately 24% and 37%100 of the households, respectively, are engaged in rice production. However, despite this comparative advantage, production has not been upscaled as a result of the following constraints: . The tendency of local people (particularly in Western Province) to focus on maize growing even in areas where maize no longer performs well, remains a constraint to the upscaling of rice production101. This is likely due to insufficient knowledge on rice farming. . Inputs, particularly improved seeds, for non-maize crops such as rice are not usually supplied as part of the government input programmes. . A lack of specialized equipment for processing rice exists in Zambia. This results in the poor quality of the product and, consequently, lower prices, which discourages production.
98. Flood waters (the incidence of which is likely to be exacerbated by climate change) can be harnessed in order to form paddy fields for rice farming. Rice farming is therefore one option for recouping losses of maize during floods, and is a potential opportunity presented by climate change. During times of minimal rainfall and drought, rice paddies can be irrigated using the rehabilitated and newly formed irrigation and water storage facilities at the pilot sites (see below). The project will therefore test the feasibility of rice farming under changing climatic conditions and determine the barriers to the upscaling of the activity. In addition, the project will identify and provide incentives to farmers to facilitate the adoption of rice farming activities. For example, if the crop fails, farmers should be provided with compensation for the economic cost of the failure. Local capacity will be developed to manage all aspects of rice farming, from land preparation to harvesting and marketing. Rice farming groups and management committees will be established to ensure sustainability and ownership of the project and pilots sites will be equipped with specialised equipment for rice processing (dehullers). All farmers in the groups will actively participate in establishing rice training fields, where all community members will
100 Central Statistical Office 2003, Agriculture Analytical Report, Zambia 2000 Census of Population and Housing. 101 A report in the Times of Zambia newspaper (http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=10&id=1035879825) 37 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia learn how to grow rice. This demonstration project will be undertaken in Sioma (areal extent: 100 ha) and Kataba (areal extent: 200 ha).
Indicative activities under Output 2.3c:
2.3.10. Establish and train a “rice farming groups” at each of the two pilot sites that identified rice farming as a priority intervention. The group will comprise at least 40 farmers. Twenty of the farmers in the group will be female farmers. The training will cover land preparation, sowing, transplanting, tendering and harvesting. 2.3.11. Distribute rice seeds and fertilizer as starter packs. Thereafter, farmers will be linked to local input suppliers where they will obtain inputs. 2.3.12. Assess the suitability of rice growing, varieties of rice to be grown as well as techniques for growing the rice. This will entail undertaking an economic analysis and performing cost- benefit analyses to ascertain whether rice farming is an economically viable option and which varieties and methods are most suitable for each site. In addition, incentives will be identified and provided. 2.3.13. Facilitate the farmers’ harvesting of the rice, and the marketing of the product (this will include purchasing rice milling equipment).
Output 2.3d Integrated fish and rice farming activities tested for its ability to diversify incomes away from maize production
99. With increased flooding predicted as a result of climate change, an opportunity is presented to increase or introduce the practice of fish or rice farming. Intensification of production to produce greater yields per hectare may be possible by combining fish and rice farming. The project will capitalise on this opportunity by conducting trials to test the feasibility of such intensification. Rice fields will be stocked with locally grown fingerlings. Initially five farmers will volunteer for trials in the first year. Each farmer will allow one basin for fish farming trials. Of the five, at least two will be female farmers. If successful, the number of basins and participating farmers will be upscaled in the following years.
100. The site will be at Mundalanga-N’ganjo (areal extent will be 30 ha). Technical backstopping will be provided by the District Fisheries extension officer.
Indicative activities under Output 2.3d:
2.3.14. Establish and train an “integrated fish and rice farming group” at the Mundalanga-N’ganjo pilot site. The group will comprise at least 20 farmers. Ten of these farmers will be female. The training will cover basin preparation for integrated rice and fish farming, stocking, feeding and harvesting. 2.3.15. Assess the suitability of integrated fish and rice farming and identify appropriate sites and varieties/species. This will entail undertaking an economic analysis and performing cost- benefit analyses to ascertain whether integrated fish and rice farming is an economically viable option and which varieties and methods are most suitable at Mundalanga-N’ganjo. 2.3.16. Supply the fingerlings and distribute rice seeds, fingerlings and fertilizer. Trial sites will be formed on farms within Mundalanga-N’ganjo.
Output 2.3e. Additional Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) promoted and tested for their ability to diversify incomes away from maize production
38 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
101. Despite 39% of Zambia still being forested102, reports show that Zambia has one of the largest annual area deforestation rates at 850 000 ha (8500 km2) in the world103, mainly because of timber extraction and clearing for agricultural production. Indeed, during the consultations undertaken to determine priority interventions to be implemented by the project, the Kasaya community proposed degazetting the forest to allow the locals exploit it for timber as one of the means of improving incomes in the area. To a small degree, in order to diversify household income and increase community resilience to climate-related shocks, rural communities harvest high value non-timber forest products (NTFPs). NTFPs frequently used include: i) harvesting seasonal mushrooms; ii) collecting Mopane worms; iii) harvesting Mungongo nut for its oil; iv) carrying out traditional bee keeping; v) collecting baobab fruit and Mubuyu fruit to sell in Lusaka and other urban markets; and vi) harvesting thatch and palm fronds for basket and mat making. There is also potential for developing local crafts and tourism. However, constraints exist that prevent the upscaling of NTFP production include: . Lack of knowledge concerning the benefits and uses of NTFPs. . Lack of business development services in the area, especially regarding NTFPs. . Lack of personnel with appropriate expertise on exploitation of NTFPs in the district. . Lack of financial services for procuring equipment such as oil presses for extracting oil from forest nuts, such as Mungongo nuts. . Lack of knowledge on value addition for some of the products. . Lack of market access for the products.
102. The project will focus on mushroom and mopane worm harvesting. (Scaling up of bee keeping is tackled in Output 2.3a). Capacity building activities will encompass production and quality control, value addition and market access and linkages. The project will facilitate linkages to marketing mediums such as Community Markets for Conservation (COMACO), which links NTFPs to local markets and abroad. OXFAM is involved in similar activities. Details will be fine-tuned and inserted after the Inception Workshop. The potential for generating additional benefits for communities through carbon trading or eligibility for benefits from the United Nations Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (UN-REDD) programmes will also be determined.
103. Community participation in the project will be through producer groups and will be demand driven. Group level management and performance monitoring will be done by community members while technical backstopping will be by the District Agricultural Extension Staff (camp extension and block extension officers).
104. Kasaya is the only pilot site that will be implementing this Output.
Indicative activities under Output 2.3e:
2.3.17. Identify suitable and viable NTFPs and assess the feasibility of the identified NTFPs as sources of income and alternative livelihoods. Develop NTFP production system/value addition and market linkages. 2.3.18. Undertake feasibility assessments of the techniques and identify suitable methods of extraction. 2.3.19. Establish and train producer groups within Kasaya once relevant NTFPs have been identified. Training will include information concerning the NTFPs (including harvesting, collection and storage) and how to market each product.
Output 2.4. Community-based water storage and irrigation systems improved or developed to test their ability to raise agricultural productivity.
102 CIA World Fact Book 2009 (https://www.cia.gov). 103 http://www.africanconservation.org/content/view/1271/405/ 39 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
105. The above output is a subcomponent of the PIF output 2.1. Pertaining to technologies on water storage.
106. Zambia holds approximately 40% of the water in the SADC region, in groundwater reserves as well as five major river systems (the Zambezi, Luangwa and Kafue Rivers in the Zambezi River basin, and the Chambeshi and Luapula Rivers in the Congo River basin), several wetlands and numerous dambos104. Yet, despite having access to such water resources, less than 5% of arable land is currently irrigated105. As a result of the reliance of the agriculture sector on rain-fed agriculture, increasing climate variability is causing a greater frequency of crop failure and concomitant food insecurity.
107. Furthermore, climate change projections outlined in the NAPA point to a continued increase in temperature and a change in rainfall patterns, leading to more frequent prolonged droughts and a shortening of the rainy season106. Assessments of the economic costs of climate change on agriculture in Zambia indicate that AER I and II will exhibit strong water deficits at critical periods of the cropping calendars, resulting in severe yield decreases for crops such as maize 107 . Increasing and improving existing rain water storage capacity and irrigation systems to insure against crop failure are therefore a priority.
108. In Zambia, past experience of smallholder irrigation schemes show that implementation problems arising from poor planning, lack of ownership and other socially related problems108 (such as inequitable access of the resource, use of improper water extraction methods and allowing cattle to graze too close to the dams which loosens the soil leading to siltation of the dams) exist. Where irrigation systems are in place they are often in disrepair, and water storage facilities are compromised (e.g. earth dams are breached or leaking because of low levels of maintenance), predominantly as a result of poor management arrangements (including cost recovery). Furthermore, the NIP identifies that lack of participatory rehabilitation of shared irrigation schemes as one of the reasons for farmer’s failure to operate and maintain these schemes. In addition, the lifespan of water small dams is estimated at about 10 years. Some dams have therefore exceeded this estimated lifespan and require rehabilitation. However, this has not yet been undertaken as a result of resource constraints (financial and technical). The project will address these issues by ensuring farmer participation (to establish community ownership) in all activities by forming and training management committees and farmer user groups. Training will be centred on water management, irrigation techniques (such as scheduling), appropriate water extraction methods, irrigated crop production, fish farming, livestock production as well as usage of communal water resources. Additionally, management arrangements (including cost recovery) will be developed for each intervention in participation with the farmer/user groups. In this way, farmers will be participating actively in decision making on how the interventions are developed. Furthermore, where possible, local community members will supply manual labour to the project in order to build the water storage facilities, for example. The World Food Programme has offered to supply food to locals in exchange for manual labour109. This will also create community ownership of project interventions.
109. Many of the pilot sites have some form of irrigation and water storage facilities, which will be improved and expanded upon by the project110. Extensions and improvements undertaken by the project
104 Dambos are natural wetland areas, usually in valley bottoms, and are used by many farmers for crop cultivation. 105 UNDP Initiation Plan: Adaptation to the Effect of Drought and Climate Change in Agro-ecological Zone I and 2 in Zambia. 106 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 107 World Bank with support from FAO, IWMI, Yale University and University of Pretoria. 108 Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, 2004. Irrigation Policy and Strategy: Strategy for the Development of Zambia’s Irrigation Sector 109 This linkage has not yet been fully approved; the details will be finalized during the Inception Workshop. 110 For example, the Kasaya community is already utilizing an abandoned road construction pit for water catchment and storage. 40 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia will include: i) building a series of weirs, gabions and dams to capture surface runoff; ii) building reservoirs to store captured water and supply irrigation systems; iii) increasing the capacity of and improving existing irrigation systems and iv) connecting irrigation canals to fields. Community members in many villages have offered to partially finance these plans (established during consultations with community members at the pilot sites).
110. Capacity building of the communities will include training in dam, reservoir, weir and irrigation management. Management and performance monitoring will be done by community members while technical backstopping will be by Technical Services Branch of the District Agriculture and Cooperatives. The participation of community members in all activities and the training provided will establish ownership and ensure that interventions will not fall into disrepair as has previously occurred.
Indicative activities under Output 2.4a:
Output 2.4a. Community-based multipurpose dams in Kasaya, Sioma, Zalapango and Kabeleka constructed and irrigation systems tested for their ability to improve agricultural productivity.
2.4.1. Form farmer/user groups, facilitate the formation of four dam management committees in four pilot sites (which will comprise at least 10 members, of which at least five will be women) and train the communities and the committees within the pilot sites on group formation and management. (To be undertaken by technical staff from the DWA and MACO). 2.4.2. Train the farmer/user groups on water management, irrigation techniques (such as scheduling), appropriate water extraction methods, irrigated crop production, fish farming, livestock production as well as usage of communal water resources. (To be undertaken by the MACO DOA and DWA.) 2.4.3. Assess the suitability of techniques (e.g. undertake all relevant feasibility (environmental, social and cost-benefit assessments to determine the types of dams suitable to the sites). (To be undertaken by the MACO DOA and the DWA.) 2.4.4. Construct multipurpose dams. (This will be undertaken by local contracted companies under the supervision of MACO and DWA. The types of dams will depend on the sites. However, they will be multipurpose and be used for fish farming, livestock watering, irrigation and household water supply.) 2.4.5. Construct canals or other suitable water extraction methods as well as watering points for livestock. This may include supply of manual pumps and pipes for irrigation. (This will be undertaken by the DWA, MACO and PS.) 2.4.6. The project will ensure that an appropriate management and sustainability plans, including cost-recovery, agreed by all stakeholders, is in place.
Output 2.4b: A community-based earth dam in Chikowa constructed and irrigation systems tested for their ability to improve agricultural productivity.
2.4.7. Form a farmer/user group, facilitate the formation of a dam management committee (which will comprise at least ten members, of which at least five will be women) at the Chikowa pilot site, train the communities and the committees at Chikowa on group formation and management. (To be undertaken by technical staff from DWA and MACO.) 2.4.8. Train the farmer/user groups on water management, irrigation techniques (such as scheduling), appropriate water extraction methods, irrigated crop production, fish farming, livestock production as well as usage of communal water resources. (To be undertaken by the MACO DOA and DWA.)
41 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
2.4.9. Assess the suitability of techniques (e.g. undertake feasibility and cost-benefit assessments to determine which type of dam is most suitable to the site111). (To be undertaken by the MACO DOA and DWA.) 2.4.10. Construct an earth dam (or other, if appropriate). (This will be undertaken by local contracted companies under the supervision of MACO and DWA.) 2.4.11. The project will ensure that an appropriate management plan, including cost-recovery, agreed by all stakeholders, is in place. 2.4.12. Construct canals or other suitable water extraction methods as well as watering points for livestock. This may include supply of manual pumps and pipes for irrigation. (This will be undertaken by the DWA, MACO and PS.)
Output 2.4c: A community-based storm water dam in Kasaya constructed and irrigation systems tested for its ability to improve agricultural productivity.
2.4.13. Form farmer/user groups, facilitate the formation of a dam management committee at the Kasaya pilot site (which will comprise at least ten members, of which at least five will be women) and train the communities and the committees at Kasaya on group formation and management. (To be undertaken by technical staff from DWA and MACO.) 2.4.14. Train the farmer/user groups on water management, irrigation techniques (such as scheduling), appropriate water extraction methods, irrigated crop production, fish farming, livestock production as well as usage of communal water resources. (To be undertaken by the MACO DOA and DWA.) 2.4.15. Assess the suitability of techniques (e.g. undertake feasibility and cost-benefit assessments to determine the types of dams suitable to the site). (To be undertaken by MACO DOA and DWA). 2.4.16. Construct storm water dams. (To be undertaken by local contracted companies under the supervision of MACO and DWA. The types of dams will depend on the sites. However, they should be multipurpose and be used for fish farming, livestock watering, irrigation and household water supply.) 2.4.17. The project will ensure that an appropriate management plan, including cost-recovery, agreed by all stakeholders, is in place. 2.4.18. Construct canals or other suitable water extraction methods as well as watering points for livestock. This may include supply of manual pumps and pipes for irrigation. (To be undertaken by MACO DOA and DWA).
Output 2.4d: A community-based reservoir in Lusitu constructed and irrigation systems tested for its ability to improve agricultural productivity.
2.4.19. Form farmer/user groups, facilitate the formation of a reservoir management committee at the Lisutu pilot site (which will comprise at least ten members, of which at least five will be women) and train the communities and the committees at Lusitu on group formation and management. (To be undertaken by technical staff from the DWA and MACO.) 2.4.20. Train the farmer/user groups on water management, irrigation techniques (such as scheduling), appropriate water extraction methods, irrigated crop production, fish farming, livestock production as well as usage of communal water resources. (To be undertaken by the MACO DOA and DWA.) 2.4.21. Assess the suitability of techniques (e.g. undertake feasibility and cost-benefit assessments to determine the types of reservoirs suitable to the sites). (To be undertaken by the MACO DOA and DWA.)
111 Earlier assessments are not thought by stakeholders to have been detailed enough. Undertaking this assessment will ensure that the most suitable type of dam is constructed. 42 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
2.4.22. Construct reservoirs. (To be undertaken by local contracted companies under the supervision of MACO and DWA. The types of reservoirs will depend on the sites. However, they should be multipurpose and be used for livestock watering, irrigation and household water supply.) 2.4.23. The project will ensure that an appropriate management plan, including cost-recovery, agreed by all stakeholders, is in place. 2.4.24. Construct canals or other suitable water extraction methods as well as watering points for livestock. This may include supply of manual pumps and pipes for irrigation (This will be undertaken by the DWA, MACO and PS).
Output 2.4e: A community-based weir in Kasaya constructed and irrigation systems tested for its ability to improve agricultural productivity.
2.4.25. Form farmer/user groups, facilitate the formation of a weir management committee at the Kasaya pilot site (which will comprise at least ten members, of which at least five will be women) and train the communities and the committees within the pilot sites on group formation and management. (To be undertaken by technical staff from the Department of Water Affairs (DWA), and MACO). 2.4.26. Train the farmer/user groups on water management, irrigation techniques (such as scheduling), appropriate water extraction methods, irrigated crop production, fish farming, livestock production as well as usage of communal water resources. (To be undertaken by the MACO DOA and DWA.) 2.4.27. Assess the suitability of techniques (e.g. undertake feasibility and cost-benefit assessments to determine the types of weirs suitable to the sites). (To be undertaken by the MACO DOA and DWA.) 2.4.28. Construct weirs. (To be undertaken by local contracted companies under the supervision of MACO and DWA.) 2.4.29. The project will ensure that an appropriate management plan, including cost-recovery, agreed by all stakeholders, is in place. 2.4.30. Construct canals or other suitable water extraction methods as well as watering points for livestock. This may include supply of manual pumps and pipes for irrigation. (To be undertaken by DWA, MACO and PS.)
Output 2.4f: Irrigation systems in Lusitu rehabilitated and tested for its ability to improve agricultural productivity.
2.4.31. Form farmer/user groups, facilitate the formation of a dam management committee at the Lisutu pilot site (which will comprise at least ten members, of which at least five will be women) and train the communities and the committees at Lusitu on group formation and management. (To be undertaken by technical staff from the DWA and MACO.) 2.4.32. Train the farmer/user groups on water management, irrigation techniques (such as scheduling), appropriate water extraction methods, irrigated crop production, fish farming, livestock production as well as usage of communal water resources. (To be undertaken by the MACO DOA and DWA.) 2.4.33. Assess the suitability of techniques (e.g. undertake feasibility and cost-benefit assessments to determine the types of irrigation systems suitable to the sites). This will be undertaken by the MACO (DOA) and the DWA. 2.4.34. Rehabilitate irrigation systems that require rehabilitation. (To be undertaken by local contracted companies under the supervision of MACO and DWA.) 2.4.35. The project will ensure that an appropriate management plan, including cost-recovery, agreed by all stakeholders, is in place.
43 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
2.4.36. Construct canals or other suitable water extraction methods as well as watering points for livestock. This may include supply of manual pumps and pipes for irrigation (To be undertaken by the DWA, MACO and PS).
111. Outputs and sites for identified interventions are summarised in Table 3. The details of the interventions to be implemented at each pilot site are included in Annex G. Indicators and targets for the outputs are available in Annex G.
Table 3. Project outputs and the corresponding pilot sites in which the outputs will be implemented. Outputs Pilot sites Output 1.1. Institutional capacity to support climate risk All eight pilot sites. management in the agricultural sector at the national, district and village level developed. Output 1.2. Effective EWS(s) developed to enhance All eight pilot sites. preparedness and reduce climate-related risks. Output 2.1. Techniques for soil and water conservation Lusitu, Chikowa, Mundalanga-N’ganjo, Sioma, as well as soil improvement implemented to reduce Zalapango, Kataba. erosion and improve the productivity of small-scale agriculture. Output 2.2. Crop diversification practices promoted to All eight pilot sites improve the resilience of farmers to drought. Output 2.3. Alternative livelihoods introduced. Output 2.3a. Bee keeping implemented and/or Kasaya, Chikowa, Mundalanga-N’ganjo. upscaled. Output 2.3b. Fish farming implemented. Kataba. Output 2.3c. Rice farming implemented. Sioma, Kataba. Output 2.3d Integrated fish and rice farming Mundalanga-N’ganjo. activities implemented. Output 2.3e Additional Non-Timber Forest Products Kasaya. (NTFPs) identified and promoted. Output 2.4. Water storage capacity and irrigation Kasaya, Chikowa, Lusitu, Sioma, Zalapango, Kabeleka. systems improved or developed to ensure adequate water provision to crops and livestock. Output 2.4a. Construct multipurpose dams in Kasaya, Sioma, Zalapango, Kabeleka. Kasaya, Sioma, Zalapango and Kabeleka. Output 2.4b: Construct an earth dam in Chikowa Chikowa Output 2.4c: Construct storm water dams in Kasaya Kasaya Output 2.4d: Construct reservoirs in Lusitu Lusitu Output 2.4e: Construct weirs in Kasaya Kasaya Output 2.4f: Rehabilitation of irrigation systems in Lusitu Lusitu Output 4.1. Knowledge and lessons learned to support All eight pilot sites. implementation of adaptation measures compiled and disseminated.
112. The eight pilot sites (in which priority interventions will be implemented) were identified through an intensive consultative process at the national, provincial, district and community levels (see Annexes C,D and E). At the national level, a team of stakeholders from different sectors identified the Zambian provinces most vulnerable to climate change impacts. Four of the nine Zambian provinces were selected, namely the Southern, Eastern, Western and the Lusaka provinces. Missions to each of the four chosen provinces were undertaken by four teams of consultants to facilitate the selection of districts and pilot sites. Based on the information gathered and the selection criteria (see Annex E), the provincial level selection process, undertaken by the Agriculture and Natural Resources subcommittee of the Provincial Development Coordinating Committee (PDCC), identified candidate districts within each province (see Figure 2). The target districts then nominated their most vulnerable communities. The community level 44 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia selection process was used to assess the vulnerability of target communities as well as to assess the existing community capacity available to implement project activities. Priority interventions (i.e. appropriate adaptation responses) were identified for each pilot site by the application of climate risk assessments. The eight pilot sites that were selected are as follows: . Western Province: Kataba (Senanga District) and Sioma (comprising two closely situated villages, Kabula II and Kandiyana, in the Shangombo District). . Southern Province: Kasaya Catchment (Kazungula District) and Lusitu Catchment (Siavonga District). . Eastern Province: Mundalanga-N’ganjo (comprising two closely situated villages, Mundalanga and N’ganjo, in the Chama District) and Chikowa (Mambwe District).
Outcome 3: National fiscal, regulatory and development policy revised to promote adaptation responses in the agricultural sector.
Baseline Situation 113. Despite the serious impacts climate change is likely to have on Zambia’s ability to meet its development targets as outlined in the FNDP and the MDGs, adaptation has not been mainstreamed into the national policy framework. The draft National Environment Policy 112 identifies 11 government ministries involved in environmental affairs. Nine of these ministries have policies referring to the environment. In addition, intra and inter-sectoral institutional arrangements are limited and few coordination mechanisms exist for effective multi-sectoral integration of policies, or for the integration of adaptation into such policies. The draft NPE also highlights current shortfalls in these policies including ineffectual mechanisms for community-based natural resources management, lack of informal inter- sectoral links, limited up-to-date baseline data and limited national guidelines for effective integration of international environmental conventions into the policies113.
114. Baseline activities being implemented in the FNDP include policy formulation and regulation in the agriculture sector, and policy, institutional and legal reforms in the communication and meteorology sector. Although considerable funding has been set aside for these reforms, adequate consideration of current and projected climate risks has not been taken. As such, without the project interventions, climate change impacts will remain largely overlooked. This is likely to result in ineffective use of the funding.
115. A limitation to adaptation responses being incorporated into Zambian policy114. is that there have been no comprehensive analyses on adaptation measures, their impacts and their cost-effectiveness. It is difficult to make the case for realignment of budgets and adjustments to policy if the costs and benefits of adaptation versus other public policy investments are unknown.
Adaptation Alternative 116. Policy support is critical to promote replication of pilot adaptation measures. The project will review existing and proposed national fiscal, regulatory and agricultural development policies (such as the NPE, the NAP and the NIP), and develop policy recommendations that promote long-term adaptive capacity in the agriculture sector. The activities in Outcome 3 include identifying the most pertinent information needed by policy- and decision-makers in order to fast-track policy revision. An improved evidence base will be used to formulate and motivate for the adoption of national fiscal, regulatory and development policies that promote climate change risk management.
117. This top-down approach will complement the bottom-up approach taken in Outcome 2, (which establishes adaptive farming practises), to generate the evidence base on what constitutes effective adaptation responses. The project will introduce regular dialogue between key stakeholders implementing
112 Zambia National Policy for the Environment, 2004. 113 Zambia National Policy for the Environment, 2004. 114 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 45 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia adaptation responses and policy- and decision-makers to sensitise the latter to the economic benefit of adaptation.
118. The project will build institutional capacity to formulate climate-resilient policies and strategies to support adaptation measures in Zambia’s agriculture sector. Training workshops will promote awareness of the importance of adaptation, and build administrative and planning skills at both national and local levels. Trained stakeholders will then be tasked to utilise their new skills, e.g. sectoral planners will be capacitated to incorporate climate risk information into agricultural planning, and community members will be empowered to implement the strategies resulting from the agricultural planning. This awareness- raising and importantly tasking of government staff to incorporate climate change risks into planning will ensure stakeholder buy-in.
119. In addition, resources (technical and financial) will be provided to the Agriculture and Natural Resources subcommittees of the DDCC and the NGOCC in the eight pilot districts to equip them to act as the local climate resource and support centres, which would coordinate different stakeholders on adaptation policy. The financial support will be used to monitor the progress and success of the adaptation measures in Outcome 2 (monitoring will be undertaken by the DDCCs). In addition, the financial support will facilitate meetings and reviews of community-based adaptation initiatives to identify complementary activities and mandates. Staff within the centres will hold meetings and develop strategies to incorporate climate change considerations into district and provincial planning.
120. Co-financing amounts for Outcome 3: CCFU: US$2 020 000 UNDP-CO: US$ 15 000
LDCF Project Grant Requested: US$ 258 962.
Output 3.1. Awareness of climate change risks and to the economic value of adaptation responses raised among policy- and decision-makers.
121. The above output incorporates components of the PIF outputs 3.1 and 3.2 which pertain to national policy dialogues and agricultural investment planning, respectively.
Indicative activities under Output 3.1:
3.1.1. Develop and conduct national training seminars on climate-resilient agricultural planning (including the results of activity 1.1.1.) involving all the departments in MACO, ZMD, DWA, DMMU and MTENR. (To be undertaken by the PS, in collaboration with the CCFU.) At least 60 government officials working in the planning section of the relevant ministries/department, including the ministries mentioned above, will be trained. Of these officials, as many women as possible will be included. 3.1.2. Develop awareness and training materials (such as briefing notes, fact sheets and cross- sectoral guides) for sectoral planners on the need to incorporate climate change considerations into agricultural planning, including the economic benefits thereof based on lessons from the pilot sites. This will be undertaken in collaboration with the ZMD under their project, entitled “Capacity development for effective Early Warning Services to support climate change adaptation in Zambia”. These materials will be used for capacity development and policy advocacy by the CCFU. (To be undertaken by PS, ZMD and CCFU.) 3.1.3. Design and conduct training workshops in each of the eight pilot districts for Agricultural and Natural Resources subcommittees of the DDCC, the Non-Governmental Coordinating Committees (NGOCC) and other relevant district level stakeholders. The workshops will
46 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
include information on assessing, planning and implementing community-based adaptation measures (see Outcome 2), and strengthening linkages between key institutions, such as government officials and NGOs, to avoid duplication of activities. This will be undertaken in collaboration with the CCFU. 3.1.4. Provide technical and financial support to the Agricultural and Natural Resources subcommittees of the DDCC and the NGOCC in the eight pilot districts to equip them to act as the local climate resource and support centres, which will ensure coordination among different stakeholders. This will be undertaken in collaboration with the CCFU.
Output 3.2. National policy dialogues conducted to discuss project findings in relation to cost- effectiveness of piloted adaptation options.
122. The above output incorporates components of the PIF outputs 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 which pertain to national policy dialogues, policy revision and agricultural investment planning.
Indicative activities under Output 3.2:
3.2.1. Assess barriers that may be hindering institutional coordination among government ministries and departments and suggest mechanisms for integrated and synergistic approaches to achieve joint climate-resilient development planning in AER I and II. (To be undertaken by CCFU, PS, PTC and consultants.) 3.2.2. Establish regular dialogue between the members of the DDCC, PDCC and the District NGOCC to enable coordinated and climate-resilient development planning in the vulnerable provinces. (To be undertaken by PS and PTC.) 3.2.3. Monitor the institutional coordination process over the project lifetime and communicate monitoring results to policy stakeholders.
Output 3.3. Policies that require adjustments to promote adaptation identified and reviewed.
123. The above output incorporates components of the PIF outputs 3.2 and 3.3 which pertain to agricultural investment planning and policy revision, respectively.
Indicative activities under Output 3.3:
3.3.1. Analyse sectoral policies that promote or impede the resilience of communities within AER I and II to climate change, such as the National Irrigation Policy, Land Policy, National Agricultural Policy, Water Policy and Meteorological policies, with a focus on livelihoods and financial impacts at the community level. This activity will follow on from evidence collected under Outcome 2 on cost effective adaptation interventions and will be undertaken in collaboration with the CCFU. 3.3.2. Identify gaps in the existing policies, relating to climate change using evidence collected at the pilot sites. This will be undertaken in collaboration with the CCFU. 3.3.3. Develop policy notes for each sectoral policy analysed outlining and describing the impacts, costs and benefits of a particular sectoral policy on the resilience of livelihoods in AER I and II. This will be undertaken in collaboration with the CCFU and hired consultants.
Outcome 4: Lessons-learned and knowledge management component established.
Baseline Situation 124. At present in Zambia, very little knowledge is disseminated to the public regarding climate change and the need for adaptation. Disseminating project results is useful in order to: i) inform future enterprises
47 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia in best practises; ii) effectively overcome informational barriers to the uptake of adaptation measures; iii) prevent duplication of efforts.
Adaptation Alternative 125. The project will establish a knowledge platform that will serve as a resource base for current and future projects to publish their lessons-learned, and obtain lessons-learned from other projects. A project website will be established to make all project reports accessible to a wider audience. Appropriate platforms are the web-based UNDP’s ALM, and WikiADAPT. The ALM hosts lessons-learned from UNDP projects, while WikiADAPT is a website that hosts lessons-learned from diverse institutions and agencies from various adaptation activities. Other means of communication are to be utilised to reach those sectors of the public that do not have access to the internet (e.g. pamphlets, workshops, seminars, and radio broadcasts). This will be undertaken in conjunction with NAIS, who produce agricultural programmes for television, radio and print media in seven local languages for dissemination at the pilot sites (see Annex K). Other means of developing awareness of the project results and enabling replication are developing knowledge products, holding public and government consultations and implementing awareness campaigns.
126. Co-financing amounts for Outcome 4: CCFU: US$330 000
LDCF Project Grant Requested: US$ 165 000.
Output 4.1. Knowledge and lessons learned to support implementation of adaptation measures compiled and disseminated
127. Indicative activities under Output 4.1:
4.1 Document lessons-learned from the project on a continual basis and compile the results of activities under Outcomes 1 and 2. Present the lessons in a summary document that is distributed to all stakeholders. In addition, collate and submit all technical reports and documents on lessons-learned to the ALM and WikiADAPT. 4.2 Post project information, including all project reports, regularly on the CCFU website. (To be undertaken by PS, CCFU and UNDP.) 4.3 Develop a briefing paper on lessons-learned from the project for publication in a peer- reviewed journal and for presentation at an international conference on adaptation to climate change as well as for use as technical evidence by the CCFU in lobbying for policy adjustments. This will be undertaken in collaboration with the CCFU. 4.4 Conduct one national workshop and one regional workshop targeting neighbouring countries to facilitate the dissemination of project lessons to countries potentially facing similar climate change problems. This will be undertaken in collaboration with the CCFU. 4.5 Publish workshop proceedings and distribute as hardcopies and electronic copies (including publication on a CCFU climate change website, see activity 4.2.). This will be undertaken in collaboration with the CCFU. 4.6 Develop newsletters, television and radio programmes, newspaper articles, booklets and pamphlets highlighting the lessons-learned during the project and sensitizing the general public on climate change adaptation. The newsletter will be produced at least once a month to maintain project visibility and momentum. The television and radio programmes will be broadcast at least once a month. This will be undertaken in collaboration with the NAIS. 4.7 Conduct community workshops in the eight pilot sites in order to disseminate project lessons to farmers.
48 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Project Indicators, Risks and Assumptions
Indicators
128. The project indicators will rely largely on the Vulnerability Reduction Assessment115 (VRA), which is an important element of UNDP’s “Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Climate Change Adaptation”. This has been implemented in a growing number of GEF initiatives under UNDP’s Community Based Adaptation (CBA) Programme. VRA is designed to measure the changing climate vulnerabilities of communities, and to be comparable across vastly different projects, regions, and contexts making it possible to determine if a given project is successful or unsuccessful in reducing climate change risks.
129. At the level of the four Outcomes, indicators are:
Outcome 1: Climate change risks integrated into critical decision-making processes for agricultural management at the local, sub-national and national levels.
Indicators: 1. Number of Government planners and extension staff that include climate risk information in their decision processes 3. Early Warning Systems developed and applied effectively in 3 pilot sites.
Outcome 2: Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change
Indicators: 1. Number of interventions in selected pilot sites implemented, with appropriate management (including cost recovery) plans in place, agreed by all stakeholders, for sustainability beyond the project grant. 2. Percentage increase in agricultural incomes in the pilot sites. 4. Number of women involved in interventions in the pilot sites.
Outcome 3: National fiscal, regulatory and development policy revised to promote adaptation responses in the agricultural sector.
Indicators: 1. The number of policies that are adapted to take into account climate change risks. 2. Awareness level of rural population in pilot sites and local/national government of climate change and its impacts improved.
Outcome 4: Lessons learned and knowledge management component established.
Indicators: 1. Number of proposals, papers and other documents that incorporate learning from the project. 2. Number of lessons included in the ALM. 3. Number of regional and national workshops conducted for dissemination of project lessons. 4. The number of awareness campaigns conducted on the need to incorporate adaptation needs in policy.
115 Droesch, A.C. Gaseb, N. Kurukulasuriya, P. Mershon, A. Moussa, K.M. Rankine , D. and Santos, A. 2008. A guide to the Vulnerability Reduction Assessment. United Nations Development Programme Community –Based Adaptation Programme. 49 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
130. These indicators track progress in achieving project Outcomes, and the degree of their collective achievement will be a measure of the degree of progress in meeting the project objective. For more information and for indicators at the Objective and Output level, refer to the Strategic Results Framework in Section II, Part I and in Annex F. Baseline values for these indicators will be gathered within the first six months of project implementation.
Assumptions and Risks
131. Key assumptions underlying the project design include:
The GRZ remains committed to implementing baseline activities complemented by the additionality interventions the project aims to implement. Stakeholders such as NGOs and CBOs remain committed to implementing baseline activities complemented by the additionality interventions the project aims to implement. Pilot sites are best placed to demonstrate the benefits of measures to adapt to climate change. The major implementing agents at the community level (extension workers and community workers) remain committed to the project during the entire duration. Climate change concerns are not overshadowed by other emergency matters on the government agenda such as the expected 2011 Presidential and Parliamentary elections.
132. Risks that could potentially affect the success of the project are included with recommended mitigation measures in Table 4.
Table 4. Risks that could potentially affect the success of the project. Risk Risk Risk Mitigation Measure Rating Private sector and communities do not respond Low . Sound business planning in the planning positively to improved policies/incentives. stage will ensure only profitable ventures are undertaken The slow pace of policy modification may mean High . The project will take advantage of the current that identified policy changes are not impetus within the GRZ on mitigating implemented in a timely fashion. climate change impacts. . Identify and work with champions for policy change in GRZ. . Research-based evidence and systematic feasibility assessment reports will be supplied to the CCFU to enhance their lobbying capacity and speed up the process. . Continuous sensitization on the benefits of adaptation through NAIS programmes on radio and television will also ensure full support of the general public for policy adjustments Conflicts among stakeholders as regards roles in High . Clear statement of each stakeholder role in the project leading to uncoordinated approach in the stakeholder involvement plan. Also the tackling climate change impacts. newly formed CCFU will ensure coordinated approaches as regards climate change projects Poor co-ordination among implementing Medium . The project has been designed with full institutions leading to delays in deliverables. involvement of all the stakeholders from identification to implementation . The strengthened M&E system would provide an early warning to enable the project management team to resolve the issues 50 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Inadequate staffing in the MACO extension Medium . Continuous training of management system limiting the project’s upscaling potential. committees so that they continually take up the extension officers roles during the upscaling process The slow implementation of baseline projects by Medium . Continuous lobbying and sensitization of the the GRZ may imply that they may not be policy makers based on evidence from the complete within the pilot phase negatively pilot sites to secure cooperation and impacting on project outcomes. commitment Agricultural and water management interventions Low . Interventions will be designed according to at the pilot sites are not cost effective. affordable levels of cost recovery. . Cost recovery analysis of water management measures will be a central component of the cost-effectiveness analyses. Cost recovery should be clearly linked to agricultural productivity increases. Limited human resources in the country may limit Medium . The project will focus on capacity building in project implementation. the relevant departments of the GRZ as well as at the community level. The PPG phase will identify and develop human resources capacity as required. . International experts will be recruited where there are gaps. Farmer acceptability of risky adaptation measures Low . The pilot interventions to be implemented are may limit project implementation. demand-driven through wide stakeholder consultation. Difficulties in getting support for the project due Low . Increased sensitization of stakeholders and to the number of competing challenges. potential support systems on climate change adaptation. Lack of commitment from the community. Medium . Intensive awareness raising campaigns through the NAIS radio and television programmes, CCFU awareness campaigns and extension officers should prevent this from occurring . Avoiding a top down approach throughout the project processes A change in donor interest could result in High . High risk but very low probability of government interests changing and reduce occurrence given the increased focus on momentum on implementation. climate change by the donor community Delays in the release of funds could impede Medium . Effective administrative planning will progress and prevent deliverables being achieved overcome this risk. on time. High illiteracy levels in villages may hinder the Medium . Management committees and farmers progress of pilot interventions and/or involved in various interventions will dissemination of lessons learned. undergo extensive training to ensure that they understand the task at hand. . Project lessons will also be disseminated via workshops, television and radio programmes to ensure that they reach a larger audience. Failure to address gender equity and women’s Medium . Capacity building in gender analysis, empowerment. accountability and mainstreaming. . Adopting gender affirmative action in all project activities.
51 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Expected national and local benefits
133. Zambia is highly dependent on climate-sensitive sectors for food and income. The predicted increases in temperature and rainfall variability are, therefore, likely to impact negatively on the nation’s ability to maintain and improve agriculture productivity. Investment in adaptation will address a number of the major barriers identified in the FNDP as preventing the agriculture sector’s optimal contribution to economic growth. These barriers include: i) the high dependence on rain-fed agriculture; ii) deficiencies in the EWS’s; and iii) environmental degradation due to unsustainable agricultural practices.
134. The project will focus its “on the ground” interventions at strengthening the adaptive capacity of vulnerable small-scale farmers within the eight pilot sites in AER I and II to changing climatic conditions. The project will benefit local communities by equipping with the tools to improve crop yields and income streams. The dependence of vulnerable communities on rain-fed irrigation will be alleviated by ensuring year-round provision of water following the implementation and rehabilitation of irrigation systems as well as water capturing and storage facilities. Alternative livelihoods will be promoted to boost income streams of vulnerable groups. Local government and management institutions will be more accountable and transparent, and will alter long-term development strategies and polices to encourage adaptation and reduce the risks posed by climatic hazards. Lessons learned from the implementation of “on the ground” interventions will be documented and disseminated to other regions and countries embarking on similar adaptation projects in order to refine project strategies to ensure the early achievement of project results. Overall, a better understanding of adaptation mechanisms will be achieved.
135. Other national benefits of the project include increased food security thereby positively affecting MDG 1, better healthy outcomes (as a result of better nutritional status) thereby positively affecting MDGs 4 and 6. Furthermore, the anticipated improved farming practices will lead to increased environmental sustainability, which will positively affect MDG 7. Overall, the project will contribute to building adaptive capacity to climate change in the agriculture sector in Zambia. At the national level, capacity will be strengthened to integrate climate change risk reduction strategies into development policies and programmes.
Country Ownership: Country Eligibility and Country Drivenness
136. As a Least Developed Country (LDC) and a Landlocked Developing Country (LLDC)116, Zambia recognizes that it has limited resources to effectively lower the risks that climate change poses to hard- won development gains. As a result, the GRZ is making efforts to address climate change and is committed to ensuring that the poorest and most vulnerable communities are supported by programmes that enhance their long-term adaptive capacity. The GRZ’s resolve to tackle climate change is evident from efforts such as creation of the Climate Change Facilitation Unit (CCFU) (See paragraph 152 for details).
137. The GRZ ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol (KP) in 1993 and 2006, respectively. As a result, a number of activities have been undertaken (detailed below), which the project will build upon and complement, including the work achieved under the INC and the National Capacity Self Assessment.
116 “Landlocked developing countries are generally among the poorest of the developing countries, with the weakest growth rates, and are typically heavily dependent on a very limited number of commodities for their export earnings.” UN Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States. (http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/lldc/default.htm). 52 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
. National Communications. The GRZ produced the Initial National Communication (INC) and is in the process of preparing the Second National Communication (SNC). The SNC will also serve as a management tool, as well as indicating the gaps in the current national capacity to address climate change. . National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). The MTENR prepared the NAPA to specifically identify and highlight urgent adaptation intervention targeting selected vulnerable groups (such as small-scale farmers, the poor, women and children) that require implementation in Zambia. It was submitted in October 2007. . Climate change awareness campaign. The GRZ has also undertaken a comprehensive national climate change awareness campaign in line with the commitments originating from the UNFCCC membership. The objective of the campaign is to ensure national ownership and the success of future climate change-related efforts, through sensitization of stakeholders and national consensus building. . National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA). The NCSA was completed by the Ministry in 2007 to assist in the implementation of the Rio Convention. The assessment identifies the national capacity and development gaps hindering the effective implementation of the United Nations Conventions on biodiversity (UNCBD), desertification (UNCCD) and climate change (UNFCCC), and proposes a strategy and an action plan to address such gaps, in the short- and long- term.
138. The LDCF was created with the objective of funding urgent and immediate adaptation needs in the LDCs as identified in the NAPAs. The project conforms to the LDCF’s eligibility criteria, namely: 1) country drivenness; 2) implementing the NAPA priorities; and 3) supporting a “learning-by-doing” approach. Country drivenness: Four sets of consultations were undertaken in the PPG phase: i) pre- inception workshop, attended by 11 staff from variousi ministries; ii) inception workshop, attended by 29 staff, primarily from MACO, but also with representation from ZMD and Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR); iii) vision setting and site selection workshop, attended by 14 national government staff primarily from MACO, but also with representation from ZMD and MTENR, together with site selection visits where 114 staff from district-level government were consulted; iv) a draft review workshop, attended by 27 people from MACO primarily, ZMD, MTENR and NGOs and v) two appraisal committee meetings. Implement NAPA priorities: Five of the NAPA priorities are directly addressed by this project, see Section A. Supporting a “learning-by-doing” approach: Pilot interventions will test the cost effectiveness of different approaches to adaptation to generate understanding of how GRZ could best support adaptation across the economy. This information will be used to faciliate policy and budgetary adjustments.
139. The project will support climate-resilient water management and agricultural practices and, in this way, will implement NAPA priorities one, two, three, six and seven, namely: . NAPA Priority 1: “Strengthening of early warning systems to improve services to preparedness and adaptation to climate change in all sectors”. . NAPA Priority 2: “Promotion of alternative sources of livelihoods”. . NAPA Priority 3: “Adaptation to the effects of drought in the context of climate change in AER I and II of Zambia”. . NAPA Priority 6: “Adaptation of land use practices (crops, fish, and livestock) in light of climate change”. . NAPA Priority 7: “Maintenance and provision of water infrastructure to communities to reduce the human-wildlife conflict”.
140. The project is based on UNDP’s comparative advantage in capacity building. The UNDP-CO has strong links with the GRZ. Furthermore, UNDP is a partner in the Joint Assistance Strategy for Zambia 53 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia which ensures the effectiveness of aid and is aligned with Zambia’s FNDP. The project will seek opportunities to ‘bolt onto’ other relevant initiatives for broader adaptation mainstreaming (e.g. the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme).
Sustainability
141. The sustainability of the project’s benefits will largely depend on the willingness of stakeholders to adopt interventions and continue with them beyond the duration of the project grant, and the long-term political and financial commitment of policy-makers to provide enabling investment environments for scaling up of successful adaptation measures. Adequate technical, legal and institutional capacity and expertise - all part of adaptive capacity -is required at both levels for sustainability.
142. Adaptive capacity will be strengthened in the following ways: . Improving institutional coordination between government ministries and departments117. . Building awareness and a greater understanding of climate change risks and adaptation benefits at all levels (i.e. from community members at the local level to policy-makers at national level). . Enhancing the capacity of stakeholders to implement adaptation measures. . Developing the evidence base to make the case for greater levels of investments in adaptation, and to develop national understanding of which policies and strategies can be expected to provide overall net benefits to economic growth.
143. Under Outcome 2, the project will prioritize interventions with sustainable operational models that involve: (i) attachments to on-going programmes of existing line ministries; and (ii) a strong focus on designing interventions based on farmers’ levels of affordability, so that they can be sustained beyond the duration of the LDCF grant.
144. Finally, the global flow of information on climate change has greatly increased national consciousness concerning climate change risks. A positive attitude revolved around “doing something” to address climate change is evident at all levels on a global scale. This will improve the likelihood of success of the proposed interventions.
Replicability
145. The project is being piloted in eight pilot sites within eight districts in AER I and II. The project is designed to pilot adaptation in districts in Zambia subjected to the broadest possible range of climate vulnerabilities precipitating a range of agricultural problems, but which have reasonable capacity in terms of infrastructure and human resources. By developing systematic capacity while demonstrating adaptation measures on the ground, the project will determine the conditions necessary for replication and upscaling. Project results will not only be replicable in the other districts within AER I and II but also in other countries such as Malawi, Zimbabwe and Mozambique which share similar AERs.
146. The project will support a “learning-by-doing” approach by using the pilot projects to demonstrate climate-resilient methods of development in Zambia with the intention of informing national development plans and policies. This will include generating evidence on the cost-effectiveness of adaptation options
117 The project formulation process was based on extensive consultations from the national to the community level. At the national level, stakeholders from various government departments (namely MACO, MTENR, Department of Water Affairs, ZMD and DMMU) were involved in the PPG phase. The implementation process will also involve these departments and the long-term viability of the project will depend on institutional coordination between these departments. 54 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia in order to faciliate policy and budgetary adjustments. The close involvement of government agencies and departments demonstrates potential for future incorporation of the project’s approaches into their on- going planning and strategies. Furthermore, the project will build capacity for documenting lessons learnt, establishing a mechanism for replication and initiating policy dialogue for formulation and review of policy and legal frameworks for adaptation initiatives. Learning will be ensured through Outcome 4, including contributions to the ALM and wikiADAPT so that government ministries, other organizations and the general public will have access to new knowledge on effective adaptation.
Linkages with other programmes and action plans at regional and sub-regional levels
147. The project will contribute to meeting UNDAF Outcome 3, namely “by 2010, institutions, systems and processes in support of national development priorities strengthened”. In addition, by meeting its outcomes and outputs, the project will contribute towards attaining the energy and environment for sustainable development component in the UNDP Country Programme118 (UNDP CP, 2007-2010). The UNDP CP acknowledges that the changing climate, specifically the increasing frequency of floods and droughts, is adversely impacting the agriculture, water resources, natural resources and health sectors in Zambia and that the quality of human development is tied to the state of the natural environment. The UNCP CP aims at ensuring that sustainable management of environment and natural resources is incorporated into national development frameworks and sector strategies. The project will complement this aim by building the capacity to conduct and apply climate risk assessments to planning processes. The UNDP Country Programme for Zambia (CP) acknowledges that the quality of human development is tied to the state of the natural environment. As such, one of the outputs in the CP and Country Programme Action Plan (CPAP) is “systems, processes and scenario planning for climate change adaptation and mitigation strengthened”. The project will link to this output by providing lessons from the pilot sites that will be used to strengthen the systems and processes for climate change adaptation within Zambia.
148. The FNDP states that the environment is considered to be a crosscutting national priority by the GRZ. This is appropriate given the relationship between environmental sustainability and the overall objectives of the FNDP. Under the Joint Assistance Strategy for Zambia (JASZ), UNDP is a co-leader with Finland in the environment sector.
149. The project will also assist in meeting UNDP outcomes in the UNDAF and UNDPCAP relating to food security. In particular, the project will address UNDAF outcome 4 “by 2010, the proportion of food secure households increased from 35 to 75%” 119 , and also by 2010, the proportion of food secure households among female-headed households increases to 60%”. The project will also complement planned and on-going projects in the FNDP, NAP and NIP by boosting the sustainable productivity of the agriculture sector. In this way, the project will assist the agriculture sector in becoming one of the major drivers of Zambia’s economic development.
150. The project will complement other on-going projects being implemented by the GRZ, donor community and other NGOs in the pilot sites. One of the first activities to be implemented in Outcome 1 and 2 will be to work out how the LDCF project will collaborate with existing relevant initiatives in the pilot areas, and how it might draw on lessons learnt and partnerships with similar pilot interventions outside the pilot sites.
151. Table 5 lists some of these projects operating in the pilot sites.
118 GRZ/UNDP (2007) Country Programme Action Plan for 2007-2010 of the Government of the Republic of Zambia and the United Nations Development Programme. 119 UNDP (2007) United Nations Development Assistance Framework for the Republic of Zambia, 2007-2010. 55 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Table 5. Additional projects in progress in the pilot sites. Site Project Description Kataba Kataba Multipurpose Cooperative This is a community initiative supported by the Ministry of Community Development. They run a hammer mill. Parent-Teachers Association This association looks at the education needs of the community and oversees the running of local schools. Kataba Crush Pen Association This is the management committee that looks after the maintenance and management of the cattle crush pen. Kataba Area Development This is a community-based organization that promotes Committee development in terms of agricultural productivity, youth skills and gender equality projects. AIDS Committee The AIDS committee is responsible for sensitization of the community on HIV/AIDS and related preventative measures. Keepers Zambia Foundation, These are international NGOs which run developmental OXFAM, PUSH projects in the area. They promote agricultural development and the maintenance of health standards. Kabula Parents Association This association looks at the education needs of the (village within community and oversees the running of local schools. Sioma pilot Area Development Committee This is a community-based organization that promotes site) development in terms of agricultural productivity, youth skills and gender equality projects. Neighbourhood Watch Committee This committee is responsible for ensuring security in the neighbourhood. Agriculture Committee This committee oversees the development of agriculture in the Community. Nutritional Group and Home This group handles health-related problems, such as caring Based Care for the HIV patients. Bee Keeping Association This is a farmer group comprising of bee-keepers. The association organizes training, market linkages and other bee-keeping requirements for its members. Catholic Relief Services This is an international NGO that has various interests, such as improving the nutritional status of the community through increasing agricultural productivity and combating health problems. Heifer International This is an international NGO that promotes livestock production. Zambia Wildlife Authority This is a government body that protects wildlife. They also promote alternative livelihoods as well as control animals to reduce human-animal conflict. Kandiyana Participatory Village Development This is a JICA/ MACO project that promotes development (village within in Isolated Areas (PAVIDIA) in isolated areas through the provision of extension support Sioma pilot project to increase agricultural productivity. site) Nutritional Support Group This group handles health-related problems, such caring for the HIV patients. Area Development Committee This is a community-based organization that promotes development in terms of agricultural productivity, youth skills and gender equality projects. Catholic Relief Services This is an international NGO that has various interests, such Hernwood Foundation as improving the nutritional status of the community through increasing agricultural productivity and combating health problems. Lusitu Mwanahapone Project This project focuses on improving the health status of children in the area. Lusitu Parish Development This is a community-based organization that promotes Association development in terms of agricultural productivity, youth 56 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
skills and gender equality projects. Kayuni Cooperative This is a community initiative supported by the Ministry of Community Development. They run a hammer mill. Heifer International This is an international NGO that promotes livestock production. Gwembe Tonga Valley This is a government supported project aimed at assisting Development Project the communities that were displaced during the construction of the Kariba Dam. Kasaya Care International Promotes the resilience of communities through the promotion of dry season cropping. Africa Wildlife Foundation Assists with the control of problem animals, to reduce human-animal conflict. Catholic Relief Services This is an international NGO that has various interests, such as improving the nutritional status of the community through increasing agricultural productivity and combating health problems (e.g. HIV and maternal health problems). Sekute Community Development Community development. Trust Mambwe Community Resource Board Community Development. (District in Village Area Group Community Development. which Lutheran World Federation Targets vulnerable communities and focuses on improving Chikowa pilots food security and soil conservation. is located) Wildlife Conservation Society Promotes wildlife conservation. CARE International Aims to improve maternal health. Dunavant and Cargill Private out-grower schemes for cotton. Zalapango Churches Health Association of This association focuses on establishing HIV and health Zambia (CHAZ) programmes. Christian Children’s Fund (CCF) This fund provides support and assistance to HIV patients. Catholic Relief Services (CRS) Provides anti-retroviral treatment to HIV positive people and promotes bee keeping for income generation. Wildlife Conservation Society Provides training on Conservation farming and erosion control. Department of Social Welfare Supports agriculture through input distribution. Programme Against Malnutrition Implements the FSP programme. (PAM) Zalapango Multi-purpose Operates hammer mills and promotes maize production. Cooperative Zalapango Women’s Association Involved in tailoring and embroidery. Kabeleka World Vision Zambia Provides support to enhance agricultural productivity. Kabeleka Village Productive This committee teaches farming skills, and aims to improve Committee access to fertilizer.
Mububa Women’s Group Running hammer mills/green house vegetable production. Micro Bankers Trust Micro Bankers Trust is a Non-Bank Regulated Financial Institution established in 1996. It provides financial services to vulnerable women and men for enterprise development and improved quality of lives. The trust is under the Ministry of Community Development and Social Services. Its products include training, consulting, voluntary savings and loans.
152. The project will also have linkages with other projects aimed at addressing environmental and climate change concerns. Among these are:
. Climate Change Facilitation Unit (CCFU). This is an initiative of the MTENR. The major objectives of the CCFU include assisting the MTENR to develop a comprehensive strategy for 57 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
addressing climate change concerns and subsequently to develop the necessary policy and legal framework. CCFU outcomes include: − Develop a comprehensive National Climate Change Response Strategy; − Develop a climate change response policy and legal framework; − Develop a communication and advocacy strategy on climate change; − Develop a strategy for the effective participation in regional and international conferences; − Develop of a profile on data sources for analytical work (conducting information needs assessments/catalyse and facilitating relevant minor research)/create an information management system (including hosting and popularising a climate change website); − Train the ZMD staff on EWS and forecasting; − Conduct workshops to sensitize sectoral planners to the threats posed by climate change and how to overcome them.
153. The project will link with the CCFU by co-producing some outputs as well as supplying information from the project to the CCFU to use when lobbying for policy revisions, and to bolster presentations at national and international conferences. In addition, the project will provide the CCFU with adaptation information (specifically lessons learned from the project) to post on their website. In turn, the CCFU will finance certain project activities that are related to its own outcomes (see above).
. Building Adaptive Capacity to Cope with Increasing Vulnerability due to Climate Change Project. This is a three year international project being undertaken by ZARI and is funded by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). The general objective of the project is “to develop education, research and extension competencies to be able to create strategies that facilitate rural communities to increase their adaptive capacity to cope with risks and opportunities associated with climate change and variability”. Specific objectives of the project include: − Establish and document the existing preconceptions of drought risk held by poor smallholder farmers that can be used by change agents and meteorological services to better target their interventions; − Determine how rural communities have coped with existing climate variability and extremes and develop appropriate strategies for adapting to future climatic change; − Build capacity and competency within Zambian and Zimbabwean institutions to use simulation and climatic forecasting tools for predicting climate variability in order to facilitate rural communities in developing and evaluating improved coping strategies; − Use farmer participatory research approaches linked with simulation and climate forecasting methods to develop and evaluate scenarios with farmers that enable adaptation of their agricultural production systems to climate variability; − Develop, test and disseminate climatic risk communication materials and appropriate delivery interventions to all stakeholders.
154. The project will link with the ZARI project by using the staff trained under this project to conduct the adaptation trials in the pilot sites and to produce technical reports on the benefits of adaptation that will be used for lobbying and awareness creation purposes.
. Conservation Agriculture Scaling Up for Increased Productivity and Production (CASPP). This is a two year project being implemented by MACO and managed by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). The project aims to upscale the Conservation Agriculture Programme (CAP) funded through the Royal Norwegian Embassy’s Climate Change Facility. As part of upscaling CAP, CASPP intends to rapidly upscale proven technologies (through MACO extension systems) to beneficiary farmers. CASPP Outcomes include: − Upscale of the phased out conservation agriculture project model; − Build capacity of MACO’s district structures;
58 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
− Implement an information, education and communication strategy; − Undertake adaptation research and training; − Develop market linkages; − Develop national policy dialogues on conservation agriculture and information education communication.
155. The project will link with the CASPP project by co-producing certain activities, such as training extension workers and farmers on conservation farming in some pilot sites.
. Capacity Development for Effective Early Warning Services to Support Climate Change Adaptation in Zambia. This project is being implemented by the ZMD and is supported by the UNDP. They have made funds available to support GRZ regarding upgrading the current EWS’s to accommodate adaptation concerns of the different sectors of the economy adversely impacted by climate change. Among the project’s outcomes include: − Strengthen institutions to facilitate the establishment of effective EWS’s that consider climate change impacts; − Develop capacity for the provision of effective early warning services to support climate change adaptation; − Build capacity and sensitize relevant sectors to highlight the relevance of early warning services for climate change adaptation.
156. The project will co-produce some of the outputs with the ZMD project. Additionally, the project may link with the World Food Programme. However, this has not yet been finalised and the details will be determined during the Inception Workshop.
PART III: MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS
157. The project will be implemented over a four year period three months after CEO endorsement to allow for recruitment. MACO will be the government cooperating agency directly responsible for the government’s participation in the project. They will also form the implementing partners/executing entity. In addition, MACO will be responsible and held accountable for managing the project, which will include: i) monitoring and evaluation of project interventions; ii) ensuring the achievement of project outputs; and iii) ensuring the effective use of UNDP resources. Furthermore, MACO will designate a representative who will undertake the role of Executive or Senior Beneficiary120 on the Project Technical Committee (PTC). MACO will also provide office space for the project secretariat.
158. The implementation arrangements will seek to establish a bridge between: i) national authorities responsible for formulating and integrating climate change policies; ii) national, regional and local authorities responsible for project implementation; and iii) on-the-ground practitioners of agricultural resource management. Continuous monitoring of project progress at all levels will ensure the project activities are always aligned with project goals.
159. MACO will manage the project through a Project Secretariat (PS) and will delegate specific project activities to appropriate ministries and departments, such as the ZMD, Zambia Agricultural Research Institute (ZARI), Department of Agriculture, Department of Forestry, Department of Fisheries, Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development and the DMMU. The responsibilities of each department are detailed in Table 1.
120 United Nations Development Programme, 2006. The UNDP Results Management Guide: A process-based description of required minimum programming methods articulated as policies, tasks, and deliverables, for use in the effective planning and execution of development programmes and projects. 59 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Project National Steering Committee (Project Board)
160. The PNSC will meet at least once a year. It will be the highest oversight body and will ensure that the project is consistently aligned with GRZ’s broader climate change, environmental and development objectives as well as complementary to the implementation of the FNDP and the MDGs. The Director of the Department of Agriculture or the Director of the Policy and Planning Department (if the Director of the Department of Agriculture is not available) will chair the PNSC meetings. The director MACO will hold the position of Executive and will represent the project ownership while chairing the PNSC. Members of the PNSC will include directors from MTENR (Forestry and Environment Departments), Department of Water Affairs, ZMD, ZARI, Environmental Council of Zambia, Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, DMMU, UNDP, FAO and a Board member or representative from the Zambia National Farmers Union.
161. The Senior Supplier role will be held by a representative of the MACO (Chief Agricultural Specialist, Land Husbandry) whose role will be to provide guidance regarding the technical feasibility of the project. The Senior Beneficiary role will be held by the President of the National Association for Peasant and Small Scale Farmers of Zambia (NAPSSFZ). His/her role will be to ensure the realisation of project benefits from the perspective of project beneficiaries. Project Assurance will be the responsibility of UNDP, who will recruit and pay for a Programme Officer (Project Support). Among his/her functions will include provision of objective and independent oversight, monitoring and ensuring appropriate project management milestones are managed and completed.
Project Technical Committee (PTC)
162. The PTC will meet once per quarter or more frequently as deemed necessary by the project Secretariat and the UNDP CO. They will form the main decision-making body of the project. In consultation with other implementing partners MACO, as the government cooperating agency, will designate a representative who will perform the role and functions of executive and will chair the PTC. Representatives from other relevant ministries and government departments will be members of the PTC (see Table 1). In addition, the PTC will make policy decisions (in line with agreed project document as well as UN and GRZ rules and regulations) as well as guide and oversee the progress of the project and review delivery targets and budgetary issues. Furthermore, the PTC will oversee that all the ministries and departments are complying with the project commitments.
163. The PTC will also be responsible for making management decisions (which will be done by convening a meeting with all board members and reaching consensus on decisions) for the project when guidance is required. This will include approval of project revisions. The PTC will also be consulted by the PM to assist in making critical decisions that the PM cannot make by him/herself, such as when an activity is running behind schedule and the workplan requires adjusting.
Project Secretariat (PS)
164. The role of the PS in this project will be to: i) co-ordinate meetings between the implementing government departments; ii) manage finances; iii) undertake all reporting commitments; iv) undertake budget revisions; v) undertake monitoring and evaluations; and vi) co-ordinate the day-to-day operations of the project. The PS will comprise of the Principal Land Husbandry Specialist responsible for land management and conservation farming. This person will act as PM and will be responsible for the day-to- day management of the project. Other key persons in the PS include a nominee from the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit in the Agriculture, Policy and Planning Department (PPD). This person will be responsible for the project monitoring and evaluation. A nominee from the donor section of MACO’s Financial Management Unit (FMU) will also be a member of the PS and will be responsible for the
60 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia project’s finances. The members of the PS will report to the Chief Agricultural Specialist- Land Husbandry.
Programme Implementation Technical Support Team
165. The Programme Implementation Technical Support Team will consist of short-term and medium- term experts from different fields, who will be engaged to assist in the delivery of different outputs and outcomes in the project. These include:
Experts . Experts on climate modelling who will be responsible for developing a communication channel that will ensure climate data is properly packaged and delivered in a timely manner to the end users such as policy makers and farmers. This will be undertaken with input from the ZMD. . Experts on climate change adaptation, who will help undertake the economic impact assessments investigating the value of using climate risk information to inform agricultural planning. . Experts on policy will be hired to review and revise the current policies in the relevant ministries to include climate change considerations. . Experts will also be hired to undertake the economic analyses. . Other experts will include: one knowledge management expert for Outcome 4; one Monitoring and Evaluation Expert to develop the overall progress monitoring system and one communications expert.
Provincial Level Staff 166. At the provincial level, the Agricultural and Natural Resources sub-committee of the Provincial Development Coordinating Committee (PDCC) will be the main project decision-making body at the provincial level. The Provincial Agricultural Coordination Officer (PACO) will assign an officer from the provincial office to coordinate the involvement of other departments at the provincial level and to be responsible for incorporating climate change in provincial development plans.
District Level Staff 167. At the district level, the Agricultural and Natural Resources sub-committee of the District Development Coordination Committee (DDCC) will be the main project decision-making body at the district level. The District Agricultural Coordination Officer (DACO) will appoint an officer from the district office to coordinating the involvement of other departments at the district level, and be responsible for incorporating climate change in district development plans. The person will also be responsible for the monitoring of the project’s activities at the district level.
Field Staff 168. In the project areas, the Department of Agriculture will provide space to accommodate field-based staff. The field-based staff will facilitate activities at the local site level and report to the PS. These may include Block and Camp Extension Officers (BEO and CEOs), Community Development Officer and Forestry/ Fisheries Officers where available. These officers will work closely with the Area Development Committees (ADCs) and the Camp Agricultural Committees (CACs) were available. These will act as the site level technical committees. The BEOs and CEOs will interact with the interest/user groups through the management committees that will be formed at the community level to oversee the management and operations of the investments that will be piloted at the sites. Traditional leaders will also be represented.
Organigram of the project management arrangements
61 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
National Steering Committee
Project Project Technical Committee
Project Implementation Technical Support Team
Provincial Agricultural and National PACO Office Resources Sub Committee
DACO Office District Agricultural and National Resources Sub Committee
Area Development
Block/ CAMP extension Camp Agricultural
Interest groups/ User groups/ Livelihoods
Management Committee at the pilot sites
169. See Terms of Reference for the above positions and managing bodies in Section IV, Part I.
Results of MACO’s capacity assessment
170. The detailed assessment is attached as Annex N. Below is a summary of the gaps identified in the assessment: 1. National institution capacity for project management: a. Managerial: generally sufficient except in the area of disseminating lessons learned and knowledge management which needs strengthening. b. Technical: capacity exists in the domain of agriculture management except for the project management, agro-meteorology, forest and ecosystem management, climate modelling, climate change adaptation techniques, policy and economic analysis 2. National institution capacity for administrative and financial management: this is not adequate particularly in management and maintenance of infrastructure and equipment as well as in financial management. 62 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
PART IV: Monitoring and Evaluation Plan and Budget
171. Project monitoring and evaluation will be conducted in accordance with established GRZ and UNDP procedures and will be undertaken by the PS and the UNDP-CO with support from UNDP. The Strategic Results Framework (SRF) in Section II provides performance and impact indicators for project implementation along with other corresponding means of verification. These will form the basis on which the project’s Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system will be built.
172. The following sections outline the principal components of the M&E Plan and indicative cost estimates related to M&E activities, based on the UNDP Handbook on Monitoring and Evaluation for Results. The project’s M&E Plan will be presented and finalized in the Project Inception Report following a collective fine-tuning of indicators, means of verification and full description of project staff M&E responsibilities.
Monitoring and Reporting
Work Plans and Progress Reports
173. Work Plans will be the main management instruments governing the implementation of the project. The project will prepare the Annual Work Plan (AWP) with well-defined result indicators, using the standard format for UNDP supported projects. AWPs will be appraised and endorsed by MACO and UNDP. Upon approval, the work plan will be an instrument of authorization to the PM for implementation of the project. Human resources mobilization and procurement plans will be added to the AWP as annexes and be subject to review and endorsement by MACO and UNDP. Quarterly progress reports (short reports outlining main updates in the project’s progress) will be provided quarterly to the PTC by the PS who in turn will submit to the UNDP-CO.
Project Inception Phase
174. A Project Inception Workshop (IW) will be held within the first 2 months after the project starts and will comprise those with assigned roles in the project organization structure (see Project Organigram, Section IV, Part I), staff from the UNDP CO, regional technical policy and programme advisors, if appropriate/feasible, and other stakeholders. The IW is crucial to building ownership for the project results and to plan the first year Annual Work Plan.
175. The IW should cover and address a number of key issues, including: . Assist all partners to fully understand and take ownership of the project. . Detail the roles, support services and complementary responsibilities of UNDP CO and Regional Coordination Unit (RCU) staff vis- à-vis the project team. . Discuss the roles, functions, and responsibilities within the project's decision-making structures, including reporting and communication lines, and conflict resolution mechanisms. The Terms of Reference for project staff will be discussed again as needed. . Based on the project results framework, finalize the first Annual Work Plan. Review and agree on the indicators, targets and their means of verification, and recheck assumptions and risks. . Provide a detailed overview of reporting, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) requirements. The M&E work plan and budget should be agreed and scheduled. . Discuss financial reporting procedures and obligations, and arrangements for the annual audit.
63 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
. Plan and schedule Project Board meetings. Roles and responsibilities of all project organisation structures should be clarified and meetings planned. The first Project Board meeting should be held within the first 12 months following the inception workshop.
176. An IW report is a key reference document and must be prepared and shared with participants to formalize various agreements and plans decided during the meeting.
Monitoring Responsibilities and Events
177. The PS in conjunction with the PTC will develop a detailed schedule of project review meetings, which will be incorporated into the inception workshop report. This schedule will include time-frames for Tripartite Reviews, PTC Meetings and other relevant advisory and coordination mechanisms. Day-to-day monitoring of implementation progress will be the responsibility of the PM based on the AWP and its indicators. Project team members will inform the PM and UNDP-CO of any delays or difficulties faced during the implementation so that appropriate support or corrective measures can be adopted in a timely and remedial manner.
178. The PM and UNDP-CO will undertake the quarterly progress monitoring of the project implementation. Although this should be undertaken quarterly, it may also be undertaken when deemed necessary. This will allow the parties to take stock and troubleshoot any problems pertaining to the project in a timely manner to ensure the smooth implementation of project activities. This monitoring will be based on the project’s performance indicators which would have been fine-tuned in consultation with the stakeholders during the IW. Specific targets for the first year of implementation, which will be included in the AWP, will be used to assess whether implementation is proceeding at the planned pace. The targets and indicators may be revised annually as part of the internal evaluation process.
179. UNDP CO and the UNDP RCU will conduct visits to the pilot sites based on the agreed schedule in the project's Inception Report/Annual Work Plan to assess first hand project progress. Other members of the Project Board may also join these visits. A Field Visit Report/BTOR will be prepared by the CO and UNDP RCU and will be circulated no less than one month after the visit to the project team and Project Board members.
180. Annual monitoring will occur through the tripartite review (TPR). This is the highest policy level meeting of the parties directly involved in the implementation of the project (i.e. MACO and UNDP-CO). The project will be subjected to TPR at least once every year, the first one to be held within the first twelve months since the start of full implementation. With support from the PM, the National Coordinator (Project Executive) will prepare an Annual Project Report (APR) and submit it to UNDP-CO at least two weeks prior to the TPR for review and comments.
181. The APR will serve as the basis for assessing the performance of the project in terms of its contribution to the intended outcomes through outputs and partnership work. The APR will provide an accurate update on the project results, identify major constraints and propose future directions. The APR will be prepared by the PS and used for performance assessment, learning and decision making. It will be a brief report and will contain the basic minimum elements required for the assessment of results, major problems and proposed actions. These elements include an analysis of project performance over the reporting period, including: i) outputs produced and, where possible, information on the status of the outcome; ii) constraints in progress towards results and reasons behind the constraints; iii) three (at most) major constraints to achievement of results and; iv) lessons learned and clear recommendations for future approaches, including addressing the main problems restricting progress.
64 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
182. The Terminal Tripartite Review (TTR) will be held in the last month of operations. The TTR considers the implementation of the project as a whole, paying particular attention to whether the project achieved its objectives and contributed to the broader environmental objective. It decides whether any actions are still necessary, particularly in relation to sustainability of project results, and acts as a vehicle through which lessons learnt can be captured to feed into other projects.
183. MACO, with the assistance of the PM will be responsible for the preparation and submission of the following reports which will form part of the monitoring process:
Inception Report (IR)
184. The project IR will be prepared immediately following the IW. It will include a detailed First Year AWP divided into quarterly timeframes detailing the activities and progress indicators that will guide implementation during the first year of the project. The AWP will include dates of specific field visits, support missions from the UNDP-CO or consultants as well as timeframes for project’s decision-making meetings. The report will also include the detailed project budget for the first full year of implementation and any M&E requirements to effectively measure project performance during the targeted twelve months.
185. The IR will also include a more detailed narrative on the institutional roles, responsibilities, coordinating actions and feedback mechanisms of project partners. In addition, a section will be included on progress to-date on project establishment and start-up activities and an update of any changed external conditions that may affect project implementation. When finalized, the report will be circulated to project counterparts who will be given a period of one month in which to respond with comments or queries.
Annual Project Report (APR)
186. The APR is a UNDP requirement and part of UNDP-CO’s central oversight, monitoring, and project management. It is a self-assessment report compiled by PS to the UNDP-CO and it also provides input on the UNDP-CO’s reporting process, as well as providing key input to the TTR. This key report is prepared to monitor progress made since project start and in particular for the previous reporting period (30 June to 1 July). The APR/PIR (see below) combines both UNDP and GEF reporting requirements.
187. The APR/PIR includes, but is not limited to, reporting on the following: . Progress made toward project objective and project outcomes - each with indicators, baseline data and end-of-project targets (cumulative). . Project outputs delivered per project outcome (annual). . Lesson learned/good practice. . AWP and other expenditure reports. . Risk and adaptive management. . ATLAS QPR. . Portfolio level indicators are used by most focal areas on an annual basis as well.
Project Implementation Review (PIR)
188. The PIR is an annual monitoring process mandated by GEF. It is an essential management and monitoring tool for PMs and offers a means of extracting lessons from on-going projects. Once the project has been going for a year, a PIR must be completed by the UNDP-CO together with the PS. The PIR can be prepared any time during the year (July-June), although it would be ideal to prepare it prior to the TPR. The PIR should then be discussed in the TPR so that the result would be a PIR that has been agreed upon by all the parties.
Quarterly Progress Reports
65 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
189. Short reports based on the AWP outlining main updates in project progress will be provided quarterly to the local UNDP-CO and MACO by the PM or national consultants. Progress made shall be monitored in the UNDP Enhanced Results Based Management Platform.
190. Based on the initial risk analysis submitted, the risk log shall be regularly updated in ATLAS. Risks become critical when the impact and probability are high. Note that for UNDP projects, all financial risks associated with financial instruments such as revolving funds, microfinance schemes, or capitalization of ESCOs are automatically classified as critical on the basis of their innovative nature (high impact and uncertainty due to no previous experience justifies classification as critical). Based on the information recorded in Atlas, a Project Progress Reports (PPR) can be generated in the Executive Snapshot. Other ATLAS logs can be used to monitor issues, lessons learned and so on. The use of these functions is a key indicator in the UNDP Executive Balanced Scorecard.
Periodic Thematic Reports
191. As and when called for by UNDP-CO or the GEF Secretariat, MACO will prepare Specific Thematic Reports, focusing on specific issues or areas of activity. The request for a Thematic Report will be provided to the MACO in writing by UNDP and will clearly state the issue or activities that need to be reported on. These reports can be used as a form of lessons learned exercise, specific oversight in key areas, or as troubleshooting exercises to evaluate and overcome obstacles and difficulties encountered. UNDP is requested to minimize its requests for Thematic Reports, and when such reports are necessary UNDP is requested to allow reasonable timeframes for their preparation by the project team.
Project Terminal Report
192. During the last three months of the project, MACO will prepare the Project Terminal Report (PTR). This comprehensive report will summarize all activities, achievements and outputs of the project, lessons learnt, objectives not met or not achieved, structures and systems implemented, and thus provide an assessment of the project’s performance during its lifetime. It will also lay out recommendations for any further steps that may need to be taken to ensure sustainability and replicability of the project’s activities.
Technical Reports
193. Technical Reports are detailed documents covering specific areas of analysis or scientific specializations within the overall project. As part of the IR, the PS will prepare a draft Reports List detailing the technical reports that are expected to be prepared on key areas of activity during the course of the project, and tentative due dates. Where necessary, this Reports List will be revised and updated, and included in subsequent APRs. Among the key technical reports expected to be produced by the project in the first year is the synthesis document on cross-cutting issues including financial mechanisms, based on materials generated during the PPG phase. Elements of this report will be disseminated widely among the key stakeholders involved in the project.
194. Technical reports may also be prepared by external consultants and should be comprehensive, specialized analyses of clearly defined areas of research within the framework of the project and pilot sites. These technical reports will represent, as appropriate, the project’s substantial contribution to specific areas, and will be used in efforts to disseminate relevant information and best practices at local, national and international levels.
Project Publications
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195. Project publications will be a key method for disseminating the results and achievements of the project. These publications should be scientific (i.e. published in peer-review journals) as well as popular texts on the activities and achievements of the project. These publications can be based on technical reports, or may be summaries or compilations of a series of technical reports and other research. The project team will determine if any of the Technical Reports merit formal publication and will also (in consultation with UNDP, the government and other relevant stakeholder groups) plan and produce these publications in a consistent and recognizable format. It is anticipated that a minimum of one major publication synthesizing key lessons from the project and experiences of the case sites will be produced in the last year of the project. Project resources will need to be defined and allocated for these activities as appropriate and in a manner commensurate with the project budget. Other publications will include shorter policy briefs.
Independent Evaluation
196. The project will be subjected to at least two independent external evaluations as follows:
Mid-term Evaluation
197. The project will undergo an independent Mid-Term Evaluation at the mid-point of project implementation. The Mid-Term Evaluation will determine progress being made toward the achievement of outcomes and will identify course correction if needed. It will focus on the effectiveness, efficiency and timeliness of project implementation; will highlight issues requiring decisions and actions; and will present initial lessons learned about project design, implementation and management. Findings of this review will be incorporated as recommendations for enhanced implementation during the final half of the project’s term.
198. The organization, Terms of Reference and timing of the mid-term evaluation will be decided after consultation between the parties to the project document. The Terms of Reference for this Mid-term evaluation will be prepared by the UNDP CO based on guidance from the Regional Coordinating Unit and UNDP. The management response and the evaluation will be uploaded to UNDP corporate systems, in particular the UNDP Evaluation Office Evaluation Resource Centre (ERC).
Final External Evaluation
199. An independent Final Evaluation will take place three months prior to the final Project Board meeting and will be undertaken in accordance with UNDP and GEF guidance. The final evaluation will focus on the delivery of the project’s results as initially planned (and as corrected after the mid-term evaluation, if any such correction took place). The final evaluation will look at impact and sustainability of results, including the contribution to capacity development. The Terms of Reference for this evaluation will be prepared by the UNDP CO based on guidance from the Regional Coordinating Unit and UNDP- GEF.
200. The Terminal Evaluation should also provide recommendations for follow-up activities and requires a management response which should be uploaded to PIMS and to the UNDP Evaluation Office Evaluation Resource Centre (ERC).
201. The relevant GEF Focal Area Tracking Tools will also be completed during the final evaluation.
202. During the last three months, the project team will prepare the Project Terminal Report. This comprehensive report will summarize the results achieved (objectives, outcomes, outputs), lessons learned, problems met and areas where results may not have been achieved. It will also lay out 67 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia recommendations for any further steps that may need to be taken to ensure sustainability and replicability of the project’s results.
Auditing
203. The project will be audited annually, using the National Execution Modality by the Office of the Auditor General. Audit reports and follow up action plans will be endorsed and monitored by UNDP.
Learning and Knowledge Sharing
204. Results from the programme will be disseminated within and beyond the programme interventions zone through a number of existing informal sharing networks, in particular, the ALM and wikiADAPT. The ALM lessons learned template will be adapted for use by the project.
205. The project will identify, analyze and share lessons learnt that might be beneficial in the design and implementation of similar future projects. Identifying and analyzing lessons learned is an on-going process, and the need to communicate such lessons as one of the project’s central contributions is a requirement to be delivered not less frequently than once every 12 months. UNDP will provide a format and assist the project team in categorizing, documenting and reporting on lessons learned. To this end a percentage of project resources will need to be allocated for these activities.
Indicative Monitoring and Evaluation Work Plan and Corresponding Budget
206. The following table (Table 6) provides the outline of the M&E framework. More information can be found in Table 12 (Total budget and workplan).
Table 6. Indicative Monitoring and Evaluation Work Plan and Corresponding Budget. Type of M& E Activity Responsible Parties Budget (US$) Time Frame (Excluding Project team Staff time) Inception Workshop PTC 15,000121 Within two months after PS the project has UNDP management unit has been setup. Inception Report PS None A month after the inception workshop Measurement of Means PTC To be finalised at the Start, mid and end of of Verification or PS inception phase and project (during project results UNDP-CO workshop evaluation cycle) and annually when required). Measurement of Means PTC To be determined as part Annually prior to of Verification for PS of the AWP’s APR/PIR and to the Project Progress on UNDP-CO preparation definition of annual outputs and workplans implementation Annual Project Review PTC 15,000 Annually (APR) and Project PS Implementation Review UNDP-CO
121 Based on the assumption that 50 people attend. This includes accommodation for 2 nights and transport refunds for those from other places outside Lusaka. 68 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
(PIR) Tripartite Review (TPR) MACO 15,000122 Annually UNDP PTC PS Terminal Tripartite PS 20,000123 At the end of the Project Review (TTR) PTC MACO Project Technical PS 30,000 Following the Inception Committee Meetings PTC workshop and at least UNDP-CO once a year Periodic Status/Progress PM 15,000 Quarterly Reports PS Technical Reports/ PS 20,000 To be determined during Publications PTC the Inception Report MACO Individual Consultants Mid-Term External MACO 40,000 Midway during the Evaluation PS project Implementation PTC External Consultants (i.e. evaluation team) Final External MACO 40,000 At least 3 months before Evaluation PS the end of project PTC implementation External Consultants (i.e. evaluation team) Lessons Learned and PS 0124 Every year of the project shared (both local and at UNDP implementation from international level) year two. Audit CO Indicative cost per year: Yearly PS 10,000 Field Visits to the Sites PS 30,000125 Yearly PTC UNDP-CO Project Terminal Report MACO None Start three months (PTR) PS before the project ends. Total Indicative Cost 280,000 Excluding project team staff time and UNDP staff time and expenses
PART V: Legal Context 207. This project document shall be the instrument referred to as such in Article 1 of the Standard Basic Assistance Agreement between GRZ and the UNDP.
122 This will be some kind of a workshop. The costs will be mainly venue hire and refreshments annually. 123 The PS and the PTC will hire a consultant to conduct the TTR. The cost includes consultancy fees and logistical support for the field work. 124 The cost of lessons learned is covered by Outcome 4. 125 The allocation for field visits was reduced from US$90,000 to US$30,000 since the cost of other monitoring includes the cost of travel as well. 69 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
208. Revisions may be made to this project document with the signature of the UNDP Resident Representative only, provided he or she is assured that the other signatories of the project document have no objections to the proposed changes, that is to say revisions which do not involve significant changes in the outcomes, outputs or activities of a project, but are caused by rearrangement of inputs agreed to or by cost increases due to inflation.
209. The GRZ will provide the Resident Representative with certified periodic financial statements, and with an annual audit of the financial statements relating to the status of UNDP (including GEF) funds according to the established procedures set out in the Programming and Finance manuals. The Audit will be conducted by the legally recognized auditor of the Government, or by a commercial auditor engaged by the Government.
210. This document together with the CPAP signed by the Government and the UNDP which is incorporated by reference constitute together a Project Document as referred to in the Standard Basic Assistance Agreement and all CPAP provisions apply to this document.
211. Consistent with the Article III of the standard Basic Agreement, the responsibility for the safety and security of the implementing partner and its personnel and property, and of UNDP ‘s property in the implementing partner’s custody, rests within the implementing partner. The implementing partner shall:
a) Put in place appropriate security plan and maintain the security plan, taking into account the security situation in the country where the project is being carried; b) Assume all risks and liabilities related to the implementing partner’s security, and the full implementation of the security plan.
212. UNDP reserves the right to verify whether such a plan is in place, and suggest modifications to the plan when necessary. The implementing partner agrees to undertake all reasonable efforts to ensure that none of the UNDP funds received pursuant to the Project Document are used to provide support to individuals or entities associated with terrorism and that the recipients of any amounts provided by UNDP hereunder do not appear on the list maintained by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267(1999).
70 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
SECTION II: Strategic Results Framework
PART I: Strategic Results Framework
Table 7. Strategic Results Framework of the project.
Project Strategy Indicators Baseline Value Targets and benchmarks Sources of Risks and verification Assumptions
Objective: to 1. Number of 1. At present, adaptation By the end of the project, at Field Surveys. develop adaptive subsistence farmers in measures have not been least 1000 subsistence Consultants’ capacity of the rural communities adopted by subsistence farmers adopt at least one reports. subsistence who have successful farmers. adaptation measure. farmers and rural adopted adaptation communities to measures. withstand climate change in Zambia 2. No of policy-level 2. Limited mainstreaming of 2. By the end of the project, Government activities that enable adaptation into national 5 key sectoral policies and 2 policies and policy adjustments for planning processes and provincial and district plans plans; minutes replication of cost- policies. are revised to promote of meetings. effective adaptation adaptation. measures.
3. No of knowledge 3. Limited documented 3. By the end of the project, products generated information on cost- at least 20 key project Knowledge that promote effectiveness of adaptation lessons are documented and products, replication of cost- responses, and promotion of disseminated in local, workshop effective adaptation adaptation. national and international proceedings. approaches. fora and media.
Outcome 1: 1. Number of At present, climate risk By the end of the project, Surveys and Availability of Climate change government planners information is not included 250 government planners and interviews with technical risks integrated and extension staff in decision-making extension staff trained to sectoral expertise and into decision- that include climate processes. routinely include climate risk planners. equipment for making processes risk information in information in their decision downscaling for agricultural their decision processes. international management at processes. Review of legal climate data to the local, sub- Farmers’ incomes in 3 pilot texts for AER level. national and 2. EWS developed Zambia’s National Disaster sites protected against the agencies
71 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia national levels and applied Management Policy effects of extreme weather concerned. effectively in three identifies gaps affecting its events. pilot sites. functionality and measures that need to be undertaken to improve disaster risk management. Outcome 2: 1. Number of At present, although there Surveys, end of Private sector Agricultural interventions in are a number of measures project and productivity in selected pilot sites that the government and evaluation communities do the pilot sites implemented, with other donors are reports not respond made resilient to appropriate implementing. However, positively to the anticipated management these do not take climate improved impacts of climate (including cost change into consideration; policies/incentiv change recovery) plans in neither are they monitored es. place, agreed by all for their adaptation value. stakeholders, for Poor co- sustainability beyond ordination the project grant. among 10% increase in agricultural implementing 2. Percentage increase incomes. institutions in agricultural leading to incomes in the pilot delays in sites. At least 50% of the people deliverables. involved in the interventions 3. Number of women at each pilot site are women Agricultural and involved in (this includes management water interventions in the committees). management pilot sites. interventions at the pilot sites are not cost effective.
Farmer acceptability of risky adaptation measures may limit project implementation.
Lack of commitment from the community.
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High illiteracy levels in villages may hinder the progress of pilot interventions and/or dissemination of lessons learned.
The current momentum on climate change does not fade or is not overtaken by events such as global financial crisis. Outcome 3: 1. The number of At present, the national By the end of the project, 2 Policies, action The project National fiscal, policies that are policies as well as the provincial plans and district plans, policy interventions are regulatory and adapted to take into provincial and district plans and 5 key national briefings and able to generate development account climate development plans that are policies are revised to communication convincing policy revised to change risks. available do not address promote sustainable climate reports benefits. promote climate change and resilient development. adaptation adaptation issues in an Policy responses in the integrated manner. stakeholders are agricultural willing to make sector. 2. Awareness level of At present, rural By the end of the project, changes in rural population in populations’ understanding rural populations within the policies within pilot sites and of climate change and its eight pilot sites will have the time-frame local/national impacts is minimal. been exposed to climate of the project. government of change information and climate change and its adaptation training with Government impacts improved. catalytic intentions. remains stable and climate change remains a policy priority throughout the project. Outcome 4. 1. Number of Development projects By the end of the project, at ALM platform Lessons learned proposals, papers and currently do not least four proposed or and knowledge other documents that systematically benefit from ongoing projects draw on Papers, management incorporate learning learning practices and lessons and knowledge proposals and component from the project. project lessons on generated by the LDCF other established. community-based project. documents. 2. Number of lessons adaptation.
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included in the ALM. By the end of the project, at least 20 key project lessons 3, Number of regional are captured and and national disseminated in the ALM. workshops conducted for dissemination of By the end of the project, at project lessons. least 1 national and 1 international workshop on 4. The number of adaptation to effects of awareness campaigns drought and climate change conducted on the is conducted. need to incorporate adaptation needs in By the end of the project, at policy. least two campaigns have been conducted
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PART II: Cost-effectiveness Analysis
213. The measures implemented through this project were identified during the NAPA process. Multi- criteria analysis was used to prioritise the list according to potential for positive effects on economic development, social capital and environmental management. Cost effectiveness was one of the criteria measuring economic development. The actions proposed are not only the most urgent and most pressing, but are also judged to be cost effective. 214. Detailed cost information for the indicative 31 interventions in the eight pilot sites within AER I and II in Zambia has been included in Annex G. The effectiveness of these measures in increasing resilience to climate change will be tested and measured during the course of the project. This will involve undertaking an economic analysis and performing cost-benefit analyses to ascertain whether each activity is an economically viable option given climate change. The most successful interventions will be prioritized in policy-level work (Outcome 3) to promote upscaling to other areas of AER I and II
215. The following measures will also ensure that the proposed project is cost effective: 1. The project will be managed within the existing MACO extension frameworks. This will ensure cost sharing with other projects and reduce on the overheads. 2. The project will closely with existing projects (see paragraphs 151-156) to co-produce outputs. The project will benefit from $809,000 cash co-financing from the Government for Outcome 2, and $175 of cash co-financing from UNDP 3. The technical and financial support for the management communities, which is an integral component in all the proposed interventions, will ensure capacity is developed within the communities. This will ensure cost effectiveness in terms of monitoring and enhance sustainability beyond the project lifespan. 4. Strengthening of market linkages in the pilot sites will ensure that the farmer groups will be able to acquire inputs on their own (as the project progresses).
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SECTION III: Total Budget and Workplan
Table 8. Total budget and workplan.
Award ID: 00058205 Award Title: PIMS 3942 CCA FSP: Zambia NAPA Follow up (LDCF) Business Unit: ZMB10 Project Title: Adaptation to the Effect of Drought and Climate Change in Agro-ecological Zone 1 and 2 in Zambia Project ID: 00072197 Implementing Partner Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives (Executing Agency)
ATLAS Budgetary Responsible Fund Donor Account ATLAS Budgetary Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Total Budget LDCF Outcome Party ID Name Code Account Code (US$) (US$) (US$) (US$) (US$) Notes OUTCOME 1: Climate GEF 71300 Local Consultant 40,000 20,000 60,000 1 change risks integrated into critical decision GEF 72200 Equipment 30,000 30,000 2 making processes for GEF 74500 Miscellaneous 60,000 60,000 3 agricultural management at the local, sub-national Ministry of GEF 72100 Contractual Services 40,000 60,000 60,000 160,000 4 and national levels Agriculture & International Cooperatives 62160 GEF 71200 Consultant 40,000 40,000 5
GEF Subtotal OUTCOME 1 80,000 150,000 60,000 60,000 350,000 OUTCOME 2: 6 Agricultural productivity GEF 72300 Materials & Goods 29,640 266,340 216,620 203,180 715,780 in the pilot sites made GEF 72100 Contractual services 22,000 1,070,916 140,916 66,916 1,300,748 7 resilient to the Ministry of GEF 71600 Travel 110,940 150,570 164,850 115,350 541,710 8 anticipated impacts of Agriculture & climate change Cooperatives 62160 GEF 74200 Audio Visual 15,000 27,600 27,600 12,600 82,800 9 GEF Subtotal OUTCOME 2 177,580 1,515,426 549,986 398,046 2,641,038
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77 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
OUTCOME 3: National GEF 71200 International Consultant 40,000 40,000 80,000 fiscal and development policy revised to promote GEF 71300 Local consultants 20,000 20,000 20,000 60,000 10 adaptation responses in GEF 72100 Contractual Services 30,000 18,962 30,000 78,962 11 the agricultural sector 12 Ministry of 62160 GEF 71600 Travel 30,000 10,000 40,000 Agriculture & UNDP- Cooperatives 4000 CO 74500 Miscellaneous 43,750 43,750 43,750 43,750 175,000 13 Subtotal GEF 120,000 38,962 100,000 258,962 Subtotal UNDP-CO 43,750 43,750 43,750 43,750 175,000
SUBTOTAL OUTCOME 3 43,750 163,750 82,712 143,750 433,962 4. Lessons-learned and Local Consultant knowledge management GEF 71300 10,000 10,000 10,000 30,000 14 component established GEF 72400 Comm. & Audio Visual 5,000 5,000 5,000 15,000 15 Audio Visual & Print Ministry of GEF 74200 Prod 20,000 20,000 60,000 100,000 16 Agriculture & Cooperatives 62160 GEF 71600 Travel 20,000 20,000 17 Subtotal OUTCOME 4 35,000 35,000 95,000 165,000 5. Project Management GEF 71200 International Consultants 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 40,000 18 Local Consultant GEF 71300 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 60,000 19 Travel GEF 71600 20,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 60,000 20 GEF 72500 Office Supplies 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 40,000 21 Ministry of GEF 72200 Equipment 60,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 100,000 22 Agriculture & Cooperatives 62160 GEF 74500 Miscellaneous 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 80,000 23 Subtotal GEF 135,000 95,000 75,000 75,000 380,000 SUBTOTAL MANAGEMENT 180,000 220,000 190,000 90,000 540,000 Grand total GEF 392,580 1,915,426 758,948 728,046 3,795,000 Grand total UNDP-CO 43,750 43,750 43,750 43,750 175,000 GRAND TOTAL 436,330 1,959,176 802,698 771,796 3,970,000
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Summary of Funds: 126
Donor Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Total GEF 392,580 1,915,426 758,948 728,046 3,795,000 UNDP 43,750 43,750 43,750 43,750 175,000 ZMD 125,000 125,000 125,000 125,000 500,000 CCFU 650,000 650,000 650,000 650,000 2,600,000 FAO (CASPP) 1,250,000 1,250,000 1,250,000 1,250,000 5,000,000 GRZ(MACO) 382,250 382,250 382,250 382,250 1 529 000 TOTAL 2,843,580 4,366,426 3,209,948 3,179,046 13,599,000
Budget notes pertaining to Total Budget and Workplan
Table 9. Budget notes for Outcome 1: Climate change risks integrated into critical decision making processes for agricultural management at the local, sub-national and national levels.
Budget Description Ref A consultant will be hired to: 1 1) Undertake economic impact assessments on the adaptation value of using climate risk information to inform agricultural planning. The cost to the project is estimated at US$25,000 2) The ZMD project intends to engage a local consultant to develop a National Early Warning System (NEWS). The consultant who will do the EW needs assessment will also develop the EWS for the sites based on the needs assessment. 3) The CCFU will hire consultants to revise the policies to incorporate climate change considerations. The proposed project will use lessons learnt from the pilots as inputs to the process. The project will purchase equipment for water monitoring and weather data monitoring such as rain 2 gauges for collecting and monitoring water and weather data in the project sites. The project in collaboration with the DWA and ZMD will conduct trainings in the project sites 3 1) For staff DWA staff, ZMD and extension staff on how to monitor water and weather data. This will complement the trainings under the ZMD project “capacity development for effective early
126 Summary table includes all financing of all kinds: GEF financing, co-financing, cash, in-kind, etc.
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warning….) the ZMD will conduct capacity enhanced of agro/met staff in agroshell software at provincial level in order to develop capacity for the provision of effective early warning services to support climate change adaptation. The budget is US$190,000. Similarly, the CCFU, as one of its planned activities will train ZMD staff in early warning forecast and modelling as well as training in data interpretation for agricultural and DMMU staff. The budget is US$50,000. This makes a total of US$240,000 2) On early warning targeting the local communities/ PDCC and DDCC will be conducted at the project sites. This is estimated to cost US$5000 at each site per year. This will be covered under the cross-sectoral sensitization and capacity building on the relevance of early warning for climate change adaptation by the ZMD. The Following undertakings will be done through DDCC and CCFU: 1) The DDCC will be facilitated with financial and technical assistance to act as climate change resource centres. Each will be provided with US$5000 annually. 2) The CCFU, under its development of a communication and advocacy strategy on climate change intends to disseminate information through the Ministries such as the education ministry. They will spend US$53,500. The project will conduct trainings in the project sites for the school children on climate change. 4 The ZMD project intends to engage an international consultant for technical assistance for the 5 establishment of cross sectoral early warning services for climate change adaptation as well as technical assistance for the evaluation of a suitable legal framework and financial system for sustainability of EWS. The entire process will cost US$60,000. The project will engage a consultant to conduct site specific early warning needs assessments in all the project sites. This will cost the project US$30,000
Table 10. Budget notes for Outcome 2: Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change. Budget Description Ref In order to implement successful demonstration of Techniques for soil and water conservation as well as 6 soil improvement implemented to reduce erosion and improve the productivity and income of small-scale agriculture, farmers in the pilots will be provided with free inputs in the first year so as to properly implement the trainings. This will facilitate comparisons and enhance adoption of diversified seeds. To achieve this Local dealers and companies will be Contracted: 1) To supply rice dehullers [4] to the rice producing groups. The groups will operate the machine which farmers will use at a fee. The funds raised should assists in meeting the repair costs and other group operating costs. The estimated cost of the machine with capacity of 3-5MT/h is US$5000. Each site will have two machines. 2) To supply fingerlings, rice seed and fertilizers. Each of the 20[5] farmers will be supplied with a rice-fish input pack for 2 acres (0.80937 hectares). This will consist of 5X50kg D-compound fertilizer at US$62 and 3X50kg Ammonium Nitrate at US$62 and rice seed whose cost is to be determined later. Fingerlings estimated at 100 per pond will also be supplied. These costs of rice and fingerlings for the 20 farmers are estimated at US$5000 annually making an approximate total annual cost of US$15,000. Estimated yields per hectare for this type of farming are 1,517kg/ha for rice and 196kg/ha of fish in Zambia [6].
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7 Local manufacturers/Construction companies will be contracted or their Equipment hired for the following Undertakings:
1) Local manufacturers/ carpenters will be contracted to manufacture modern beehives to be supplied to the farmers. 2) Local engineering firms will be contracted to construct new dams for supplying water for domestic use, animal watering and irrigation. The dam size will depend on the number of households in the catchment area. The cost of construction [7] is estimated at US$0.33/m3 while household demand for domestic, livestock and irrigation usage is estimated at 200m3 per year [8]. To account for loses8 due to evaporation and seepage each household needs 800m3 in total from the dam. Each dam will be equipped with water extraction mechanism for irrigation as well as animal watering points to prevent direct extraction by animals and people which leads to silting. Each household in the sites is expected to have sufficient water for irrigating 1000m2 of land for vegetables for 90 days, water 35 animals for 180 days as well as domestic water use for a family of six[9]. 3) Local construction companies will be contracted to construct fish ponds. 3 production ponds constructed each year at US$4,000 each labour inclusive (2,000M2 @ US$2/M2 for earthen ponds and US$6/M2 for concrete ponds. Earthen are preferred, for they are cheaper to construct) [1] .Three rearing ponds (166M2 @ US$332 each) will also be constructed each year to supply the production ponds with fingerlings (2.5 fingerlings per metre squared [2]). One breeding pond will be constructed each year. A 200M2 will supply fry to all the three rearing ponds. This will cost US$400. The total cost of pond construction annually will be US$14,196. Assuming that the fish will be under supplementary feeding, estimated harvest per year on average is 1800kg for the three production ponds (30kg/M2 )[3] . With fish costing approximately US$2/kg. 4) The construction of earth dam in Chikowa and the six storm water dams in Kasaya will be constructed by the communities with technical assistance from the DWA and MACO staff. These will need fuel and DSAs for a maximum of 10 days per dam where necessary machinery may be hired. Two storm water dams will be constructed each year in Kasaya from year two using community labour and technical assistance from the DWA and MACO. In second year, 2 storm water dams in Kasaya and the earth dam in Chikowa will be constructed. This implies 3 sites by 2 officers at each site. 5) Local communities under the supervision of DWA and MACO staff will construct 3 weirs in Kasaya and 2 holding reservoirs in Lusitu. These should be designed with mechanisms to extract water to protect them from silting. The cost of a weir/ sand-dam 175ft long and 9ft high expected to hold 2000m3 of water is estimated at US$5,600 plus the community labour [10]. Travel costs (DSA and Fuel) for all field trips for Consultants, project staff and technical personnel will be 8 partly covered by project funds
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Audio Visual Equipment and Publication/demonstration Materials will be needed for the following 9 undertakings 1) MACO and DWA staff will be conducting regular trainings and providing technical advice on high value irrigated crop production and marketing to ensure increased productivity from the irrigated crops in all the sites with irrigation projects. The DWA staff will be conducting regular monitoring to provide technical advice on dam maintenance to prevent siltation of dams. The training and routine monitoring will be done at least 3 times in a month each year by two officers (one from DWA and the other from MACO). These will require DSAs amounting to US$60/ day, and fuel allowances amounting to US$24 per day (20 litres per day at US$1.2/litre). 2) Department of Water Affairs technical staff from the provinces together with MACO (TSB) officers will conduct trainings on river bank control on the Bazimu River. They will also select the suitable sites where check dams and gabions will be constructed to realign the river. They will also conduct training on construction of impounding structures and basins. The expenses will include fuel and DSAs for a maximum of 10 days.
Table 11. Budget notes for Outcome 3: National fiscal and development policy revised to promote adaptation responses in the agricultural sector Budget Description Ref The CCFU will hire consultants to revise the policies to incorporate climate change considerations. The 10 proposed project will contribute lessons learned to the CCFU for use in sensitization campaigns and policy advocacy. The project will hire consultants who will conduct barrier analysis based on the project objectives; conduct seminars to disseminate project specific information. All the analyses supported by the project will be done in project areas and will also feed into the larger CCFU objectives Funds earmarked for: 11 1) National training seminars on climate resilient agriculture 2) Seminars/Workshops meant to foster dialogue between DDCC, PDCC and the communities 3) Development and production of awareness and training materials Consultant travel costs (DSA & fuel) on policy revision and Climate change mainstreaming related 12 business UNDP-CO will contribute US$175,000 to support outcomes under outcome 3. This will be in form of cash 13 financing. The distribution of the money will be decided during the inception workshop when the stakeholder involvement plan is finalized. Particularly the rows between CCFU and the project as regards outcome 3 will be finalized during the IW.
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Table 12. Budget notes for Outcome 4: Lessons-learned and knowledge management component established. Budget Description Ref Consultancy Services-Individuals: One Knowledge Management Expert will be engaged to document 14 lessons learnt from the project on a continuous basis and present the lessons in summary to all stakeholders; collate and submit all technical reports and documents on lessons learnt to the ALM and WikiADAPT; and Develop a briefing paper on lessons-learnt from the project for publication in a peer reviewed journal. The total cost for this activity will be US$30,000 for the project duration. The CCFU will establish a climate change website and regularly update and popularize it through 15 electronic and print media to ensure that it is accessible to the general public. They will spend US$15,000. The project will use the same website. In order to raise awareness on the lessons learnt 16 1) The CCFU will conduct climate change workshops at district, provincial and national level. The project will benefit by disseminating its information through these workshops. 2) The project will work in collaboration with the National Agricultural Information Services who will coordinate the dissemination of information through broadcasting on both radio and television and publications in the national dairies and posters. An indicative budget submitted by NAIS for these activities is attached. Travel costs for Community workshops in the pilot sites to disseminate project lessons 17
Table 13. Budget notes for Project Management. Budget Description Ref The mid-term evaluation and the final evaluation will cost the project a total of US$80,000. These will be 18 conducted by an international consultant. UNDP-CO will contribute US$40,000 to supplement the GEF contribution of US$40,000.
The UNDP-CO will facilitate for the hiring of a project officer who will hold the role of project assurance. 19 The annual budget for this is US$60,000. The person will be employed for two years. PMU staff travel on project management and programme coordination related business 20 Office supplies-stationary and sundry 21
Hardware and software equipment for PCU and office furniture 22
Includes telecommunications and internet connection 23
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Table 14. References for Budget Notes.
Notes. [1] Estimates for cost of pond construction were supplied by Dr. Harris Phiri, Chief Fisheries Research Officer, Department of Fisheries, MACO [2] Mwale, M., Chizyuka, C.H., Sokotela, S.B, Banda, K.P and Matsuda. A. 2007 PaViDIA Field Manual (Volume 3): Sustainable Agricultural Practices. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives/ Japan International Cooperation Agency. [3] Mwale, M., Chizyuka, C.H., Sokotela, S.B, Banda, K.P and Matsuda. A. 2007 PaViDIA Field Manual (Volume 3): Sustainable Agricultural Practices. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives/ Japan International Cooperation Agency [4] Machine for milling rice to remove the husks. This will improve the quality of rice as traditional systems of dehulling result in broken grains which are not accepted by some retailers. [5] Although the facilitators report recommended 5 farmers for trial purposes, this is uneconomical as the monitoring costs are likely to be high. Also to gauge the impact, a larger sample is required. [6] Nilsson, H. and Blariaux, D. 1994. Rice-Cum Fish Trials in Luapula Province, Zambia. Downloadable at http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD004E/AD004E00.HTM [7] Mati, B.M., Malesu, M. and Oduor, A. 2005. Promoting Rainwater Harvesting Eastern and Southern Africa: The RELMA Experience.
[8] Niessen-Petresen, E. 2006 Water from Small Dams, A handbook for technicians, farmers and others on site investigations, designs, cost estimates, construction and maintenance of small earth dams. Danish International Development Assistance [9] Niessen-Petresen, E. 2006 Water from Small Dams, A handbook for technicians, farmers and others on site investigations, designs, cost estimates, construction and maintenance of small earth dams. Danish International Development Assistance [10] http://thewaterproject.org/kalwa.asp [11] Sivanappan, R.K. Technologies for water harvesting and soil moisture conservation in small water sheds for small-scale irrigation. Downloadable at http://www.fao.org/docrep/W7314E/w7314e0q.htm [12] Estimates from Eastern Province Field Report [13] Southern Province Facilitators Report [14] Southern Province Facilitators Report
84 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
SECTION IV: Additional Information
PART I: Terms of Reference for Key Project Groups, Staff, and Sub-Contractors127
A. Project National Steering Committee
216. The PNSC will be established by MACO and will meet at least once a year, though they may meet more frequently if the need arises. The PNSC will be made up of the following members (their role in the PNSC is included in italics): 1. Director, Department of Agriculture (MACO) – Chairperson. 2. Director, Policy and Planning Department (MACO). 3. Director, Forestry Department (MTENR) – Member. 4. Director, Department of Environment and Natural Resources (MTENR) – Member. 5. Director, DWA (MEWD) – Member. 6. Director, ZMD (MCT) – Member. 7. Director, ZARI (MACO) – Member. 8. Director, Environmental Council of Zambia (MTENR) – Member. 9. Director, DOF (MACO) – Member. 10. Director, Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development (MACO) – Member. 11. Representative, UNDP. 12. Director, DMMU (Office of the Vice President) – Member. 13. Representative, FAO.
217. The PNSC will be chaired by the Director of the Department of Agriculture. However, if the Director of the Department of Agriculture is absent, the Director of the Policy and Planning Department (MACO) will chair the PNSC.
Responsibilities
. Establishing policies to define the functions, responsibilities, and delegation of powers for the implementing agencies and the PS. . Providing overall guidance on budget management and project activities. . Facilitating coordination of project activities across institutions. . Making decisions on issues brought to its attention by the PTC and PS.
B. Project Executive
218. MACO will appoint a Project Executive (MACO Climate Change Focal Point Person) who will be responsible, on behalf of the government, for the project. The project executive will be responsible for the overall administration, management, coordination, implementation, monitoring, and reporting. The Project Executive will chair the PTC and will head the PS with support from the PM.
Responsibilities
. Ensuring effective partnership between the implementing ministries. . Ensuring that project activities are integrated and coordinated with the established operations of the MACO at the national level.
127 Details of the terms of reference as well as qualifications will be finalized during the inception workshop 85 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
. Developing and maintaining close linkages with relevant sectoral government agencies, UNDP, NGOs, civil society, international organisations and implementing partners of the project. . Supervising and leading the project team in carrying out their duties at an optimum level through ensuring efficient and effective resource utilization.
219. With the support of the PM, the Project Executive shall: . Oversee establishment of the PS. . Prepare detailed annual breakdowns of the work plan for all project objectives. . Identify resource requirements, responsibilities, tasks outlines, performance evaluation criteria and work plans. . Prepare quarterly work plans. . Prepare and finalize detailed terms of reference and qualifications short term consultants. . Submit all project reports as required. . Approve quarterly status and financial reports for comments and approval by the PNSC. . Oversee implementation of the PNSC directives.
C. Project Manager
220. The PM will report to the Project Executive and will lead the project team through the planning, implementation, and delivery of policies, reports, knowledge products, and other results approved in the project document and annual work plans. The PM will provide overall operational management for the successful execution and implementation of the programme. The PM will be responsible for financial management and disbursements, with accountability to the government and UNDP. The PM will also work closely with the staff from inter alia ZMD, MTENR, DMMU, DWA and DOF.
Responsibilities
. Facilitating the day-to-day functioning of the PS. . Managing human and financial resources in consultation with the Project Executive to achieve results in line with the outputs and activities outlined in the project document. . Leading the preparation and implementation of annual results-based work plans and logical frameworks as endorsed by the management. . Coordinating project activities with related and parallel activities both within MACO and with external implementing departments. . Monitoring project activities, including financial matters, and preparing monthly and quarterly progress reports, and organising monthly and quarterly progress reviews. . Supporting the Project Executive in organising PTC meetings. . Coordinating the distribution of responsibilities amongst team members and organising the monitoring and tracking systems. . Reporting and providing feedback on project strategies, activities, progress, and barriers to UNDP and the PTC. . Managing relationships with project stakeholders including donors, NGOs, government agencies, and others as required.
D. Administrative and Financial Assistant
221. One administrative and financial assistant will report to PM and the Project Executive.
Responsibilities
86 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
. Standardize the finance and accounting systems of the project while maintaining compatibility with the GRZ and UNDP financial accounting procedures. . Prepare budget revisions of the project budgets and assist in the preparation of the annual work plans. . Comply and verify budget and accounting data by researching files, calculating costs, and estimating anticipated expenditures from readily available information sources, in particular partner agencies. . Prepare status reports, progress reports and other financial reports. . Process all types of payments requests for settlement purposes including quarterly advances to the partners upon joint review. . Prepare periodic accounting records by recording receipts, disbursements (ledgers, cash books, vouchers, etc) and reconciling data for recurring or financial special reports and assist in preparation of annual procurement plans. . Undertake project financial closure formalities including submission of terminal reports, transfer and disposal of equipment, processing of semi-final revisions, and support professional staff in preparing the terminal assessment reports. . Assist in the timely issuance of contracts and assurance of other eligible entitlements of the project personnel, experts, and consultants by preparing annual recruitment plans.
E. Site Level Managers
222. Site Level Managers will mainly be Block and Camp Extension Officers (BEO/CEO). They will report to the PM and receive technical guidance on day-to-day project activities from the PS, the PACO and the DACO. They will be responsible for facilitating community mobilization and coordination of all project activities at the site level and will act as focal points for community mobilization. The site level managers will be guided by the DACO and will get technical assistance from technicians from the different departments in the province.
Responsibilities
Coordination . Coordinate participating agencies/ partners at the site level. . Work with site level partners to implement project activities and complement ongoing activities. . Serve as the site level project representative. . Organise and conduct monthly meetings, workshops, seminars, and other meetings . Present monthly progress reports to the Agricultural and Natural Resources subcommittee of the DDCC. . Liaise with local service providers and contractors.
Training and Awareness Programmes . Conduct training courses as per work plan to strengthen and sustain the management committees, producer groups and local input suppliers. . Prepare periodic awareness programmes in consultation DACO. . Assist field-level workers and other project partners in organising awareness campaigns and workshops at the district and village levels.
Institutional Development . Assist in formation of farmer/ user groups where they are not in existence. . Assist in formation of community level management committees. . Help the farmer groups build capacity to prepare adaptation initiatives and to access and make the best use of project funds. 87 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
. Support farmer groups to improve their capacities to effectively raise issues of concern at local level. . Act as an advocate for community members during decision making processes in the DDCC meetings. . Support project staff to monitor district project accounts and provide financial management guidance. . Facilitate farmer groups to build strong relationships with other projects in the area as well as with the local authorities.
Monitoring and Reporting . Prepare concrete and verifiable targets for project activities, including awareness campaigns, monitoring surveys and institution building. . Prepare monthly, quarterly, and annual work plans for the project activities. . Prepare and submit monthly and all other types of progress reports at the site level.
F. Monitoring and evaluation expert
223. The M&E expert will report directly to the Project Executive. He/she will lead the project team (including implementing partners) through the planning, implementation, and delivery of policies, reports, knowledge products and other results approved in the project document and annual work plans. Together with a contracted Knowledge Management expert (see G below), the M&E expert will design and implement a system to identify, collect, analyze, document and disseminate lessons learned. The M&E expert will be responsible for collecting and collating information from the pilot sites and submitting it to the CCFU website manager for uploading on the climate change website. The M&E expert will also provide support on the ground, which is needed to closely evaluate progress and barriers and to prepare detailed quarterly, annual, and other monitoring reports. The M&E expert’s work will be guided by the strategic results framework, a draft which is provided here-in (see Table 6) but will be refined and agreed upon by all the stakeholders during the IW. This will provide performance and impact indicators for the project along with their corresponding means of verification.
Responsibilities
. Establish the overall results-based M&E strategy in accordance with M&E plans outlined in the project document. . Provide timely and relevant project performance information to the PS and the PTC. . Together with the hired Knowledge Management Expert, design a system for collecting information on project lessons to be used in preparing lessons learnt documents periodically by the expert. . Together with subject matter specialists, develop questionnaires and other data collection tools that will be used to collect information during the project period for writing technical reports. . Guide and coordinate the review of the project Strategic Results Framework, including: a. Provide technical advice for the revision of performance indicators. b. Together with a hired expert, conduct a baseline study at project initiation. c. Identify sources of data, collection methods, who collects data, how often, cost of collection and who analyses the data. d. Ensure all critical risks are identified. . Coordinate the preparation of all project reports. Guide project staff and executing partners in preparing their progress reports in accordance with the approved reporting formats and ensure their timely submission. This includes quarterly progress reports, annual project reports, inception reports, and ad-hoc technical reports.
88 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
. Foster participatory planning and monitoring by training and involving primary stakeholder groups in the monitoring and evaluation of activities.
G. Knowledge Management Expert
224. This expert will be contracted periodically and when the need arises.
Responsibilities
. Develop a mechanism for capturing lessons learned and consolidating a culture of lessons learned involving all project staff. . Ensure all the ToRs for project consultants recruited also incorporate mechanisms to capture and share lessons learned through their inputs to the project, and ensure that the results are reflected in the M&E reporting system and the adaptation learning mechanism. . Document, package, and disseminate lessons learned at least every 12 months. . Facilitate exchange of experiences by supporting and coordinating participation in any existing networks of UNDP projects sharing common characteristics. These networks would largely function on the basis of an electronic platform but would also entail other methods and tools such as workshops. . Together with the M&E expert, design a system that will be administered by the M&E expert for capturing lessons learned from the project on a continual basis and synthesize results of activities under outcomes 1,2, and 3 for use by CCFU and other stakeholders. . Collate technical reports and other documents from the project and contribute to the ALM. Guidelines for extracting lessons learned will be drawn from the ALM. . Advise on the hiring of a consultant to develop and publish (in a peer-reviewed international journal) a briefing paper on lessons learned from the project.
MACO’s Financial Management Unit will undertake the accounting role for the project.
PART II: Stakeholder Involvement Plan
Table 15. Stakeholder Involvement Plan. Outcome Output Lead Institution Partners Key Responsibilities Outcome 1: 1.1 Institutional capacity to ZMD MACO, CCFU . Preparation of awareness Climate Change support climate risk and training materials for risks integrated management in the agric sectoral planners into critical sector at the national, . Provision of weather decision making district, village level collection equipment processes for developed . Training of extension staff agricultural on how to collect weather management at the data. local, sub-national . Training for ZMD staff to and national levels conduct seasonal forecasts . Training workshop in project districts on EWS for DDCC 1.3 Effective EWS(s) ZMD PS, CCFU . Assessing the EWS needs of developed to enhance the sites preparedness and reduce . Development of an EWS for climate related risks the sites
1.2 Economic impact ZMD MACO . Selection of communities 89 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
assessment of the value of . Design of questionnaires climate risk information to . Selection of consultants and farmers review of outputs Outcome 2: 2.1 Techniques for soil and Department of PS, ZARI, . Formation of farmer groups Agricultural water conservation as well Agriculture Consultants (CFU), . Training on conservation productivity in the as soil improvement tested (MACO) Local Communities farming pilot sites made for their ability to improve . Linking farmers to input resilient to the the productivity of small- suppliers anticipated impacts scale agriculture. . Assessment of suitability of of climate change techniques 2.2 Crop diversification Department of ZARI, SCCI, PS, . Formation of farmer groups practices tested for their Agriculture Local Communities and training on crop ability to improve resilience (MACO) diversification of farmers to drought . Linking farmers to input suppliers . Assessment of suitability of techniques . Conducting of farm trials to gather scientific evidence on CC adaptation . Training farmers on seed multiplication 2.3 Alternative livelihoods Forestry PS, MACO, Local . Group formation and tested for their ability to Department (FD) Communities, technical training and diversify incomes away Local suppliers business skills from maize production. . Assessment of suitability of techniques . Supply of inputs . Technical assistance for implementation 2.4 Community-based water DWA/ MACO Local communities . Formation of management capacity and irrigation (DOA) local contractors committees systems improved or . Trainings on water developed to test their management, group ability to raise agricultural dynamics etc. productivity. . Assessments and surveys . Technical assistance for implementation Outcome 3: 3.1 Awareness of climate CCFU DMMU, MACO . Barrier analysis, policy National fiscal, change risks and to the PPD, ZMD, PS analysis and gap regulatory and economic value of identification development policy adaptation responses raised . Training seminars for revised to promote among policy- and decision- government officials adaptation responses makers. in the agricultural sector. 3.2. National policy CCFU DMMU, MACO . Review experiences from dialogues conducted to PPD, ZMD, PS other countries discuss project findings in . Consultation of stakeholders relation to cost-effectiveness for input in policy revision of piloted adaptation . Production of concept paper options. 3.3. Policies that require CCFU PS, MACO PPD, . Workshop seminars adjustments to promote ZMD, PS (consensus on gap analysis) adaptation identified and . Workshops and seminars to reviewed. disseminate lessons Outcome 4: 4.1 Knowledge and lessons National CCFU . Capturing and documenting Lessons-learned learned to support Agricultural lessons learnt 90 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia and knowledge implementation of Information . Dissemination of project management adaptation measures Service (NAIS), PS information to the public component compiled and disseminated. through the media. established . Development and posting project information on the CCFU CCFU website. . CCFU will be responsible for organizing local and regional workshops. . The PS will ensure lessons PS, MACO, DWA, learned are captured and DOF, FD, packaged for presentation MTENR, DMMU during these workshops. . The NAIS will undertake to produce programmes for National television, radio, and Agricultural newspapers to be Information broadcasted on a monthly Services (NAIS) basis.
91 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ANNEXES
ANNEX A - The major impacts of the four main climatic hazards within Zambia and the main coping strategies adopted by the local communities128.
DROUGHT FLOODING EXCESSIVE SHORTENED RAINY TEMPERATURES SEASON Impacts . Crop damage/loss . Crop damage/loss . Loss of life . Increase in the risk of . Water shortages . Loss of pasture and . Increase in the extent of crop failure . Reduced fish stocks arable land diseases . Crop damage/loss . Income loss . Decline in fish . Decreased human . Reduction in income . Increase in the catches capacity to do work from the selling of extent of diseases . Increases in the . Crop damage/loss crops . Decreased water extent of diseases . Reduced fish stocks . Crop seeds do not reach quality . Destruction of . Reduction in livestock maturity (thereby . Increased soil infrastructure feed negatively affecting the erosion . Loss of life (human . Reduction in water next crop generation) . Decreased soil and livestock) quality . Reduction in forest fertility . Interference with regeneration . Increased honey energy production production (if due to change in drought is not too energy flow severe) Coping Strategies . Income . Income . Using medicinal plants . Using medicinal plants diversification diversification to treat diseases to treat diseases (charcoal making, (charcoal making, . Boiling water or . Buying and using fishing, honey and fishing, honey and treating it with chlorine mosquito nets and beer production, beer production, to prevent diseases repellents selling grass and selling grass and . Going to the medical . Working earlier in the livestock, casual livestock, casual clinic morning labour) labour) . Buying and using . Trading other . Trading other . Trading other mosquito nets and commodities for food commodities for commodities for food repellents . Earlier crop planting food . Gathering and selling . Starting work earlier in . Taking animals out to . Gathering and wild food the morning graze in the early selling wild food . Shifting agricultural . Purchasing medicines morning . Food rationing production, livestock for cattle . Using zero-grazing for . Selling fewer crops and houses to higher . Income diversification some livestock to keep more for land. (e.g. agricultural . Income diversification household . Using medicinal production to cope with (selling charcoal, consumption plants to treat decreased fish stocks livestock or grass, . Shifting agricultural diseases and charcoal production casual labour) production from . Boiling water or to cope with crop loss) . Selling less crops to highlands to lower treating it with . Trading other keep more for lands chlorine commodities for food household consumption . Earlier crop planting . Bury ditches to . Planting crops earlier . Gathering wild food . Growing more prevent waterborne . Taking animals out . Buying seeds for the drought-resistant diseases early in the morning following growing crop varieties . Early evacuation . Using zero-grazing season . Incorporation of when water levels methods for some . Exchanging crop seeds crop residues instead increase animals between community of burning . Improve drainage members or between . Crop rotations, around houses villages
128 Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action, September 2007. 92 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
intercropping, and . Fitting roofs with cover cropping plastic . Irrigation (practised . If houses are by very few) destroyed, people . Sinking wells either build . Walking longer temporary shelters or distances to fetch live temporarily with water neighbours . Using medicinal plants to treat diseases . Boiling water or treating it with chlorine to prevent diseases
93 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ANNEX B – Analysis of mean temperature over the last three decades from 32 meteorological stations in Zambia
Mean temperature between November to December within AER I (Source: Jain, 2007).
Mean temperature between November to December within AER II (Source: Jain, 2007)
94 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ANNEX C – Vision setting and site selection workshop report.
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATIVES
VISION SETTING AND SITE SELECTION WORKSHOP REPORT ON THE
“ADAPTATION TO THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT/FLOOD AND CLIMATE CHANGE/ VARIABILITY IN AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS I AND II IN ZAMBIA”
SURVEYOR GENERAL’S CONFERENCE ROOM, MULUNGUSH HOUSE 3RD APRIL, 2009
1. Introduction In a follow-up meeting to the inception129 which was held at the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MACO) on the 3rd of March, 2009 it was suggested and agreed upon that the site selection criteria and the site selection should only be done after the project vision had been set up. Consequently, a two day vision setting workshop was planned (activity 1.7 in work-plan) for the first week of April. However, this was later changed to a half day workshop.
2. Objectives of the Workshop The workshop which was attended by the National based key stakeholders aimed at implementing sub- activity 1.7 in the work plan which is “selection of pilot catchments and project pilot sites”. It also aimed at coming up with a vision that would provide guidelines, objectivity and focus during the project preparation phase in order to guide the project site selection at both provincial and district levels.
2.1 Specific objectives The workshop had the following specific objectives, to: 1. Refine the draft project vision and objectives. 2. Develop the criteria for selection of pilot sites. 3. Select pilot provinces at National level and determine the provisional number of pilot sites per province and/or district.
3. Expected Outputs The vision setting workshop had the following expected outputs: 1) The project vision, general objective as well as specific objectives clearly spelt out. 2) Guided by the project vision, site selection criteria as well as number of possible pilot sites developed.
129The follow-up meeting was chaired by MACO Climate change/ variability Focal Point Person Mr. Martin N. Sishekanu and attended by the Chief Irrigation Engineer, Mr. George W. Sikuleka, Agricultural Specialist Mapping and Remote Sensing, Mr. Rasford Kalamatila the Chief Crops Agronomist, Mr. Mathias Kanyemba, the International Consultant Dr. Anthony Mills, the PM Mr. Richard Bwalya and the UNDP representative Ms. Annalisa Lodato.
95 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
3. Provinces to be assessed for pilot sites selected.
4. Workshop Proceedings The workshop was opened and chaired by the Deputy Director Agriculture (DOA) Mr. Henry Sichembe who emphasized the need to move quickly as time was running out.
Project Vision and Objectives fine tuning The Chief Agricultural Specialist (MACO climate change focal point person) Mr. Martin Sishekanu gave an overview of the project. He pointed out that there was need to adjust the project title by replacing the word Zone with Region. This is because the project is targeting AERs. . The PM Mr. Richard Bwalya briefed the meeting on the progress in the preparation of the project document. The progress constituted of the desktop activities scheduled for March in the work plan as well as contacting the Meteorological Department as regards the climate modelling. During the questions and answer session, Mr. Henry Sichembe suggested that the meeting be availed with the pending activities so that a way forward can be discussed. After deliberations, it was concluded that the issues concerning the Request for Direct Payment with UNDP had been cleared and the Ministry would facilitate for the signing of all the relevant documents by Monday. UNDP should receive these documents latest Tuesday. . The Chief Agricultural Specialist –Land Husbandry (MACO Climate change/ variability Focal Point Person) Mr. Martin Sishekanu gave an overview presentation and analysis of the current project vision which was supposed to be fine-tuned. This activity was combined with the identification of possible interventions required to meet the vision. After a series of deliberations, the following were suggested as possible vision statements for the project “climatic resilient farming practices in Agro-ecological Regions I and II by Dr. Masuhwa” and “Food security and incomes enhanced through climate resilient farming practices in Agro- ecological Regions I and II by 2012 from Mr. Sishekanu”. As a way forward, Dr. Masuhwa and the PM were given the task to come up with a fine-tuned vision statement from the suggestions. This will be circulated to all the meeting participants through e-mail for comments and adoption. This should be done by Thursday 9th April. . Concerning the project objectives, it was observed that the project overview clearly outlined the project objectives. What was to be done was to just rearrange them and separate them into main objectives and specific objectives for inclusion into the project document. As such, Mr. Martin Sishekanu, Mr. Rasford Kalamatila, Mr. Reynolds Shula and the PM were assigned this task. The product should also be circulated to all the members by e-mail for comments and adoption.
1. Project Site Selection Criteria The Chief Agricultural Specialist –Land Husbandry (MACO Climate change/ variability Focal Point Person) Mr. Martin Sishekanu led the team in developing the selection criteria for pilot areas. The following criteria for site selection was presented and later adopted by the meeting:
In broad terms site selection would be determined by the feasibility of: . Water harvesting for either or both irrigated and rain-fed agriculture as well as rangeland natural pasture enhancement, . Irrigation systems development and efficient application, . Improved land and water management practices, and . Crop diversification options
Specifically the criteria will include: . Likelihood of generating adaptation benefits, . Vulnerability of the beneficiary community, . Implementation capacity of local institutions, . On-going investment programmes that the project can bolt onto,
96 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
. Geographical/catchment characteristics, . Agro-ecological region, . Physical characteristics, . Social-economic activities, . Resource endowments of the area, . Settlement pattern, . Replicability of the adaptive interventions nationally.
2. Selection of pilot sites at national level and number of sites The Deputy Director (DOA) Mr. Henry Sichembe led process of selecting pilot provinces as well as determining the number of pilot sites to be visited and evaluated in each province. It was agreed from the start that there was no need to spread the investment thinly and as such, there was need to go for areas where the project had higher chances of success - “success breeds success”. . Of the nine provinces in Zambia, five which are in Agro-Ecological Regions (AER) I and II were picked. These include Western, Eastern, Southern, Lusaka and Central Provinces. These are the ones identified in the NAPA as being most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change/ variability. AER II, though not as vulnerable as AER I, was included because actions in this AER had an impact on the livelihoods of the people in AER I. Examples were given of floods and siltation of rivers in AER I as a result of actions such as deforestation in AER II. . Of these five provinces, Central province was eliminated because the vulnerable communities in this province were located in the game management areas and the people there are hunters/ poachers rather than farmers and thus the probability of success for the agricultural pilots was likely to be low (a more detailed description of site selection backed by statistics will be produced for inclusion in the project document). . Considering the time constraint, it was agreed that four teams will go into the four provinces to work with the Provincial Development Committees in selecting the districts. Then they will work with the District Development Committees in choosing the pilot sites. A maximum of three sites will be selected per province giving a total of twelve sites nationally. The importance of looking at all possible potential interventions such as in livestock and other crops instead of concentrating on maize was highlighted. . After the field trips, the team shall convene a workshop/ meeting in which the selected sites will be screened using the agreed upon criteria to come up with four sites in which the pilots shall be set. . To ensure that uniform information is collected from the provinces and districts for site selection, a checklist shall be developed. A checklist development team was appointed which would be led by Mr. Nicholas Mwale. Other members include Dr. Masuhwa, Mr. Shishekanu, Mr. Lenganji Sikaona (or any other person from DMMU and the PM. Work on the checklist should start by Monday 6th and be complete by Friday 17th).
The meeting was closed by Mr. Sichembe at 12:45 hrs. He reiterated that the Department of Agriculture was doing everything possible to ensure that the necessary documents required by the UNDP are signed on Monday and delivered to the UNDP immediately after.
97 ANNEX D – Checklist for field trip data collection to inform site selection CHECKLIST FOR FIELD TRIP DATA COLLECTION Sources of information (Sources of information: Desk study or visits at province, district or community level) 1.0 CLIMATE CHANGE/ VARIABILITY CONTEXT AND CLIMATE RISKS 1.1 What are the observed changes in the climate in this area in the last Desk 10 years? 1.3 What are the anticipated climate change/ variability impacts in the Desk area? 1.2 What are the observed climatic changes/ climate variability in the Desk/Province/District area? List the climate related hazards that affect the area (e.g. floods, excess heat, droughts etc). 1.4 List the associated impacts of these climate hazards (e.g. crop District/Community damage, disease spread, accelerated soil erosion, reduced soil fertility etc). 1.5 What are the coping strategies currently being employed (e.g. food Community rationing, rainwater harvesting, dambo cultivation, supplementary irrigation, winter irrigation, crop diversification, non-traditional farm enterprises etc).
2.0 LIVELIHOOD RESOURCES 2.1 Which are the most important NATURAL RESOURCES in the District/Community area? (E.g. Natural resources upon which people depend for income, food etc such as forests, wetlands, land, livestock, fisheries, wildlife etc). 2.2 Which are the most important PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE in Province/District the area? (E.g. basic infrastructure such as buildings, roads, bridges, storage sheds, dams, etc). 2.3 Which are the most important FINANCIAL RESOURCES in the Province/District/ area? (E.g. stocks and flows of cash that allow people to achieve their Community livelihood objectives such as access to markets, access to credit, loans etc). 2.4 Which are the most important HUMAN RESOURCES in the area? District/Community (E.g. the sources of skills and knowledge that allow people to achieve their livelihood objectives such as agricultural management, water management, animal husbandry skills etc. Need to probe for available skills such as bricklayers, herbalists, bankers etc). 2.5 Which are the most important SOCIAL RESOURCES in the area? District/Community (e.g. formal and informal institutions from which people draw in pursuit of livelihood objectives such as NGOs, farmer associations, local government institutions etc). 2.6 Which are the most important PRODUCTIVE ASSETS in the area District/Community (e.g. Livestock, oxen, ploughs, hammer mills, farm implements).
Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
CHECKLIST FOR FIELD TRIP DATA COLLECTION Sources of information (Sources of information: Desk study or visits at province, district or community level) 3.0 PROPOSED PROJECTS/ INTERVENTIONS, SYNERGIES AND BARRIERS 3.1 What are the proposed adaptation projects for the area? Province/District/ Community 3.2 What issues or developments in the area might hinder the Province/District/ implementation of the project? (E.g. local needs, local capacities, financial, Community political, institutional support etc). 3.3 What issues or developments in the area might support the Province/District/ implementation of the project? (E.g. local needs, local capacities, financial, Community political, institutional support etc). 3.4 Provide information on the on-going projects/ programs as well as the Province/District/ implementing institutions in the area that (for each project provide the Community following information – focus and ability): a) increase crop production/ productivity, b) increase livestock production, c) Increase fish production, d) Increase clean water supply, e) Increase market access. a. For each of the identified project/ intervention in 3.4, also provide the Province/District/ following information Community a) Coverage of these programs, b) Core intervention activities, c) implementation approach/modalities, d) What are the existing barriers to the effective implementation of these activities? e) Potential for upscaling of activities (analyzed in relation to area available for this and management challenges), f) Community demand for upscaling of these activities (e.g. required increase in area), g) What is the cost of undertaking the activities (e.g. per hectare or per household/annum). 4.0 OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION 4.1 Do any of the farmers in the area use drought-adapted crop District/Community varieties? If so, which ones and how successful are they? 4.2 Do any of the farmers in the area practice water and land District/Community management practices in the area? (E.g. tied ridges, contour ploughing, pot- holes etc)? If so, which ones and how successful are they? 4.3 What are sources of water supply in the area and what is the state of the District/Community water infrastructure in the area (for supplying communities and livestock with water for drinking and/or irrigation, fisheries?) a) Is it regularly maintained? b) Does it need rehabilitation? c) What is the capacity?
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CHECKLIST FOR FIELD TRIP DATA COLLECTION Sources of information (Sources of information: Desk study or visits at province, district or community level) 4.4 Are there schools in the area? Province/District a) What percentage of the children in the area receives formal education? b) Do the children receive any lessons on climate change/ variability effects in school? 4.5 What sort of income-generating activities are undertaken by the Community community? 4.6 What opportunities does the community see to increase these activities? Community 4. 7 What opportunities exist for starting new activities if agricultural Community production in the future were to decrease? 4.8 How are women involved in the community? Are there obvious gender Community issues? 4. 9 How does the community manage communal resources, input District/Community acquisition, agricultural production and sale of produce? Are there committees overseeing these activities? Is there a need for this sort of capacity? 4.10 Is erosion a problem in the area? District/Community a) How is erosion tackled? b) Is there a need for up scaling the prevention of erosion or rehabilitation of eroded areas? 4.11 Is deforestation a problem in the area? District/Community a) How is deforestation tackled? b) Is there a need for up scaling the prevention of deforestation or rehabilitation of deforested areas? c) If so, in what way and how often? 4.12 Is the community often affected by flooding events? District/Community a) If so, in what way and how often? b) What, if any, measures are in place to reduce the impacts of flooding? 4.13 Is the community aware of the predicted impacts of climate change/ Community variability on crops, livestock, fisheries and water supply? 4.14 Is the community aware of actual climate change/ variability on Community agriculture, fisheries, livestock and water supply? 4.15 What is the approximate population for the selected pilot District catchment? 4.16 What are the HIV/ AIDS prevalence rates in the catchment? Clinic
100 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ANNEX E – Site selection criteria.
Site selection at provincial level The Agricultural and Natural Resources Sub-Committee of the Provincial Development and Co- coordinating Committee will be consulted and engaged as a vital link to facilitate and authenticate the selection of respective district(s) for piloting the interventions.
Site selection at district level . The District Agricultural and Natural Resources Sub-Committee of the District Development and Co-coordinating Committee (including District Planner) will facilitate and coordinate the selection of communities and physical catchments using the District Development Plan and its situational analyses. . A representative community will then be selected. The selection team would then go and agree with the chosen community for the Climate Risk Assessment (CRA) exercise in the selected physical catchment area. The CRA should be conducted with 2 to 3 communities in order to have a fair feel and analysis of the challenges and possible interventions.
Broad selection criteria In broad terms site selection would be determined by the feasibility of: . Water harvesting for either or both irrigated and rain-fed agriculture as well as rangeland natural pasture enhancement, . Irrigation systems development and efficient application, . Improved land and water management practices, and . Crop diversification options.
Selection of pilot sites The following criteria were agreed up-on by the stakeholders: . Likelihood of generating adaptation benefits, . Vulnerability of the beneficiary community, . Implementation capacity of local institutions, . On-going investment programmes that the project can bolt onto, . Geographical/catchment characteristics, . Agro-ecological region, . Social-economic activities, . Resource endowments of the area, . Settlement pattern, . Replicability of the adaptive interventions nationally.
Selection of the actual interventions The following criteria were used for selecting the interventions to be piloted: . During the consultation workshops with the communities, after the project had been introduced and the Climate Risk Assessment Framework administered, the community was asked to list the priority interventions (in order of priority) they would like to have to address their current problems. . The top three were recorded by the facilitators and were presented in Lusaka during the site selection workshop. Therefore, during the workshop, we had three districts from each of the four provinces. Also, each district had two pilot sites with each project site having a maximum of three interventions. . During the site selection workshop, the teams that went to the field were tasked to select the two districts which they judged to have a lot of potential based on the site selection criteria above. They were then asked to present to the stakeholders the reasons why they had selected those districts. During this process, the stakeholders ranked and scored the sites.
101 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
. The rationale behind this was to come up with four sites based on the scores by the stakeholders. However, after reviewing, Dr Anthony Mills advised that it would be preferable to include all of the sites. . Then the groups were asked to develop the budgets for each site. The rationale was that from the budgets, we would sum up and see if the proposed budgets were within the project’s budget. . However, since the budgets were also within the allocated amount, all the interventions have been picked except for those like bee-keeping, which are not climate-proof.
102 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ANNEX F – Strategic Results Framework: Outcomes, outputs, indicators and targets
Goal: to improve food security through enhanced adaptive capacity to respond to the risks posed by the effects of climate change (including variability) in AER I and II of Zambia Objective: to develop adaptive capacity of subsistence farmers and rural communities to withstand climate change in Zambia
Project Strategy Indicators Baseline Value Targets and benchmarks Sources of Risks and verification Assumptions
Outcome 1: Climate change risks integrated into decision-making processes for agricultural management at the local, sub-national and national levels Output 1.1. Number of ZMD staff At present, very few ZMD By year 2, at least 30% of the Consultants Availability of Number of trained to provide staff members are capable of ZMD staff are able to reports, Field technical government short-term and conducting forecasts from provide forecasts by surveys, Reports expertise and planners and seasonal forecasts, downscaling of international downscaling available and training equipment for private sector from downscaling of data. international data reports. downscaling trained on climate available data, in a international risk management format that is suitable climate data to for improved for use by small-scale AER level. agricultural farmers, agricultural productivity. sector planners and water managers.
Number of farmers, To date, few people have By year 2, at least 250 people agro-business dealers, undergone training on how trained on how to access, extension staff, and to apply forecasts to apply and interpret forecasts Agricultural and decision-making. Farmers, in for planning purposes, by the Natural Resources particular, are not exposed to end of the project. subcommittees of the accurate forecast data. DDCC/PDCC trained on how to access, apply and interpret forecasts for planning purposes.
Number of local At present, only two districts By year 4, all 8 pilot sites weather stations targeted by the project have have their own functioning installed. their own weather stations. weather stations developed to collected and monitor weather data.
Output 1.2 Number of pilot sites At present, EWS needs of By year 1, the early warning Experts reports Availability of Effective EWS(s) where their EWS the pilot sites have not been needs of the pilot sites on assessments, technical developed to needs have been documented and assessed. assessed and documented Field surveys expertise and enhance documented and against baseline equipment, preparedness and assessed. targets, Revised Political will by reduce climate- policies policy makers to related risks. EWS(s) developed Zambia’s National Disaster By year 3, at least 1 EWS is revise the based on the needs Management Policy developed and applied in at policies, assessment identifies gaps affecting its least 3 pilot sites. Sufficient undertaken in functionality and measures awareness on activity. that need to be undertaken to climate change improve disaster risk by farmers management. Improved EWS is central to this. Output 1.3 Economic impact At present, no economic By year 3, a report of the Consultant Economic impact assessment on the impact assessment on the adaptation value of using report, farmer assessment on the adaptation value of adaptation value using climate risk information. surveys against adaptation value climate risk climate risk information baseline of climate risk information to protect have been undertaken for information. information to agricultural incomes AER I and II. protect from climate change 103 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia agricultural effects. incomes from climate change effects.
Outcome 2: Agricultural productivity in the pilot sites made resilient to the anticipated impacts of climate change Output 2.1. Soil Percentage increase in Poor land productivity. Land 10% increase in agricultural Farmer surveys Refer to risks and water agricultural incomes degraded by water erosion incomes listed under conservation and in the pilot sites. and poor farming practices. Outcome 2. soil improvement Gully erosion channels water techniques tested away from field as surface for their ability to run-off, preventing improve the infiltration. Soils are productivity of depleted of nutrients. small-scale Physical agriculture. Number of Most of the extension staff By year 1, all agricultural inspections agricultural extension in the pilot areas need extension workers covering staff and community refresher training on water the 8 pilot sites are trained on Field reports development staff and soil management improved water management from the eight pilot techniques practices. Annual reports sites trained on soil and water conservation techniques.
Number of farmers At present, farmers in the By year 2, 900 farmers are trained on soil and pilot sites are not exposed to trained on soil and water water conservation soil and water conservation conservation techniques. techniques. techniques. By year 3, 900 farmers have Number of farmers adopted soil and water who adopt conservation techniques. techniques. By year 2, 80 people, including 40 women, have Number of At present, the communities been trained to form 8 management do not have management management committees committees at each committees to oversee and (one at each site). pilot site trained to encourage sustainable soil oversee and and water management encourage sustainable techniques. soil and water conservation techniques.
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Output 2.2 Crop Percentage increase in Poor crop productivity. 10% increase in agricultural Farmer surveys diversification agricultural incomes Maize farming has been incomes Refer to risks practices tested to in the pilot sites. promoted at the expense of listed under improve the cassava, sorghum and millet Outcome 2. resilience of – crops that are better suited farmers to to drier conditions and drought higher temperatures. Technical Number of farmers At present, most farmers are By year 2 1000 farmers at reports from trained on crop not trained on climate the 8 pilot sites are trained on experts. diversification resilient crop diversification crop diversification. practices. Annual reports By year 3, 2 farm trials have Number of farm trials been undertaken at each of Field surveys undertaken in the the 8 pilot sites. pilot sites.
Number of local At present, one of the major By year 2, 300 people are cooperatives and impediments to increased trained on how to produce farmers trained on agricultural productivity has and market drought resistant seed production been inaccessibility of seed locally. methods so that they suitable seeds/ inputs in can produce seed for remote communities sale to the community as an additional source of income.
Number of By year 2, 80 people, management including 40 women, have committees been trained to form 8 established and management committees trained at each site to (one at each site). facilitate the adoption of drought-resistant and alternative crops by the wider community. Output 2.3: Alternative livelihoods tested for their ability to diversify livelihoods away from maize production. Output 2.3a. Bee Percentage increase in Traditional bee keeping 10% increase in agricultural Technical Refer to risks keeping tested for agricultural incomes practices, where they exist, incomes reports from listed under its ability to in the pilot sites. are unsustainable as they experts. Outcome 2. diversify incomes involve the ad hoc cutting away from maize Number of “bee down of trees where honey 3 bee-keeping groups Annual reports production. keeping groups” combs are sighted. established. established and Field surveys trained at each of the By year 2, 30 people, pilot sites that including 15 women, have identified bee keeping been trained to form 3 as a priority. management committees at each of the site where this was identified as a priority.
Number of bee hives By year 3, each farmer in the manufactured from bee-keeping groups has at sustainable sources. least four bee hives manufactured from sustainable sources.
Output 2.3b. Fish Percentage increase in Fish farming was initiated in 10% increase in agricultural Field Surveys Refer to risks farming tested for agricultural incomes Kataba once before, with incomes listed under its ability to in the pilot sites. numerous problems, the key Annual Reports. Outcome 2. diversity incomes problems being: By year 1, establish a fish away from maize Number of “fish i) poor cost recovery farming group at Kataba Evaluation production. farming groups” ii) poor technical design and pilot site. reports. 105 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
established and construction so that floods trained at each of the were poorly managed By year 2, 20 people, Training pilot sites that iii) limited technical including 10 women, have protocols. identified fish backstopping been trained to form a farming as a priority management committee at intervention. The project has since failed Kataba. (details are contained within Total area dedicated Annex I). By year 3, at least 18 000 m2 to fish farming. is dedicated to fishing farming. Number of breeding ponds constructed, By year 2, 1 breeding pond is with appropriate constructed. management (including cost recovery) plans in place, agreed by all stakeholders.
Number of growing ponds constructed, At year 2, 9 growing ponds with appropriate are constructed. management (including cost recovery) plans in place, agreed by all stakeholders.
Number of production ponds constructed, with appropriate management (including cost recovery) plans in place, agreed by all stakeholders.
Output 2.3c. Rice Percentage increase in Flood waters can be 10% increase in agricultural Field Surveys Refer to risks farming tested for agricultural incomes harnessed for rice farming, incomes listed under its ability to in the pilot sites. diversifying away from Annual Reports. Outcome 2. diversify incomes maze which will become less away from maize viable with climate change. Evaluation production. reports. Number of “rice Although rice farming is By year 1, establish 2 rice farming groups” underway in parts of farming groups in 2 pilot Training established and Zambia, productivity is low sites. protocols. trained at each of the and upscaling of the activity pilot sites that is prevented by a lack of By year 2, 80 people, identified rice inputs (i.e. fertilizer and including 40 women, have farming as a priority. improved seed), insufficient been trained to form knowledge on rice farming management committees at and the lack of specialised each of the pilot sites that equipment (i.e. dehullers) identified rice farming as a (see paragraph 114). priority. Number of farmers who undertake rice Demand for rice in Zambia By year 3, 400 farmers are farming. exceeds supply and deficits partaking in rice farming, are met by imports. with the help from inputs (e.g. seed and fertilizer) provided by the project.
Number of dehullers By year 2, Kasaya and Sioma in operation within will be equipped with two the pilot sites that dehullers each and the 106 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
identified rice farmers will have undergone farming as a priority. training on the operation of these machines.
Output 2.3d Percentage increase in To date, integrated fish and 10% increase in agricultural Field Surveys Refer to risks Integrated fish agricultural incomes rice farming has not been incomes listed under and rice farming in the pilot sites. implemented in AER I or II. Annual Reports. Outcome 2. activities tested for its ability to Number of By year 1, 1 integrated fish Evaluation diversify incomes “integrated fish and and rice farming group reports. away from maize rice farming groups” established at 1 pilot site. production. established and Training trained at each of the By year 2, 20 people, protocols. pilot sites that including 10 women, have identified this as a been trained to form priority intervention. management committees at each of the pilot sites that Number of farmers identified integrated fish and who undertake rice farming as a priority. integrated fish and rice farming. By year 3, 60 farmers have undertaken integrated fish and rice farming. Output 2.3e. Percentage increase in Zambia has one of the 10% increase in agricultural Field Surveys Refer to risks Additional Non- agricultural incomes largest annual deforestation incomes listed under Timber Forest in the pilot sites. rates in the world, mainly Annual Reports. Outcome 2. Products (NTFPs) because of timber extraction tested for its and clearing for agriculture. Evaluation ability to diversify reports. incomes away Number of suitable Community members within By year 2, 3 NTFPs have from maize NTFPs identified Kasaya do partake in the been identified. Training production. harvesting of NTFPs but protocols. these are currently practiced By Year 2, 3 feasibility Number of feasibility on a small scale and market assessments have been assessments on linkages are lacking. undertaken extraction methods Constraints exist that prevent undertaken. the upscaling of NTFP By year 2, 60 people have production (see paragraph been trained on the benefits, Number of people 118). uses and sustainable trained on NTFP for exploitation methods of use as an alternative NTFPs. livelihood. By year 3, all identified Improved market NTFPs are linked to linkages established. marketing mediums such as COMACO.
Report that recommends Potential to access action to access carbon carbon finance finance. Report. assessed.
Output 2.4: Community-based water storage and irrigation systems improved or developed to test their ability to raise agricultural productivity, Output 2.4a. Percentage increase in Zambia holds c. 40% of 10% increase in agricultural Field Surveys Refer to risks Community-level, agricultural incomes water in Southern Africa, but incomes listed under multipurpose in the pilot sites. less than 5% of land is Annual Reports. Outcome 2. dams in Kasaya, irrigated. Agriculture in Sioma, Zalapango Number of AER I and II is largely rain- By year 1, establish 4 Evaluation and Kabeleka management fed and therefore susceptible management committees in 4 reports. constructed and committees to drought, which climate pilot sites. irrigation systems established and change is expected to Training tested for their trained. worsen. By year 2, 40 people, protocols. ability to improve including 20 women, have 107 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia agricultural Water storage facilities in been trained to form 4 productivity. the pilot sites are in poor management committees condition or lacking (one at each site). Number of farmers altogether, mostly as a result trained on water of a lack of ownership and By year 2, 1000 farmers management, insufficient knowledge on trained. irrigation techniques the management of facilities (such as scheduling), (see paragraph 125). appropriate water extraction methods, Irrigation facilities are most irrigated crop often in disrepair and require production, fish rehabilitation, as a result of farming, livestock poor management production as well as arrangements, including cost usage of communal recovery, improper water water resources. extraction methods and a lack of ownership (see Number of dams paragraph 125). constructed, with By year 3, 4 dams are appropriate constructed. management (including cost recovery) plans in place, agreed by all stakeholders, for sustainability beyond the project grant.
Extent of area under irrigation as a result By year 3, at least 227 ha are of project. under irrigation. Output 2.4b: A Percentage increase in Zambia holds c. 40% of 10% increase in agricultural Field Surveys Refer to risks community-level agricultural incomes water in Southern Africa, but incomes listed under earth dam in in the pilot sites. less than 5% of land is Annual Reports. Outcome 2. Chikowa irrigated. Agriculture in constructed and Number of AER I and II is largely rain- By year 1, establish one Evaluation irrigation system management fed and therefore susceptible management committee at reports. tested for its committees to drought, which climate the Chikowa pilot site. ability improve established and change is expected to Training agricultural trained. worsen. By year 2, 10 people, protocols. productivity. including 5 women, have Number of farmers Water storage facilities in been trained to form 1 trained on water the pilot sites are in poor management committee at management, condition or lacking Chikowa. irrigation techniques altogether, mostly as a result (such as scheduling), of a lack of ownership and By year 2, XX farmers have appropriate water insufficient knowledge on been trained. extraction methods, the management of facilities irrigated crop (see paragraph 125). production, fish farming, livestock Irrigation facilities are most production as well as often in disrepair and require usage of communal rehabilitation, as a result of water resources. poor management arrangements, including cost Number of dams recovery, improper water By year 3, 1 earth dam has constructed, with extraction methods and a been constructed. appropriate lack of ownership (see management paragraph 125). (including cost recovery) plans in place, agreed by all stakeholders, for sustainability beyond 108 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
the project grant. By year 3, 80 ha are under Extent of area under irrigation. irrigation as a result of project. Output 2.4.c. A Percentage increase in Zambia holds c. 40% of 10% increase in agricultural Field Surveys Refer to risks community-level agricultural incomes water in Southern Africa, but incomes listed under storm water dam in the pilot sites. less than 5% of land is Annual Reports. Outcome 2. in Kasaya irrigated. Agriculture in constructed and Number of AER I and II is largely rain- By year 1, establish one Evaluation irrigation system management fed and therefore susceptible management committee at reports. tested for its committees to drought, which climate the Kasaya pilot site. ability to improve established and change is expected to Training agricultural trained. worsen. protocols. productivity. Number of farmers By year 2, 10 people, trained on water Water storage facilities in including 5 women, have management, the pilot sites are in poor been trained to form 1 irrigation techniques condition or lacking management committee at (such as scheduling), altogether, mostly as a result Kasaya. appropriate water of a lack of ownership and extraction methods, insufficient knowledge on By year 2, 150 farmers have irrigated crop the management of facilities been trained. production, fish (see paragraph 125). farming, livestock production as well as Irrigation facilities are most usage of communal often in disrepair and require water resources. rehabilitation, as a result of poor management By year 3, 6 storm water Number of storm arrangements, including cost dams have been constructed. water dams recovery, improper water constructed, with extraction methods and a appropriate lack of ownership (see management paragraph 125). (including cost recovery) plans in place, agreed by all stakeholders, for sustainability beyond the project grant.
Extent of area under By year 3, 28 ha are under irrigation as a result irrigation. of project. Output 2.4d: A Percentage increase in Zambia holds c. 40% of 10% increase in agricultural Field Surveys Refer to risks community-level agricultural incomes water in Southern Africa, but incomes listed under reservoir in in the pilot sites. less than 5% of land is Annual Reports. Outcome 2. Lusitu irrigated. Agriculture in constructed and Number of AER I and II is largely rain- By year 1, establish a Evaluation irrigation system management fed and therefore susceptible management committee at reports. tested for its committees to drought, which climate the Lisutu pilot site. ability to improve established and change is expected to Training agricultural trained. worsen. By year 2, 10 people, protocols. productivity. including 5 women, have Water storage facilities in been trained to form 1 the pilot sites are in poor management committee at condition or lacking Lusitu. altogether, mostly as a result Number of farmers of a lack of ownership and trained on water insufficient knowledge on By year 2, 150 farmers have management, the management of facilities been trained. irrigation techniques (see paragraph 125). (such as scheduling), appropriate water Irrigation facilities are most 109 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
extraction methods, often in disrepair and require irrigated crop rehabilitation, as a result of production, fish poor management farming, livestock arrangements, including cost production as well as recovery, improper water usage of communal extraction methods and a water resources. lack of ownership (see paragraph 125). Number of reservoirs By year 3, 2 reservoirs have constructed, with been constructed. appropriate management (including cost recovery) plans in place, agreed by all stakeholders, for sustainability beyond the project grant.
Extent of area under By year 3, 52 ha are under irrigation as a result irrigation. of project. Output 2.4e: Percentage increase in Zambia holds c. 40% of 10% increase in agricultural Field Surveys Refer to risks A community- agricultural incomes water in Southern Africa, but incomes listed under level weir in in the pilot sites. less than 5% of land is Annual Reports. Outcome 2. Kasaya irrigated. Agriculture in constructed and Number of AER I and II is largely rain- By year 1, establish a Evaluation irrigation system management fed and therefore susceptible management committee at reports. tested for its committees to drought, which climate the Kasaya pilot site. ability to improve established and change is expected to Training agricultural trained. worsen. protocols. productivity. Number of farmers Water storage facilities in By year 2, 10 people, trained on water the pilot sites are in poor including 5 women, have management, condition or lacking been trained to form 1 irrigation techniques altogether, mostly as a result management committee at (such as scheduling), of a lack of ownership and Kasaya. appropriate water insufficient knowledge on extraction methods, the management of facilities By year 2, 200 farmers have irrigated crop (see paragraph 125). been trained. production, fish farming, livestock Irrigation facilities are most production as well as often in disrepair and require usage of communal rehabilitation, as a result of water resources. poor management arrangements, including cost Number of weirs recovery, improper water By year 3, 3 weirs have been constructed, with extraction methods and a constructed. appropriate lack of ownership (see management paragraph 125). (including cost recovery) plans in place, agreed by all stakeholders, for sustainability beyond the project grant. By year 3, 39 ha are under Extent of area under irrigation. irrigation as a result of project. Output 2.4f: Percentage increase in Agriculture in AER I and II 10% increase in agricultural Field Surveys Refer to risks A community agricultural incomes is largely rain-fed and incomes listed under level irrigation in the pilot sites. therefore susceptible to Annual Reports. Outcome 2. system in Lusitu drought. 110 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia rehabilitated and Evaluation tested for its Number of Irrigation facilities are most By year 1, establish a reports. ability to improve management often in disrepair and require management committee at agricultural committees rehabilitation, as a result of the Lisutu pilot site. Training productivity. established and poor management protocols. trained. arrangements, including cost recovery, improper water Number of farmers extraction methods and a By year 2, 10 people, trained on water lack of ownership (see including 5 women, have management, paragraph 125). been trained to form 1 irrigation techniques management committee at (such as scheduling), Lusitu. appropriate water extraction methods, By year 2, 150 farmers have irrigated crop been trained. production, fish farming, livestock production as well as usage of communal water resources. Number of irrigation By year 3, 2 irrigation systems rehabilitated, systems have been with appropriate rehabilitated. management (including cost recovery) plans in place, agreed by all stakeholders, for sustainability beyond the project grant.
Extent of area under By year 3, 22 ha are under irrigation as a result irrigation. of project. Outcome 3: National fiscal, regulatory and development policy revised to promote adaptation responses in the agricultural sector. Output 3.1. Number of awareness At present, the different By year 4, at least 1 national Number of The project Awareness of and training materials sectors and institutions have workshop is conducted to workshops interventions are climate change (such as briefing been addressing climate discuss the project findings conducted able to generate risks and to the notes, fact sheets and change issues in an ad hoc and recommendations convincing economic value of cross-sectoral guides) manner Field surveys benefits. adaptation developed for sectoral By year 4, the PDCC and the responses raised planners on the need At present, there are no DDCC are able to coordinate Field reports among policy- to incorporate climate awareness and training climate change activities to The current and decision- change considerations materials that are developed ensure coordinated approach interest in makers. into agricultural based on actual adaptation climate change planning, including practices in Zambia By year 4, at least 3 briefing issues among the economic benefits notes, 3 fact sheets and one planners in the thereof. At present, only a few senior cross sectoral guide ministries is staff have attended seminars produced. sustained. Number of training or trainings on climate seminars on climate resilient agricultural By year 4, at least 3 national resilient agricultural planning in the government training seminars on climate planning developed departments. resilient agriculture planning and conducted for developed and conducted for MACO, ZMD, DWA, Only a few of the members planners from the MACO, DMMU and MTENR of the Agricultural and ZMD, DWA, DMMU and Natural Resources MTENR Number of training Subcommittees of the PDCC workshops designed and DDCC are trained on By year 4, at least 60 and conducted in each climate change government officials of the eight pilot considerations for planning working in the planning districts for purposes section of the relevant agricultural and ministries/department, natural resources including the ministries 111 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
subcommittees of the mentioned above trained. district development coordinating By year 1, all the members of committee (DDCC), the PDCC and 50% of the the Non- members of the DDCC Governmental Agriculture and Natural Coordinating Resources subcommittees are Committees trained on incorporating (NGOCC) and other climate change relevant district level considerations in planning stakeholders. processes.
Functional climate resource and support centres in the eight pilot districts. Output 3.2. Number of meetings At present, there is a lack of By year 4, at least 4 Project reports The project National policy or workshops coordination and dialogue meetings/workshops have interventions are dialogues conducted between processes on climate change been conducted. Project reports able to generate conducted to the members of the adaptation. convincing discuss project DDCC, PDCC and benefits. findings in the District NGOCC relation to cost- to enable coordinated Support and effectiveness of and climate-resilient coordination piloted development planning from other key adaptation in the vulnerable stakeholders options. provinces. Policy stakeholders are willing to make changes in policy based on emerging issues and community needs Output 3.3. Number of sectoral The current policies and By year 4, 2 provincial plans Project reports. Policies that policies that promote provincial/ district plans do and district plans and 5 key require or impede the not exclusively address national policies are revised adjustments to resilience of climate change to promote sustainable promote communities within climate resilient adaptation AER I and II to development. identified and climate change reviewed. analysed. By year 2, recommendations developed for at least 5 Number of policy sectoral policies. notes developed for each sectoral policy By year 3, at least 5 policy analysed outlining notes developed. and demonstrating the impacts, costs and benefits of a particular sectoral policy on the resilience of livelihoods in AER I and II.
Number of gaps in the existing policies, relating to climate change identified. Outcome 4. Lessons learned and knowledge management component established Output 4.1. Number of lessons Development projects at By Year 3, at least 1 good Project The ALM is Knowledge and systemized. present, do not practice fact sheet produced documents, functional to 112 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia lessons learned to systematically benefit from for each pilot intervention proposals, facilitate support Number of lessons learning practices and and distributed. research papers, learning implementation included in the ALM. project lessons on ALM platform, of adaptation community-based adaptation All monitoring and and Workshop The measures Number of lessons evaluation reports are proceedings communities compiled and included on Zambia, is at present, not screened for inclusion in the and regional disseminated. wikiADAPT. contributing to the ALM ALM by six months after end actors are of the project. interested in Number of project At present, there is no knowledge documents included systematic knowledge By year 4, at least 20 key sharing. on the CCFU website. transfer on climate change project lessons are captured adaptation in Zambia and disseminated in the Other regions Number of briefing ALM and on wikiADAPT. and countries papers documenting believe lessons learned By year 4, all project experiences developed and documents are available on from the project published in peer- the CCFU website, on a page are applicable to review journals. dedicated to the project. their situations.
Number of regional By year 4, at least 1 national and national and 1 international workshop workshops conducted on adaptation to effects of for dissemination of drought and climate change project lessons. is conducted.
Number of radio and By year 4, at least 2 radio television and 2 television programmes programmes have been developed and developed to convey aired. project lessons. Number of newsletters produced.
Number of By year 4, at least 1 work for community each of the 8 pilots has been workshops conducted. held.
The number of By year 4, at least 2 awareness campaigns campaigns have been conducted on the conducted need to incorporate adaptation needs in policy.
113 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ANNEX G: Cost calculations for outputs
Table 1: A summary of the number of beneficiaries per activity in Outcome 2 and the cost of the activity per beneficiary. SUMMARY TABLE: COSTS OF INTERVENTIONS OVER ALL SCOPED PILOT SITES
2.1 Soil conservation techniques Number of beneficiaries 900 Cost of intervention per farmer (US$) [1] 313 Number of sites 6 Total cost 281 340 2.2 Crop diversification Number of beneficiaries 1 260 Cost of intervention per farmer (US$) [2] 394 Number of sites 8 Total cost 496 140 2.3a Beekeeping Number of beneficiaries 160 Cost of intervention per farmer (US$) [3] 473 Number of sites 3 Total cost 75 690 2.3b Fish Farming Number of beneficiaries 340 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 219 Number of sites 1 Total cost 74 448 2.3c Rice farming in flood-prone areas Number of beneficiaries 300 Cost of intervention per farmer (US$) 649 Number of sites 2 Total cost 194 720 2.3d Integrated fish and rice farming Number of beneficiaries 60 Cost of intervention per farmer (US$) 794 Number of sites 1 Total cost 47 640 2.3e Additional Non-Timber Forest Products Introduced Number of beneficiaries 100 Cost of intervention per farmer (US$) 237 Number of sites 1 Total cost 23 660 2.4 Expansion of area under irrigation 2.4a Dam construction Number of beneficiaries 2 272 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 377 Number of sites 4 Cost of intervention 856 560 2.4b Earth dam construction
114 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Number of beneficiaries 811 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 264 Number of sites 1 Cost of intervention 214 140 2.4c Construction of storm water dams Number of beneficiaries 288 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 264 Number of sites 1 Cost of intervention 76 140 2.4d Construction of reservoirs Number of beneficiaries 523 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 264 Number of sites 1 Cost of intervention for the site 138 140 2.4e Construction of Weirs Number of beneficiaries 395 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 264 Number of sites 1 Cost of intervention 104 280 Irrigation systems rehabilitated Number of beneficiaries 220 Number of dams 1 Number of sites 1 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 264 Cost of intervention 58 140 TOTAL COST 2 641 038
Table 2: A breakdown of output costs to achieve Outcome 2 ANNUAL NUMBER TOTAL OVERALL UNIT COST OF UNITS/ COST TOTAL (US$) PERSONS (US$) COST (US$) 2.1 SOIL CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES Formation of farmer groups and training of farmers in soil conservation techniques for 3 years Fuel costs per site 300.00 7 2 100.00 6 300.00 Other allowances for trainers per site 300.00 7 2 100.00 6 300.00 Training materials per site 300.00 7 2 100.00 6 300.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 7 2 100.00 6 300.00 Trainers DSAs per site 480.00 7 3 360.00 10 080.00 Support to management committees at US$3000 per group each year 3 000.00 7 21 000.00 63 000.00
Training 32 extension officers Transportation (return) 60.00 32 1 920.00 1 920.00 Lodging for 32 extension officers for 5 days @ US$80/day 400.00 32 12 800.00 12 800.00 Consultants fees (lump sum) 10 000.00 1 10 000.00 10 000.00
115 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Training of farmers on conservation farming Contract for trainers @US$15/ farmer/ session for 4 sessions 60.00 300 18 000.00 54 000.00
Purchase of input packs for trained farmers
5kg maize/ cassava/ sweet potato seed @ US$10 10.00 300 3 000.00 9 000.00 50kg fertilizer @US$62 62.00 300 18 600.00 55 800.00 Legume seed @US$12 12.00 300 3 600.00 10 800.00 Faidherbia for crop rotation @US$2 2.00 300 600.00 1 800.00 Herbicides @ US$8 8.00 300 2 400.00 7 200.00 Chaka hole @US$7 7.00 300 2 100.00 6 300.00
Assessment of suitability of techniques at the six sites DSAs for seven days at each site @ US$60/ person for 4 people (per site) 1 680.00 7 11 760.00 11 760.00 Fuel costs estimated at 200 litres per site (US$1.2/ litre) for six sites 240.00 7 1 680.00 1 680.00 Subtotal 6 119 220.00 281 340.00
2.2 CROP DIVERSIFICATION Formation of farmer groups and training of farmers crop diversification for 3 years Fuel costs per site 300.00 8 2 400.00 7 200.00 Other allowances for trainers per site 300.00 8 2 400.00 7 200.00 Training materials per site 300.00 8 2 400.00 7 200.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 8 2 400.00 7 200.00 Trainers DSAs per site 480.00 8 3 840.00 11 520.00 Support to management committees at US$3000 per group each year 3 000.00 8 24 000.00 72 000.00 0.00 Assessment of suitability of techniques at the sites DSAs for seven days at each site @ US$60/ person for 4 people (per site) 1 680.00 8 13 440.00 13 440.00 Fuel costs estimated at 200 litres per site (US$1.2/ litre) for six sites 240.00 8 1 920.00 1 920.00
Training of farmers on crop diversification Contract for trainers @US$15/ farmer/ session for 4 sessions for 1260 farmers 60.00 420 25 200.00 75 600.00
Purchase of input packs for trained farmers for 1260 farmers
5kg maize/ cassava/ sweet potato seed @ US$10 10.00 420 4 200.00 12 600.00 50kg fertilizer @US$62 62.00 420 26 040.00 78 120.00 Legume seed @US$12 12.00 420 5 040.00 15 120.00 Faidherbia for crop rotation @US$2 2.00 420 840.00 2 520.00 Herbicides @ US$8 8.00 420 3 360.00 10 080.00 116 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Chaka hole @US$7 7.00 420 2 940.00 8 820.00 0.00 Support for farm trials for ZARI
DSAs for 4 researchers @ US$60/ day for a minimum of 20days per site a year for 3 years 4 800.00 8 38 400.00 115 200.00
Fuel Costs (4 trips to each of the 8 sites/ year using 250 litres(US$1.2/ litre)/ site for 3 years) 1 200.00 8 9 600.00 28 800.00
Farmer training on seed production for 3 years DSAs for 2 staff from Seed Certification Institute to train farmers on seed production (they require DSAs @US$60 for 5 days for each of the 8 sites) 600.00 8 4 800.00 14 400.00 Fuel costs for trainers @ 250 litres per site for all the three years 300.00 8 2 400.00 7 200.00 Subtotal 175 620.00 496 140.00
2.3a BEE KEEPING Formation of bee keeping groups and training of farmers in bee keeping for 3 years Fuel costs per site 300.00 3 900.00 2 700.00 Other allowances for trainers per site 300.00 3 900.00 2 700.00 Training materials per site 300.00 3 900.00 2 700.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 3 900.00 2 700.00 Trainers DSAs per site 480.00 3 1 440.00 4 320.00 Support to management committees at US$3000 per group each year 3 000.00 3 9 000.00 27 000.00 0.00 Assessment of suitability of techniques at the sites DSAs for seven days at each site @ US$60/ person for 4 people (per site) 1 680.00 3 5 040.00 5 040.00 Fuel costs estimated at 200 litres per site (US$1.2/ litre) for six sites 240.00 3 720.00 720.00
Other costs for beekeeping Purchase of improved beehives from local carpenters (4 beehives will be given to each of the 260 farmers. Each hive costs US$20) 80.00 54 4 320.00 12 960.00
Technical assistance for setting beehives. This includes fuel, labour and DSAs. The estimated cost per site each year is US$1650). 1 650.00 3 4 950.00 14 850.00 Subtotal 29 070.00 75 690.00
2.3b. FISH FARMING Formation of fish farming groups and training of farmers on fish farming for 3 years 117 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00 Support to management committees at US$3000 per group each year 3 000.00 1 3 000.00 9 000.00 0.00 Purchase of manual excavation tools 0.00 0.00 Wheel barrows 60.00 50 3 000.00 9 000.00 Mattocks 12.00 50 600.00 1 800.00 Shovels 12.00 50 600.00 1 800.00 Hand hoes 10.00 50 500.00 1 500.00 Pick axes 10.00 50 500.00 1 500.00 0.00 Assessment of suitability of techniques at the sites DSAs for seven days at each site @ US$60/ person for 4 people (per site) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 1 680.00 Fuel costs estimated at 200 litres per site (US$1.2/ litre) for six sites 240.00 1 240.00 240.00
Construction of ponds Nine (2000m2) production ponds (3 each year) at a cost of US$4000 each 4 000.00 3 12 000.00 36 000.00 Three (166m2) growing ponds (3 each year) at a cost of US$332 each 332.00 3 996.00 2 988.00 One breeding pond annually @ US$400/ pond for 3 years 400.00 1 400.00 1 200.00 Subtotal 4 732.00 26 096.00 74 448.00
2.3c RICE FARMING IN FLOOD-PRONE AREAS Formation of rice farming groups and training of farmers on rice farming for 3 years Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 2 600.00 1 800.00 Training materials per site 300.00 2 600.00 1 800.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 2 600.00 1 800.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 2 3 360.00 10 080.00 Support to management committees at US$3000 per group each year 3 000.00 2 6 000.00 18 000.00 Supply of rice input packs 0.00 0.00 Rice Seed 10.00 100 1 000.00 3 000.00 4x50kg D-Compound 200.00 100 20 000.00 60 000.00 4x50kg Ammonium Nitrate 248.00 100 24 800.00 74 400.00 45 800.00 137 400.00 Purchase of rice hulling equipment for the two sites (2 for each site @ US$5000 each) 5 000.00 4 20 000.00 20 000.00
118 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Assessment of suitability of techniques at the sites 0.00 0.00 DSAs for seven days at each site @ US$60/ person for 4 people (per site) 1 680.00 2 3 360.00 3 360.00 Fuel costs estimated at 200 litres per site (US$1.2/ litre) for six sites 240.00 2 480.00 480.00 Subtotal 332 120.00
2.3d INTEGRATED FISH AND RICE FARMING Formation of rice farming groups and training of farmers on rice farming for 3 years Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00 Support to management committees at US$3000 per group each year 3 000.00 1 3 000.00 9 000.00 0.00 Supply of rice input packs Rice Seed 10.00 20 200.00 600.00 4x50kg D-Compound 200.00 20 4 000.00 12 000.00 4x50kg Ammonium Nitrate 248.00 20 4 960.00 14 880.00 Purchase of fingerlings estimated at US$0.1 each. Each farmer gets 250 fingerlings 25.00 20 500.00 1 500.00 0.00 Assessment of suitability of techniques at the six sites DSAs for seven days at each site @ US$60/ person for 4 people (per site) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 1 680.00 Fuel costs estimated at 200 litres per site (US$1.2/ litre) for six sites 240.00 1 240.00 240.00 Subtotal 17 160.00 47 640.00
2.3e ADDITIONAL NTFPs PROMOTED Formation of NTFP groups and training of communities on NTFPs for 3 years Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00 Support to management committees at US$3000 per group each year 3 000.00 1 3 000.00 9 000.00 Assessment of suitability of techniques 1 920.00 1 1 920.00 1 920.00 Consultancy for identification of viable NTFPs 5 000.00 1 5 000.00 5 000.00 Subtotal 23 660.00
2.4a DAM CONSTRUCTION Formation of dam management committees and 119 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia training of communities on group dynamics for 3 years Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 4 1 200.00 3 600.00 Training materials per site 300.00 4 1 200.00 3 600.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 4 1 200.00 3 600.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 4 6 720.00 20 160.00 0.00 Trainings for communities on water management and irrigation management 0.00 0.00 Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 4 1 200.00 3 600.00 Training materials per site 300.00 4 1 200.00 3 600.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 4 1 200.00 3 600.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 4 6 720.00 20 160.00 0.00 Trainings irrigated crop production, livestock, fish farming and marketing 0.00 0.00 Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 4 1 200.00 3 600.00 Training materials per site 300.00 4 1 200.00 3 600.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 4 1 200.00 3 600.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 4 6 720.00 20 160.00 0.00 Support to management committees 0.00 0.00 Lump sum amount for trainings and any other activities to strengthen committees 3 000.00 4 12 000.00 36 000.00 0.00 0.00 Assessment of suitability of interventions 0.00 0.00 DSAs for seven days at each site @ US$60/ person for 4 people (per site) 1 680.00 4 6 720.00 6 720.00 Fuel costs estimated at 200 litres per site (US$1.2/ litre) for six sites 240.00 4 960.00 960.00 0.00 Contractual services for dam construction 0.00 0.00 Dam Construction (different types of dams depending on site conditions) 150 000.00 4 600 000.00 600 000.00
Construction of irrigation canals were suitable/ supply of pressure pumps and accessories 30 000.00 4 120 000.00 120 000.00 Subtotal 770 640.00 856 560.00
2.4b CONSTRUCTION OF EARTH DAMS Formation of dam management committees and training of communities on group dynamics for 3 years Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00 120 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
0.00 Trainings for communities on water management and irrigation management 0.00 0.00 Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00 0.00 0.00 Trainings irrigated crop production, livestock, fish farming and marketing 0.00 0.00 Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00 0.00 0.00 Support to management committees 0.00 0.00 Lump sum amount for trainings and any other activities to strengthen committees 3 000.00 1 3 000.00 9 000.00 0.00 0.00 Feasibility assessment each of the sites 0.00 0.00 DSAs for seven days at each site @ US$60/ person for 4 people (per site) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 1 680.00 Fuel costs estimated at 200 litres per site (US$1.2/ litre) for six sites 240.00 1 240.00 240.00
Contractual services for earth dam construction Dam Construction (different types of dams depending on site conditions) 150 000.00 1 150 000.00 150 000.00
Construction of irrigation canals were suitable/ supply of pressure pumps and accessories 30 000.00 1 30 000.00 30 000.00 Subtotal 192 660.00 214 140.00
2.4c CONSTRUCTION OF STORMWATER DAMS Formation of dam management committees and training of communities on group dynamics for 3 years Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00 0.00 0.00 Trainings for communities on water management and irrigation management 0.00 0.00 Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 121 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00 0.00 0.00 Trainings irrigated crop production, livestock, fish farming and marketing 0.00 0.00 Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00 0.00 0.00 Support to management committees 0.00 0.00 Lump sum amount for trainings and any other activities to strengthen committees 3 000.00 1 3 000.00 9 000.00 0.00 0.00 Feasibility assessment each of the sites 0.00 0.00 DSAs for seven days at each site @ US$60/ person for 4 people (per site) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 1 680.00 Fuel costs estimated at 200 litres per site (US$1.2/ litre) for six sites 240.00 1 240.00 240.00 0.00 0.00 Contractual services for storm water dam construction 0.00 0.00 Dam Construction (different types of dams depending on site conditions) 5 000.00 6 30 000.00 30 000.00 Supply of pressure pumps and accessories 2 000.00 6 12 000.00 12 000.00 Subtotal 54 660.00 76 140.00
2.4d: CONSTRUCTION OF RESERVOIRS Formation of dam management committees and training of communities on group dynamics for 3 years Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00 0.00 0.00 Trainings for communities on water management and irrigation management 0.00 0.00 Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00 0.00 0.00 Trainings irrigated crop production, livestock, fish farming and marketing 0.00 0.00 Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 122 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00 0.00 0.00 Support to management committees 0.00 0.00 Lump sum amount for trainings and any other activities to strengthen the committees 3 000.00 1 3 000.00 9 000.00 0.00 0.00 Feasibility assessment each of the sites 0.00 0.00 DSAs for seven days at each site @ US$60/ person for 4 people (per site) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 1 680.00 Fuel costs estimated at 200 litres per site (US$1.2/ litre) for six sites 240.00 1 240.00 240.00
Contractual services for reservoir construction Construction of reservoir 50 000.00 2 100 000.00 100 000.00 Supply of pressure pumps and accessories 2 000.00 2 4 000.00 4 000.00 Subtotal 116 660.00 138 140.00
2.4e: CONSTRUCTION OF WEIRS Formation of dam management committees and training of communities on group dynamics for 3 years Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 2 600.00 1 800.00 Training materials per site 300.00 2 600.00 1 800.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 2 600.00 1 800.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 2 3 360.00 10 080.00
Trainings for communities on water management and irrigation management Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 2 600.00 1 800.00 Training materials per site 300.00 2 600.00 1 800.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 2 600.00 1 800.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 2 3 360.00 10 080.00
Trainings irrigated crop production, livestock and marketing Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 2 600.00 1 800.00 Training materials per site 300.00 2 600.00 1 800.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 2 600.00 1 800.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 2 3 360.00 10 080.00
Support to management committees Lump sum amount for trainings and any other activities to strengthen the committees 3 000.00 2 6 000.00 18 000.00 123 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Feasibility assessment each of the sites DSAs for seven days at each site @ US$60/ person for 4 people (per site) 1 680.00 2 3 360.00 3 360.00 Fuel costs estimated at 200 litres per site (US$1.2/ litre) for six sites 240.00 2 480.00 480.00
Contractual services for construction of weirs Dam Construction (different types of dams depending on site conditions) 5 000.00 6 30 000.00 30 000.00 Supply of pressure pumps and accessories 1 000.00 6 6 000.00 6 000.00 Subtotal 61 320.00 104 280.00
2.4f: IRRIGATION SYSTEMS REHABILITATION Formation of dam management committees and training of communities on group dynamics for 3 years Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00
Trainings for communities on water management and irrigation management Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00
Trainings irrigated crop production, livestock and marketing
Fuel costs per site (250 litres @ US$1.2/ litre) 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Training materials per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Participants meals per site 300.00 1 300.00 900.00 Trainers DSAs per site (DSAs @ US$60 for 4 trainers for 7 days) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 5 040.00
Support to management committees Lump sum amount for trainings and any other activities to strengthen the committees 3 000.00 1 3 000.00 9 000.00 0.00 0.00 Feasibility assessment each of the sites 0.00 0.00 DSAs for seven days at each site @ US$60/ person for 4 people (per site) 1 680.00 1 1 680.00 1 680.00 Fuel costs estimated at 200 litres per site (US$1.2/ litre) for six sites 240.00 1 240.00 240.00 124 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Contractual services for irrigation systems rehabilitation Irrigation system rehabilitation 10 000.00 2 20 000.00 20 000.00 Supply of pressure pumps and accessories 2 000.00 2 4 000.00 4 000.00 Subtotal 36 660.00 58 140.00
SITE SPECIFIC COSTS Trainings and monitoring by extension officers for 3 years Lunch allowances (3days/month x12 months @ US$10/ person for 2 extension officers) for 3 years 720.00 8 5 760.00 17 280.00 Fuel allowances (3 days/month x12 months @US$24 for 20litres) for 3 years 864.00 8 6 912.00 20 736.00 Subtotal 1 584.00 8 12 672.00 38 016.00
Development of market linkages for all pilot sites / feasibility studies Consultants fees (market linkages assessment and development) 60 000.00 0.00 0.00 Consultants fees (Feasibility and profitability study for all pilot sites) 100 000.00 0.00 0.00 Subtotal 160 000.00 1 160 000.00 480 000.00
Community sensitization DSAs PS staff from National Office (US$60 for 4 days per site for 5 people) 1 200.00 8 9 600.00 9 600.00 Fuel estimated at 250 litres per site 300.00 8 2 400.00 2 400.00 DSAs Provincial Staff (US$60 for 4 days per site for 5 people) 1 200.00 8 9 600.00 9 600.00 Fuel estimated at 150 litres per site 180.00 8 1 440.00 1 440.00 DSAs District Staff (US$60 for 2 days per site for 5 people) 600.00 8 4 800.00 4 800.00 Fuel estimated at 50 litres per site 60.00 8 480.00 480.00 Subtotal 28 320.00 28 320.00
125 Table 3: Cost and coverage of interventions under Outcome 2. Southern Province Eastern Province Western Province Lusaka Province Kasaya Lusitu Chikowa Mundalanga Sioma Kataba Zalapango Kabeleka Total No. of Households 1000 1000 293 1241 208 340 115 333 Activities 2.1 Soil conservation techniques Sites prioritizing activity x x x x x x 6 No. of farmers trained 120 180 240 120 120 120 900 Hectare under soil conservation 30.00 60.00 60.00 30.00 22.50 202.50 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 312.60 312.60 312.60 312.60 312.60 312.60 312.60 Total cost per site (US$) 37 512.00 56 268.00 75 024.00 37 512.00 37 512.00 37 512.00 281 340
2.2 Crop diversification Sites prioritizing activity x x x x x x x x 8 No. of farmers trained 120 120 240 240 120 120 120 180 1 260 Drought resistant species disseminated 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 28 Alternative crop species disseminated 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 32 Hectares under drought resistant crops 30 30 60 60 30 30 45 315 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 393.76 393.76 393.76 393.76 393.76 393.76 393.76 393.76 393.76 Total cost per site (US$) 47 251.43 47 251.43 94 502.86 94 502.86 47 251.43 47 251.43 47 251.43 70 877.14 496 140
2.3 Alternative livelihoods 2.3a Bee keeping Sites prioritizing activity x x x 3 No. of farmers trained 100 30 30 160 Bee keeping groups formed 10 3 3 16 Modern beehives supplied 400 120 120 640 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 473.06 473.06 473.06 473.06 Total cost per site (US$) 47 306.00 14 191.80 14 191.80 75 690
2.3b Fish farming Sites prioritizing activity x 1 No. of breeding ponds constructed 1 1 No. of growing ponds constructed 9 9 No. of production ponds constructed 9 9 Total area under fish farming (m2) 18000 18000 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
No. of households benefiting 340.00 340 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 218.96 218.96 Total cost per site (US$) 74 448.00 74 448
2.3c Rice farming in flood prone areas Sites prioritizing activity x x 2 No. of farmers targeted 100 200 300 No. hectares under rice farming 100 200 300 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 649.07 649.07 649.07 129 Total cost per site (US$) 64 906.67 813.33 194 720
2.3d Integrated fish and rice farming Sites prioritizing activity x 1 No. of farmers trained 60 60 No. of integrated fish and rice basins 60 60 No. hectares under fish and rice farming 30 30 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 794.00 794.00 Total cost per site (US$) 47 640.00 47 640
2.3e Additional NTFPs Introduced Sites prioritizing activity x 1 No. of new NTFPs introduced 3 3 No of farmers trained in NTFPs 100 100 No. of NTFP groups formed 5 5 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 236.60 236.60 Total cost per site (US$) 23 660.00 23 660
2.4 Expansion of area under irrigation 2.4a Construction of dams Sites prioritizing activity x x x x 4 No. of concrete dams to be constructed 1 1 1 1 4 No. of beneficiaries 568 568 568 568 2 272 No. of hectares under irrigation 56.8 56.8 56.8 56.8 227.2 No. of dam management committees 1 1 1 1 4 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 377.01 377.01 377.01 377.01 377.01
127 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
214 214 214 Total cost per site (US$) 140.00 140.00 214 140.00 140.00 856 560 2.4b Construction of earth dams Sites prioritizing activity x 1 No. of earth dams proposed 1 1 No. of beneficiaries 811 811 No. of hectares under irrigation 81.1 81.1 No. of dam management committees formed 1 1 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 264.04 264.04 214 Total cost per site (US$) 139.99 214 140
2.4c Storm water dams constructed Sites prioritizing activity x 1 No. of storm water dams proposed 6 6 No. of hectares under irrigation 28 28 No. of beneficiaries 288 288 No. of dam management committees 6 6 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 264.38 264.38 Total cost per site (US$) 76 140.00 76 140
2.4d Reservoirs constructed Sites prioritizing activity x 1 No. of reservoirs proposed 2 2 No. of beneficiaries 523 523 No. of hectares under irrigation 52.3 52.3 No. of dam management committees 2 2 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 264.13 264.13 138 Total cost per site (US$) 139.99 138 140
2.4e Weirs constructed Sites prioritizing activity x 1 No. of weirs proposed 3 3 No. of hectares under irrigation 39.5 39.5 No. of beneficiaries 395 395 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 264.00 264.00
128 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
104 Total cost per site (US$) 280.00 104 280
2.4f Irrigation systems rehabilitated Sites prioritizing activity x 1 No. of irrigation systems rehabilitated 2 2 No. of beneficiaries 220 220 No. of hectares under irrigation 22 22 Cost of intervention per household (US$) 264.27 264.27 Total cost per site (US$) 58 140 58 140 Total cost of interventions/site 512 777 281 043 379 103 231 359 363 810 289 025 298 903 285 017 2 641 038 Total no. of beneficiaries/site 1571 983 1261 570 908 780 808 748 7629
129 ANNEX H - List of stakeholders consulted during the PPG phase of the project
The following consultations and activities were held during the PPG phase.
Pre-inception workshop 4th -5th February 2009
Specific objectives: 1. To share the project background and information on the adaptation to the effects of drought, floods and climate change in agro-ecological regions I and II. 2. To formulate an Action Plan to facilitate the development of the full project proposal document for GRF consideration. 3. To draw up a programme for the inception workshop on the aadaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-Ecological Regions I & II.
Inception workshop 2nd March 2009 The overall objective of the Inception Workshop was to bring together stakeholders to be familiarised to the drought/floods and climate change project and fine-tune the project proposal road-map.
Specific objectives: 1. To appraise and share experiences with stakeholders on the importance of water in agricultural development in Zambia’s three Agro-Ecological Region’s; 2. To inform and stakeholders on the GEF’s role in climate change adaptation, and GEF Project Cycle; 3. To appraise and get feedback from the stakeholders on the project concept document of the Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-Ecological Regions I & II project in order to shape the proposal document; 4. To agree on and finalise the drafting of the project document proposal work-plan and roadmap.
Vision setting and site selection workshop 3rd April 2009 The workshop aimed at implementing sub-activity 1.7 in the work plan which is “selection of pilot catchments and project pilot sites”. It also aimed at coming up with a vision that would provide guidelines, objectivity and focus during the project preparation phase to guide in the project site selection at both National, Provincial and District levels.
Specific objectives: 1. To refine & spell-out the project vision and objectives; 2. To develop criteria for the selection of pilot catchments and pilot sites; 3. Select pilot Provinces at National level and determine the provisional number of pilot sites per province and/or districts.
Site selection field visits 28-11th May, 2009
Specific objectives: 1. Consultation with the Agricultural and Natural Resources subcommittees of the PDCC and selection of the pilot districts 2. Consultation with the Agricultural and Natural Resources subcommittees of the DDCC and selection of the pilot sites 3. Consultations with the communities and identification of the desired pilot interventions
Site selection workshop 14th to 15th May 2009 This was held at Kafue Gorge between 14th and 15th May 2009. The technical working group, field facilitators and the international consultant were present.
Specific objectives: Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
1. Narrowing down the sites from the 16 which were selected from the field trips to eight sites based on the site selection criteria 2. Review the progress and chart the way forward
First draft review workshop This was held from the 14th to 17th July 2007. Participants included: 1. The technical working committee members 2. Representatives from government departments 3. Representatives from the provinces, districts & sites.
Specific objectives: 1. Barrier analysis 2 Development of detailed business plan 3 Co-financing 4. Stakeholder involvement plan 5. Many others
Internal appraisal committee 22nd July 2009 This was held in the UNDP conference room on 22nd July 2009. The aim was to review the draft document and provide input.
External appraisal committee meeting on 7th August 2009 This was held in the UNDP conference room. The aim was to review the draft document and provide input.
Name Institution People consulted during the Pre-Inception Workshop from 2-6th February 2009 Joseph Kanyanga Chief Meteorologist- Zambia Meteorological Department Jacob Nkomoki Deputy Director –Zambia Meteorological Department Lenganji Sikaona Principal Research Officer- Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit Adam Hussein Director Kayoya Masuhwa Principal Agricultural Officer (MACO) Anthony Mporokoso Principal Hydrologist (Department of Water Affairs) Nicholas Mwale A/ Senior Statistician (Department of Policy & Planning) MACO Rasford Kalamatila A/ Principal Agricultural Specialist (Remote Sensing) MACO Martin N. Sishekanu Chief Agricultural Specialist (Land Husbandry) MACO Esnart Makwakwa Analyst/ Programmer- Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit Young N. Vibetti Chief Agricultural Research Officer (Livestock) MACO
People consulted during the vision setting workshop on 3rd April 2009 Henry Sichembe Deputy Director (DOA) MACO Kayoya Masuhwa Principal Agricultural Officer (MACO) Anthony Mporokoso Principal Hydrologist (Department of Water Affairs) Martin N. Sishekanu Chief Agricultural Specialist (Land Husbandry) MACO Rasford Kalamatila A/ Principal Agricultural Specialist (Remote Sensing) MACO Young N. Vibetti Chief Agricultural Research Officer (Livestock) MACO Harris Phiri (PhD) Chief Research Officer (Department of Fisheries) MACO Nicholas Mwale A/ Senior Statistician (Department of Policy & Planning) MACO Richard Bwalya PM Mathias Kanyemba Chief Crops Officer- MACO
131 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Mwase Phiri Chief Vegetables and Crops Officer- MACO Reynolds K. Shula Climate Change Facilitation Unit Samuli Leminen Environmental Officer (UNDP) Oversease Mwangase Chief Meteorologist- Zambia Meteorological Department
People consulted during the PPG Inception Workshop 2nd March 2009 Rasford Kalamatila A/ Principal Agricultural Specialist (Remote Sensing) MACO Martin N. Sishekanu Chief Agricultural Specialist (Land Husbandry) MACO Kafula Chisanga Zambia Agricultural Research Institute (MACO) Mwila Mulundu Zambia Agricultural Research Institute (MACO) Chileshe Bwalya MACO- Mambwe District Richard K. Mwamba MACO- Southern Province Peters Kamusaki MACO- Western Province Valentine Michelo MACO- Western Province Moses C. Kapuka MACO- Nyimba District Joyce S. Musiwa Zambia Rain Water Harvest Association Oversease Mwangase Chief Meteorologist- Zambia Meteorological Department Harris Phiri (PhD) Chief Research Officer (Department of Fisheries) MACO Young N. Vibetti Chief Agricultural Research Officer (Livestock) MACO Moses Lungu MACO Lusaka Province Shadreck Mungalaba Provincial Agricultural Co-ordinator Lusaka -MACO Nicholas Mwale A/ Senior Statistician (Department of Policy & Planning) MACO Kambani Banda National Agricultural Information Services -MACO Shamwinda Tembo National Agricultural Information Services -MACO Matildah Kaliba Participatory and Ecological Land Use Management- Zambia Charles Mvula Policy and Planning Department-MACO Daniel Chamba Technical Services Branch- MACO Mainga S Provincial Agricultural Co-ordinator (Western Province -MACO Shitima E. M Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources Samuel Mukelebai MACO Southern Province Mathias Kanyemba Chief Crops Officer- MACO Maurice Muchinda Director- Zambia Meteorological Department Richard Bwalya PM Annalisa Lodato UNDP Anthony Mills International Consultant George Sikuleka Chief Irrigation Engineer- MACO David Mulenga MACO
People consulted during the site selection missions 28th April-10th May 2009 Western Province Provincial Development Coordinating Committee (Mongu) Albert Mate PM- Concern Worldwide Simataa Nakamboa PM- Keepers Zambia Foundation Mulenga Lawrence Agricultural Officer MACO James Masinja District Fisheries Officer Carol M. Mubita Programme Officer- Barotseland.com- Lyambayi Adaptation Beatrice Lukama Principal Forestry Extension Officer- Forestry Department Agness C. Shawa Area Warden- Zambia Wildlife Authority Peter S. Kamusaki SAMS- MACO
Senanga District Agriculture and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the District Development
132 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Coordinating Committee Muyowambuya Likando Project Officer- Keepers Zambia Foundation Charles Mjumphi Programme Manager Concern Wildwide Matilda Libi District Coordinator- People’s Participation Services Roy Moonde Technical Officer- Department of Agriculture Fausto Chimya Extension Assistant- Forestry Department Clive Simwanza Veterinary Officer- Department of Vet. & Livestock Rodrick Washeni Fisheries Technical Officer- Department of Fisheries Mubita Musiwa PM- Adventist Relief Services- SFSP Howard Hakubobya District Marketing Officer- MACO Nyambe Soopu National Agricultural Information Services (Senanga) Likando Mubiana District Agricultural Officer- MACO
Sesheke District Agriculture and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the District Development Coordinating Committee Mwangana Mwandamena District Agriculture Coordinator-MACO Faustina Simasiku Assistant Planner- Sesheke District Council David Mutemwa Chairperson- Sesheke Pastors Fellowship Advocacy Committee L.I. Nalumino District Forestry Officer- Forestry Department Anthony Wakumelo Officer-in Charge- Zambia Meteorological Department Litia Litia Officer-in Charge- Department of Fisheries Jairos Makuni District Planner- Sesheke District Council Nyambe Mwambwa Officer in Charge- Zambia Wildlife Authority Webster Chikampa District Veterinary Officer Pius Maambo Agricultural Officer-MACO Reuben Kabiti Senior Agricultural Officer John Chipandwe District Agricultural Information Officer M. Lubinda Vice Chairperson- Timber Producers Association of Zambia
Kafue District Agriculture and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the District Development Coordinating Committee Dr. Christine Inambao District Veterinary Officer- MACO Loziwe Ndhlovu Fisheries Research Officer- MACO Katongo Bwalya Community Development Officer- Ministry of Community Development and Social Services Moddy Malowa Community Development Officer-Kafue District Council Frank Simushi Senior Agricultural Officer- MACO Muwowo Mutende District Forestry Officer- Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources Gomes Hikanyeu District Agricultural Coordinating Officer- Kafue District Council Mr. Musonda District Planning Officer- Kafue District Council Wilson Chilembo Extension Methodology- MACO George Sikuleka Chief Irrigation Engineer- MACO Dr. Kayoya Masuhwa Chief Agricultural Officer- MACO Matilda Kaliba Programmes Officer- PELUM Gregory Chilufya Facilitator- Independent Consultant
Chongwe District Agriculture and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the District Development Coordinating Committee John Lungu Acting Senior Agricultural Officer Dennis Mbita Mistimanzi Junior Technical Officer- MACO 133 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Mwenya Mulenga Technical Officer-MACO Francis Kubi Technical Officer-MACO Sinda Mabvuso Technical Officer- MACO George Sikuleka Chief Irrigation Engineer- MACO Bernard Chulu Provincial Agricultural Officer- MACO Dr. Kayoya Masuhwa Chief Agricultural Officer- MACO Matilda Kaliba Programmes Officer- PELUM Dr. Msiska C.Y District Medical Officer Choongo P.C Manager, District Planning and Development- Chongwe District Council Laura Gondwe Human Resource Manager- Chongwe District Council Buis Pallu Malaria Focal Person- Chongwe District Council
Luangwa District Agriculture and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the District Development Coordinating Committee Happyday Nzila District Agricultural Coordinator- Luangwa District White Nyirenda District Community Development Officer Kelvin Hamusonde Officer-in Charge- Wildlife Conservation Society Alex Choompo District Forestry Officer- Department of Forestry Justice Nchimunya District Education Officer- Ministry of Education Musekiwe Ntembe District Information Officer- Zambia Agricultural Information Services E.M. Chisanga District Marketing and Cooperatives Officer- MACO Silvia Sombe MACO Mutinta C. Zulu MACO Mupeta MAvis Agricultural Officer- MACO George Sikuleka Chief Irrigation Engineer- MACO Kayoya Masuhwa Chief Agricultural Officer- MACO Matilda Kaliba Programme Officer- PELUM
Eastern Province Provincial Development Coordinating Committee (Chipata) Bwalya Chendauka Provincial Forestry Officer- Forestry Department Dr. Roy M. Chiti Programme Coordinator-Lutheran World Federation Thomas Mwanza Senior Education Standards Officer Vincent Nguluwe Provincial Water Affairs Officer Mporokoso Anthony Principal Hydrologist- Department of Water Affairs Mwale Lusizi Area Warden- Zambia Wildlife Authority Titus Ngandu Acting Senior Planner/ Disaster Management focal Person Patson Phiri Provincial Planner- Ministry of Local Government and Housing
Mambwe District Agriculture and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the District Development Coordinating Committee Chileshe Bwalya Crop Husbandry Officer- MACO Mathias Zulu Agricultural Information Officer- MACO Morrison Hamoonge Technical Services Officer- Department of Agriculture Patrick Kapampa Fisheries Officer- Department of Fisheries Sinyala Nyirongo Regional Planner- Zambia Wildlife Authority Sungizwayo Banda Extension Officer- Wildlife Conservation Society Christine Shawa Marketing Officer- Cargill Cotton Limited Martha Sekelani Marketing Officer- MACO Daniel Chamba Irrigation Engineer- Provincial Agricultural Office- MACO Rasford Kalamatila Principal Technical Officer- MACO
134 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Chama District Agriculture and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the District Development Coordinating Committee James Ngalamilo MACO Vincent Banda MACO Fred Chikuta MACO Sherry Phiri CARGIL Cotton Zambia Limited Anthony Mporokoso Principal Hydrologist- Department of Water Affairs Daniel Chamba Irrigation Engineer- Provincial Agricultural Office- MACO Sichembe Isaac Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development- MACO Thomas Banda Ministry of Community Development and Social Services Kabonso Japhet Forest Department Kabange Masenga MACO Noel Phiri Social Worker Newton Nyirenda Chama District Council L. Mutukwa Office of the President Samson Habulembe Department of Fisheries Moyo Maboto Dunavant Evaristo Nanyoka MACO
Nyimba District Agriculture and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the District Development Coordinating Committee Moses C. Kapuka District Agricultural Coordinator- MACO Widson Nyirenda District Planner- Nyimba District Council Joseph Zulu Water Officer- Department of Water Affairs Abner Kumbuyo Forestry Officer- Forestry Department Daniel Chamba Irrigation Engineer- Provincial Agricultural Office- MACO Anthony Mporokoso Principal Hydrologist- Department of Water Affairs John Dimuna Fisheries Officer- Department of Fisheries Dr. Happy Kanyini Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development Ziwa. S.Z Principal Technical Officer/ Department of Agriculture
135 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ANNEX I – A brief description of policies that address environmental issues.
Decentralisation Policy (Cabinet Office) Decentralization may facilitate better environmental management at the local level, if it gives greater power to those whose livelihoods are dependent upon the sustainable management of renewable natural resources.
Land Policy (Ministry of Lands) By proposing the change in land tenure system through titling land, the policy encourages environmental protection by reducing degradation resulting from the “tragedy of the commons”. Land ownership with titles promotes responsibility.
Health Policy (Ministry of Health) The policy acknowledges that the prevalence of malaria, TB, other epidemics, sanitation and safe water and reproductive and child health are all closely linked to environmental policy and management. It also acknowledges the potential complementarities between better environmental management and improved public health and the importance of wider linkages between health and the environment.
National Population Policy (Ministry of Finance and National Planning) The National Population Policy was adopted in 1989. The Policy recognizes the need to integrate population issues into development planning. The policy also acknowledges that reduced population growth would in turn reduce pressure on the country’s renewable natural resources.
Education Policy (Ministry of Education) The National Policy on Education also articulates the need for environmental health. It regards the role of the school as an environmental health affirming and promoting institution for all pupils and the communities.
Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) Policy (Ministry of Communications and Transport) One specific objective relates to support for the conservation of the environment and natural resources.
Gender Policy (Cabinet Office, Gender and Development Division) The vision of the Government is to achieve full participation of both women and men in the development process to ensure sustainable development and the attainment of equality and equity between the sexes. The policy acknowledges the gender imbalance in the environment and natural resources sector, which has impacted negatively on women. It aims to facilitate the involvement of women in decision making at all levels in institutions dealing with the environment and natural resources.
National Housing Policy (Ministry of Local Government and Housing) Specific objectives include “assisting the poor to acquire decent shelter through alleviation of their affordability problems” and “fostering homes that are functional, healthy, aesthetically pleasant and environmentally friendly”. The objectives are consistent with improving environmental conditions in housing, especially for the poor, and the use of environmentally friendly technologies.
Transport Policy (Ministry of Communications and Transport) The policy acknowledges that poorly designed transport and communication can damage the environment.
Agriculture Policy (Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives) One of the strategies involves the conversion of customary land into large blocks of leasehold land, to create large farms that will grow crops for export. Many of these farms will have out-grower schemes
136 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia attached. Implementation of the agricultural policy will strengthen land tenure, realizing land values, protecting investments, and improving farmland management thereby reducing land degradation.
Fisheries Policy (Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives) The proposed policy encourages sustainable fisheries management, and stakeholder participation (especially the participation of local communities) in the capture fishery and aquaculture.
Tourism Policy (Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources) This policy advocates for the support of environmentally sustainable tourism. This includes sustainable waste disposal, eco-tourism, green packaging and recycling, water and energy conservation, integrated environmental management, and social and environmental audits.
Mining Policy (Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development) One specifically environmental policy objective is to reduce the danger of ecological damage arising from mining operations as well as damage to the health of workers and inhabitants of the neighborhood through air, water and land pollution.
Forestry Policy (Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources) Seven of the 13specific policy objectives are directly relevant to Environment, namely: 1. To ensure the integrity, productivity and development potential of the forest reserves (especially through the involvement of stakeholders); 2. To ensure adequate protection of forests by empowering local communities and promoting the development and use of forest and non-timber forest products. 3. To ensure sustainable management of forest ecosystems and biodiversity application through scientific and indigenous technical knowledge (through, inter alia, promoting the value of forests for catchment protection, biodiversity and ecosystem goods and services). 4. To ensure sustainable management of forest resources for wood fuel production. 5. To recognize and support the development of non-wood forest products. 6. To regulate exploitation and ensure efficient use of forest resources and products. 7. To ensure gender equity in all aspects of forestry management, production and utilization of forest products, extension training and education.
Energy Policy (Ministry of Energy and Water Development) The policy aims “to promote optimum supply and utilization of energy, especially indigenous forms, to facilitate the socio-economic development of the country and maintenance of a safe and healthy environment”. However, the policy is seen as the main driver of woodland destruction nationally, for fuel wood and charcoal production.
Water Policy (Ministry of Energy and Water Development) The policy is consistent with the sustainable management of water resources and complements a National Policy on Environment. The institutional and legal framework highlights the importance of EIA prior to the implementation of any development project, and the application of other legislation, notably the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, for effective management of water quality.
Wetlands Policy (Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources) The aim of the policy is twofold: firstly to ensure the wise use of wetlands and their resources, and secondly, to create a comprehensive, stakeholder-based institutional and legal framework for their management. Some of the specific objectives are: To promote the integrity and natural productivity of wetland ecosystems and the maintenance of their functions and values. To conserve their biodiversity. To promote international action of national interest for the conservation of wetlands. 137 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
To provide training and strengthen the capacity of wetland conservation institutions.
Wildlife Policy (Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources) The objectives include promoting the appreciation and sustainable use of wildlife resources by facilitating the active participation of local communities in the management of the wildlife estate, promoting and developing tourism, and enhancing the recognition of the economic value of wildlife resources. By doing so, ZAWA contributes to the maintenance of Zambia’s rich biodiversity and to economic development of the sector.
Biodiversity Policy (Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources) Following ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1993, the Government prepared the Biodiversity Policy of 1999. The Government’s mission is “to establish legal, policy and institutional frameworks and mechanisms that promote the conservation, management and sustainable use of Zambia’s biological resources and the equitable sharing of benefits from the use of these resources by all sectors of the population”.
138 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ANNEX J – Current fertilizer distribution schemes and irrigation schemes in place in Zambia
Fertilizer distribution schemes Currently, the GRZ employs two fertilizer distribution schemes to improve productivity and food security, namely the Food Security Pack (FSP) Programme and the 50/50 Scheme. The FSP Programme has been implemented by the NGO Programme Against Malnutrition (PAM). Since its inception in 2002, the FSP Programme has targeted vulnerable130 but viable131 small-scale farming households who are selected by a community committee132. The programme promotes crop diversification and CF methods to optimise agricultural output, and provides training in market entrepreneurship to enhance farmers’ sustainability. The FSP provides selected candidates with a range of inputs, including fertilizer, lime and seeds (of cereals, legumes and roots or tubers) appropriate to the target AER. Furthermore, the programme builds capacity for developing seed/grain banks to improve seed availability and therefore food security. Candidates pay back 50% of their harvest in kind to the programme, part of which is stored (the amount is decided by the community and supported by facilitators) whilst the remainder is sold and the proceeds put towards providing FSPs to additional farmers. In this way, the programme seeks to build community capacity nation-wide (including instilling a sense of self-worth in productive farmers), encourage sustainable farming techniques and eradicate the existing “dependency” syndrome133. Furthermore, the programme encourages participation in the Food-for-Work programme which is involved in developing public infrastructure.
Using the 50/50 scheme, implemented in 2002, the GRZ subsidizes fertilizer and hybrid seed (maize only) so that farmers need only pay 50% of the normal price134. To participate in the scheme and receive the subsidy, farmers are encouraged to make a 50% down payment during the first year and during the second year they are eligible for a 25% subsidy. Candidate selection is undertaken by the District Agriculture Committees (DAC), which are comprised of members of the private sector, GRZ and NGOs, and is focused on farmers with market potential. However, government-provided agricultural inputs such as those in the abovementioned schemes, although less expensive, have a tendency to arrive late and the necessary amount is rarely delivered135. Furthermore, obtaining fertilizer on credit is difficult and the productivity of many farms in Zambia, particularly the small-scale farms, suffers as a result.
Irrigation schemes In its irrigation policy and strategy the GRZ acknowledges that investment in irrigation is critical in order to boost agricultural productivity and food security. As such, the National Irrigation Policy and Strategy was introduced in 2004. In its strategic programmes, informal irrigation methods, including water harvesting and the utilization of dambos, have been targeted together with rehabilitation of the few existing irrigation schemes. Furthermore, the GRZ has embarked on an Irrigation Development Project (IDP) which will run from 2009-2016 and will implement the National Irrigation Policy. The objective of the IDP is to increase the agricultural incomes of smallholder farmers in selected development sites with a high irrigation potential. The project, which is expected to cost US$50 million over a seven year period, is being piloted in various districts of the Southern, Copperbelt, Lusaka and Central Provinces.
130 Vulnerable small-scale farming households include: i) households headed by women, children or terminally ill persons; ii) households with disabled farmers; iii) orphanages/households supporting orphans; iv) households farming on less than one hectare; or v) households with unemployed youths (PAM). 131 Viable households are those that include small-scale farmers with marketing potential. 132 The selection committee is comprised of extension workers, local council representatives, farmers, the chief and NGO representatives. 133 Currently, a large number of rural Zambians are dependent on the government for food relief. 134 Jorgensen, S.L. & Loudjeva, Z. 2005. A Poverty and Social Impact Analysis of Three Reforms in Zambia: Land, Fertilizer and Infrastructure. Social Development Papers. The World Bank. Social Analysis Paper No. 49. 135 Jorgensen, S.L. & Loudjeva, Z. 2005. A Poverty and Social Impact Analysis of Three Reforms in Zambia: Land, Fertilizer and Infrastructure. Social Development Papers. The World Bank. Social Analysis Paper No. 49. 139 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ANNEX K – Kataba Community Fish Farming Initiative, Senanga District, Western Province
The Kataba Fish Farming Initiative was an initiative undertaken by the GRZ to reduce levels of poverty among the communities within the Kataba area by encouraging them to generate an alternative source of income through fish farming. The initiative commenced in 2007 as part of government community extension programme spearheaded by the Department of Fisheries in the then Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries. The initiative had no specific time frame and budget but was run on normal government expenditure as a Poverty Reduction Programme. The initiative was developed following the fish farming suitability assessment carried out in the area in early 2006 by the Department of Fisheries and subsequent recommendation that fish farming be undertaken in the area.
The Department of Fisheries, working together with target communities, constructed a total of seven fish production ponds in the plains of Kataba area. Upon completion, the fish production ponds were handed over to communities for management and fish production. The Department of Fisheries only provided technical backstopping services.
Currently, the Kataba fish farming initiative has come to halt due, presumably, to either management problems or the adverse effects of natural events. The fish breeding ponds were not constructed but instead the communities opted to bring in fingerlings from Mongu (40 km away from Kataba). This had cost implications which the communities failed to manage. In addition, poor technical support led to improperly designed ponds. For example, the embankments for some of the ponds were poorly constructed and did not take into account the possibility of flooding. During one of the seasons, the Kataba plains got flooded submerging the fish production ponds leading to loss of fish stock into the main river system. In terms of backstopping, the District Office in some cases lacked financial resources to provide backstopping as it is located 70km from Kataba. The communities are now on their own and only one fish farmer has continued to produce fish but under very difficult conditions.
A number of lessons were learnt from the Kataba Fish Farming Initiative following its implementation over the year among them were the following:
The cost of fish production increases with an increase with distance for transportation of fingerlings;
Technical backstopping could be provided in time if a Fisheries Officer is based in the area or if financial resource flow are consistent;
If ponds are constructed in low lying area like plains, the design of the embankments should mitigate flood impacts or the fish production should such that harvesting is done well in advance of the floods; and
Regular monitoring of fish stocks was critical for successful fish farming.
It is a felt need that the next project will take into account the lessons from the previous initiative.
140 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ANNEX L – List of people who attended the Draft Project Review Workshop on the 15th July 2009 and the PAC meeting on 7 August 2009
Draft Project review Workshop – 15th July 2009 NAME ORGANISATION DESIGNATION 1 Dr. Anthony Mills International Consultant 2 Bwalya Chendauka Forestry Department Principal Forestry Officer 3 Richard Bwalya MACO/ UNDP Project Manager 4 Bwendo Kabanda OXFAM Livelihood Coordinator 5 Esnart Makwakwa Disaster Management and Mitigation Acting Analyst/ Programmer Unit 6 Jacob Nkomoki ZMD Deputy Director 7 Ruth Tembo MACO District Agriculture Coordinator, Mambwe 8 James Ngalamila MACO District Agriculture Officer, Luangwa 9 John Lungu MACO Senior Agricultural Officer 10 Ernest Munthali MACO Senior Agricultural Officer 11 Oversease Mwangase ZMD Chief Meteorologist 12 Chulu Paul MACO Principal Agricultural Officer 13 Richard Konkola MACO Land Husbandry Officer 14 Valentine Michelo MACO Senior Land Husbandry Officer 15 Tibaire Emmanuel MTENR Environmental Advisor 16 Joyce Munkombwe MTENR Monitoring and Evaluation Officer 17 Joyce Musiwa Zambia Rain Water Harvesting President Association 18 Assan Ngombe UNDP Programme Analyst 19 Simainga S MACO Provincial Agricultural Coordinator 20 Matildah Kaliba PELUM Association Programme Officer 21 Muki Phiri MACO (NAIS) Principal Information Officer 22 Stubbs Malambo MACO (NAIS) Chief Agricultural Information Officer 23 Kabinda O. MACO District Agricultural Coordinator 24 Mukelabai Mwangala MACO District Agricultural Officer (Senanga) 25 Mwiya Makungu MACO District Agricultural Officer (Shangonmbo) 26 Shadreck Mungalaba MACO Provincial Agricultural Coordinator (Lusaka) 27 Joseph Kanyanga ZMD Chief Meteorologist 28 Rasford Kalamatila MACO Principal Agricultural Specialist 29 Moses Mwale MACO (ZARI) Deputy Director
141 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Appraisal of a proposal on “Adaptation to effects of drought and climate change in Agro- ecological Regions I and II”. 7 August 2009
Name Organisation E-mail Esnart Makwakna DMMU [email protected] Lenganji Sikaona DMMU [email protected] Misael Kokwe FAO [email protected] Rhoda M. Mwiinga GIDD [email protected] Henry Sichembe MACO/DoA [email protected] Mary M Chipili MACO/DoA [email protected] Martin N Sishekanu MACO/DoA [email protected] Maurice Muchinda Met. Dept. [email protected] Reynolds Shula MTENR/CCFU [email protected] Richard Bwalya Project manager [email protected] Litumelo Mate Danish Embassy [email protected] Winnie Musonda UNDP [email protected] Georgina Fekete UNDP [email protected] Samuli Leminen UNDP [email protected] Anock Kapira UNDP [email protected] 1. A.Hussein MEWD, DWA [email protected] Miyoba Mukengani WFP [email protected] Alfred Daka WFP [email protected] Allan Mulando WFP [email protected]
142 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ANNEX M – National Agricultural Information Services budget breakdown for the dissemination of lessons.
I. BROADCASTING SECTION A. Eastern Province Television Documentary and Radio (English) Costs 1. Field Allowances Total Unit Cost (US$) Units (US$) T.V Producer 57 10 570 Camera Man 57 10 570 Radio Producer 57 10 570 Driver 55 10 550 DAIOS X2 Officer 20 8 160 Total 2 420
2. Post Production Total Unit Cost (US$) Units (US$) Editor 10 5 50 Producer 10 5 50 Narrator 10 1 10 Total 110
3.1 Accessories Television Total Unit Cost (US$) Units (US$) Mini DVs 6 10 60 Batteries 4.2 1 4 DVDs 2 1 2 Total 66
3.2 Accessories Radio Total Unit Cost (US$) Units (US$) CDs 8 1 8 Audio Cassettes 9 1 9 Mini discs 16 1 16 Batteries size 9 1 9 Batteries 4.4 1 4 Total 46
4. Fuel costs 0 Fuel to all the sites (2220km) 370 1.2 444
TOTAL EASTERN 3 087
B. Lusaka Province Television documentary and radio (English ) costs Total Unit Cost (US$) Units (US$) T.V Producer 57 10 570 143 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Camera Man 57 10 570 Radio Producer 57 10 570 Driver 55 10 550 DAIOS X2 Officer 20 8 160 Total 2 420
2. Post Production Editor 10 5 50 Producer 10 5 50 Narrator 10 1 10 Total 110
3.1 Accessories Television Total Unit Cost (US$) Units (US$) Mini DVs 6 10 60 Batteries 4.2 1 4 DVDs 2 1 2 Total 66
3.2 Accessories Radio Total Unit Cost (US$) Units (US$) CDs 8 1 8 Audio Cassettes 9 1 9 Mini discs 16 1 16 Batteries size 9 1 9 Batteries 4.4 1 4 Total 46 0 Fuel to all the sites (648km) 108 1.2 130 0 TOTAL LUSAKA 2 772
C. Southern Province Radio Producers (X4) Driver (X1) 4 Officers, 2 DAIOs
1. Crew Costs UNIT COST QTY TOTAL 4 Radio Producers 228 10 2 280 Driver 55 10 550 Meal Allowances 10 8 80 Total 2 910
2. Accessories Radio UNIT COST QTY TOTAL CDs 8 2 16 Audio Cassettes 9 8 72 Mini discs 16 10 160 144 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Batteries size 9 8 72 Batteries 4.4 8 35 Total 355
Fuel to all the sites (2614km) 436 1.2 523 0 TOTAL SOUTHERN 3 788
D. Western Province 4 Radio Producers Driver 2 DAIOs and 2 Extension Officer 1. Crew Costs ITEM UNIT COST QTY TOTAL 4 Radio Producers 228 10 2 280 Driver 55 10 550 Meal Allowances 10 8 80 Total 2 910
2. Accessories Radio UNIT COST QTY TOTAL CDs 8 2 16 Audio Cassettes 9 8 72 Mini discs 16 10 160 Batteries size 9 8 72 Batteries 4.4 8 35 Total 355
Fuel to all the sites (8338km) 1390 1.2 1 668
TOTAL WESTERN 4 933
TOTAL BROADCASTING BUDGET 14 580
II. PUBLICATIONS AND PRESS SECTIONS A. Publications Cost Activity Comment (US$) Climate Change Newsletter Design and Typesetting 200 Printing costs (1000 copies) 2 000 Training materials Booklets Design & type setting 200 Printing costs (US$2/ book) 400 Visual aids Design & type setting 100 Printing costs 600 Brochures/ booklets Design & type setting 60 Printing costs 600 DVD Production Cover design 100 Production costs 300 145 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Production of posters Design and Typesetting 60 Printing costs (1000 copies) 800 Production of banners Design and Typesetting 60 Printing costs (1000 copies) 400 Translation Seven main local languages 700 TOTAL BUDGET 6 580
B. Press Cost Activity Comment (US$) News and Feature Stories Reporter @ US$57 for 5 nights 285 Feature stories (1 per month) 0 News story 0 TOTAL PRESS 285 TOTAL PUBLICATIONS 6 865
GRAND TOTAL NAIS 21 445
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ANNEX N – Capacity assessment for project implementation
Title CAPACITY ASSESSMENT FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION Responsible Unit Bureau for Development Policy – Capacity Development Group Contributor(s) BDP/CDG, BOM/CBS Team, Management Practice Team Date approved January 2008 Contact [email protected] [email protected] Document Management Practice Document Repository Location Project Management - Defining – Templates and Forms This checklist applies to Institutions considered to serve as Implementing Partner of UNDP- Applicability funded projects. For NGO implementation, please use the CSO Capacity Assessment Tool (see below). Is Part of UNDP Programme & Operations Policies and Procedures – Project Management UNDP Programme & Operations Policies and Procedures – Project Management – Defining a Project UNDP Programme & Operations Policies and Procedures – Programme & Project Related documents Management - Selecting an Implementing Partner Capacity Assessment Practice Note CSO Capacity Assessment Tool Harmonized Approach to Cash Transfers to Implementing Partners (HACT)
Introduction Potential Implementing Partners must have been identified during the CPAP preparation or during the process “Justifying a Project”. Through the process “Defining a Project”, these potential Implementing Partners must be assessed using the checklist below in order validate the initial identification. The review shall also assist in identifying capacities of an Implementing Partner with the objective of identifying those areas in need of strengthening. Where deficiencies are noted, the assessment should include recommendations to address them. These recommendations should be reflected in the project document through the identification of required level of assurance and support services. In assessing the Implementing Partner, the following capacities must be reviewed: Managerial and technical Administrative and financial It must be noted that a more detailed assessment of financial management capacity must take place as part of the Harmonized Approach to Cash Transfer. Conducted by the UNCT during programme preparation, the purpose of this review is to assist in the identification of the most suitable modalities, procedures and assurance activities by the Agencies for the transfer of cash to the Implementing Partner. In addition, a UNDP framework and tool to assess the enabling environment/national level capacity can be found under the Capacity Assessment Practice Note.
Responsibilities It is the responsibility of the Project Developer to conduct the capacity assessment and to submit it to the PAC along with the draft project document. The PAC should review the capacity assessment to validate the selection of the Implementing Partner for the project.
Project Title Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in agro-ecological zones I and II Name of the Institution Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MACO) Date of assessment 07/08/2009 INDICATOR AREAS FOR APPLICABLE COMMENTS ASSESSMENT DOCUMENTS/TOOLS PART I – REFERENCES AND PRELIMINARY CHECKS 147 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
1.1 History and Compliance with International Resolutions/Standards 1.1.1 History Date of creation and length in Annual Reports: Yes- The ministry been existence existence Since 1964 ( over these are produced for over 45 years and it is one 45 years ) annually of the biggest ministries in Has the institution gone Media Kit Yes- these terms of budgetary allocation through a recent re- are produced and used and operations from national organization/re-structuring? by the National to community levels. The Yes: three times Agriculture information on ministry can Information Service be obtained from the website Website Yes but not but it is currently not active functional 1.1.2 United Is the institution listed in any United Nations Security Nations Security reference list? Council 1267 Council 1267 No Committee’s list of No terrorists and terrorist financiers No 1.1.3 Certification Is the institution already ISO, Project The ministry has staff that certified through Management standard, have international international standards? other standards qualifications in agricultural No None management and accounting PART II. ASSESSING NATIONAL INSTITUTION CAPACITY FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2.1 Managerial Capacity Ability to plan, monitor and coordinate activities Planning, Does the institution produce Well-designed project The ministry have experience Monitoring & clear, internally consistent and programme in donor funded projects. Evaluation proposals and intervention documents Yes However, there is limited frameworks, including Action Plans/Work plans capacity in the area of lessons detailed workplans? Yes Yes learnt reporting Does the institution hold Log frame or equivalent regular programme or project Project reports Yes review meetings? Yes Evaluation reports Yes Are there measurable Indicators available in outputs/deliverables in the project plans Yes defined project plans? Yes Lessons-Learned reports Was the institution No previously exposed to UNDP RBM approach/methodology or equivalent in other donor agencies? Yes 2.1.2 Reporting and Does the institution monitor Reports to donors and The ministry has general performance track progress against well defined other stakeholders Yes capacity in reporting and record indicator and targets, and Reporting system Yes performance based evaluate its management programme/project achievements? Yes Does the institution report to its stakeholders on a regular basis? Yes 2.2 Technical Capacity 2.2.1 Specialization Does the institution have the Publications on There is adequate capacity in technical skills required? Yes activities, specific issues, technical skills related to Does the institution have the analytical articles, agriculture management but knowledge needed? Yes policies No there is need to strengthen Does the institution keep Reports from capacities in areas of agro informed about the latest participation in meteorology techniques/ international, regional, information/knowledge competencies/policies/trends national or local management, forest and 148 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
in its area of expertise? Yes meetings and ecosystem management, Does the institution have the conferences Yes climate modelling, climate skills and competencies that Tools and methodologies change adaptation techniques, complement those of UNDP? Partially policy and economic analysis Yes Evaluations and as well as in development of assessments Partially appropriate tools and methodologies for sustainable livelihoods 2.2.2 Ability to Does the institution have Evaluations and The ministry’ capacity in monitor the access to relevant Assessments Partially knowledge development and technical aspects of information/resources and Methodologies/training management as well as the project. experience? Partially materials Partially networking is limited Does the institution have Use of toolkits, useful contacts and indicators and networks? Partially benchmarks/capacity- Does the institution know development tools how to get baseline data, Partially develop indicators? Partially Databases Partially Does it apply effective approaches to reach its targets (i.e participatory methods)? Partially 2.2.3 Human Does the institution staff Profile of staff, including The Depart of agriculture has Resources possess adequate expertise expertise and staff with MSc, BSc, Diplomas and experience? Partially professional experience and Certificates in agriculture, Does the institution use local Staff turnover (Stable) environment and natural capacities Chart of assignments of resources, land and water (financial/human/other roles and functions Yes management. However, resources)? Partially Reports on technical capacity in project What is the institution experience from national management is limited. capacity to coordinate or international agencies Further the ministry is between its main office and for operations and decentralised from national to decentralized capacity-building camp level adequately entities/branches (if Partially relevant)? Yes Individual certification Have staff been trained on on project management project management such as PRINCE2 No methodology? Partially PART III. ASSESSING NATIONAL INSTITUTION CAPACITY FOR ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 3.1 Administrative capacity Ability to provide adequate logistical support and infrastructure 3.1.1 Ability to Does the institution possess Adequate logistical The capacity for asset manage and logistical infrastructure and infrastructure: office management is limited maintain equipment? Partially facilities and space, basic infrastructure and Can the institution manage equipment, utilities equipment and maintain equipment? No Partially Computer capability and library materials Partially Proper equipment for area of specialization Partially inventory to track property and cost Yes 3.1.2 Ability to Does the institution have the Standard contracts Yes The Ministry have adequate procure goods ability to procure goods, Examples of how capacity in procurement and
149 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia services and works services and works on a procurement is done Yes have a dedicated unit to carry on a transparent and transparent and competitive Written procedures for out this function which could competitive basis. basis? Yes identifying the undertake the procurement Does the institution have appropriate vendor, for project needs. standard contracts or access obtaining the best price, to legal counsel to ensure that and issuing commitments contracts meet performance Yes standards, protect UNDP and the institution’s interests and are enforceable? Yes – but in part Does the institution have the authority to enter into contracts? Yes 3.1.3 Ability to Is the institution able to staff Standard contracts Yes The ministry have job recruit and manage the project and enter into Job descriptions Yes descriptions for all staff the best-qualified contract with personnel? Yes (technical and administrative personnel on a Does the institution use staff) and these are regularly transparent and written job descriptions for reviewed and updated to meet competitive basis. consultants or experts? Yes current needs. 3.2 Financial Capacity Ability to ensure appropriate management of funds In addition to the following questions, see also the questionnaire provided in the Guidelines on Micro-assessment of the Framework on Harmonized Approach for Cash Transfer (HACT): http://www.undg.org/archive_docs/7110-Framework_for_Cash_Transfers_to_Implementing_Partners.doc (ANNEX 3) The assessment report is reviewed by the UN agencies to select the most suitable cash transfer modality, and establish appropriate cash transfer procedures and assurance activities to be used with the Implementing Partner.
3.2.1 Financial Is there a regular budget Operating budgets and The capacity in financial management and cycle? Yes financial reports Yes management is generally funding resources Does the institution produce List of core and non-core adequate as the ministry has programme and project donors and years of computer based management budgets? Yes funding Partially system in place. However, on What is the maximum Written procedures assumption of the project amount of money the ensuring clear records implementation HACT institution has managed? for payable, receivables, assessment will be undertaken to +USD$ 5 million stock and inventory Yes provide detail gaps that may Does the institution ensure Reporting system that require addressing. physical security of tracks all commitments advances, cash and records? and expenditures against Yes budgets by line Partially Does the institution disburse funds in a timely and effective manner? No Does the institution have procedures on authority, responsibility, monitoring and accountability of handling funds? Yes Does the institution have a record of financial stability and reliability? N/A – It is a core government institution that depends on allocations from treasury 3.2.2. Accounting Does the institution keep A bank account or bank The ministry has got an System good, accurate and statements Yes accounting system but may 150 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
informative accounts? Audited financial require further support to Partially statements Yes ensure accurate reporting on Does the institution have the Good, accurate and real data ability to ensure proper informative accounting financial recording and system Partially reporting? Partially Written procedures for processing payments to control the risks through segregation of duties, and transaction recording and reporting Yes but requires reinforcement
3.2.3. Knowledge Does the institution have External access provided Need project staff to be of UNDP financial staff familiar with Atlas No trained on UNDP accounting system through External Access? No systems
151 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
ANNEX O – LPAC Minutes
Appraisal of a proposal on “Adaptation to effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II”. 7 August 2009, UNDP Conference room – Record of discussion Welcome words by Georgina Fekete, the Deputy Country Director of UNDP. Encouraged the meeting to concentrate on substantive issues of the project proposal: clarity of objective, definition and appropriateness of results, management arrangements, project justification, realistic budget and risks. Presentation by Mr. Sishekanu, Chief Land Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (to be distributed), including Background on Climate Change and Agriculture and Project interventions. Discussion chaired by A. Hussein, Director of Water Affairs Department, Ministry of Energy and Water Development: 1. Clarification on meaning of the issue of staff incentives in Mr. Sishekanu’s presentation. Mean the necessary provisions for the working environment for MACO provincial and district staff, including transport and allowances.
2. The roles and membership of the Project Technical Committee and Secretariat to be defined, including the location of the project management focal point in the Technical Committee.
3. WFP believes that collaboration would add value to the project, looking for suitable entry point, suggested link with community resilience. Suggestion welcomed by MACO.
4. Need to provide for TA needs during implementation. Technical support from project collaborators, but also need for consultancies has been taken into account in the budget.
5. Climate Change has different impact on women and men. Gender analysis should be included in the situational analysis. Also in UNDAF there’s an outcome to enhance food security in women headed households
6. Project sites should function as climate monitoring stations. Requested if rain gauges procured by MACO may be used. Additionally need other equipment and training for staff. Currently only 2 of the proposed districts have weather stations. MACO and Met. Dept. collaborating on this. Also the role of Water department in information management to be taken into account.
7. Document should be made clearer and more concise. Currently difficult to follow and use of terminology is inconsistent. 18 page summary will be developed, will address the user friendliness issue.
8. The appropriateness of the scope of the project in terms of the number of small activities and sites is large. This makes the implementation costly and
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targets hard to reach. UNDP suggests limiting the number of project sites and consolidating activities. However, MACO explains that the conditions and activities at sites are different and there is need to learn experiences even from conditions where implementation will be difficult. Due to specificity of sites, the lesson for up-scaling can be best applied locally. The proposed sites are limited to a catchment or agricultural block, do not target whole districts.
9. Risk aspect and analysis missing from the documented. Risks to include the anticipated difficulties in implementation (e.g. in the most remote locations) and cost of risks needs to be accounted for.
10. Selection of sites to be clarified in document. A balanced selection of Agro- Ecological Regions I and II sites was not the objective, but to view the issue from a catchment approach, regions being interlinked.
11. Innovative approaches needed for dissemination of lessons. The website to be established will not reach rural areas.
12. Project Management arrangements should be agreed within MACO: will there be a Project Management Unit or fully using existing MACO systems?
List of participants Name Organisation E-mail Esnart DMMU [email protected] Makwakna Lenganji Sikaona DMMU [email protected] Misael Kokwe FAO [email protected] Rhoda M. GIDD [email protected] Mwiinga Henry Sichembe MACO/DoA [email protected] Mary M Chipili MACO/DoA [email protected] Martin N MACO/DoA [email protected] Sishekanu Maurice Met. Dept. [email protected] Muchinda Reynolds Shula MTENR/CCFU [email protected] Richard Bwalya Project manager [email protected] Litumelo Mate Danish Embassy [email protected] Winnie Musonda UNDP [email protected] Georgina Fekete UNDP [email protected] Samuli Leminen UNDP [email protected] Anock Kapira UNDP [email protected] 2. A.Hussein MEWD, Water [email protected] aff. Miyoba WFP [email protected] 153 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
Mukengani Alfred Daka WFP [email protected] Allan Mulando WFP [email protected]
SIGNATURE PAGE
UNDAF Outcome 3: By 2010, institutions, systems and processes in support of national development priorities strengthened. UNDAF Outcome 4: By 2010, the proportion of food secure households increased from 35% to 75%.
154 Adaptation to the effects of drought and climate change in Agro-ecological Regions I and II in Zambia
UNDP Strategic Plan Environment and Sustainable Development Primary Outcome: Strengthened capacity of developing countries to mainstream climate change adaptation Policies into national development plans. UNDP Strategic Plan Secondary Outcome: MDG-based national development strategies promote growth and employment and reduce economic, gender and social inequalities. Expected CP Outcome: Systems and processes and scenario planning for climate change adaptation strengthened. Expected CPAP Output 2: Systems and processes and scenario planning for climate change adaptation strengthened. Implementing Partner: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Responsible Parties:
On behalf of: Signature Date Name/Title
Viola Morgan UNDP Country Director UNDP Zambia
………………………………. GRZ ……………………………..... Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives
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156