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Cost-Effective and Energy Efficient Renovation Measures of Multi-Family

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Cost-Effective and Energy Efficient Renovation Measures of Multi-Family COST-EFFECTIVE AND ENERGY- EFFICIENT RENOVATION MEASURES OF MULTI-FAMILY APARTMENT BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED DURING THE MILLION PROGRAM Where carbon dioxide emissions minimization is a key issue Christofer Svensson Master Thesis in Energy-efficient and Environmental Buildings Faculty of Engineering | Lund University Lund University Lund University, with eight faculties and a number of research centers and specialized institutes, is the largest establishment for research and higher education in Scandinavia. The main part of the University is situated in the small city of Lund which has about 112 000 inhabitants. A number of departments for research and education are, however, located in Malmö and Helsingborg. Lund University was founded in 1666 and has today a total staff of 6 000 employees and 47 000 students attending 280 degree programmes and 2 300 subject courses offered by 63 departments. Master Programme in Energy-efficient and Environmental Build- ing Design This international programme provides knowledge, skills and competencies within the area of energy-efficient and environmental building design in cold climates. The goal is to train highly skilled professionals, who will significantly contribute to and influence the design, building or renovation of energy-efficient buildings, taking into consideration the architec- ture and environment, the inhabitants’ behavior and needs, their health and comfort as well as the overall economy. The degree project is the final part of the master programme leading to a Master of Science (120 credits) in Energy-efficient and Environmental Buildings. Examiner: Petter Wallentén (Building Physics) Supervisor: Åke Blomsterberg (Energy and Building Design) Keywords: Energy efficiency, Cost-effectiveness, Carbon dioxide minimization, Co-benefits, IEA EBC Annex 56, Renovation, The million program Thesis: EEBD–17/05 Abstract The Swedish construction and real estate sector has a significant impact on the total national carbon ĚŝŽdžŝĚĞemissions and energy consumption. Thus, energy efficient and environmentally friendly renovation measures of existing buildings in Sweden plays an important role in the attempt to mitigate the climate changes. By applying the methodology developed by the IEA EBC Annex 56, this study focused on optimization of renovation measures to define energy, environmentally and cost- efficient renovation measures of multi-family apartment buildings located in southern Sweden. The analyzed reference building presented in this study is a high-energy consuming multi-family apartment building constructed during the mid 60’s in the city of Malmö. The present study includes an investigation of the current energy need of the building and compares it with different renovation alternatives with different intervention levels. The renovation measures studied within this project includes modifications to the building envelope, the ventilation system as well as an implementation of an individual metering and price charging system of the domestic hot water. The main aim of this project was to analyze different renovation alternatives in order to determine their effects on the energy consumption in the building, their financial profitability and their effects on the overall environmental impact of the building. Moreover, an additional analysis was conducted in order to study the potential co-benefits that may arise from the implementation of the renovation measures. The secondary aim of the project was to try to find renovation measures that would successfully reduce the annual energy consumption of the studied reference building down to a level where the current energy requirements established by the Swedish building sector was fulfilled. The annual energy consumption of the studied reference building was assessed by the use of a dynamic energy simulation software. The effects of the linear thermal bridges were calculated separately under steady-state conditions. Moreover, the cost-efficiency of the studied renovation measures were evaluated by several conducted life cycle cost analyzes. In order to assess the environmental impacts related to the implementation of the studied renovation measures, a life cycle impact assessment, LCA, was conducted. The resulting co-benefits that arise from the implementation of the renovation measures were evaluated by using an assessment matrix provided by IEA EBC Annex 56. The results of the study showed that it is possible to reduce the annual energy consumption of the building down to a level where the current energy requirements established by the Swedish building sector are fulfilled by implementing comprehensive renovation measures. The results of the life cycle cost analyzes indicates that the financial profitability of the renovation measures is mostly dependent of the balance between the initial investment costs, the saved energy costs that the measures entails and the assessed evaluation period. However, the life cycle cost analyzes conducted within this project shows that by combining the renovation measures with a number of legal aids, such as governmental subventions and increased monthly housing rent will radically affect the cost- effectiveness of the renovation measures in a positive way. The results of the life cycle assessments conducted within this project indicates that renovation measures that significantly reduces the dependence of district heating will also significantly reduce the annual CO2 emissions and primary energy consumption of the building over time. Although the results showed that the comprehensive renovation measures contributes to a rather high environmental impact in the upstream and core process, their implementation will still reduce the environmental impact of the building from a long- term perspective. Thus, the general conclusion is that the energy carrier and the quantity of the overall energy use in the building is the two biggest determining factors of how environmentally friendly the building will be from a long-term perspective. The general conclusion of this research is that comprehensive renovation measures including modifications to the building envelope combined with ventilation and domestic hot water measures are preferable when retrofitting buildings with features similar to the studied reference building from a long-term financial and environmental perspective. Acknowledgement Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor lecturer Åke Blomsterberg at Lund University for the continuous support of my degree project, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. The door to Mr. Blomsterberg's office was always open whenever I ran into a trouble spot or had a question about my research or writing. He consistently allowed this paper to be my own work, but steered me in the right direction whenever he thought I needed it. I could not imagined having a better supervisor and mentor for my degree project. Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank Jonas Larsson and Jens Celind at Stena Fastigheter for all the time spent on this degree project and for providing me with crucial data and information regarding the studied reference building in this project. I would also like to acknowledge all lecturers who have participated in the Master's Programme of Energy-efficient and Environmental Building Design at Lund University the past two years. You have given me an advanced knowledge within the area of energy-efficient and environmental building design in cold climates. This accomplishment would not have been possible without your help. No one mentioned, none forgotten. Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my family and my friends for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. Thank You. Christofer Svensson Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Energy Use in Europe ........................................................................................................ 7 1.2 Energy Use in the Swedish Building Sector ...................................................................... 8 1.3 Legislative Framework ...................................................................................................... 9 1.3.1 The Energy Performance in Buildings Directive ..................................................................... 9 1.3.2 The Energy Efficiency Directive (EED)................................................................................... 10 1.4 The Million Programme .................................................................................................. 11 1.4.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.4.2 Current Status of the Million Programme Buildings in Sweden ........................................... 12 1.5 Regulations regarding energy performance in renovation projects in Sweden ............ 13 1.6 Scope and Objectives ...................................................................................................... 15 1.7 Overall Approach ............................................................................................................ 16 1.8 Limitations ...................................................................................................................... 17 2. IEA EBC
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