Daniel Baldwin Hess · Tiit Tammaru Maarten Van Ham Editors Housing Estates in Europe Poverty, Ethnic Segregation and Policy Challenges the Urban Book Series
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The Urban Book Series Daniel Baldwin Hess · Tiit Tammaru Maarten van Ham Editors Housing Estates in Europe Poverty, Ethnic Segregation and Policy Challenges The Urban Book Series Series Advisory Editors Fatemeh Farnaz Arefian, University College London, London, UK Michael Batty, University College London, London, UK Simin Davoudi, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK Geoffrey DeVerteuil, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Karl Kropf, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK Marco Maretto, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Vítor Oliveira, Porto University, Porto, Portugal Christopher Silver, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA Giuseppe Strappa, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Igor Vojnovic, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA Jeremy Whitehand, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Aims and Scope The Urban Book Series is a resource for urban studies and geography research worldwide. It provides a unique and innovative resource for the latest developments in the field, nurturing a comprehensive and encompassing publication venue for urban studies, urban geography, planning and regional development. The series publishes peer-reviewed volumes related to urbanization, sustainabil- ity, urban environments, sustainable urbanism, governance, globalization, urban and sustainable development, spatial and area studies, urban management, urban infrastructure, urban dynamics, green cities and urban landscapes. It also invites research which documents urbanization processes and urban dynamics on a national, regional and local level, welcoming case studies, as well as comparative and applied research. The series will appeal to urbanists, geographers, planners, engineers, architects, policy makers, and to all of those interested in a wide-ranging overview of contemporary urban studies and innovations in the field. It accepts monographs, edited volumes and textbooks. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14773 Daniel Baldwin Hess • Tiit Tammaru Maarten van Ham Editors Housing Estates in Europe Poverty, Ethnic Segregation and Policy Challenges Editors Daniel Baldwin Hess Maarten van Ham Department of Urban and Regional Planning, OTB—Research for the Built Environment School of Architecture and Planning Delft University of Technology University at Buffalo, State University Delft, Zuid-Holland of New York The Netherlands Buffalo, NY USA and Tiit Tammaru School of Geography and Sustainable Department of Geography, Development Centre for Migration and Urban Studies University of St Andrews University of Tartu St Andrews Tartu UK Estonia and OTB—Research for the Built Environment Delft University of Technology Delft, Zuid-Holland The Netherlands ISSN 2365-757X ISSN 2365-7588 (electronic) The Urban Book Series ISBN 978-3-319-92812-8 ISBN 978-3-319-92813-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92813-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018943382 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adap- tation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland We dedicate this book to our patient and loving spouses—Alex, Kaidi, and Peteke. We also dedicate our work to those who designed, constructed, and have resided in Europe’s vast collection of housing estates. From them we have learned much about communal living, urban progress, and social change. Preface Our scholarly engagement with housing estates began in 2012, when we first talked in depth about planned residential districts and their place and function in cityscapes in Europe and, following two decades in the post-transition era, in Estonia, our research home base. A successful application for a Marie Skłodowska-Curie inter- national fellowship funded Daniel Hess’ academic stay at the University of Tartu (during 2016 and 2017) and sponsored a collaborative research programme with Tiit Tammaru, who already worked with Maarten van Ham on the ERC funded DEPRIVEDHOODS project. During the course of the fellowship, various publi- cations were produced that dealt centrally with modernist housing estates, with topics ranging from the historical evolution of housing estates, ambitions for transport and access components of housing estates, and outcomes of housing estate renovation programmes and social and ethnic segregation. We were joined at the University of Tartu by Coline Dalimier, from Lille University 1 in France, a moti- vated student who participated in an internship with us in Estonia as part of her master’s degree studies. She delivered a seminar to the research group in April 2016 about the evolution and afterlife of housing estates in France. This presentation inspired us to think more deeply about comparing the condition of housing estates across various urban centres in Europe, and thus the idea for the book was born. As we proceeded working on this book, tragedy struck in June 2017 when the Grenfell Tower in a London housing estate caught fire killing 71 people, and only a few months earlier, officials in Moscow had announced large-scale demolition of Soviet-time khrushchëvka apartment buildings, resulting in a projected loss of 10 percent of the urban housing stock. But we also knew that various other news- worthy events were linked with housing estates in Europe over the last 2 decades, including a series of riots in 2015 in the banlieues of Paris. In reaction, local and state governments in Paris (and in other cities and countries) have poured billions of euros into renovation programmes. Through our work on this book, we therefore seized the opportunity to assess the current status of housing estates—and to measure changes since 1990—in their physical condition and social status. We especially wanted to characterise the trajectory of housing estates in various national settings and in various conditions related to their establishment in the vii viii Preface decades following World War II. This book thus offers a timely overview of the current status of large housing estates in Europe, their trajectories and future out- look, which we have summarised in ten takeaway lessons. The book would not have been possible without contributions from author teams from Athens, Berlin, Birmingham, Brussels, Bucharest, Budapest, Helsinki, Madrid, Milan, Moscow, Paris, Prague, Stockholm and Tallinn, along with two key subject-area specialists. We are indebted to Annika Väiko for her expert assistance and endless patience in preparing the final manuscript and Alex Bitterman, Susan June, Brendan Seney and Diane Ivancic for editing. Our research approach was developed through conversations with Kadri Leetmaa, Anneli Kährik, Petra Špačková and Coline Dalimier. Our progress benefitted from presentations of work-in-progress by the co-editors at the Seventh International Urban Geographies of Post-Communist States Conference (in Kiev, Ukraine, September 2017), the Dorpater Dozentenabend Lecture Series at the University of Tartu (in Tartu, Estonia, December 2017) and presentations in Helsinki linked to the URMI project, and presentations at Delft University of Technology as part of Tiit Tammaru’s Visiting Professorship. During the effort to produce this edited volume, Daniel Hess was Visiting Scholar and Director in the Centre for Migration and Urban Studies, University of Tartu. The research leading to this work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement number 655601. Support also came from three grants from the Estonian Research Council: Institutional Research Grant IUT2-17 on Spatial Population Mobility and Geographical Changes in Urban Regions, Infotechnological Mobility Observatory, and RITA-Ränne. The European Research Council funded this research under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC [Grant Agreement No. 615159] (ERC Consolidator