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Architectural Elements . chapter five . Architectural Elements Sarah Rous and William Aylward The excavators recorded the existence of scores of archi- stone architecture from the colonnaded court is not out of tectural elements during the rescue excavations of 2000.1 character with monumental limestone architecture found One hundred and one of these were selected for the cata- at Qumran.4 logue presented here, on the basis of appearance, context, Many limestone elements for unfluted columns with or available documentation. Almost all were carved from bases were found collapsed in the colonnaded court in the a soft local limestone that is pale yellow in color and gen- late-Roman house in Trench 7 (A38–A50). It is conceiv- erally free of inclusions. This stone preserves tool marks able that these elements were refashioned from building of masons, who frequently applied a claw chisel for a final debris from houses destroyed in the Sasanian sack of A.D. finish. Marble artifacts are infrequent. On several blocks 252/253 rather than freshly quarried for new construction with carved decoration, traces of red paint are preserved in late-Roman times. To this house also belong two of the in the gaps between projecting relief ornament, where the three examples of limestone column drums carved with paint would have added contrast in addition to color. Red pinwheel Christograms, or sand-dollar motifs.5 These ex- paint is also frequently preserved in the carved channels amples from Trench 7 are nearly identical in style (A45 and for lettering on inscriptions (e.g., IN4). A49), and it is likely that they were carved on the columns The corpus of architectural elements reveals a lively style as apotropaic devices.6 The third example, found in Trench of building in limestone at Zeugma. Many column shafts 12, does not belong to this group (A60): the column drum are unfluted. When fluting appears, it is almost always can- has different proportions, and the Christogram lacks the nellated, no doubt a preference at Zeugma because arrises staff attached to the examples in A45 and A49. It is likely for deep flutes would have been prone to break in this soft that this also served an apotropaic function, but for anoth- building stone. Columns with spiral flutes were also used, er (unknown) building. Two other blocks preserve crosses although the contexts for these are not always clear. Un- on their principal faces: A61 from Trench 12 and A52 from fluted shafts normally appear with Tuscan capitals, whereas Trench 9. Both blocks were used in walls added to build- fluted shafts normally appear with Corinthian capitals.2 In ings in Late Imperial times, after the Sasanian invasion. The the residential architecture of Zeugma, elements carved cross motifs could have been added at the time of construc- from limestone most often appear for colonnaded court- tion, perhaps as apotropaic devices. It is also possible that yards, as in the House of the Helmets in Trench 2, or for the blocks were reused from other structures at Zeugma, columns between courtyards and exedrae, as in the House probably also dating to some point after A.D. 253. of the Fountain in Trench 11. Troughs and parts of drains A number of large limestone elements were found on carved from limestone are also included in this catalogue or around the platform for the monumental building dis- as components of Zeugma’s built environment. covered in Trench 15. These include a molded column base The many architectural elements discovered in Trench with the lowest drum of a column with cannellated flut- 1 had been reused in a late-Roman building, long after the ing carved from the same block of stone (A77), part of a sack of A.D. 252/253. Despite the absence of original con- column shaft with cannellated fluting (A74–75), and the text, they provide some indication about the appearance highest drum of a column with cannellated fluting (A72). of the city before the sack. By contrast, Trench 2 preserved The excavators also found a console with acanthus decora- the collapse of a colonnaded court in the House of the Hel- tion, perhaps for a door bracket (A87). All of these prob- mets (A14, A15, A17, A18, A20, A23, A25, A31). The context ably belonged to the superstructure for the foundations allows for components of the collapsed superstructure to found in Trench 15. The ornament is consistent with a date be matched with others still in situ for an overall impres- in Roman imperial times. Thus, if the foundations belong sion of the interior of this house at Zeugma on the eve of no later than the first century B.C., as suggested by the epi- the Sasanian sack of A.D. 252/253 (Plates 25–27). The col- graphic evidence (IN1–IN3), then the architectural blocks onnaded court had eight unfluted columns, all composed could belong to a refurbishment of the building in Roman of drums joined by a single dowel. The columns stood on imperial times. In any case, during the rescue excavations molded bases and were crowned with Tuscan-style capitals. of 2000 several blocks of similar character were found to Variations on this style appear in other houses at Zeugma. have been reused in walls for the so-called archive building For example, the columns for the courtyard in the House in Trench 3, which was destroyed in the Sasanian invasion, of the Dionysus and Ariadne Mosaic have Tuscan-style and this provides a reasonable terminus ante quem for the capitals, but the shafts are cannellated for the upper two- carving of the blocks in Trench 15.7 thirds and unfluted below.3 The general style of the lime- Other limestone architectural elements noted in previ- . 124 . architectural elements . 125 ous survey and excavation at Zeugma are worthy of note Trench 1 here. Most impressive are several large limestone blocks A1 (WS228) context 1010 Fig. 1 from an entablature with carved ornament. In 2002 these Column base were observed at a field boundary some distance to the H. 0.09; W. 0.18; D. 0.18 west of the House of the Dionysus and Ariadne Mosaic. These included Corinthian capitals, a possible frieze with Bluish gray marble. Nearly complete. Plinth and base rinceau ornament, two blocks from a denticulated console carved from same block of stone. geison, and part of a tympanum with relief decoration, pre- serving what appears to be the tail of a triton or sea mon- ster.8 It is conceivable that these belonged to a monumental building like the one discovered in Trench 15. For example, a console geison in a similar ornate style is known from the sanctuary of Jupiter at Doliche.9 Other limestone elements for monumental buildings at Zeugma include voussoirs and console geisa, but it is uncertain to which buildings these belonged.10 CataloGUE The catalogue is arranged by findspot. All dimensions are in meters. cm cm cm cm Figure 2. A2. Photo (top) and drawing (bottom). 0 10cm A2 (WS231) context 1024 Fig. 2 Column base fragment Figure 1. A1. Photo0 (top) and drawing10cm (bottom). H. 0.18; est. Dia. (upper) 0.40 rous & aylward . 126 White marble. Broken across one side. Plinth and base carved from same block of stone. Small dowel hole on top. Epsilon mason’s mark incised on one side of plinth. A3 (WS249) context 1000 Column fragment M.P.H. 0.34; est. Dia. 0.30 Hard white-yellow limestone. Broken at top and bottom. A4 (WS241) context 1010 cm Column fragment M.P.H. 0.30; est. Dia. 0.30 Figure 4. A7. Hard white-yellow limestone. Broken across one side. A7 (WS245) context 1024 Fig. 4 A5 (WS237) context 1007 Column base Column fragment M.P.H. 0.05; M.P.W. 0.17; M.P.D. 0.13 M.P.H. 0.22; est. Dia. 0.32 Soft white limestone. Broken on top and bottom; only Hard white-yellow limestone. part of circumference preserved. Plinth and molded base carved from same block of stone. Incised lozenge pattern on torus molding. A8 (WS259) context 1010 Fluted column drum fragment M.P.H. 0.40; M.P. Dia. 0.22 Broken on one side. Parts of nine cannellated flutes pre- served. cm Figure 3. A6. A6 (WS244) context 1018 Fig. 3 Column drum? M.P.H. 0.22; Dia. (upper) 0.26, (lower) 0.25 Soft white limestone. Broken on top and bottom. Two rows of incised rectangles around entire circumference of one end. cm Figure 5. A9. architectural elements . 127 cm Figure 7. A10. cm A10 (WS227) context 1018 Fig. 7 Corinthian capital M.P.H. 0.19; M.P. Dia. 0.16 Limestone with reddish veins. Preserves part of lower cir- cumference with one tier of acanthus leaves. Figure 6. A9. 0 10cm A9 (WS235) context 1016 Figs. 5–6 cm Corinthian capital M.P.H. 0.30; M.P. Dia. 0.21 Hard yellow limestone. Broken on top and bottom. Parts of two tiers of acanthus leaves preserved. cm Figure 8. A11. Photo (top) and drawing (bottom). 0 10cm A11 (WS226) context 1007 Fig. 8 Stone basin H. 0.15; M.P.W. 0.42; M.P.D. 0.25 Hard limestone. Preserves about 25 percent of rim and up- per wall. rous & aylward . 128 A12 context 1010 Basin? H. 0.20; est. Dia. 0.28 Limestone. Trench 2 A13 (WS135) context 2050 Column base M.P.H. 0.47; Dia. (upper) 0.45, (lower) 0.61 Limestone. cm A14 (WS131) context 2158 Figs. 9–10 Composite capital and base Figure 10. A14. M.P.H.
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