La Mordaza Cubana En La Hora Del Deshielo

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La Mordaza Cubana En La Hora Del Deshielo La mordaza cubana en la hora del deshielo La creciente pérdida de credibilidad de los medios oficiales, con- sustancial a cualquier dictadura, ha dado lugar a un progresivo desenganche informativo de la población. Los cubanos no tienen acceso libre a las emisoras de radio y televisión internacionales. Y la conectividad a internet figura entre las más bajas del mundo. FERNANDO GARCÍA “La única verdad que el Granma dice su proverbial ingenio, la sortean hasta cada mañana es la fecha del día”. Esta es donde humanamente parece imposible. una de las frases más populares entre los Con su tanto de drama y su cuanto de cubanos acerca de la prensa oficial del tragicomedia, el diablo de la censura país. La sentencia es, desde luego, una isleña está en los matices. genuina combinación de hipérbole y “En Cuba no te fíes de nada de lo que choteo al más puro estilo de la isla. Pero oigas y de casi nada de lo que veas”, si partimos de la base de que la función solía decir el disidente Félix Bonne en de todo periodista y medio informativo mi época de corresponsal en La Habana es buscar la verdad, aun aceptando que (2007-2011). Él no se refería tanto a la esta no existe en estado puro; si estamos información periodística como a la ma- de acuerdo en que el periodismo es lo reante bruma de rumores, mentiras, in- contrario de la propaganda, entonces la toxicaciones y verdades distorsionadas afirmación resulta impecable. que envuelve la vida de los isleños; al pe- Que Cuba mantiene una férrea cen- ligro de los chismes difundidos a través sura sobre la información y las diversas de Radio Bemba (versión autóctona de formas expresivas y de opinión no es un “Radio Macuto”); al chivateo estructural gran misterio. Lo interesante es cómo y mediante chantajes desde los Comités el régimen la ejerce; qué fugas y limi- de Defensa de la Revolución, el Partido taciones tiene, y cómo los cubanos, con Comunista Cubano (PCC) o los centros Fernando García es redactor de La Vanguardia en Madrid, fue corresponsal en La Habana para este diario entre 2007 y 2011 y es autor de La isla de los ingenios (Península, 2015). 46 Cuadernos de Periodistas, número 30 de trabajo; a las dañinas maniobras de nivel es, por supuesto, el de la falta de confusionismo que tanto socavan a las información por la doble vía de no ofre- organizaciones de la oposición, median- cerla y de impedir el acceso a la misma. te acusaciones de traición sabiamente El primer apartado no solo incluye la in- sembradas entre sus miembros de cuan- mensa mayoría de la información políti- do en cuando. El resultado es que en ese ca, férreamente controlada por el parti- país, y dicho a la cubana, nadie se fía ni do único y los órganos del Estado, sino de su abuela. Así que del Granma… incluso la de carácter cultural y social. IBERTAD DE EXPRESIÓN Pero la frase de Bonne vale también Hasta hace exactamente un año, la infor- L A para describir la falsedad general de las mación de sucesos o “crónica roja” esta- L apariencias, de casi todo lo oficial o lo ba prohibida en la isla. Fue en concreto que está bien a la vista. La mayor parte el 30 de mayo de 2014 cuando se publicó de la economía real de los cubanos es la primera noticia de este tipo después economía sumergida o “por la izquier- de media centuria de ocultamiento de da”. Y lo mismo sucede con el mundo de los actos violentos o delitos de sangre. la información que circula: gran parte de El semanario provincial Vanguardia y ella fluye por canales clandestinos, irre- el portal digital Cubadebate anunciaron gulares o, como dicen allí, “informales”. aquel día la detención de un tipo de 23 INFORME SOBRE La creciente pérdida de credibilidad años bajo acusación de tres agresiones de los medios oficiales, consustancial a sexuales a otras tantas mujeres en la ciu- cualquier dictadura, ha dado lugar a un dad de Villa Clara. progresivo desenganche informativo de Los cubanos no tienen acceso libre a la población, en particular de las genera- las emisoras de radio y televisión inter- ciones más jóvenes. “Ay, yo no leo eso”. nacionales. Y la conectividad a internet, O “no escucho eso” o “no veo eso”, se por demás capada para las páginas con- oye cada vez más a la gente normal de flictivas, figura entre las más bajas del las ciudades cubanas. Se refieren tanto mundo (ronda entre el 5 % y el 12 %, al Granma, el órgano oficial del Partido, según quien saque la cuenta). Las es- como a los boletines de Radio Reloj o a trategias para impedir que los isleños la inefable Mesa Redonda diaria: un de- rompan los cortafuegos y puertas al mar bate de Cubavisión en el que todos los que la autoridad impone frente a las que contertulios están de acuerdo en todo, ve como armas de difusión masiva del especialmente en el apoyo a las tesis enemigo son muy diversas y van cam- oficiales y el rechazo al imperialismo, biando a medida que los isleños hallan aunque con muy diferentes grados de recovecos o fabrican ingenios para sor- entusiasmo y gracia expositiva. tear las restricciones. En cuanto a la censura interna pro- Las señales de medios “contrarrevo- piamente dicha, el primer o más básico lucionarios” como las históricas Radio 47 La mordaza cubana en la hora del deshielo Martí y TV Martí de Miami son interferi- fonía móvil, de por sí igualmente pro- das sistemáticamente por el departamen- hibitiva, el acceso a internet por esa vía to técnico de la Seguridad del Estado. El se estableció hace algo más de un año al canal televisivo tuvo prácticamente que precio de 5 dólares por mega. tirar la toalla hace años ante la eviden- Los cubanos empezaron utilizando cia de una bajísima llegada a los televi- perchas o agujas de coser para fabricarse sores cubanos. Pero las acometidas del antenas de radio con las que captar se- grupo audiovisual del exilio que en su ñales del exterior; mayormente, las día tantos dolores de cabeza ocasionó al emitidas desde el “imperio”. Más tarde régimen de los Castro son hoy casi una recurrieron a bandejas de aluminio, anécdota, si bien con un cierto mérito sombrillas, paraguas, sartenes y paellas histórico y premonitorio, dentro del que hacían las veces de parabólicas para completo panorama de la guerra que la TV por satélite; después, cuando es- se libra en el campo de las nuevas tec- tas antenas redujeron su tamaño, inge- nologías de la comunicación. niaron mil maneras para hacerlas pasar Si frente a la televisión por satélite la por la aduana aeroportuaria, la mayoría respuesta es la prohibición, con la obli- de las veces envueltas o decoradas como gada e importante salvedad del “cable” si fueran bandejas de regalo o grandes para los extranjeros e instalaciones turís- fruteros. ticas, las restricciones de internet com- binan los ya citados bloqueos de sitios Las señales de medios inconvenientes –a la usanza china– con una política de precios que a la inmensa “contrarrevolucionarios” mayoría de los ciudadanos de la Repúbli- son interferidas ca de Cuba les hace casi imposible la navegación. Al mismo tiempo, dentro del país fueron Pese a la apertura de cada vez más proliferando los traficantes de equipos o cibersalas públicas y al proyecto de ex- sets completos con su parabólica, su an- tender la red a los domicilios particu- tena, su decodificador y su tarjeta para lares –mas allá de los de aquellos altos ver equis programas de todo el mundo. funcionarios, periodistas autorizados y Era lo que el pueblo bautizó como “la diplomáticos o foráneos residentes que antena”. El Gobierno se puso como loco sí tienen acceso–, pocos son los cubanos en cuanto descubrió –en el acto, gracias que pueden permitirse pagar los 4,5 CUC a su eficiente servicio de inteligencia y (equivalentes a 4,5 dólares) que cuesta su amplia plantilla de chivatos– a los una hora de conexión. Porque estamos primeros distribuidores de tales juegos hablando del equivalente al salario me- de TV por satélite. Y la persecución no dio de una semana. En cuanto a la tele- cesa desde entonces. Raro es el mes en 48 Cuadernos de Periodistas, número 30 que no hay una redada en algún barrio ocupar entre 400 gigabytes y 1 terabyte de La Habana, Santiago o cualquier otra de información digital. Predominan los población donde la policía sabe o sospe- contenidos audiovisuales, como pelícu- cha que “la antena” está extendiéndose las y series de moda, aunque también peligrosamente. Hace solo tres meses, el se incluyen diarios y revistas en PDF, Tribunal Municipal Popular del munici- webs, fotografías, libros pirateados, apli- pio habanero Diez de Octubre ratificó la caciones para móviles y otros productos condena a tres años de cárcel impuesta de software. IBERTAD DE EXPRESIÓN a un joven cubano, Mauricio Noa Ma- No conviene engañarse pensando que L A ceo, que había conectado televisión sa- es la avidez de saber qué ocurre dentro y L telital de Estados Unidos en decenas de fuera del país la que afina el ingenio cu- hogares. bano a la hora de driblar las severas limi- Además de entrañar riesgos, “la an- taciones al flujo de información. A través tena” no es barata. La conexión a los de “la antena”, de las memorias USB, canales de Florida sale por unos 20 el “paquete semanal” y, desde luego, dólares y la mensualidad, por unos diez de Radio Bemba, los isleños se enteran dólares. Pese a lo abultado de la tarifa en de lo que pueden, que en general no es relación con los salarios –casi siempre mucho y a menudo acaba distorsionán- INFORME SOBRE complementados por remesas familiares dose por falta de referencias y de datos y/o ingresos no legales–, los cubanos fiables y completos.
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