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Caractérisation D'un Système Aquifère Volcanique Par Approche Couplée Hydrogéochimique Et Modélisation Numérique

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Caractérisation D'un Système Aquifère Volcanique Par Approche Couplée Hydrogéochimique Et Modélisation Numérique THÈSE Pour l'obtention du grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE POITIERS UFR des sciences fondamentales et appliquées Institut de chimie des milieux et matériaux de Poitiers - IC2MP (Diplôme National - Arrêté du 7 août 2006) École doctorale : Sciences pour l'environnement - Gay Lussac Secteur de recherche : Terres solides et enveloppe superficielle Présentée par : Mohamed Aboubakar Caractérisation d'un système aquifère volcanique par approche couplée hydrogéochimique et modélisation numérique. Exemple de l'aquifère des basaltes de Dalha, sud-ouest de la République de Djibouti Directeur(s) de Thèse : Moumtaz Razack, Mohamed Jalludin Soutenue le 15 novembre 2012 devant le jury Jury : Président Jean-Pierre Faillat Professeur des Universités, Université de Brest Rapporteur Jean-Pierre Faillat Professeur des Universités, Université de Brest Rapporteur Lahcen Zouhri Professeur, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais Membre Moumtaz Razack Professeur des Universités, Université de Poitiers Membre Mohamed Jalludin Directeur du CERD, Djibouti Membre Gilles Porel Maître de conférences, Université de Poitiers Membre Claude Fontaine Docteur ingénieur CNRS, Université de Poitiers Pour citer cette thèse : Mohamed Aboubakar. Caractérisation d'un système aquifère volcanique par approche couplée hydrogéochimique et modélisation numérique. Exemple de l'aquifère des basaltes de Dalha, sud-ouest de la République de Djibouti [En ligne]. Thèse Terres solides et enveloppe superficielle. Poitiers : Université de Poitiers, 2012. Disponible sur Internet <http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr> THESE Pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur de l’Université de POITIERS (Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées) (Diplôme national – Arrêté du 7 août 2006) Ecole Doctorale : Sciences pour l’Environnement Gay Lussac Secteur de Recherche : Terres solides et enveloppe superficielle Spécialité : HYDROGEOLOGIE Présentée par : Mohamed ABOUBAKAR Caractérisation d’un système aquifère volcanique par approche couplée hydrogéochimique et modélisation numérique. Exemple de l’aquifère des basaltes de Dalha, Sud-Ouest de la République de Djibouti Directeur de Thèse: Prof. Moumtaz RAZACK Co-Directeur de Thèse: Dr. Mohamed JALLUDIN Soutenue le 15 novembre 2012 devant la Commission d’Examen JURY Jean-Pierre FAILLAT Professeur, Université de Bretagne Occidentale Rapporteur Lahcen ZOUHRI Professeur, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle-Beauvais Rapporteur Gilles POREL Maître de Conférences, Université de Poitiers Examinateur Claude FONTAINE Docteur Ingénieur, CNRS, Université de Poitiers Examinateur Mohamed JALLUDIN Directeur du CERD, Djibouti Examinateur Moumtaz RAZACK Professeur, Université de Poitiers Examinateur 1 Résumé L’aquifère des basaltes du Dalha de la région de Dikhil, au Sud de la République de Djibouti, a fait l’objet d’une étude basée sur une approche pluridisciplinaire (hydrochimique, isotopique, hydrodynamique, modélisation 2D des écoulements) afin de comprendre le fonctionnement de ce système aquifère dans le cadre d’une gestion de ressources en eaux. L’étude hydrochimique a permis de mettre en évidence, d’une part, les processus d’acquisition de la minéralisation des eaux suivant les principales directions d’écoulement, et d’autre part, des faciès hydrochimiques complexes sur la base de la dominance respective des cations et anions. Trois faciès hydrochimiques sont prédominants, à savoir : Na-SO4-HCO3 représentant les eaux à minéralisation modérée, Na-HCO3-SO4 caractéristique des eaux à faible minéralisation et Na-Mg-Cl-SO4 qui correspond aux eaux à forte minéralisation et circulant principalement dans les aquifères des basaltes du Dalha et stratoïdes. Les résultats de l’analyse des isotopes stables de l’environnement (δ18O et δ2H) sont en parfait accord avec ceux issus de l’hydrochimie, et indiquent que les eaux souterraines de la zone d’étude sont d'origine météorique. D’un point de vue hydrogéologique, les résultats des pompages d’essais exécutés sur les forages captant l’aquifère du Dalha et l’aquifère stratoïde, ont révélé le fort degré d’hétérogénéité des ces aquifères. Le modèle numérique d’écoulement bidimensionnel de l’aquifère des basaltes de Dalha, en régime permanent, a confirmé l’hétérogénéité de l’aquifère mis en évidence par les pompages d’essais et a permis d’établir un bilan de flux qui indique que l’exploitation de l’aquifère a atteint une limite critique, au-delà de laquelle la surexploitation induirait une dégradation irrémédiable de la ressource. Mots-clés : Djibouti, Dikhil, Aquifère, basaltes du Dalha, hydrochimie, isotopes stables, hétérogénéité, modélisation numérique. Abstract The Dalha basalts aquifer of the region of Dikhil, in the South West of the Republic of Djibouti, was the object of a study based on a multidisciplinary approach (hydrochemical, isotopic, hydrodynamics, groundwater modeling) to understand the functioning of this aquifer system within the framework of a sustainable management of its water resources. The hydrochemical study pointed out, on one hand, the processes of mineralization along the main water flow directions, and on the other hand, complex hydrochemical facies on the basis of the respective dominance of cations and anions. Three hydrochemical facies are dominant, namely: Na- SO4-HCO3 representing waters with moderate mineralization, Na-HCO3-SO4 facies characteristic of waters with low mineralization and Na-Mg-Cl-SO4 which corresponds to waters with strong mineralization and circulating mainly in Dalha and stratiform basalts aquifers. Results of environmental stable isotopes (18O and 2H) are in perfect agreement with those of hydrochemistry, and indicate that groundwater in the study area are of meteoric origin. In hydrogeological point of view, the results of pumping tests performed on wells capturing these aquifers, revealed the high degree of heterogeneity of these aquifers. The numerical groundwater modeling of Dalha basalts aquifer performed in steady state has confirmed the heterogeneity of the aquifer highlighted by pumping tests and helped to establish a water balance which indicates that the exploitation of the aquifer has reached a critical limit beyond which overexploitation may induce an irremediable degradation of the resource. Keywords: Djibouti, Dikhil, Aquifer, basalts Dalha, chemistry, stable isotope heterogeneity, numerical modeling. 2 LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS AIEA : Agence Internationale de l’Energie Atomique BGR: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe BRGM : Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières CERD : Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches de Djibouti CHA : Coopération Hydrogéologique Allemande (du BGR) CHDA : Coopération hydrogéologique Djibouto-Allemande ISERST : Institut Supérieur d’Etudes et de Recherches de Djibouti ONEAD : Office National de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement de Djibouti OMS : Organisation Mondiale de la Santé DE : Direction de l’Eau (Ministère de l’Agriculture) 3 Remerciements Tout d’abord, je tiens à remercier chaleureusement (après les louanges à mon Seigneur ALLAH) son xcellence Monsieur ABDOULKAD R KAMIL pour son appui inconditionnel sans le)uel cette thèse n’aurait pu voir le jour. ,e lui saurai reconnaissant pour m’avoir permis d’aller au bout de ma volont- d’entamer ces longues ann-es de thèse et m’a aid-, auprès de la Mission .ran/aise de 0oop-ration, à obtenir le financement indispensable. 0ette thèse )ui s’inscrit dans une d-marche personnelle, a, en effet, vu le jour gr2ce notamment au Service de 0oop-ration et d’Action 0ulturelle (S0A0) de l’Ambassade de .rance à Djibouti. ,e tiens, en ces )uel)ues lignes, à remercier son Directeur ainsi )ue ses collaborateurs pour leur professionnalisme, ainsi )u’au personnel d’ gide (actuel 0ampus.rance) pour la gestion de mon dossier de bourse. ,e remercie vivement mon Directeur de thèse, M. Moumta3 Ra3ac4, 5rofesseur à l6Universit- de 5oitiers, pour m6avoir encadr-, suivi et encourag- tout au long de ce passionnant travail. Son implication et sa patience, durant les p-riodes de doute, ont -t- une source de motivation. Ses nombreuses relectures et corrections d’article et du manuscrit ci7dessous montrent combien son engagement à mes c8t-s à -t- constant, malgr- son agenda hypercharg- et ses nombreuses sollicitations. Il est et demeurera une source d’inspiration pour moi. :r2ce au 5rofesseur RA;A0K, je ferai de la rigueur scientifi)ue une devise, voire une charte. ,e lui dois beaucoup. Mille merci 5rofesseur. 4 Mes remerciements vont -galement à mon co7directeur de thèse, le docteur ,alludin Mohamed, Directeur g-n-ral du 0 RD, pour ses conseils et l’orientation du travail abord- dans cette thèse. Ses nombreux travaux de recherche sur les r-servoirs volcani)ues en R-publi)ue de Djibouti ont -t- autant de donn-es importantes. ,e remercie -galement M. 0laude .ontaine, Docteur7Ing-nieur à l6I02M5, )ui a -t- pour moi un v-ritable deuxième directeur de thèse et )ui n6a pas m-nag- ses efforts pour m6aider à r-aliser les analyses hydrog-ochimi)ues au laboratoire HYDRASA. ,e ne saurais oublier nos nombreuses discussions amicales, souvent sur des sujets totalement diff-rents de l’hydrog-ochimie. ,e remercie sincèrement les 5rofesseurs ,ean 5ierre .aillat, de l6Universit- de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO) et Lahcen ;ouhri, de l’Institut 5olytechni)ue LaSalle7Beauvais à Beauvais, pour avoir accept- la lourde tache d6>tre les rapporteurs de ce travail de thèse. :lobalement, j’adresse mes chaleureux remerciements aux membres du jury )ui ont bien voulu accepter de juger mon travail. 0oncernant les volets ?’terrain’’ à Djibouti pour
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