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AMERICAN SAMOA POWER AUTHORITY

UTILITIES

MASTER PLAN July 2003

UTILITIES MASTER PLAN

Prepared for:

AMERICAN SAMOA POWER AUTHORITY P. O. Box PPB , American Samoa 96799

Prepared by:

Pedersen Planning Consultants P. O. Box 66 Encampment, WY 82325 Tel: (307) 327-5434 Fax: (307) 327-5210 Email: [email protected]

July 2003 ASPA UTILITIES MASTER PLAN July 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page No.

SECTION 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND PLANNING PROCESS

ONE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I-1-1 1.1 GENERAL I-1-1 1.2 PLANNING ISSUES I-1-1 1.3 ASPA WATER SYSTEMS I-1-1 1.3.1 Central Water System I-1-1 1.3.1.1 Anticipated Water Demands and Service Area Expansion I-1-1 1.3.1.2 Planned Capital Improvements During the FY 2003 - FY 2007 Period I-1-1 1.3.2 Satellite Water System I-1-2 1.3.2.1 Anticipated Water Demands and Service Area Expansion I-1-2 1.3.2.2 Planned Capital Improvements During the FY 2003 - FY 2007 Period I-1-2 1.3.3 Water System Management I-1-2 1.3.4 Water Resource Management I-1-3 1.3.5 Regulatory Management Projects I-1-3 1.4 ASPA WASTEWATER SYSTEMS I-1-4 1.4.1 Tafuna Sewer System I-1-4 1.4.1.1 Anticipated Average Daily Wastewater Generation and Service Area Expansion I-1-4 1.4.1.2 Planned Capital Improvements During the FY 2003 - FY 2007 Period I-1-4 1.4.2 Sewer System I-1-4 1.4.2.1 Anticipated Average Daily Wastewater Generation and Service Area Expansion I-1-4 1.4.2.2 Planned Capital Improvements During the FY 2003 - FY 2007 Period I-1-4 1.4.3 Other Community Wastewater systems I-1-4 1.4.4 Wastewater System Management I-1-5 1.4.5 Wastewater Resource Management I-1-5

TWO PLANNING PROCESS I-2-1 2.1 PURPOSE I-2-1 2.2 SCOPE I-2-1 2.2.1 Relationship to the 1995 Utility Master Plan I-2-1 2.2.2 Revised Orientation of the 2003 Utility Master Plan I-2-1 2.3 PARTICIPANTS IN THE MASTER PLAN PROCESS I-2-1 2.3.1 ASPA Board of Directors, Executive Management, and Division Managers I-2-1 2.3.2 Pedersen Planning Consultants I-2-2 2.3.3 Arasmith Consulting I-2-3 2.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE UTILITY MASTER PLAN REPORT I-2-3

SECTION II: UTILITY DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES

ONE POPULATIONS II-1-1 1.1 INTRODUCTION II-1-1 1.2 2000 TERRITORIAL POPULATION II-1-1 1.3 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION II-1-2 1.3.1 Western District II-1-2 1.3.2 Eastern District II-1-2

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-1 Chapter Title Page No.

1.3.3 Manua District II-1-2 1.4 FACTORS INFLUENCING FUTURE POPULATION GROWTH II-1-5 1.4.1 Natural Growth Rate II-1-5 1.4.2 Average Household Size II-1-6 1.4.3 Migration II-1-6 1.4.3.1 In-Migration II-1-6 1.4.3.2 Out-Migration II-1-7 1.4.4 Availability of Developable Land for Future Development II-1-7 1.4.4.1 Vehicular Access II-1-7 1.4.4.2 Planned Establishment of Conservation Areas II-1-7 1.4.4.3 Wellhead Protection Zones II-1-7 1.4.4.4 Relationship of Water & Wastewater Systems to Land Use Densities II-1-8 1.4.5 Cannery Assumptions II-1-8 1.5 ANTICIPATED TERRITORIAL POPULATION II-1-8 1.5.1 Forecast Methodology II-1-8 1.5.2 Total Population II-1-9 1.5.2.1 2001-2005 II-1-9 1.5.2.2 2006-2020 II-1-11

TWO ECONOMY II-2-1 2.1 THE DUAL CASH AND SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY II-2-1 2.2 LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT II-2-1 2.2.1 Labor Force II-2-1 2.2.2 Employment II-2-2 2.2.2.1 Employment Sectors II-2-2 2.2.2.2 Canneries II-2-2 2.2.2.3 Government II-2-3 2.2.2.4 Service Sector II-2-3 2.3 HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURES II-2-3 2.4 CANNED TUNA INDUSTRY II-2-4 2.4.1 Introduction II-2-4 2.4.2 Canned Tuna Market II-2-5 2.4.3 Tuna Harvests II-2-5 2.4.4 Fishing Vessel Migration Trends II-2-7 2.4.5 Canned Tuna Production II-2-8 2.4.5.1 General II-2-8 2.4.5.2 The II-2-8 2.4.5.3 Thailand II-2-9 2.4.5.4 Spain II-2-9 2.4.5.5 Italy II-2-9 2.4.5.6 Other Pacific Islands II-2.9 2.4.6 Production Costs II-2-10 2.4.7 Future Commitment of the Canneries to American Samoa II-2-11 2.5 OTHER INDUSTRIES IN THE AMERICAN SAMOA ECONOMY II-2-12 2.5.1 General II-2-12 2.5.2 Commercial Agriculture II-2-12 2.5.3 Commercial Fishing II-2-13 2.5.4 Manufacturing II-2-13 2.5.5 Prospects for Future Industrial Expansion II-2-14 2.5.5.1 General II-2-14 2.5.5.2 Potential Investors II-2-14 2.5.5.3 Incentives Expected to Motivate Future Investors II-2-14 2.6 SERVICE SECTOR II-2-15 2.6.1 General II-2-15 2.6.2 Service Sector Trends II-2-15 2.6.3 Anticipated Growth in the Service Sector II-2-16

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-2 Chapter Title Page No.

THREE LAND USE II-3-1 3.1 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUTURE LAND USES AND UTILITY SERVICE DEMANDS II-3-1 3.2 METHODOLOGY II-3-1 3.3 ANTICIPATED LAND USES TO THE YEAR 2020 II-3-2 3.3.1 Introduction II-3-2 3.3.2 Residential II-3-2 3.3.2.1 General II-3-2 3.3.2.2 Western District II-3-4 3.3.2.3 Eastern District II-3-5 3.3.2.4 Manua District II-3-5 3.3.3 Commercial II-3-5 3.3.4 Hotel and Visitor Accommodations II-3-7 3.3.4.1 General II-3-7 3.3.4.2 Eastern District II-3-8 3.3.4.3 Manua District II-3-9 3.3.4.4 Western District II-3-9 3.3.5 Industrial II-3-9 3.3.6 Public Facilities II-3-11 3.3.6.1 General II-3-11 3.3.6.2 Public Schools II-3-11 3.3.6.3 ASG Offices II-3-11 3.3.6.4 Government Housing II-3-11 3.3.6.5 Medical Facilities II-3-13 3.3.7 Community Facilities II-3-13

FOUR PUBLIC HEALTH II-4-1 4.1 PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH WATER AND WASTEWATER II-4-1 4.1.1 Bacteria II-4-3 4.1.2 Protozoa II-4-3 4.1.3 Viruses II-4-3 4.2 GENERAL HEALTH RISKS II-4-4 4.2.1 Waterborne Disease Transmissions II-4-4 4.2.2 Survivability of Viruses, Protozoa and Bacteria II-4-4 4.3 VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS: A CONTINUED SOURCE OF WATERBORNE DISEASES II-4-5 4.4 GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION IN UNSEWERED VILLAGES II-4-5 4.5 NEARSHORE SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION II-4-6

FIVE REGULATIONS II-5-1 5.1 INTRODUCTION II-5-1 5.2 CLEAN WATER ACT, SECTION 301(H) II-5-1 5.2.1 Requirements Relevant to American Samoa Power Authority II-5-1 5.2.2 Utility Expansion Issues II-5-2 5.2.3 Operational Issues II-5-3 5.3 SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT II-5-3 5.3.1 Regulatory History II-5-3 5.3.2 Recent and Proposed Drinking Water Act Amendments II-5-4 5.3.2.1 Radon in Drinking Water Rule II-5-4 5.3.2.2 Arsenic Rule II-5-5 5.3.2.3 Surface Water Treatment II-5-5 5.3.2.4 Filter Backwash Recycling Rule II-5-6 5.3.2.5 Proposed Ground Water Rule II-5-6

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-3 Chapter Title Page No.

5.3.3 Requirements Impacting Potable Water Delivery II-5-7 5.3.3.1 General II-5.7 5.3.3.2 Enforcement of Primary Drinking Water Regulations II-5-7 5.3.3.3 Surface Water Treatment Monitoring and Related Certified Operator II-5-8 5.3.4 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Requirements II-5-8 5.3.5 The Cost of Water Quality Monitoring II-5-9 5.3.6 Recommended Approaches to Future Water Quality Monitoring and Related Regulatory Requirements II-5-10 5.3.6.1 Search for Cost-Saving Measures in Future Water Quality Monitoring II-5-10 5.3.6.2 Evaluate the Benefits and Costs Associated With American Samoa's Safe Drinking Water Program II-5-11 5.3.6.3 Coordinate Annual Watershed Investigations II-5-11

SECTION III: WATER SYSTEM PLAN

ONE WATER CONSUMPTION AND DEMAND III-1-1 1.1 THE NEED FOR WATER CONSUMPTION FORECASTS III-1-1 1.2 APPLICATION OF A STATISTICAL MODEL FOR FORECASTING FUTURE WATER CONSUMPTION III-1-1 1.3 SCENARIOS USED FOR FUTURE WATER SYSTEM PLANNING III-1-2 1.4 UPDATE OF WATER CONSUMPTION FORECASTS AND ASSUMPTIONS III-1-3 1.5 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAY DEMANDS III-1-4 1.5.1 ASPA Central Water System III-1-4 1.5.2 ASPA Satellite Water Systems III-1-4 1.5.3 Villages Served Exclusively by Village Water Systems III-1-4 1.6 ANTICIPATED MAXIMUM DAY DEMANDS III-1-4 1.6.1 Central Water System III-1-9 1.6.2 Satellite Water Systems III-1-9 1.6.3 Villages Served Exclusively by Village Water Systems III-1-9 1.6.3.1 Fagalii, Maloata, and Fagamalo Villages III-1-9 1.6.3.2 III-1-9

TWO COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS: EXISTING FACILITIES AND NEEDS III-2-1

2.1 GENERAL III-2-1 2.2 ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEM III-2-1 2.2.1 Service Area III-2-1 2.2.2 Groundwater Supply and Treatment III-2-18 2.2.2.1 Existing Water Production III-2-18 2.2.2.2. Groundwater Treatment III-2-18 2.2.2.3 Groundwater Production and Treatment Needs III-2-18 2.2.2.4 Criteria and Standards for Future Design, Construction, and Operations III-2-18 2.2.3 Surface Water III-2-20 2.2.3.1 Existing Production III-2-20 2.2.3.2 Surface Water Treatment III-2-20 2.2.3.3 Surface Supply and Treatment Needs III-2-21 2.2.3.4 Criteria and Standards for Future Design, Construction, and Operations III-2-21 2.2.4 Water Storage Facilities III-2-21 2.2.4.1 Existing Storage III-2-21 2.2.4.2 Water Storage Needs III-2-23 2.2.4.3 Criteria and Standards for Future Design, Construction, and Operations III-2-25 2.2.5 Distribution III-2-25 2.2.5.1 Existing System III-2-25 2.2.5.2 Distribution System Needs III-2-26 2.2.5.3 Criteria and Standards for Future Design, Construction, and Operations III-2-28

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-4 Chapter Title Page No.

2.3 ASPA SATELLITE WATER SYSTEMS III-2-28 2.3.1 General III-2-28 2.3.2 Water Supply and Treatment III-2-28 2.3.3 Water Storage III-2-29 2.3.4 Distribution III-2-30 2.3.5 Satellite System Needs III-2-30 2.3.5.1 III-2-30 2.3.5.2 Aoa III-2-32 2.3.5.3 Fagasa III-2-32 2.3.5.4 Vatia III-2-32 2.3.5.5 Aunuu III-2-36 2.3.5.6 Ofu III-2-36 2.3.5.7 Olosega-Sili III-2-39 2.3.5.8 -Tau III-2-41 2.3.5.9 Fitiuta III-2-43 2.4 VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS III-2-45 2.4.1 General III-2-45 2.4.2 Surface Water Supplies III-2-45 2.4.3 Water Storage III-2-45 2.4.4 Distribution III-2-45

THREE WATER SYSTEM AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT III-3-1 3.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE III-3-1 3.1.1 Economic Objectives and Self-Reliance III-3-1 3.1.2 Conservation Objectives III-3-2 3.1.3 Opportunities for Improved Water System and Resource Management III-3-2 3.2 SYSTEM MANAGEMENT III-3-2 3.2.1 General Organization and Lines of Authority III-3-2 3.2.2 Water Division Organization and Management III-3-3 3.2.2.1 Existing Management and Organizational Structure III-3-3 3.2.2.2 Recommended Changes in Organizational Structure III-3-5 3.3 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT III-3-5 3.3.1 Profit and Loss III-3-5 3.3.2 Cash Flow III-3-5 3.3.3 Need for General Financial Policies III-3-8 3.4 WATER RATE STRUCTURE III-3-9 3.4.1 Existing Rate Structure III-3-9 3.4.2 Future Adjustments to Utility Rate Structure and Water Rates III-3-9 3.4.2.1 The Need for Annual Review III-3-9 3.4.2.2 Segregation of Water and Wastewater Charges III-3-10 3.4.3 Cost Accounting System III-3-11 3.4.3.1 Present Use III-3-11 3.4.3.2 Recommended Changes in Future Cost Accounting III-3-11 3.5 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT III-3-11 3.5.1 Geographical Information System (GIS) III-3-12 3.5.2 Hydraulic Analysis and Water Distribution Modeling III-3-12 3.5.3 Maintenance Management System III-3-13 3.5.4 Inventory Control System III-3-14 3.5.5 Water System Standards III-3-15 3.5.6 Management of Capital Asset Information III-3-15 3.6 SYSTEM OPERATIONS III-3-16 3.6.1 Responsibility for Small Tools III-3-16 3.6.1.1 Existing Practice III-3-16 3.6.1.2 Recommended Practice III-3-16 3.6.2 Booster Station III-3-16 3.6.3 Lack of Personnel Dedicated to Water System Operations and Maintenance III-3-16 3.6.4 Emergency Power Generation III-3-17

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-5 Chapter Title Page No.

3.7 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT III-3-17 3.7.1 General III-3-17 3.7.2 ASPA Water Division III-3-18 3.7.2.1 Establish, Adopt and Apply Relevant Criteria and Standards for Well Exploration and Well Development III-3-18 3.7.2.2 Maintain Sustainable Production Yields from 's Basal Aquifer III-3-19 3.7.2.3 Expanded Application for Remote Telemetry for the Operation of Groundwater Wells III-3-22 3.7.2.4 Continue to Monitor and Repair Leaks in the Water Transmission and Distribution System III-3-22 3.7.2.5 Monitor Adequacy of Chlorination Within Distribution System III-3-22 3.7.2.6 Monitor Groundwater and Surface Water Supplies III-3-23 3.7.2.7 Implementation of a Water Conservation Program III-3-23 3.8 MANAGEMENT OF VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS III-3-24 3.8.1 Contamination of Surface Supplies and Potential Health Risks III-3-24 3.8.2 Management Options for Improved Water Quality III-3-25 3.8.3 Opportunities to Reduce Groundwater Contamination from Non-Point Sources III-3-26 3.9 COOPERATIVE WATER RESOURCE AND LAND MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES III-3-26 3.9.1 Implementation of American Samoa Watershed Protection Plan III-3-26 3.10 REGULATORY OPPORTUNITIES III-3-26 3.10.1 Designation of Valley as a Special Management Area III-3-26 3.10.2 Future Zoning in Tualauta County III-3-37 3.10.3 Regulation of Soil-Based Wastewater Treatment III-3-27

FOUR SYSTEM PLANNING III-4-1 4.1 GENERAL III-4-1 4.2 MEDIUM-TERM PLANS III-4-1 4.2.1 Frequency and Scope III-4-1 4.2.2 Planning Process and Responsibility for Implementation III-4-2 4.2.2.1 Evaluation of Land Use, Economic and Regulatory Issues III-4-2 4.2.2.2 Hydraulic Analysis III-4-2 4.2.2.3 Evaluation and Forecast of Anticipated Water Consumption III-4-2 4.2.2.4 Identification of Facility Needs and Required Capital Improvements III-4-3 4.2.2.5 Assessment of Operation, Maintenance and Construction Activities III-4-3 4.2.2.6 Preparation, Coordination and Refinement of the Water System Plan III-4-3 4.2.3 Timing III-4-4 4.3 SHORT-TERM PLANS III-4-4 4.3.1 Frequency and Scope III-4-4 4.3.2 Planning Process and Responsibility for Implementation III-4-4 4.3.2.1 Comparison of Actual Water Production with Available Forecasts III-4-4 4.3.2.2 Hydraulic Analysis III-4-4 4.3.2.3 Identification of Facility Needs and Required Capital Improvements III-4-5 4.3.2.4 Assessment of Operation, Maintenance and Construction Activities III-4-5 4.3.2.5 Identification of Significant Deviations From the Most Recent Medium-Term Plan III-4-6 4.3.2.6 Preparation, Coordination and Refinement of the Water System Plan III-4-6 4.3.3 Timing III-4-6 4.3.3.1 Needs of the ASPA Board of Directors III-4-6 4.3.3.2 The American Samoa Government III-4-7 4.3.3.3 U.S. Government III-4-7 4.3.3.4 Annual Plan Schedule III-4-7

FIVE MASTER PLAN, FY 2003-2007 III-5-1 5.1 GENERAL III-5-1 5.2 CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS III-5-1 5.3 RECOMMENDED SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECTS III-5-1

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-6 Chapter Title Page No.

5.4 RECOMMENDED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS III-5-1 5.5 RECOMMENDED REGULATORY MANAGEMENT PROJECTS III-5-1

SECTION IV WASTEWATER SYSTEM PLAN

ONE FUTURE WASTEWATER FLOWS IV-1-1 1.1 THE NEED FOR WASTEWATER GENERATION FORECASTS IV-1-1 1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF A STATISTICAL MODEL TO FORECAST FUTURE WASTEWATER FLOWS IV-1-1 1.3 SCENARIOS USED FOR FUTURE WASTEWATER SYSTEM PLANNING IV-1-2 1.4 UPDATE OF WASTEWATER GENERATION FORECASTS AND ASSUMPTIONS IV-1-3 1.5 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAILY FLOWS IV-1-4 1.5.1 Community Wastewater Systems IV-1-4 1.5.1.1 Tafuna Sewer System IV-1-4 1.5.1.2 Pago Pago Harbor System IV-1-4 1.5.1.3 Aunuu Island System IV-1-4 1.5.1.4 School Systems IV-1-4 1.5.2 Villages Not Served by Community Wastewater Systems IV-1-6

TWO EXISTING FACILITIES AND NEEDS IV-2-1 2.1 GENERAL IV-2-1 2.2 TAFUNA SEWER SYSTEM IV-2-1 2.2.1 Service Area IV-2-1 2.2.2 Collection System IV-2-6 2.2.2.1 Existing Facilities IV-2-6 2.2.2.2 Collection System Needs IV-2-7 2.2.3 Treatment IV-2-9 2.2.3.1 Location IV-2-9 2.2.3.2 Capacity IV-2-10 2.2.3.3 Plant Operation IV-2-10 2.2.3.4 Treatment Facility Needs IV-2-11 2.2.4 Effluent Disposal IV-2-11 2.2.4.1 Tafuna Outfall IV-2-11 2.2.4.2 Outfall Needs IV-2-11 2.3 PAGO PAGO HARBOR SEWER SYSTEM IV-2-11 2.3.1 Service Area IV-2-11 2.3.2 Collection System IV-2-14 2.3.2.1 Existing Facilities IV-2-14 2.3.2.2 Collection System Needs IV-2-15 2.3.3 Treatment IV-2-16 2.3.3.1 Location IV-2-16 2.3.3.2 Capacity IV-2-16 2.3.3.3 Plant Operation IV-2-17 2.3.3.4 Treatment Facility Needs IV-2-17 2.3.4 Effluent Disposal IV-2-18 2.3.4.1 Utulei Outfall IV-2-18 2.3.4.2 Outfall Needs IV-2-18 2.4 AUNUU ISLAND SEWER SYSTEM IV-2-18 2.4.1 Service Area IV-2-18 2.4.2 Collection System IV-2-18 2.4.2.1 Existing Facilities IV-2-18 2.4.2.2 Collection System Needs IV-2-20 2.4.3 Effluent Disposal IV-2-20 2.4.2.1 Aunuu Outfall IV-2-20 2.4.2.2 Outfall Needs IV-2-20

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-7 Chapter Title Page No.

2.5 SCHOOL SYSTEMS IV-2-20 2.5.1 General IV-2-20 2.5.2 Fagaitua High School IV-2-21 2.5.2.1 Existing System IV-2-21 2.5.2.2 System Needs IV-2-21 2.5.3 IV-2-21 2.5.3.1 Existing System IV-2-21 2.5.3.2 System Needs IV-2-22 2.5.4 Midkiff Elementary School IV-2-22 2.5.4.1 Existing System IV-2-22 2.5.4.2 System Needs IV-2-22 2.6 ONSITE WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IV-2-22 2.6.1 General IV-2-22 2.6.2 Septic Tanks IV-2-25 2.6.3 Cesspools IV-2-25 2.6.4 Onsite Wastewater System Needs IV-2-27 2.6.4.1 Continued Community Education IV-2-27 2.6.4.2 Installation and Construction of Future Onsite Wastewater Systems by ASPA IV-2-28 2.6.4.3 Continued Review, Inspection and Approval of Onsite Wastewater Systems IV-2-29 2.7 FUTURE COMMUNITY WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IV-2-29 2.7.1 Potential Expansion of Existing School Systems IV-2-29 2.7.2 Potential Community Wastewater System in Aua IV-2-30 2.7.3 Implementation IV-2-30

THREE WASTEWATER SYSTEM AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IV-3-1 3.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE IV-3-1 3.2 SYSTEM MANAGEMENT IV-3-1 3.2.1 General Organization and Lines of Authority IV-3-1 3.2.2 Roles and Responsibility Associated with Operation and Maintenance IV-3-2 3.2.2.1 Division Management IV-3-2 3.2.2.2 Wastewater Operations and Maintenance IV-3-2 3.3 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IV-3-3 3.3.1 The Need for Greater Financial Stability IV-3-3 3.3.2 Profit and Loss IV-3-4 3.3.3 Cash Flow IV-3-4 3.3.4 Need for General Financial Policies IV-3-7 3.4 WASTEWATER RATE STRUCTURE IV-3-7 3.4.1 Existing Rate Structure IV-3-7 3.4.2 Segregation of Wastewater Charges from Water Rates IV-3-8 3.4.3 Cost Accounting System IV-3-9 3.4.3.1 Present Use IV-3-9 3.4.3.2 Recommended Approach in Future Cost Accounting IV-3-9 3.5 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IV-3-9 3.5.1 Geographical Information System (GIS) IV-3-10 3.5.2 Hydraulic Analysis and Sanitary Sewer Modeling IV-3-11 3.5.3 Maintenance Management System IV-3-11 3.5.4 Inventory Control System IV-3-12 3.5.5 Management of Capital Asset Information IV-3-12 3.6 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IV-3-13 3.6.1 General IV-3-13 3.6.2 Watershed Conservation IV-3-13 3.6.3 Land Use Development Incentives for Areas Served by the ASPA IV-3-14 3.6.4 Improved Village Sanitation IV-3-15

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FOUR SYSTEM PLANNING IV-4-1 4.1 GENERAL IV-4-1 4.2 MEDIUM-TERM PLANS IV-4-1 4.2.1 Frequency and Scope IV-4-1 4.2.2 Planning Process and Responsibility for Implementation IV-4-2 4.2.2.1 Evaluation of Land Use, Economic and Regulatory Issues IV-4-2 4.2.2.2 Hydraulic Analysis IV-4-2 4.2.2.3 Evaluation and Forecast of Anticipated Wastewater Generation IV-4-2 4.2.2.4 Identification of Facility Needs and Required Capital Improvements IV-4-3 4.2.2.5 Assessment of Operation and Maintenance Activities IV-4-3 4.2.2.6 Preparation, Coordination and Refinement of the Wastewater System Plan IV-4-3 4.2.3 Timing IV-4-4 4.3 SHORT-TERM PLANS IV-4-4 4.3.1 Frequency and Scope IV-4-4 4.3.2 Planning Process and Responsibility for Implementation IV-4-4 4.3.2.1 Comparison of Actual Wastewater Flows With Forecasts of Wastewater Generation IV-4-4 4.3.2.2 Hydraulic Analysis IV-4-5 4.3.2.3 Identification of Facility Needs and Required Capital Improvements IV-4-5 4.3.2.4 Assessment of Operation, Maintenance and Construction Activities IV-4-5 4.3.2.5 Identification of Significant Deviations From the Most Recent Medium-Term Plan IV-4-6 4.3.2.6 Preparation, Coordination and Refinement of the Wastewater System Plan IV-4-6 4.3.3 Timing IV-4-6 4.3.3.1 Needs of the ASPA Board of Directors IV-4-6 4.3.3.2 The American Samoa Government IV-4-7 4.3.3.3 U.S. Government IV-4-7 4.3.3.4 Annual Plan Schedule IV-4-7

FIVE MASTER PLAN, FY 2003-2007 IV-5-1 5.1 GENERAL IV-5-1 5.2 CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS IV-5-1 5.3 RECOMMENDED SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IV-5-1 5.4 RECOMMENDED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IV-5-1 5.5 RECOMMENDED REGULATORY MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IV-5-1

REFERENCES

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-9 ASPA UTILITIES MASTER PLAN JULY 2003

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

SECTION I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND PLANNING PROCESS NONE

SECTION II: UTILITY DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES

II-1-1 POPULATIONS OF SELECTED PACIFIC ISLANDS, 1980-1999 II-1-1

II-1-2 HISTORICAL POPULATION GROWTH RATES II-1-2 AMERICAN SAMOA, 1900-2000

II-1-3 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY DISTRICT, 1970 TO 2000 II-1-5

II-1-4 NET MIGRATION AND NATURAL INCREASE IN AMERICAN SAMOA 1970-1990 II-1-5

II-1-5 RECENT AND ANTICIPATED REDUCTIONS AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD SIZE, 1970-2020 II-1-6

II-1-6 ANTICIPATED TOTAL RESIDENT POPULATION AMERICAN SAMOA 2000-2020 II-1-9

II-1-7 ESTIMATED AND ANTICIPATED RESIDENT POPULATION VILLAGES SERVED BY ASPA CENTRAL, SATELLITE AND VILLAGE SYSTEMS II-1-10 2000-2020

II-2-1 PRIMARY SOURCES OF EMPLOYMENT IN AMERICAN SAMOA 1988-1999 II-2-2

II-2-2 COMMERCIAL TUNA HARVEST IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN II-2-7

II-2-3 COMPARISON OF SELECTED PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION COSTS AMERICAN SAMOA, THAILAND, AND PUERTO RICO II-2-10

II-2-4 SERVICE SECTOR, 1999 II-2-15

II-3-1 ANTICIPATED NUMBER OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSEHOLDS VILLAGES OF AMERICAN SAMOA, 2000-2020 II-3-3

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-10 LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table No. Title Page No.

II-3-2 ANTICIPATED NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL FACILITIES VILLAGES SERVED BY ASPA CENTRAL, SATELLITE AND VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS, 2000-2020 II-3-6

II-3-3 HOTEL AND VISITOR ACCOMMODATIONS II-3-8 NUMBER OF GUESTROOMS

II-3-4 ANTICIPATED NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES, 2000-2020 II-3-10

II-3-5 ANTICIPATED NUMBER OF PUBLIC FACILITIES, 2000-2020 II-3-12

II-3-6 ANTICIPATED NUMBER OF COMMUNITY FACILITIES, 2000-2020 II-3-14

II-4-1 GASTROENTERITIS DISEASES THAT CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO WATER AND SEWAGE CONTAMINATION II-4-2

II-4-2 NOTIFIABLE DISEASES IN AMERICAN SAMOA, 1995-1999 II-4-1

II-4-3 TYPICAL SURVIVAL TIMES OF SELECTED PATHOGENS AT 20 TO 30 DEGREES CENTIGRADE II-4-4

SECTION III: WATER SYSTEM PLAN

III-1-1 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAY WATER DEMAND ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEMS, 2000-2020 III-1-5

III-1-2 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAY WATER DEMAND ASPA SATELLITE WATER SYSTEMS, 2000-2020 III-1-6

III-1-3 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAY WATER DEMAND VILLAGES SERVED EXCLUSIVELY BY VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS III-1-6

III-1-4 ANTICIPATED MAXIMUM DAY WATER DEMAND ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEMS, 2000-2020 III-1-7

III-1-5 ANTICIPATED MAXIMUM DAY WATER DEMAND ASPA SATELLITE WATER SYSTEMS III-1-8

III-1-6 ANTICIPATED MAXIMUM DAY WATER DEMAND VILLAGES SERVED EXCLUSIVELY BY VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS III-1-8

III-2-1 OPERATING WELLS IN THE ASPA CENTRAL SYSTEM, JULY 2001 III-2-19

III-2-2 ORIGINAL SURFACE WATER SOURCES PRIOR TO 1978 III-2-20

III-2-3 WATER STORAGE TANKS, ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEM III-2-22

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-11 LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table No. Title Page No.

III-2-4 FUTURE WATER STORAGE NEEDS CENTRAL WATER SYSTEM, 2000-2020 III-2-23

III-2-5 ASPA WATER DISTRICTS AND SERVICE LEVEL AREAS III-2-25

III-2-6 BOOSTER STATIONS ON THE ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEM III-2-26

III-2-7 OPERATING WELLS, ASPA SATELLITE SYSTEMS, DECEMBER 2000 III-2-29

III-2-8 WATER STORAGE TANKS, ASPA SATELLITE SYSTEMS DECEMBER 2001 III-2-29

III-2-9 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, ASPA SATELLITE SYSTEMS JUNE 1999 III-2-30

III-2-10 VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS III-2-46

III-2-11 VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS, AUNUU AND MANUA ISLANDS III-2-47

III-3-1 AMERICAN SAMOA POWER AUTHORITY, WATER DIVISION PROFIT-LOSS STATEMENTS, FY 1997 THROUGH FY 2000 III-3-6

III-3-2 AMERICAN SAMOA POWER AUTHORITY WATER DIVISION III-3-7 CASH FLOW STATEMENT, FY 1998 THROUGH FY 2000

III-3-3 HIGH CHLORIDE WELL STATISTICS III-3-19

III-3-4 ANTICIPATED WATER PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEM III-3-20

III-3-5 GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL, ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEM ISLAND OF TUTUILA III-3-21

III-3-6 WET DAY AND DRY DAY LABORATORY ANALYSIS TAFUNA-LEONE AQUIFER WELLS III-3-22

III-5-1 RECOMMENDED CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS III-5-2 FY 2003-FY 2007 to III-5-4

III-5-2 RECOMMENDED WATER SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECTS III-5-5 FY 2003-FY 2007 to III-5-6

III-5-3 RECOMMENDED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS III-5-7 FY 2003-FY 2007 to III-5-8

III-5-4 RECOMMENDED REGULATORY MANAGEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003 - FY 2007 III-5-9

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-12 LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table No. Title Page No.

SECTION IV: WASTEWATER SYSTEM PLAN

IV-1-1 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAILY WASTEWATER FLOWS IV-1-5 COMMUNITY WASTEWATER SYSTEMS, 2000-2020

IV-1-2 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAILY WASTEWATER GENERATION VILLAGES NOT SERVED BY COMMUNITY WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IV-1-6 2000-2020 to IV-1-7

IV-2-1 TAFUNA SEWER SYSTEM PUMP STATIONS IV-2-6

IV-2-2 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAILY FLOW TAFUNA SEWER SYSTEM, 2000-2020 IV-2-10

IV-2-3 PUMP STATIONS SUPPORTING THE PAGO PAGO SEWER SYSTEM IV-2-14

IV-2-4 HOUSING UNITS CONNECTED TO PAGO PAGO HARBOR SYSTEM REPORTED BY CENSUS 2000 IV-2-16

IV-2-5 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAILY FLOW PAGO PAGO HARBOR SEWER SYSTEM, 2000-2020 IV-2-17

IV-2-6 USE OF INDIVIDUAL ONSITE WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IV-2-23, AMERICAN SAMOA, APRIL 2000 IV-2-24

IV-2-7 SELECTED SOIL CHARACTERISTICS, TUALAUTA COUNTY IV-2-27

IV-2-28 EFFLUENT DISPERSAL OPTIONS IV-2-28

IV-3-1 AMERICAN SAMOA POWER AUTHORITY, WASTEWATER DIVISION PROFIT-LOSS STATEMENTS, FY 1997 THROUGH FY 2000 IV-3-5

IV-3-2 AMERICAN SAMOA POWER AUTHORITY, WASTEWATER DIVISION CASH FLOW STATEMENTS, FY 1998 THROUGH FY 2000

IV-5-1 RECOMMENDED CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS IV-5-3 FY 2003-FY 2007 to IV-5-4

IV-5-2 RECOMMENDED WASTEWATER SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IV-5-4 FY 2003 - FY 2007 to IV-5-5

IV-5-3 RECOMMENDED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IV-5-6 FY 2003 - FY 2007 to IV-5-7

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-13 ASPA UTILITIES MASTER PLAN JULY 2003

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

SECTION I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND PLANNING PROCESS II-1-1 Eastern, Western, and Manua Districts, American Samoa II-1-3 II-1-2 Villages in Tualauta County II-1-4

SECTION II: UTILITY DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES II-2-1 Employment Trends in American Samoa, 1988-1999 II-2-3 II-2-2 Major Commercial Tuna Fishing Areas in the Pacific Ocean II-2-6

SECTION III: WATER SYSTEM PLAN III-2-1 Location of ASPA Water Systems III-2-2 III-2-2 Central Water System, East Tutuila District, Subdistrict III-2-3 III-2-3 Central Water System, East Tutuila District III-2-4 III-2-4 Central Water System, East Tutuila District, Fagaitua Subdistrict III-2-5 III-2-5 Central Water System, North Harbor District III-2-6 III-2-6 Central Water System, South Harbor District III-2-7 III-2-7 Central Water System, Tafuna District III-2-8 III-2-8 Central Water System, Tafuna District III-2-9 III-2-9 Central Water System, District III-2-10 III-2-10 Central Water System, Pavaiai District III-2-11 III-2-11 Central Water System, District III-2-12 III-2-12 Central Water System, Leone District III-2-13 III-2-13 Central Water System, Leone District III-2-14 III-2-14 Central Water System, Masefau III-2-15 III-2-15 Central Water System, Masausi III-2-16 III-2-16 Central Water System, Sailele III-2-17 III-2-17 Afono Satellite Water System III-2-31 III-2-18 Aoa Satellite Water System III-2-33 III-2-19 Fagasa Satellite Water System III-2-34 III-2-20 Vatia Satellite Water System III-2-35 III-2-21 Aunuu Satellite Water System III-2-37 III-2-22 Ofu Satellite Water System III-2-38 III-2-23 Olosega/Sili Satellite Water System III-2-40 III-2-24 Faleasao and Tau Satellite Water System III-2-42 III-2-25 Fitiuta Satellite Water System III-2-44 III-3-1 Organizational Chart, ASPA Water Division, June 2000 III-3-4

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-14 LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

Figure No. Title Page No.

SECTION IV: WASTEWATER SYSTEM PLAN IV-2-1 Tafuna, Pago Pago Harbor and Aunuu Community Wastewater System IV-2-2 IV-2-2 Tafuna Sewer System IV-2-3 IV-2-3 Tafuna Sewer System IV-2-4 IV-2-4 Tafuna Sewer System IV-2-5 IV-2-5 Tafuna Sewer System, Second and Third Phase of Future Improvements IV-2-8 IV-2-6 Pago Pago Harbor Sewer System IV-2-12 IV-2-7 Pago Pago Harbor Sewer System IV-2-13 IV-2-8 Aunuu Island Sewer System IV-2-19 IV-2-9 Soils in Tualauta County IV-2-26

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 TOC-15 SECTION I CHAPTER ONE: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 GENERAL

The ASPA Utility Master Plan provides a medium term master plan for water and wastewater system improvements during the FY 2003-FY 2007 period. The Plan also includes specific strategies for ASPA to sustain future water and wastewater system planning on an annual basis.

1.2 PLANNING ISSUES

The 2003 Utility Master Plan is based upon a careful examination of economic, demographic, land use, public health, and regulatory issues that will influence future water consumption and generation in American Samoa, as well as the type and location of future water and wastewater facilities. These issues and related forecasts are presented in Section II.

A portion of this evaluation includes forecasts of future resident population and future land uses in the 73 village Census areas in American Samoa. These forecasts and related assumptions were applied to a population-land use- utility demand model that was developed for ASPA to estimate future average day water demands and average daily wastewater generation.

1.3 ASPA WATER SYSTEMS

1.3.1 Central Water System

1.3.1.1 Anticipated Water Demands and Service Area Expansion

By the year 2020, the average day demand for villages served by ASPA's central water system is expected to be approximately 9.0 million gallons per day. Anticipated maximum day demands are expected to rise to roughly 13.4 million gallons per day during the same period.

The service area for the central water system will continue to serve 56 village census areas on the Island of Tutuila. The central wastewater system will soon be extended to the villages of Fagalii, Fagamalo, and Maloata in the Western District. One or more of the existing satellite water systems along the north shore of Tutuila, e.g., Aoa, will gradually be incorporated into the central water system by 2020.

1.3.1.2 Planned Capital Improvements During the FY 2003-FY 2007 Period

During the FY 2003-FY 2007 period, groundwater exploration efforts will be necessary to increase groundwater production for the central water system. Past exploration suggests that the most promising reserves of ground water on the Island of Tutuila are situated within the Malaeimi, Pavaiai, Nuuuli, and Pago Pago water basins. Most of the exploration and new groundwater production will take place in Tualauta County where the greatest amount of population increase and land use expansion continues to occur. However, some additional exploration is also needed to provide greater groundwater production in the Pago Pago Harbor area where increased land use development is occurring at higher elevations.

Greater water storage is required to extend the central water system to the villages of Fagalii, Maloata, and Fagamalo. A new water storage tank is needed in the Tafuna water district by 2007 to support anticipated maximum day demands. The development of new water storage tanks in Atuu and Aua are needed to support growing development in the Pago Pago Harbor area at higher elevations.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page I-1-1 The design and construction of new booster stations are needed in the vicinity of the Vaipito Surface Water Treatment Plant. New or re-constructed booster stations will also be needed in Aua Village and Atuu to support water delivery to the upper elevations of these villages.

The aging of water transmission lines in the Pago Pago Harbor area and the growing average day demands require the replacement of existing transmission lines within Fagaalu, between Pago Pago Yacht Club and , and various portions of the North Harbor water district. New transmission lines are required to provide water service to upper elevations in Pago Pago and Atuu. Land use expansion in Tafuna requires the design and construction of a new transmission line between Tafuna Village and Route 1.

The ASPA Water Division plans to re-construct or replace portions of the distribution systems in the Pavaiai, Tafuna, South Harbor, and North Harbor water districts. These water distribution system improvements will generally include six-inch and four-inch loops. Service lines will typically include two, one, and ¾-inch pipe. These distribution line sizes will essentially become the standard for future distribution system improvements.

1.3.2 Satellite Water Systems

1.3.2.1 Anticipated Water Demands and Service Area Expansion

Eight satellite systems presently serve 11 village census areas on the Islands of Tutuila, Aunuu, Ofu, Olosega, and Tau. As stated earlier, one or more of the satellite systems will gradually be incorporated into ASPA's central water system. For example, the ASPA Water Division intends to incorporate Aoa Village into the central system in FY 2004.

Most of the existing satellite systems will remain independent of the central water system in view of their remote location, topography, or distance to existing transmission and booster station facilities. The number of potential customers within a given village typically cannot justify the cost of improvements needed to incorporate a given satellite system into the central system.

1.3.2.2 Planned Capital Improvements During the FY 2003-FY 2007 Period

The ASPA Water Division also plans to develop new groundwater wells, or re-activate existing groundwater wells, that are associated with the Ofu, Olosega-Sili, and Faleasao-Tau systems. The installation of a reverse osmosis/brackish water unit is planned for the Olosega-Sili system to treat elevated chloride levels.

During the FY 2003-FY 2007 period, most of the planned improvements involve the construction of additional water storage capacity. The construction of additional water storage capacity is planned for the Afono, Fagasa, Aunuu, Olosega-Sili, and Faleasao-Tau satellite water systems.

The construction of new water transmission lines is planned for satellite water systems in Aoa and Vatia. The installation of a new distribution system is also planned for the Aoa system.

1.3.3 Water System Management

The ASPA Water Division plans to make various improvements to the overall management of the Water Division during the FY 2003-FY 2007 period. Such improvements will include:

re-organization of the Water Division's organizational structure establishment of general financial policies annual evaluations of water rates and rate structure improvements to spatial and tabular data within the ASPA GIS annual performance of a hydraulic analysis of the central water system

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page I-1-2 continued use and application of a maintenance management system improved organization of inventory control system establishment of water system standards replacement of booster station motors maintenance of capital asset information using MPS software purchase of portable gasoline generators to enable emergency power generation.

1.3.4 Water Resource Management

The ASPA Water Division recognizes that it has an important role in the conservation of water resources in American Samoa. During the FY 2003-FY 2007 period, the Water Division plans to undertake various water resource management projects to sustain the availability and quality of groundwater supplies.

The Water Division plans to formally adopt well exploration and development policies and criteria. For example, the Water Division will focus future groundwater production in the Malaeimi, Pavaiai, Nuuuli, and Pago Pago water basins where greater potential reserves appear to be available. Future water production will not exceed "safe yields" that have already been estimated by the U.S. Geological Survey for each groundwater basin on Tutuila.

Expanded use of remote telemetry will be made to monitor groundwater well levels and pumping rates. Chlorine residual levels along the central water system's distribution system will be monitored to track the growth or decay of chlorine. A groundwater and surface water quality monitoring plan will be adopted and implemented to ensure the monitoring of relevant water quality parameters.

ASPA will also establish a water conservation program that encourages residential and commercial customers to voluntarily install water-saving fixtures. Various options are outlined in the master plan for the purchase, distribution and installation of water-saving fixtures. ASPA will also continue its efforts to educate local residents concerning the importance of groundwater supplies and groundwater quality, and the opportunity to conserve water resources through reduced water consumption.

Occasional technical assistance will continue to be provided to traditional village councils that continue to operate village water systems.

The ASPA Wastewater Division will continue to review the design and construction of the septic tank and drainfield installations. This regulatory function will help ensure that future individual wastewater treatment systems provide a sufficient amount of soil-based treatment.

ASPA will also continue to participate in various inter-agency efforts that are aimed at the conservation of water resources. Examples of these efforts will be ASPA continued participation in:

efforts by the PNRS Board to establish Malaeimi Valley as a special management area. any efforts to establish zoning regulations in Tualauta County that encourage higher density residential development in areas where connections to the ASPA water and wastewater systems are feasible.

1.3.5 Regulatory Management Projects

In terms of regulatory management, the ASPA Water Division will finalize its draft surface water treatment operator certification program in consultation with the ASG Attorney General and the American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency. This program will enable the ASPA Water Division to meet U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations.

ASPA will also continue to evaluate and negotiate options for its participation in the Safe Drinking Water Program, annual watershed investigations, as well as the monitoring of groundwater and surface water quality, with the American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency. ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page I-1-3 1.4 ASPA WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

1.4.1 Tafuna Sewer System

1.4.1.1 Anticipated Average Daily Wastewater Generation and Service Area Expansion

By the year 2020, average daily wastewater generation in the villages served by ASPA's Tafuna Sewer system is expected to be roughly 2.8 million gallons per day. This wastewater system presently serves only portions of five village census areas in West Tutuila. These villages include Nuuuli, , Tafuna, Mapusaga, and .

By 2020, a significantly greater proportion of the five village census areas will be served by the Tafuna Sewer system. In addition, the Tafuna Sewer System will also incorporate wastewater flows from the villages of Iliili, Futiga, Malaeimi and Pavaiai.

1.4.1.2 Planned Capital Improvements During the FY 2003-FY 2007 Period

During the FY 2003-FY 2007 period, the ASPA Wastewater Division plans to complete Phase One of the Tafuna Sewer System Expansion project. The Wastewater Division also intends to complete design plans, specifications and cost estimates for Phases Two and Three of the same project, as well as initiate construction for these phases.

1.4.2 Pago Pago Harbor Sewer System

1.4.2.1 Anticipated Average Daily Wastewater Generation and Service Area Expansion

By the year 2020, the Pago Pago Harbor Sewer system is expected to collect and treat an average daily flow of almost 1.5 million gallons of wastewater.

The service area for the Pago Pago Harbor system will continue to serve the village census areas of Fagaalu, Utulei, , Pago Pago, and Atuu.

1.4.2.2 Planned Capital Improvements During the FY 2003-FY 2007 Period

Planned capital improvements to the Pago Pago Harbor system will generally include pump station repairs, as well as the gradual replacement of almost all pump stations.

The Wastewater Division will also continue to expand the collection system and install more service connections within the existing service area.

The Utulei Wastewater Treatment Plant will also be improved through the eventual re-activation of clarigester 1.

1.4.3 Other Community Wastewater Systems

The ASPA Wastewater Division presently operates a community wastewater system in Aunuu Village. The Wastewater Division is also responsible for the management of ocean outfalls that support wastewater systems at Fagaitua High School, Midkiff Elementary School, Aua Elementary School and Alataua Elementary School.

During the FY 2003-FY 2007 period, the Wastewater Division plans to evaluate options for rehabilitating or replacing the existing outfall in Fagaitua Bay. The feasibility of connecting other homes and businesses in the village will also be considered.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page I-1-4 A similar type of evaluation will be made for the two school outfalls in Leone Bay that support Midkiff Elementary School and Leone High School. The potential collection of wastewater flows from adjoining residential and commercial facilities will also be evaluated to enhance the benefits gained from ocean outfall improvements.

The Wastewater Division plans to design and construct a new pump station and force main that will enable the connection of Aunuu Elementary School to the Aunuu Island system. Other minor improvements will be made to the Aunuu pump station.

The Wastewater Division will also make an evaluation of a potential community wastewater system in Aua, as well as a new ocean outfall in Pago Pago Harbor.

1.4.4 Wastewater System Management

The ASPA Wastewater Division intends to improve various aspects of overall wastewater system management during the FY 2003-FY 2007 period. Such improvements will include:

annual comparisons between wet and dry day flows on an annual basis to determine potential increases in I/I flows for the Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna Sewer systems adoption and implementation of general financial policies establishment of wastewater rate structure upon completion of Tafuna Sewer System expansion linkage of cost accounting information in DAFFRON with labor and material expenditures input into MPS software annual performance of a hydraulic analysis of the Tafuna and Pago Pago Harbor sewer systems improvements to spatial and tabular data within the ASPA GIS expanded applications of MPS software for wastewater system management annual inspections of pump stations, treatment plants, and outfalls.

1.4.5 Wastewater Resource Management

The ASPA Wastewater Division recognizes that it shares responsibility for the conservation of water resources in American Samoa. During the FY 2003-FY 2007 period, the Wastewater Division plans to undertake various water resource management projects to sustain the availability and quality of groundwater supplies.

The Wastewater Division plans to evaluate the potential opportunity for the Wastewater Division to manufacture septic tanks and install appropriate effluent dispersal systems.

The ASPA Wastewater Division will continue to review the design and construction of the septic tank and drainfield installations. This regulatory function will help ensure that future individual wastewater treatment systems provide an sufficient amount of soil-based treatment.

Through its participation in various inter-agency efforts, the ASPA Wastewater Division will participate in future efforts of the American Samoa Government to:

implement the American Samoa Watershed Protection Plan establish land use development incentives for areas served the ASPA wastewater systems encourage the hiring, training and certification of local sanitarians in each village of American Samoa

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page I-1-5 SECTION I CHAPTER TWO: PLANNING PROCESS

2.1 PURPOSE

The purpose of the Utility Master Plan is to provide a plan of action for the American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA) Water and Wastewater Division. The title of this Plan implies the ASPA's intent to eventually include similar plans of action for the ASPA Power Division and Solid Waste Division.

The Utility Master Plan is primarily intended for internal use by the ASPA Board of Directors, executive management, as well as managers and personnel of the ASPA Water and Wastewater divisions to provide a basis for:

internal corporate budgeting; expectations from the Board of Directors and ASPA executive management concerning the activities and performance of the Water and Wastewater divisions; improved coordination of activities between all ASPA operating divisions; determining the scope, schedule, priority and resources needed to address capital improvements, operation and maintenance activities, system management, and water conservation activities; and, the development of selected design, construction, and operational criteria that can be used to guide future water and wastewater division activities.

2.2 SCOPE

2.2.1 Relationship to the 1995 Utility Master Plan

The Utility Master Plan represents an update of a draft plan that was completed by Hart Pacific Engineering and Pedersen Planning Consultants in 1994-1995. Various recommendations contained in this plan were implemented by the Water and Wastewater divisions. However, other significant recommendations were not as the draft 1995 plan did not entirely reflect the vision of division managers and was never adopted by ASPA.

2.2.2 Revised Orientation of the 2002 Utility Master Plan

While similar in technical content, system issues and recommendations in the 2003 Plan are based more upon the insights, experience and vision of both the Water and Wastewater divisions rather than the perceived system needs of ASPA consultants. The current plan also focuses more upon system management needs than future capital improvement needs. By design, the plan also attempts to set the stage for a more structured approach to system planning with the Water and Wastewater division.

2.3 PARTICIPANTS IN THE MASTER PLAN PROCESS

2.3.1 ASPA Board of Directors, Executive Management, and Division Managers

Pedersen Planning Consultants (PPC) initially coordinated the scope of planning activities associated with the Utility Master Plan with Mr. Mike Dworsky, ASPA's USEPA Construction Grants Manager, in early 2001. Subsequently, Jim Pedersen of PPC met briefly with executive management in September 2001 to discuss the scope and approach used to development the Utility Master Plan.. Executive Director, Mr. Abe Malae, also conveyed the scope of ongoing planning activities to the ASPA Board of Directors during the Board's September 2001 meeting in Satala.

The contents of the draft plan were later evaluated by executive management and discussed with PPC during ASPA's fiscal year 2002. The insights and direction of ASPA executive management enabled the development of a final plan that could be followed and implemented by ASPA division managers. ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page I-2-1

PPC discussed system deficiencies and needed improvements with division managers and other key division personnel in September 2001, as well as intermittent e-mail communications between October 2001 and the publishing of the draft report. Discussions with division managers and key personnel identified needed capital improvements, system management issues, the scope of ongoing operation and maintenance activities, as well as overall division planning needs. Division managers also reviewed the draft report, and provided valuable comments and recommended revisions needed for preparation of the final report.

2.3.2 Pedersen Planning Consultants

ASPA retained Pedersen Planning Consultants (PPC) in 2001 to prepare an update of the 1995 draft Utilities Master Plan, as well as a separate water facilities plan and environmental assessment for the ASPA Water Division. In terms of the Utility Master Plan, PPC's planning experience was used to help organize planned system improvements into a more cohesive and practical plan of action that could be integrated into ongoing division activities.

The experience of Pedersen Planning Consultants (PPC) in American Samoa and its general familiarity with the ASPA water and wastewater systems was also used to re-evaluate various issues that will continue to influence utility development and system management. PPC's involvement in the preparation of the plan also enabled an integration of relevant water resource and land use issues that were addressed in the American Samoa Watershed Protection Plan and the draft Tualauta County Land Use Plan.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page I-2-2

A geographic information system (GIS) for both the water and wastewater systems was developed by PPC using available digital files developed by ASPA and a larger data set of files contained in the American Samoa GIS. Development of a separate GIS for ASPA was intended to facilitate improved system management. The application of GIS to water and wastewater management enables:

the maintenance of spatial information, as well as selected physical assets, system characteristics and operational data, in one location; and,

the integration of available system characteristics and operational data into hydraulic analyses.

2.3.3 Arasmith Consulting

The insights of Arasmith Consulting were also considered and evaluated during the preparation of this plan in view of their extensive knowledge and experience associated with ASPA water and wastewater operations and various issues influencing system management. Arasmith Consulting provided PPC with considerable background information and made time available to discuss a variety of system management and operations issues and potential recommendations.

2.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE UTILITY MASTER PLAN REPORT

The Utility Master Plan is organized into four separate sections. The content of each section is as follows:

Section I briefly describes the purpose of the plan, as well as its relationship and difference to the Utility Master Plan prepared in 1995. The roles of those participating in the plan process are also described.

An executive summary of the Utility Master Plan report is also presented. The summary includes significant conclusions and recommendations from Sections II, III and IV.

Section II evaluates various issues that continue to influence utility development and management. These issues generally include demographic, economic, and land use trends in the Territory of American Samoa, as well as public health considerations and regulatory requirements.

Section III presents a water system plan. The plan is based upon forecasts of anticipated water demands and physical system improvements envisioned by the ASPA Water Division. The plan also examines ongoing water system management activities and issues, and identifies projects that will be undertaken to improve overall system management.

A more structured process for developing future water system plans is also presented. This process outlines a recommended approach and responsibilities for future system planning, required coordination, and related schedules.

Section IV outlines the wastewater system plan. The plan is based upon forecasts of anticipated wastewater generation and system improvements envisioned by the ASPA Wastewater Division. The plan evaluates ongoing wastewater system management activities, and identifies projects that will be undertaken to improve overall system management.

Similar to Section III, a more structured process is presented for developing future wastewater system plans. This process outlines a recommended approach and responsibilities for future system planning, required coordination, and related schedules.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page I-2-3

SECTION II CHAPTER ONE: POPULATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION Chapter One examines future population trends that will directly influence future water consumption and wastewater generation in American Samoa. This evaluation relies, in part, upon available 2000 Census information. Estimates of future population are based upon regional economic trends, changing demographic characteristics, as well as revised assumptions concerning anticipated land use development within each of American Samoa’s 73 village census areas. An evaluation of regional economic trends is presented in Section II, Chapter Two of the ASPA Utilities Master Plan. Changes in selected demographic characteristics were determined through an examination of historical and recent trends associated with natural growth rates, migration and average household size. Revised land use assumptions are discussed in Section II, Chapter 3.

1.2 2000 TERRITORIAL POPULATION

The U.S. Census Bureau announced in July TABLE II-1-1 2001 that the resident population of POPULATIONS OF SELECTED PACIFIC ISLANDS American Samoa was 57,291 persons in 1980-1999 April 2000. This represents a 22 percent Annual Pacific Island Nation or Territory Estimated Resident Population Growth growth rate since 1990, or approximately 2.2 Rate percent per year. 1980-1999 1980 1990 1999 (%) The longer-term population growth since 1980 suggests that American Samoa is one of *American Samoa 32,297 46,773 *57,291 *3.9 the faster growing Pacific Islands. The Cook Islands 17,900 18,400 16,400 (0.4) average annual growth rate between 1980 Federated States of Micronesia 77,000 108,500 114,800 2.6 and 2000 was about 3.9 percent. From a Fiji 634,000 732,000 806,000 1.4 French Polynesia 148,100 196,300 227,800 2.8 regional perspective, only population growth Guam 106,000 133,200 163,500 2.9 in the Republic of the Marshall Islands and Kiribati 57,900 72,340 88,560 2.8 the Solomon Islands surpassed the long-term Republic of the Marshall Islands 30,900 47,040 63,230 5.5 growth rates of American Samoa during the *Nauru 7,900 9,400 *11,500 2.5 1980-1999 period (Table II-1-1). More recent New Caledonia 140,000 171,000 208,000 2.6 growth during the past decade indicates that Niue 3,250 2,170 2,040 (2.0) Republic of Palau 13,300 15,200 19,200 2.3 long-term growth rates in American Samoa Papua New Guinea 2,880,000 3,610,000 4,690,000 3.3 have declined considerably between 1990 Solomon Islands 225,000 320,000 421,000 4.6 and 2000. Tonga 93,700 96,600 99,700 0.3 *Tuvalu 7,500 9,000 *11,100 2.7 Historical census information suggests that Vanuatu 115,100 147,500 187,100 3.3 the annual population growth rates in Samoa (Samoa Sisifo) 156,000 160,000 168,000 0.4 American Samoa have typically ranged Total Population between one and three percent. The influx of Selected Pacific Island Nations 4,745,847 5,895,423 7,355,221 2.9 U. S. Military personnel in the mid-1940s *Note: The population given for American Samoa for 1999 actually represents the U.S. Census resident population in April 2000. With the exception of 1998 data for Nauru and indicated the highest recorded annual growth Tuvalu, all other population estimates are for 1999. rates in 1945 (Table II-1-2). Sources: United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2001; Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2001.

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Higher fertility rates and increased in-migration during the TABLE II-1-2 late 1980s generated a considerably higher annual growth rate HISTORICAL POPULATION GROWTH RATES AMERICAN SAMOA of 3.7 percent between 1980 and 1990 (ASDOC, Statistics 1900-2000 Division, 1996). Since 1990, the rate of population continues Year Total Resident Annual Growth Rate to grow, but at a slower rate. Population (percent) 2000 57,291 2.2 Continued growth in American Samoa’s resident population 1990 46,773 3.7 stems from the availability of a cash economy, which is based 1980 32,297 1.8 upon American currency, and the operation of two fish 1974 29,190 1.6 canneries. American Samoa also continues to receive 1970 27,159 3.0 significant annual inputs of financial aid from the U.S. 1960 20,051 -0.1 Government to support its local government activities. The 1956 20,154 1.0 1950 18,397 2.8 cannery industry and local entrepreneurs are not taxed 1945 16,493 4.9 significantly; consequently, significant amounts of potential 1940 12,908 2.5 investment capital are not drained from the local economy. 1930 10,055 3.4 Compared to other Pacific Islands, higher minimum wage 1926 8,763 1.4 rates are available to workers participating in the cash 1920 8.058 1.3 economy. 1912 7,251 1.3 1908 6,780 2.8 These economic characteristics have continued to attract 1903 5,888 2.8 considerable in-migration from other nearby Pacific Islands 1901 5,563 -2.0 in the South Pacific region, as well as the continental United 1900 5,679 N/A States. In-migrants have been absorbed into the cannery Source: ASG Department of Commerce, Statistics Division, 2001. industry and have also established new commercial enterprises.

1.3 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION 1.3.1 Western District 1.3.2 Eastern District Within the Western District (Figure II-1-1), The Eastern District (Figure II-1-1), contains five counties: there are four counties: Lealataua, Leasina, Ituau, Maoputasi, Saole, Sua, and Vaifanua. The counties Tualatai, and Tualauta. The Western District represent political boundaries for representatives of the includes 29 villages that are situated west of Fono and are concurrently used by the American Samoa Ituau County. The western boundary of Ituau Government for Census purposes. There are 35 traditional County lies west of Pala Lagoon and Nuuuli villages within the district. Village. Between 1900 and 1980, American Samoa’s population was The Census of 1990 confirmed a significant shift predominantly in the Eastern District. In 1980, the Eastern of the Territorial population toward the Western District comprised about 54 percent of the Territory’s District. This general trend has only increased population. In April 2000, only 41 percent of American during the past decade. Census 2000 results Samoa’s total population resided in the Eastern District indicate that 57 percent of American Samoa's (Table II-1-3). At the same time, the overall population of population resided in the Western District in the Eastern District rose almost 11 percent during the 1990- April 2000 (Table II-1-3). 2000 period. Most of the population of the Western District is 1.3.3 Manua District concentrated in Tualauta County, which comprises the contiguous villages of Faleniu, The Manua District (Figure II-1-1), contains four counties: Iliili, Mesepa, Mapusagafou, Malaeimi, Pavaiai, Fitiuta, Ofu, Olosega, and Tau. There are eight village Tafuna, and Vaitogi (Figure II-1-2). Available census areas within the district. Census data for April 2000 revealed that 19,715 persons resided in Tualauta County, or about 34 percent of American Samoa's total population.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-1-2

TABLE II-1-3 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY DISTRICT 1970 to 2000 Territorial Tutuila Manu’a Percent Distribution Year Population Total Eastern Western Total Eastern Western Manua 2000 57,291 55,876 23,441 32,435 1,378 100.0 41.0 56.6 2.4 1990 46,773 45,043 21,175 23,868 1,730 100.0 45.3 51.0 3.7 1980 32,297 30,538 17,311 13,227 1,759 100.0 53.6 41.0 5.4 1974 29,190 27,348 16,828 10,520 1,842 100.0 57.6 36.0 6.3 1970 27,159 24,973 15,955 9,018 2,186 100.0 58.7 33.2 8.0 Source: ASG Department of Commerce, Statistics Division, 2001; Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2001.

The proportional distribution of American Samoa’s population in the Manua District has steadily declined between 1900 and 2000. Since 1970, the Manua District has comprised eight percent or less of the Territory’s overall population. Census 2000 results indicate that the Manua District population was about 2.4 percent in April 2000 (Table II-1-3). The resident population is concentrated primarily on the Island of Tau. Residential populations in the villages of Tau, Fitiuta, and Faleasao comprised about 63 percent of the Manua District population in April 2000.

1.4 FACTORS INFLUENCING FUTURE POPULATION GROWTH 1.4.1 Natural Growth Rate The natural growth rate of a region simply refers to the number of births less the number TABLE II-1-4 of deaths. The result is typically referred to as NET MIGRATION AND NATURAL INCREASE IN AMERICAN SAMOA a “natural increase” (Table II-1-4). The natural 1970 TO 1990 growth rate is determined by dividing the natural increase by the base year population. Component 1980 to 1974 to 1970 to 1990 1980 1974 A significant natural increase of 12,459 persons occurred between 1980 and 1990. 1. First census population 32,297 29,190 27,159 Such increases can be attributed to increased 2. Second census population 46,773 32,297 29,190 fertility in the resident population. The 3. Net increase 14,476 3,107 2,031 significant natural increase may represent one 4. Births 14,150 5,945 4,143 of the more important causes of a significant 5. Deaths 1,601 724 602 population increase in 1990. 6. Natural increase 12,549 5,221 3,541 The natural increase over the 1980-1990 7. Apparent net migration 1,927 (2,114) (1,510) period represented a growth rate of 38.9 8. Percent intercensal increase 44.8 10.6 7.5 percent for the 10-year period, or almost four 9. Percent intercensal natural increase 38.9 17.9 13.0 percent per year. Natural increases during the 10. Percent intercensal net migration 6.0 -7.2 -5.6 previous decade were 2.5 to 3.0 times less. 11. Annual rate of growth (percent) 3.7 1.8 1.6 For comparative purposes, the national natural growth rate in the United States was Source: ASG Department of Commerce, Statistics Division, 1996. approximately 0.6 percent between 1994-1995.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-1-5 1.4.2 Average Household Size Results from the 1995 household survey suggest that the average household size has reduced to 6.3 persons per household. If smaller households are confirmed again via data from Census 2000, it will represent a clear reversal from the 1970-1990 period when average household size gradually increased rather than declined. In 1970, the average household size in American Samoa was 6.2 persons per household. The average household size subsequently rose to an estimated 6.4 persons in 1977, 6.9 persons in 1980, to 7.0 persons in 1990.

TABLE II-1-5 During the 2000-2020 period, a continued reduction in the RECENT AND ANTICIPATED REDUCTIONS average household size is anticipated (Table II-1-5). A IN AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD SIZE continued decrease in average household size is expected to be 1970-2020 prompted by expanded resident participation in the local cash (PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD) economy in order to obtain a greater level of household Year Average Household Size amenities and convenience items. These factors will also 1970 6.2 coincide with a growing formation of satellite families that will 1977 6.4 be less dependent upon other extended family members on a 1980 6.9 day-to-day basis. 1990 7.0 1995 6.3 Recent population growth in American Samoa has been 2000 6.1 significantly influenced by migration. Available statistics 2005 5.9 suggest that a net migration of almost 2,000 persons occurred 2010 5.8 between 1980 and 1990 (Table II-1-4). However, available 2015 5.6 estimates were made in the absence of any specific out-migration statistics. 2020 5.4 Source: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2001.

1.4.3 Migration 1.4.3.1 In-Migration Immigrants to American Samoa primarily arrive from various island groups in the South Pacific, and the continental United States, and other international areas. Substantial in-migration occurred between 1980 and 1990 that reversed stronger out-migration between 1970 and 1980. Results of the 1995 household survey suggest that 3,952 persons migrated to American Samoa between 1990 and 1995. Most of these in-migrants arrived to the Territory from United States and Western Samoa. The in-migration of American from Hawaii and the continental United States likely reflects families returning to American Samoa for retirement, as well as younger American Samoans returning from school and/or military service and seeking jobs in the local economy.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-1-6 1.4.3.2 Out-Migration Greater out-migration took place between 1970 and 1980. A reversal of that trend occurred between 1980 and 1990 (Table II-1-4) when a net migration of 1,927 persons was estimated. Out-migration occurs because of off-island opportunities for education and U.S. military service. The availability of U.S. National status for American Samoa's residents also enables and encourages convenient relocation to the U.S. for these and other personal reasons.

1.4.4 Availability of Developable Land to Support Future Development

One of the primary conclusions drawn from Pedersen Planning Consultant’s review of land uses in each village census area is that there will be limited land available for future land development beyond the year 2005. A considerable amount of developable land area is located within many of the villages that comprise Tualauta County. Smaller pockets of lands suitable for residential or commercial expansion are also available within many other villages. But, the availability of some developable lands will be constrained by the lack of vehicular access, the establishment of new conservation areas, the potential linkage of future land use densities to utility connections in Tualauta County, and the lack of ASPA water distribution and sewer collection systems.

1.4.4.1 Vehicular Access

Increased residential and commercial expansion in Tualauta County is largely dependent upon vehicular accessibility and the future construction of additional secondary roads and trails. Road construction represents a significant expenditure that cannot be financed by many local chiefs who have control over communal lands. In addition, the past and present condition of the American Samoa Government's financial resources does not suggest a financial capability that could implement a significant secondary road construction program without significant financial aid from the U.S. Government.

1.4.4.2 Planned Establishment of Conservation Areas

The Tualauta County Land Use Plan (October 2000) recommends the establishment of conservation areas in the upland areas of Mesepa, Mapusagafou, and Malaeimi. As proposed, no land uses would be authorized by the American Samoa Government other than for subsistence crop production.

Various agencies of the American Samoa Government are also working cooperatively to designate Malaeimi Valley as a special management area. This designation would limit the type and extent of land use development in the valley, but not exclude development entirely.

1.4.4.3 Wellhead Protection Zones

The Tualauta County Land Use Plan (October 2000) also recommends the establishment of wellhead protection zones around existing groundwater wells, as well as sites being considered for future production. Such setbacks would afford needed protection of existing and planned wellheads, but would restrict land uses in potential capture zones within the immediate vicinity of groundwater production areas. An upcoming Groundwater Protection Plan, which is scheduled to be undertaken sometime in 2003, is expected to provide more specific guidance concerning potential setbacks from groundwater wells.

1.4.4.4 Relationship of Water and Wastewater Systems to Land Use Densities

Recommended densities for future land use development in Tualauta County are presented in the October 2000 draft of the Tualauta County Land Use Plan. In essence, greater residential densities are recommended where connections to ASPA water, wastewater, and electrical systems will be feasible to support existing and future residential land uses.

The potential application of this requirement to residential development could significantly impact the amount and location of future population growth in Tualauta County. Most importantly, implementation of such a policy would enable future population growth to be directed to land areas that are more suitable for residential expansion.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-1-7 1.4.5 Cannery Assumptions

One important economic assumption was also used to develop the 2002-2020 population forecast. This assumption relates to the future operation and viability of American Samoa’s two tuna canneries.

The future intent and commitment of the two canneries to continue operations in American Samoa is intentionally vague and understandably influenced by the cost of landing and processing incoming tuna, transporting a canned fish product, and locations of the tuna market. After a review of these considerations, it was assumed that, at least, one of American Samoa’s two canneries would close its operations between the year 2006 and 2010. The remaining cannery would be expected to continue its operations at its present level during the entire 20-year planning period. The background and rationale for these assumptions is described more fully in Section II, Chapter 2.

The anticipated impact of the closure of the cannery, combined with the decreased availability of developable lands in much of Tutuila, was assumed to significantly reduce the rate of population growth and land use development during the 2006-2010 period. Consequently, future land use development was assumed to generally slow in village census areas where the growing depletion of developable lands and feasible development opportunities is anticipated.

1.5 ANTICIPATED TERRITORIAL POPULATION

1.5.1 Forecast Methodology

Anticipated population, land use, and economic assumptions were made by Pedersen Planning Consultants for 73 village census areas in American Samoa. These assumptions were originally presented as part of the 1995 ASPA Utility Master Plan report that was published in December 1994. The assumptions provided the primary analytical and statistical basis for the development of a 1995 population estimate and population forecasts to the year 2015.

For the purposes of the ASPA Utility Master Plan, the population forecasts developed in 1995 have been revised and extended to the year 2020. They reflect anticipated population forecasts for the following four time periods: 1) 2001-2005, 2) 2006-2010, 3) 2011-2015, and 4) 2016-2020.

In the absence of more detailed Census 2000 statistics, these forecasts were revised to incorporate more recent changes in average household size, land use data for Tualauta County that was acquired by PPC in November 1999, and ASG building permit records between November 1994 and January 2000 for villages outside of Tualauta County.

Population forecasts to the year 2020 are, in part, based upon evaluations of developable lands, land use development trends, accessibility, the availability of utility systems, economic activities, and other relevant factors influencing future land use development in each of the 73 village census areas. These evaluations were initially made by Pedersen Planning Consultants as part of the original 1995 Utility Master Plan. However, these evaluations were revised in March 2001 to reflect more recent land use trends.

Village land use assumptions ultimately included forecasts of the anticipated number of future facilities associated with residential, commercial, hotel and visitor accommodations, industrial activities, public facilities, and community facilities. Forecasts of future land uses were made for each village census area in the Territory. These forecasts are presented in Section II, Chapter 3 of the ASPA Utility Master Plan.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-1-8 SECTION II CHAPTER FIVE: REGULATIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION There are various environmental regulations imposed by the American Samoa Government's Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that have a significant impact upon the operations of the American Samoa Power Authority's water and wastewater divisions. Most of these regulations and policies are based upon various U.S. statutes and more recent amendments to the Clean Water Act of 1977 and the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974. The relationship of these statutes to local laws and regulations are sometimes complex and frequently difficult to understand. In the following paragraphs, a brief summary is made only of selected statutory and regulatory history, as well as requirements that are particularly relevant to ASPA’s water and wastewater operations and potential system expansions. One of ASPA's management objectives is to operate its systems in a safe and environmentally sound manner. At the same time, ASPA is also mandated to provide water and wastewater services at consumer rates that are affordable to residents of American Samoa. The operational and utility expansion issues associated with existing regulatory requirements are presented in order to provide: 1) a better understanding of the impact of existing regulations upon ASPA operations and the extension of its water and wastewater services, and 2) the basis for more detailed recommendations that are reflected in the master plans for water and wastewater (Volumes III and IV). 5.2 CLEAN WATER ACT, SECTION 301(H) 5.2.1. Requirements Relevant to American Samoa Power Authority Section 301(h) authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to issue National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits for public-owned treatment works (POTWs) that discharge less than secondary treated effluent. Section 301(h) of the Clean Water Act outlines information and operational requirements that are necessary to initially apply for or renew NPDES permits. Public agencies that operate treatment works, e.g., wastewater treatment plants, could apply for such permits in the late 1970’s. POTWs were also eligible to modify initial permits if the systems discharged into marine or estuarine waters, and complied with other 301(h) criteria (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). Municipal Wastewater Treatment Construction Grants Amendments were adopted in 1981 that extended the deadline for POTW applications to December 29, 1982. Two technical support documents were published by USEPA in 1982. These documents identified the new regulatory requirements of Section 301(h), and provided technical guidance concerning the preparation of applications and the establishment of monitoring programs. The Water Quality Act of 1987 later amended Section 301(h) of the Clean Water Act for a second time. The Water Quality Act of 1987 did not extend the 1982 deadline for 301(h) applications or reopen the application process for new POTWs. Rather, it amended requirements for existing POTWs, e.g., American Samoa Government, that had already obtained NPDES permits for their treatment systems (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). For these treatment systems, there were eight new criteria that applied to permit renewals or modifications to existing systems. 1. Modified discharges, e.g., volumes or type of flow, will not interfere with the protection of the water quality of public water supplies and the propagation of balanced population of shellfish, fish and wildlife, and public recreation in marine waters. 2. The scope of monitoring investigations is limited to those studies that are required to evaluate the impact of the modified discharge upon marine or aquatic life.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-5-1 1.5.2 Total Population

Pedersen Planning Consultants estimates that the TABLE II-1-6 American Samoa population will rise to ANTICIPATED TOTAL RESIDENT POPULATION approximately 76,530 residents by the year 2020 IN AMERICAN SAMOA (Table II-1-6). Five-year incremental forecasts 2000-2020 suggest that American Samoa's population will Population Forecast Anticipated Resident Population continue to grow, but a modest rate of growth. Period (number of persons) Continued growth in the overall Territorial resident 2000 57,291* population growth is anticipated during the 2001- 2001-2005 67,898 2005 period. However, two factors are expected to 2006-2010 71,272 somewhat decline the annual rate of future population growth: 2011-2015 75,277 2016-2020 76,530 1. a decline in fertility that will continue to reduce the average size of American Samoa households; and, *Note: The U.S. Census reported a resident population of 57,291 in April 2000. Source: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2001; U.S. Census 2000. 2. a gradual reduction in the amount of developable lands to support future residential expansion.

Future population growth will continue to be most prominent in the eight villages that comprise Tualauta County (Tables II-1-7). The amount of developable land in selected areas of Tutuila, e.g., Tualauta County, which is accessible to vehicular traffic and feasible utility extensions, will provide the primary incentive for existing and new residents of American Samoa. Future population growth will also continue to be fueled by a higher minimum wage rate that exceeds potential income opportunities in other South Pacific islands. Other American Samoans are expected to migrate back to American Samoa for a more relaxed lifestyle, retirement, and/or to care for older family members.

1.5.2.1 2001-2005

The greatest growth anticipated during the next 20 years will be during the 2001-2005 period. Population growth is expected to take place primarily in Tualauta County where most land use development is likely to occur. The anticipated population growth rate of American Samoa during the 2001-2005 period will be approximately 2.5 percent per year.

The amount of developable land in Tualauta County, the availability of individually-owned land, as well as the accessibility to primary and secondary roads and feasible utility extensions, will provide the primary incentive for residents seeking housing opportunities in Tualauta County. Future population growth on the Island of Tutuila will also continue to be fueled by a higher minimum wage rate and the desire for many American Samoans to migrate back to American Samoa for a more relaxed lifestyle, for retirement purposes, and/or to care for older family members. Future population growth in most villages on Tutuila will deplete the availability of developable lands that are both accessible and more suitable for residential expansion. In some villages, the unavailability of developable lands is not constrained by the lack of vehicular access; the use of developable areas is often prohibited by the presence of wetlands, coastal and inland flood plains, and agricultural production.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-1-9 TABLE II-1-7 ESTIMATED AND ANTICIPATED RESIDENT POPULATION IN VILLAGES SERVED BY ASPA CENTRAL, SATELLITE AND VILLAGE SYSTEMS 2000-2020 Number of People on Central Water System Continued: Number of People on Central Water System VILLAGE CENSUS AREAS 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 VILLAGE CENSUS AREAS 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 1 Aasu 364 461 503 586 623 47 Sailele 100 119 117 129 139 2 188 225 221 245 224 48 Seetaga 270 296 303 323 329 3 45 56 62 65 63 49 Tafuna 8,409 9,531 9,642 9,652 9,849 4 528 570 605 636 664 50 Taputimu 640 1,519 2,374 3,291 3,850 5 54 65 68 73 70 51 Tula 413 430 444 454 472 6 495 500 503 496 478 52 Utulei 807 1,037 1,130 1,296 1,398 7 179 223 219 234 244 53 Utumea East 64 77 90 114 123 8 Amanave 287 339 365 388 409 54 Utumea West 44 48 53 56 59 9 102 114 112 113 109 55 Vailoatai 989 1,166 1,231 1,314 1,323 10 Amouli 520 596 620 683 658 56 Vaitogi 1,347 1,746 1,774 1,766 1,755 11 Anua 265 323 321 430 422 Number of People on 12 Aoloau 778 825 861 910 893 Central Water System 52,500 60,074 63,136 66,775 68,031 13 250 317 350 406 391 Number of People on Satellite Water Systems 14 Atuu 413 523 515 611 664 57 Afono 530 540 548 545 525 15 Aua 2,193 2,386 2,407 2,381 2,403 58 Aoa 507 572 604 639 616 16 Auasi 125 150 148 170 190 59 Aunuu 476 523 572 608 624 17 249 263 259 270 279 60 Fagasa 900 938 949 941 907 18 Auto 258 299 318 363 351 61 Faleasao 135 159 156 177 191 19 Avaio 57 68 67 76 79 62 Leusoalii 181 204 228 246 263 20 Fagaalu 1,006 1,157 1,296 1,432 1,385 63 Luma 288 333 380 417 474 21 Fagaitua 483 528 542 578 609 64 Maia 177 207 238 262 253 22 Faganeanea 183 228 224 216 225 65 Ofu 289 326 364 414 435 23 Fagatogo 2,096 2,113 2,124 2,115 2,067 66 Olosega 206 222 239 250 260 24 Failolo 128 137 135 142 143 67 Sili 10 20 29 28 31 25 Faleniu 2,056 2,395 2,420 2,334 2,311 68 Siufaga 92 98 116 139 142 26 103 100 99 95 92 69 Vatia 648 695 763 885 968 27 Futiga 731 816 802 897 903 Number of People on 28 Iliili 2,513 3,541 4,069 4,880 5,368 Satellite Water Systems 4,439 4,837 5,186 5,551 5,689 29 Laulii 937 937 940 929 896 Number of People on Village Water Systems 30 Leloaloa 534 551 605 602 598 70 Fagalii 259 293 322 349 373 31 Leone 3,568 3,893 3,918 3,922 3,810 71 Fagamalo 39 51 62 72 81 32 Malaeimi 1,067 1,156 1,137 1,191 1,148 72 Maloata 17 57 27 55 53 33 Malaeloa/Aitulagi 597 718 788 865 869 73 Swains Island 37 38 36 37 36 34 Malaeloa/Ituau 627 824 1,021 1,187 1,216 Number of People on 35 Mapusagafou 1,642 1,860 2,085 2,295 2,337 Village Water Systems 352 439 447 513 543 36 Masausi 178 201 197 190 198 TOTAL POPULATION OF VILLAGE CENSUS AREAS USING Central, SATELLITE, 37 Masefau 435 456 491 515 537 AND VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS 38 Matuu 385 375 369 356 343 Type of Water System 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 39 Mesepa 481 526 725 761 733 Central 52,500 60,074 63,136 66,775 68,031 40 Nua 207 225 252 287 291 Satellite 4,439 4,837 5,186 5,551 5,689 41 Nuuuli 5,154 5,550 5,739 5,836 5,891 Exclusively Village 352 439 447 513 543 42 Onenoa 153 166 180 190 194 Total Population 57,291 65,350 68,769 72,839 74,263 43 122 143 146 158 152 Note: The eight villages of Tualauta County are Faleniu, Iliili, Malaeimi, Mapusagafou, Mesepa, Pavaiai, Tafuna, and 44 Pago Pago 4,278 4,319 4,277 4,153 4,032 Vaitogi. They are printed in blue. 45 Pavaiai 2,200 2,656 2,613 2,805 2,820 46 Poloa 203 231 260 313 352 Source: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002. The Manua District continues to have considerable land available for future residential, commercial and agricultural expansion in most of the eight village census areas. However, the availability of developable lands will continue to be offset by a lack of small business and related employment opportunities. Potential agricultural production opportunities in the Manua District will continue to be hampered by the inability of local producers to maintain an agricultural labor force, feasibly transport agricultural products, sustain viable market channels, and derive a reasonable return-on-investment. Local government intervention to stimulate this potential economic development opportunity is not anticipated during this period. The potential expansion of local visitor accommodations in Manua is not expected to be realized during the 2001- 2005 period. The visitor market in American Samoa continues to be comprised largely by off-island company representatives coming for business purposes, as well as Samoans coming to visit family on the Island of Tutuila. Visitation of the National Park areas in Manua by off-island visitors is extremely limited. A potential expansion in visitor accommodations may occur when the Manua District is eventually marketed via greater airline promotions and the establishment of attractive add-on fares and air-accommodation packages for air travel to Ofu, Olosega, and Tau.

1.5.2.2 2006-2020 With the lack of available financial resources to expand a secondary road network on all islands in American Samoa, the rate of population growth beyond the year 2005 is expected to temporarily stagnate after most of American Samoa’s more developable and accessible lands are developed. In some village areas, the lack of vehicular accessibility will hamper the extension of ASPA utility systems. In contrast, some developable lands will become available as portions of faatoaga areas are vacated and become developed for residential purposes. The primary constraint to population growth between 2006 and 2010 will be the anticipated closing of the StarKist Samoa cannery. While StarKist Samoa has not announced any plans to close its cannery operation in American Samoa, there are a number of factors that suggest that the potential closure may eventually occur during the 2006- 2010 period. These conditions are discussed more fully in Section II, Chapter 2, which briefly evaluates American Samoa’s economy.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-1-11 The eventual closure of this cannery will have a significant impact upon local employment and income, as well as supporting commercial services in the local economy. In-migration would become very limited due to uncertainties concerning employment and commercial services. With the reduction in cannery employment, out-migration may become significant during this period as former residents of Western Samoa and other Pacific Islands return to their native countries. During the same period, it is also expected that the closed cannery facilities will be renovated and used to support air transshipment and a less-intensive form of fish processing, e.g., vacuum packing of fish filets. This potential transition will help bolster some of the economic losses and provide some impetus for renewed investment and employment in the fishing industry. Consequently, some limited population growth is anticipated during the 2011- 2015 period.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-1-12 SECTION II CHAPTER TWO: ECONOMY

2.1 THE DUAL CASH AND SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY American Samoa was traditionally a subsistence economy that was primarily sustained by the village production of various agricultural products such as taro, breadfruit, banana, and cassava. In addition, fish and other marine species were regularly harvested from the nearshore waters. The gradual influx of imported household and convenience items during the 20th Century has transitioned the former subsistence economy to a dual cash and subsistence economy. The level of community participation in traditional subsistence activities has significantly diminished in recent years, but this aspect of faaSamoa has not been abandoned. Traditional crops are regularly consumed in many local households, as well as in most ceremonial activities. Household poultry and piggeries also provide important sources of meat. However, the evidence of decreased subsistence activity is most conspicuous at local grocery stores, which offer a wide range of convenience foods, canned goods, and meats. Another indication of participation in subsistence agriculture is the number of faatoaga or farms. In 1970, there were an estimated 1,793 faatoaga in American Samoa that were used for subsistence purposes. The number of faatoaga declined to 1,129 farms by 1980 and further decreased to 989 subsistence faatoaga in 1990 (ASG Department of Commerce, Statistics Division, 2000). A recent change in the definition of a farm in 1990 led the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to further revise its 1990 estimate to 742 subsistence farms in 1990. More recent USDA estimates indicate, however, that the overall number of subsistence faatoaga, or non-commercial, farms has increased to 4,975. Intermittent observations of the Territory during the 1990-2000 period suggest that some resurgence in subsistence and commercial agricultural production has occurred during the past decade. In-migrants from other South Pacific Islands have made a wide variety of arrangements with various traditional leaders to produce crops on communal lands in exchange for housing and/or the harvest of some food products. However, in light of considerable land use development on the Island of Tutuila, it is extremely doubtful that the number of subsistence farms in 2001 surpasses the number of farms in 1990. 2.2 LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT 2.2.1 Labor Force The labor force in American Samoa is defined as all persons 16 years and older who are working or actively seeking employment. The most recent labor force statistics indicate that the 1995 labor force included about 14,700 persons. Approximately 5.7 percent of the civilian labor force was unemployed (American Samoa Department of Commerce, Statistics Division, 1998). In the absence of more recent Census statistics, available employment data confirms that the size of the employed labor force has grown since 1995. In 1999, the employed labor force included 15,090 persons. Roughly 90 percent of the employed labor force includes residents who were born in American Samoa or Western Samoa. The remaining

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-2-1 employed labor force includes persons who were born in the United States, Tonga, other Pacific Islands, and other international areas. 2.2.2 Employment TABLE II-2-1 PRIMARY SOURCES OF EMPLOYMENT 2.2.2.1 Employment Sectors IN AMERICAN SAMOA 1988-1999 The manufacturing of canned tuna products and Year Canneries Government Other* government operations provide the primary sources of 1988 4,100 4,282 3,200 employment in American Samoa (Table II-2-1) that 1989 4,418 4,299 3,679 generate indirect jobs and income into the service sector 1990 4,325 4,220 4,048 of the economy. In 1999, tuna canneries provided about 1991 4,033 4,888 4,889 33 percent of total employment in the Territory while 1992 4,058 4,475 5,094 government provided about 31 percent. 1993 3,977 4,355 5,211 Indirect employment in the service sector of the American 1994 4,112 4,300 4,559 Samoa economy represents the greatest number of jobs, or 1995 4,426 4,372 4,657 about 36 percent of total employment. Consequently, it 1996 4,542 4,256 5,151 can be concluded that one job from the Territory's two 1997 4,500 4,405 5,500 primary sources of employment generates approximately 1998 5,014 4,273 4,940 0.56 jobs in the service sector. 1999 4,957 4,753 5,380 * Other employment primarily represents jobs in the service 2.2.2.2 Canneries sector of the economy. Source: American Samoa Government, Statistics Division, Cannery employment has shown considerable variability 1997 and 2001. during the 1988-1996 period (Figure II-2-1). Between 1995 and 1999, cannery employment has steadily risen from about 4,426 jobs in 1995 to over 5,000 jobs in 1998. In 1999, cannery jobs dipped slightly less than 5,000 jobs. This variability reflects changes in parent company ownership, increased labor costs, and the uncertainty of management concerning how to make production more cost-effective.

Figure II-2-1 Employment Trends in American Samoa 6,000 1988-1999

5,000

4,000 Cannery

3,000 Government

2,000 Other

Number of Employees Employment 1,000

0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year

Despite the volatility of the canned tuna industry and the variability in local cannery employment, it is clear that the canneries continue to make a significant contribution to the vitality of the American Samoa economy. Cannery

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-2-2 industry investments have clearly generated greater production and employment in the past two decades. For example, the tuna canneries in American Samoa provided jobs to only 18 percent of the employed labor force between 1970 and 1977.

2.2.2.3 Government

Between 1988 and 1998, government employment in the Territory generally remained stable except for sharp increases in 1991 and 1999 (Figure II-2-1). The short-term rise in government employment in 1991 largely reflected the creation of special government programs associated with the cleanup of Tutuila and the Manua Islands in the aftermath of Hurricane Val. More detailed government employment data in 1999 indicates that the addition of 377 contract employees between 1998 and 1999.

The size of the government workforce in American Samoa grew 44 percent since 1976, or an average of almost two percent per year. Despite limited expansion, the government workforce continues to represent 31 percent of all employment in the Territory. From a historical perspective, this is an encouraging trend since the present proportion of government jobs (31 percent) to total employment once accounted for about 45 percent of the employed labor force between 1970 and 1977. At the same time, the gradual shift of a greater proportion of the total employed labor force to the canneries and the service sector has still not generated any sustained economic investments that have further diversified the economic base of the Territory.

2.2.2.4 Service Sector

The service sector of the American Samoa economy is primarily comprised of jobs associated with wholesale and retail trade; bus and taxi services; finance, insurance, and real estate; business and repair services; as well as personal, entertainment and recreation services (including jobs at visitor accommodations). Available employment information suggests that service sector employment rose significantly between 1980 and 1990. Between 1990 and 1995, most types of service sector employment leveled off; in some cases, particularly in the case of bus and taxi services, employment declined significantly (Figure II-2-1).

Since 1995, the growth of service sector employment has been erratic showing signs of both significant expansion and considerable decline. These trends are not surprising since 34 percent of all registered businesses in the Territory represent commercial retail activities. This economic sector tends to be more volatile as consumer retail expenditures are highly dependent upon the availability of disposable income.

2.3 HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURES

Results from ASDOC’s 1995 Population, Housing and Expenditure Survey indicate that the median household income was about $15,715 per year in 1994. Median household income levels in the Western District of Tutuila ($16, 292) is somewhat higher than income levels in the Eastern District ($15,720). In the Manua District, however, median household income levels were about $9,678, or about 38 percent less than the average household in American Samoa (American Samoa Department of Commerce, Statistics Division, 1998).

Comparable statistics for 1989 indicate that median household income levels in American Samoa declined 2.5 percent between 1989 and 1994. Available data suggests that the decline was experienced by residents in all districts. In 1994, households in American Samoa expended an average of $10,586 for regular household expenditures. Virtually all households incurred utility expenses that averaged approximately $2,532 per year. Roughly 90 percent of all American Samoa households expended about $1,841 for church donations. Donations made for aiga and other

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-2-3 special village events accounted for an average annual expenditure of $$3,712 by 91 percent of all households. About 35 percent of the households annually expended approximately $4,912 for housing. Forty-four percent of the households in 1995 expended an average of $2,714 for vehicle loan payments, registration and insurance (American Samoa Department of Commerce, Statistics Division, 1998).

Consumer price index levels, which are monitored by the ASG Economic Development Planning Office (EDPO), indicate that the cost of living for households rose at a rate of about 3.8 percent per year between 1982 and 1996 (American Samoa Department of Commerce, Statistics Division, 1997). The decline in median household income levels between 1989 and 1994 suggest that more recent household incomes may not be keeping pace with the rising cost of household expenditures.

2.4 CANNED TUNA INDUSTRY 2.4.1 Introduction

The long-term viability of the canned tuna industry in American Samoa is important to the American Samoa economy. This industry is a significant user of potable water supplied by the ASPA water system. Consequently, the industry makes a significant contribution of revenues that are necessary to support the long-term operation and maintenance of ASPA’s primary water system.

As stated earlier, the canneries also provide a significant amount of local employment. Most employment generated by the canneries provides jobs to in-migrants from Western Samoa. Indirect expenditures in the service sector from both cannery employees and cannery operations are probably the canneries’ most important benefit to the local economy. The extent of these economic contributions is not known, but is believed to be significant.

In 1977, the former American Samoa Development Planning Office (now American Samoa Department of Commerce) determined that local vendor purchases were somewhat greater than local employee wages by three times. If this input-output ratio even remotely resembles current conditions, the potential loss of cannery employment and operations would be significant.

While cannery wage and salary information remains confidential, it is reasonable to assume that the canneries probably generate, at least, $25 to $30 million dollars of direct income into the local economy. If indirect expenditures triple this range of direct income, indirect expenditures into the American Samoa economy may range from $75 to $90 million per year.

In early 2001, the Fono considered a bill that would impose a 20 percent duty on light meat tuna unloaded in American Samoa by foreign fishing vessels. In view of apparent contradictions with its existing Tax Exemption Certificate, this legislation will probably not be adopted. Nevertheless, the mere proposal of the 20 percent duty transmits an undeniable message of dissatisfaction with local economic benefits derived from the canned tuna industry.

More recently, minimum wage rates for the canned tuna industry were evaluated by the ASG Minimum Wage Review Committee. In June 2001, Committee members indicated that they were required to raise minimum wage levels unless industry could convince the committee that increased wage rates would significantly curtail cannery employment.

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The contribution of cannery expenditures and more recent considerations of the American Samoa Government prompt a brief assessment of the viability of American Samoa’s two tuna cannery operations. This assessment is made in the context of international trends in the canned tuna industry and related trends in tuna harvests.

2.4.2 Canned Tuna Market

International trade statistics indicates that the worldwide canned tuna market has grown from roughly 278,000 metric tons in 1987 to about 740,000 metric tons in 1999. The United States imports about 20 percent of all canned tuna production and continues to be the principal consumer of canned tuna. A significant amount of canned tuna is also consumed by the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Canada (Globefish, 2000).

Consumption of canned tuna in the United Sates was 3.4 pounds per capita in 1999. Per capita consumption in the United States has rebounded somewhat after a modest decline between 1994 and 1997 (U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, 2001).

Canned tuna has been a long-term staple in American households. Historically, 85 percent of American households use canned tuna products. Canned tuna has remained as an important staple to Americans because of its long shelf life and convenient use. American consumers make about 74 percent of their canned tuna purchases in retail grocery stores or club/membership stores. The remaining consumers purchase canned tuna products in drug stores, mass merchandisers, e.g., Wal-Mart, military commissaries, food service distributors, and institutions.

Industry experts believe similar product and market characteristics are also responsible for increased consumption in Japan and Western Europe. With growing international emphasis upon the consumption of healthier foods, canned tuna is expected to remain a popular consumer item since this product provides consumers with a low-cost source of protein.

2.4.3 Tuna Harvests

Tuna migrate throughout the tropical waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. They swim in the open ocean's upper layer to a depth of about 500 feet below mean sea level.

There are about 58 different species of tuna. Most canned tuna represents albacore, yellowfin, skipjack, or bigeye.

In 1994, 47 percent of the world’s total harvest of these tuna species was harvested from the Pacific Ocean (Figure II-2-2). This harvest represented about 952,000 metric tons of tuna catch (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 1997). Significantly greater volumes were reported between 1988 and 1992 (Table II-2-2).

Albacore, which represents about seven percent of the world's total tuna harvest, is a highly migratory species primarily harvested in the Northwest and West Central Pacific Ocean between 65 degrees north latitude and 25 degrees south latitude. Most albacore is harvested by the longline method because this species does not school like yellowfin and skipjack. Consequently, it is uneconomical for purse seine vessels to pursue the harvest of albacore. Stocks of albacore in the South Pacific have reached critical levels (@tuna.com, 2001).

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(Reproduce this page using hard copy in report)

Note: The lines and circled numbers represent boundaries of major international fishing areas.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan FIGURE II-2-2 July 2003 MAJOR COMMERCIAL TUNA FISHING AREAS Page II-2-6

IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN Bigeye tuna represents one of the smaller tuna harvests in the world. TABLE II-2-2 The Eastern Central Pacific is the COMMERCIAL TUNA HARVEST IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN predominant area of the Pacific (IN THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS) where bigeye tuna is harvested. 1988-1994 Longline vessels harvest most of the world catch, which is primarily Tuna Primary Annual Catches of Tuna destined for sashimi markets in Species Fishing (in thousands of metric tons) Japan. Countries 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

Skipjack tuna is the most prevalent tuna species in the world, as well as Albacore Japan, USA 129 158 134 89 135 107 117 in the South, Central and Western Other, Asia, Pacific. This tuna species is Bigeye Japan, 121 126 163 144 159 134 124 primarily harvested by purse seining Korea, Skipjack accounts for about 50 to 55 China percent of all tuna harvest in the Skipjack Japan, USA, 935 867 948 149 998 41 39 world (@tuna.com, 2001). Korea Yellowfin Mexico, 600 653 709 667 723 689 672 Yellowfin tuna is the second most Japan, USA harvested tuna species and the premier tuna species for canning. TOTAL 1,785 1,804 1,954 1,049 2,015 971 952 Yellowfin is typically found be- S F d & A i l O i i f h U i d N i 2001 tween 45 degrees north and 40 degrees south latitude. This species of tuna is primarily harvested by purse seining and, secondarily, by longline and pole and line methods. Scientific analyses suggest that yellowfin is exploited to optimum levels in the Eastern Pacific. Further, no significant growth in harvest volumes are anticipated in the Western Pacific (@tuna.com, 2001).

2.4.4 Fishing Vessel Migration Trends

The offshore waters west of Mexico and Peru were, historically, the primary tuna fishery for the canned tuna markets in the United States, Latin America, and Europe. A variety of issues have, in recent years, shifted the U.S. purseseiner fleet further west and south of this area.

• El Nino was blamed for increased water temperatures between 1982 and 1984, which allegedly caused tuna to migrate outside of the Eastern Pacific, or to deeper depths in search of cooler waters within the region.

• The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, which established dolphin mortality quotas on U.S. purseseiners was eventually amended in 1988. The amendment required other tuna harvesting nations to adhere to a similar regulatory regime.

• On June 15, 1988, a treaty agreement was made between the U.S. Government and the 16 member nations of the Forum Fisheries Agency. This agreement provided access for up to 55 fishing vessels in Western Pacific waters.

• Subsequently, the Dolphin Protection Consumer Information Act of 1990 was enacted that established criteria for the labeling of "dolphin-safe" tuna products in the U.S. market. In response, StarKist Tuna, Bumble Bee, and Van Camp Sea Food Company announced in April, 1990 that they would not pack tuna that was harvested by encircling dolphins or the use of large-scale driftnets (Cabason, Inc., 1993).

The commercial harvests of albacore, yellowfin, skipjack and bigeye were somewhat erratic between 1987 and 1994. A steady increase in the commercial harvest of tuna species generally occurred in the southeast, southwest, and eastern central Pacific region between 1987 and 1991, declined the during the 1992-1993 period, and increased somewhat in 1994. In contrast, tuna harvests within the western central Pacific area have steadily increased between

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1987 and 1994. Variable levels of harvests in these Pacific fishing areas indicate a shift by some of the international fishing fleet to the western central Pacific.

During the late 1980's and early 1990's, Korea and Taiwan began independent efforts to expand their purse seiner fleets. The construction of new purse seiners began within Taiwan’s shipyard facilities. In contrast, Korea purchased some purse seiners from the United States and built others in U.S. shipyards. Since that time, an expanded purse seiner fleet has been established in the Western Pacific. Within the Federated States of Micronesia, for example, the FSM has issued fishing licenses to 100 purse seiners and 300 long-line vessels (FSM National Fisheries Corporation, 2001) that are operating within the FSM’s exclusive economic zone. This area encompasses roughly 1.3 million square miles in the western central Pacific.

The migration of the tuna fishing fleet, from the eastern Pacific to the western central Pacific, is also evidenced by the trends of U.S. purse seiner fleet. In 1980, about 125 vessels operated in the eastern Pacific and less than five were operating in the South and western Pacific. In 1993, less than seven operated in the eastern Pacific; 44 were operating in the south and western Pacific.

Clear fish harvest trends in the Pacific are difficult to identify due to the migratory nature of tuna, the lag in availability of international fish harvest data, and the confidential nature of information within the tuna fishing industry. Nevertheless, cumulative information gained from regional fish harvest statistics, fishing permits in the western central Pacific, the increase of purse seiner fleets in Taiwan and Korea, and the decline of the U.S. purse seiner fleet all point to a continued shift of commercial tuna harvest to the Western Pacific.

2.4.5 Canned Tuna Production

2.4.5.1 General

Following the Asian economic crisis in 1996-1997, the global tuna industry has stabilized and overall production has expanded. In 1999, almost 1.4 million metric tons of canned tuna canned were produced worldwide (Globefish, 2001).

The tuna canning industry, especially in Europe, is concentrating into the hands of a few, larger companies. This concentration has led to greater operational efficiencies and greater overall production.

2.4.5.2 The United States

The United States remains as the world’s leading producer of canned tuna. Its production typically ranges between 275,000 to 300,000 metric tons per year. In 1999, U.S. production (including American Samoa and Puerto Rico) represented approximately 303,900 metric tons (U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, 2001).

Within the continental United States, there are two cannery facilities in the State of California. These facilities are operated by Pan Pacific Fisheries, Inc., on Terminal Island and Bumble Bee Foods, Inc., which operates a loin- processing operation in Santa Fe Springs (U.S. Department of Labor, 1993). Unicord Company, Ltd. from Thailand owns the Santa Fe Springs facility. Production capacity in these canneries ranges between seven and eight million cases.

StarKist Samoa, Inc. and Chicken of the Sea/Samoa Packing Company in American Samoa have a production capacity of about 15 million cases.

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There are two canneries in Puerto Rico, which are operated by Pan Pacific Fisheries, Inc. and Bumble Bee Foods, Inc. In 1989, Bumble Bee Foods and its local cannery were purchased by Unicord Company, Ltd., which produces 30 to 40 percent of Thailand's canned tuna. Until recently, cannery production capacity in Puerto Rico was about 19 million cases (Sullivan, 1995); however, this capacity will reduce significantly with the recent closure of the StarKist tuna cannery plant in Puerto Rico’s west coast city of Mayaquez (Casamar, 2001).

2.4.5.3 Thailand

After a decline in production during the Asian economic crisis in 1996-1997, Thai production rebounded to about 227,000 metric tons in 1998 and 259,000 metric tons in 1999. Three of Thailand’s canned tuna producers produce 75 percent of Thailand’s canned tuna. Thailand has an annual production capacity of approximately 30 million cases.

2.4.5.4 Spain

Spain is the third largest producer of canned tuna in the world. Since 1986, total production in Spain increased from 60,000 MT in 1986 to 209,000 in 1999 (Globefish, 2002). The increase in production is due to greater operational efficiencies by fewer companies, as well as a significant increase in national consumption.

2.4.5.5 Italy

Italy produces roughly 85,000 MT per year. Canneries are using more imported tuna loins to reduce labor costs.

2.4.5.6 Other Pacific Islands

The Philippines and Indonesia are significantly increasing their exports of canned tuna. Limited volumes of canned tuna are also produced in Fiji.

Philippines

The Philippine Islands’ exports more than doubled between 1987 and 1998. The tuna canning industry in the Philippines includes 12 canneries and a total production capacity of about nine million cases. However, canned tuna production dropped to roughly 36,000 metric tons in 1999. Muslim insurgency in selected areas of the Philippines threatens the future production of canned tuna.

After the U.S. Congress passed the Andean Trade Preference Expansion Act in 2002, the Republic of the Philippines (RP) expressed serious concern regarding the Andean Trade Preference Expansion Act that provides duty-free access to Andean tuna exports. The United States responded to the issues raised by the Republic of the Philippines by indicating that the only trade advantage given to Andean producers, i.e., Ecuador, was for pouched tuna. However, the RP Trade and Industry Secretary disputed these conclusions in light of declining canned tuna exports (Cabacungan, 2002).

Indonesia

In the late 1980s, Indonesia opened many new canneries and established significant production levels by the early 1990’s. Soon after, its market share diminished. Canned tuna production rose again in 1998. By 1999, production levels of canned tuna rose to over 36,000 metric tons (Globefish, 2000).

There are about 22 canneries in Indonesia. P.T. Mantrust, which purchased Van Camp Seafood Company from Ralston Purina in 1988, is the dominant processor. Because of a serious lack of operating capital, only seven of the canneries are operating.

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Fiji

Fiji produces a limited volume of canned tuna. The Pacific Fishing Company has a production capacity of about 900,000 cases. The main source of tuna for this production is via the pole and line fishery. This factor, combined with low cannery yields and higher freight costs, generates increased production costs. However, the industry benefits from duty-free status of exports to the United Kingdom.

2.4.6 Production Costs

The cost of production to supply the primary U.S. consumer market from American Samoa, Puerto Rico and Thailand provides considerable insight into the tight, international competition associated with canned tuna production and distribution. Profit margins on a per case basis are very small. Potential profits depend upon larger sales volumes and the maintenance of lower costs of production.

Within a traditional cannery operation, the cost of obtaining raw fish product comprises about 60 to 70 percent of the cost to produce canned tuna. World fish market prices keep the cost of raw tuna between $750 to $1,000 per metric ton. Canneries in American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and Thailand can achieve a yield of about 72.6 cases per short ton of raw tuna.

Labor costs are extremely variable around the world. In Thailand, where cannery workers are paid between $0.30 and $0.40 per hour, labor costs represent about two percent of total production costs. In American Samoa, these costs may range between 10 and 15 percent (Table II-2-3) because labor rates are presently about $3.24 per hour. However, American Samoa’s minimum wage rates are being re-evaluated by the American Samoa Government to consider the imposition of higher minimum wages for cannery workers. Labor costs in Puerto Rico are about $6.00 per hour; these significantly higher costs virtually make canned tuna production non-competitive in Puerto Rico.

TABLE II-2-3 COMPARISON OF SELECTED PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION COSTS CASE OF 48/6.13 OZ. CANS OF LIGHTMEAT TUNA PRODUCT AMERICAN SAMOA, THAILAND, AND PUERTO RICO (IN U.S. DOLLARS) COSTS AT PRODUCTION LOCATIONS TYPE OF COSTS American Samoa Puerto Rico Thailand Raw Material ($ per short ton) a) $ 875.00 875.00 875.00 Yields (case per ton) 72.60 72.60 72.60 Fish $ 12.05 $ 12.05 $ 12.05 Labor 3.24 5.65 b) 0.35 Can 2.70 2.70 2.70 U.S. Freight-West Coast c) 0.75 0.85 0.85 U.S. Import Duty 0.00 0.00 2.40 TOTAL COSTS $ 18.74 $ 21.25 $ 18.35 Notes: a) Fish costs vary widely between $750 and $1000 per short ton on the world market. A median price of $875 per short ton was used to facilitate the comparison. More recently, fish costs have been somewhat lower. b) A median labor cost of $0.35 was used based on an industry-estimated range of $0.30 to $0.40 for Thailand labor. c) Variable rate costs were averaged to facilitate comparison and honor the confidentiality of industry information.

Source: Sullivan, 1995; Pedersen Planning Consultants, 1995 and 2001; Samoa News, 2001.

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The cost of canning ranges between 12 and 14 percent of the cost of production in Thailand, Puerto Rico and American Samoa.

Import duties generate an additional production cost to Thailand-based cannery productions. Such costs represent about 13 percent of their production and distribution. In contrast, canneries in American Samoa and Puerto Rico escape these costs via General Note 3(a) of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States.

Future costs associated with canned tuna production are being affected by the more recent use of tuna loins in tuna processing. In essence, Thai and U. S. processors that are operating in the United States and Puerto Rico, are mixing tuna loins and raw tuna. This trend in the tuna industry is reducing labor and freight costs, as well as eliminating the need for canneries to produce by-products such as pet food and fish meal (U.S. Department of Labor, 1993). However, some industry representatives point out that skepticism remains in the industry concerning the merits and cost-savings gained via this process and that an overall industry transition to this type of production process may not occur (Sullivan, 1995).

The Andean Trade Preference Expansion Act will probably not generate significant short-term impacts upon the international tuna industry. However, the gradual movement of more tuna to Ecuador could initiate a major shift in the global distribution pattern of raw tuna during the next several years.

2.4.7 Future Commitment of the Canneries to American Samoa

Samoa Packing/Chicken of the Sea has a majority ownership by Thai Union International, Inc., the second largest tuna cannery in the world. StarKist Samoa is owned by H. J. Heinz.

Both companies are serious international competitors that own and operate various canning operations throughout the world. Both companies have the financial and technical capability to establish canning operations where the best opportunity is available. Consequently, the owners of the existing canneries in American Samoa will continue to manufacture canned tuna at locations that provide the most advantageous cost competitive environment.

At the time of this report, it appears that the canneries in American Samoa are producing and shipping canned tuna at a cost that is somewhat higher than those in Thailand. However, somewhat higher production costs in American Samoa are apparently offset by some tax advantages and no tariffs upon canned tuna exports to the United States. In addition, larger production volumes enable the canneries in American Samoa to achieve some greater economies of scale in cannery operations.

H.J. Heinz and Thai Union continually look for new business opportunities throughout the world and evaluate ways to cut production costs at existing facilities. These and other companies see new opportunities where labor is considerably cheaper than in American Samoa. StarKist has established a new tuna processing plant in Papua New Guinea where labor and rates are as low as $0.24 per hour. H.J. Heinz, through StarKist and its affiliates, also operate tuna processing facilities in other countries such as Ecuador, Ghana, and Seychelles.

Through passage of the Andean Trade Preference Expansion Act, the U.S. government has enabled tuna processors in Ecuador to export pouched tuna products to the U.S. market without the application of a quota. In 2001, pouched tuna products represented six percent of the U.S. tuna market.

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In addition, it is realistic to assume that the United States will end tariffs upon canned tuna exports by international tuna processors during the next several years. If so, this potential change will swing a production and cost transportation advantage to producers in Thailand and other international areas where significantly lower labor is available.

In the absence of future tariffs and/or other tax benefits from American Samoa and the U.S. Government, it is doubtful that production costs at cannery operations in American Samoa can remain globally competitive beyond 2010. Under the North American Free Trade Agreement, duties on canned tuna will be eliminated by 2009 (ASG Territorial Planning Commission and ASG Department of Commerce, 2000). The elimination of this tariff will likely make Mexico an attractive location for future cannery operations Consequently, at least one cannery closure in American Samoa is expected during the 2006-2010 period.

2.5 OTHER INDUSTRIES IN THE AMERICAN SAMOA ECONOMY 2.5.1 General

Other industrial activities in the American Samoa economy include commercial agriculture and fishing, quarry operations, and manufacturing. In 1992, these activities included about 102 small businesses that represented almost five percent of all registered enterprises in the economy.

2.5.2 Commercial Agriculture

The 1999 Census of Agriculture indicated that about 23 percent, or 1,498, of the 6,473 farms in American Samoa are cultivated for the commercial production of various fruits, nuts and field crops, as well as the production of poultry and livestock. Many of the same farm operations also consume a portion of their overall production for household consumption.

Typical fruits and nuts produced in American Samoa primarily include green and ripe bananas, breadfruit, coconuts, papayas, lemons, mangoes, pineapples, and avocados. Root crops such as taro and yams are the primary field crops cultivated in the Territory; however, cucumbers, cabbage, green beans, and vegetables are also produced by local farmers. Livestock and poultry operations include the raising of pigs and chickens, as well as a limited number of horses and cattle.

About 80 percent of American Samoa’s 1,498 commercial farms or faatoaga are less than eight acres in size. Faatoaga are distributed throughout the Territory; about 68 percent of the Territory's commercial agricultural acreage is found in the Western District, which, in 1999, contained about 5,867 acres of commercial production on 906 farms.

During the next 20 years, declining subsistence activities are expected to increase the market demand for locally- grown fruits, field crops, and vegetables. A similar increase in market demand is anticipated for poultry, particularly fresh eggs, if government subsidies continue for feed and other supplies.

While the demand for these agricultural products is expected, the number of faatoaga in American Samoa will probably decrease. Increased pressures for the development of agricultural land for residential purposes, as well as the opportunity to sell some properties, will fuel this transition. The development of lands presently in commercial agricultural use is expected to occur primarily in the Western District where most commercial farming takes place.

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2.5.3 Commercial Fishing

Commercial fishing activity is part of a larger domestic fishery in Samoa that includes offshore fish catch by locally-based fishing vessels and by individual fishermen who harvest resources from the inshore fishery. Ultimately, these resources are sold at the Fagatogo Marketplace, local restaurants, along Tutuila’s primary shoreline roadway, and/or kept for household consumption. The proportion of the catch which is harvested for commercial purposes is not known because data collection efforts of the ASG Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources are resource-oriented and focus on the amount of participation in fishing, as well as the type and amount of catch (Saucerman, 1994). Fish harvests by international fishing vessels is not considered part of the domestic fishery of American Samoa.

In 1993, the entire domestic fishery landed approximately 184,500 pounds of fish and invertebrates. Roughly 51 percent of this catch was harvested offshore. It is believed that the majority of this catch was sold for commercial purposes.

Reduced subsistence activities in American Samoa will generate an increased demand for fresh fish and invertebrates in local restaurants and local households. However, available data suggests that overall participation in domestic fishery appears to be declining.

2.5.4 Manufacturing

Aside from the manufacturing of canned tuna products, American Samoa has a variety of smaller manufacturers that make, process and/or distribute products such as sharkfins and other seafood products, popcorn and bakery goods, banana chips, furniture, textiles and fabrics, the Samoa News newspaper and other locally printed products, fabricated steel products, concrete blocks, as well as asphaltic construction and fiberglass products. In 1999, there were approximately 70 smaller manufacturers in the American Samoa economy.

The Daniel Inouye Industrial Park has been the primary location for light industrial activities within American Samoa since the early 1960’s. In 2001, the industrial park contained some 36 light industrial and commercial facilities. Most of these facilities represent commercial operations, as well as heavy equipment yards associated with governmental operations.

In recent years, American Samoa has experienced significant losses in local manufacturing activity. In essence, potential opportunities for some diversification of American Samoa’s manufacturing sector economic base were lost due to both financial and labor issues.

The StarKist Samoa can plant, which opened in the Industrial Park in 1995, was built to manufacture cans for StarKist’s tuna production facilities in the Anua area. However, the plant remained opened for less than one year as StarKist management changed its plans for providing cans to its cannery plant in American Samoa.

Two garment manufacturing operations were established in Daniel Inouye Industrial Park in the mid to late 1990’s. These operations were attracted to American Samoa primarily by tax incentives, duty-free access of finished materials to the U.S. market, and the ability to employ skilled workers from the Far East and Asia with local labor.

BCTC Corporation operated in the Industrial Park between 1996 and 1998. In January 1997, this company employed 677 workers; however, many of the workers represented skilled labor from the Far East and Asia. However, this facility was closed due, in part, to its inability to employ a significant number of local workers.

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Daewoosa, a Korean garment manufacturer, established a second garment manufacturing operation in the Daniel Inouye Industrial Park in 1999. This operation was closed in 2001 under a cloud of allegations concerning local management and labor contract issues associated with the use of skilled workers from Vietnam.

2.5.5 Prospects for Future Industrial Expansion 2.5.5.1 General

With the exception of its tuna cannery operations, American Samoa has experienced difficulty in attracting and sustaining private investments into new industrial enterprises. The distance to wholesale and retail markets, high transportation costs, the lack of diversified skills within the labor force, as well as higher startup and operational costs diminish the attractiveness of American Samoa for industrial investors based outside of American Samoa. In some cases, higher wage levels and the gradual elimination of past tariff advantages also hamper industrial recruitment efforts.

2.5.5.2 Potential Investors

The best prospects for industrial recruitment in American Samoa are business men and women who are already based and/or have strong family ties in American Samoa. These potential investors will have a more realistic view of potential business constraints and opportunities, as well as contacts that will help facilitate business start-up and long-term operation.

One group of prospective investors are American Samoans who are returning home after spending many years in the continental United States and/or other international areas. Some of those returning have already brought substantive professional experience and a new entrepreneurial vision that has fostered development of a more diversified range of retail services and outlets in the service sector. However, it is suspected that a growing number of returning American Samoans will attempt to establish a number of smaller manufacturing enterprises that will export products to selected, niche markets in Hawaii and/or the continental United States.

Chinese and Koreans have been visiting American Samoa since the late 1950's, via the international fishing fleet, when the canneries were initially opened. However, these nationalities were generally unwelcome in the Territory until sometime in the 1980's for a variety of cultural reasons. A gradual change in cultural attitudes is evidenced today by a growing number of inter-marriages between Samoan women and Korean men. The entrepreneurial spirit and creativity of new American Samoa residents from Korea has already led to the establishment of an increasing number of retail services that feature imported products from the Far East. With continued success in the service sector, it is ex- pected that successful entrepreneurs will seek to increase their profitability by investing in the manufacture, processing, or assembly of selected products that will be marketed to U.S. consumers.

2.5.5.3 Incentives Expected to Motivate Future Investors

Qualified investors for future industrial investment will likely be looking for:

• potential industrial sites and/or vacant industrial buildings that can be connected to existing vehicular road access; ASPA water, wastewater, and electrical power systems; and ASG telecommunication services. • potential opportunities for job training that may, in part, be supported by government grants. • potential low-interest, loan funds that may supplement available startup capital.

In view of recent closures of two garment factories and the former StarKist can plant, there are several sites in the Daniel Inouye Industrial Park that may be available for the establishment of new industrial operations. Each of these

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-2-14 sites are readily accessible to vehicular access and ASPA utility systems. In addition, several additional industrial sites could also become available with the development of new industrial lots on the north side of the Park.

Additional lands that could support future industrial activities are located on the northwest side of Pago Pago International Airport. This area, as well as the existing Daniel Inouye Industrial Park, are reflected in the draft Tualauta County Land Use Plan as recommended industrial areas.

The ASG Governor's Office and the ASG Department of Commerce (ASDOC) continue their long-term efforts to seek additional tenants for the park. ASDOC is primarily seeking smaller manufacturing enterprises or micro- industries that will make a local product because these industries have a greater potential to generate indirect employment within the economy. In view of these efforts, it is believed that ASDOC will make aggressive efforts to attract any viable industrial activity that generates, at least, nominal direct and indirect employment benefits.

2.6 SERVICE SECTOR TABLE II-2-4 2.6.1 General SERVICE SECTOR In American Samoa, the service sector generally 1999 includes all registered, privately-owned, businesses *NAICS Type Number of Change that support the operation and expansion of Sector of Registered Since 1996 agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, and Number Business Business (percent) construction. Using the North American Industry 42 Wholesale Trade 213 N/A Classification System, the service sector in American Samoa encompasses 14 types of 44,45 Retail Trade 761 N/A businesses (Table II-2-4). Transportation & 305 N/A 48-49 Warehousing 2.6.2 Service Sector Trends 51 Information 25 N/A 52 Finance and Insurance 35 N/A In 1999, American Samoa’s service sector included 53 Real Estate, Rental and 87 N/A approximately 2,051 enterprises. This represents a Leasing Services 4.8 percent increase in the number of commercial 54 Professional, Scientific and 83 N/A enterprises in the service sector since 1996 when Technical Services there were about 1,957 registered businesses 56 Administrative, Support, & 90 N/A (excluding construction companies). Consequently, Waste Management, and there has been limited service sector growth since Remediation Services 1996. 61 Educational Services N/A Almost 37 percent of the service sector in 1999 62 Health Care and Social 32 N/A represented retail trade. Transportation and Assistance warehousing services accounted for almost 15 71 Arts, Entertainment and 88 N/A percent of the service sector. Ten percent of the Recreation service sector comprised wholesale trade services. 72 Accommodations and Food 180 N/A Almost nine percent of all service sector enterprises Services were involved in accommodations and food 81 Other Services (except 151 N/A services (Table II-2-5). public administration) 92 Public Administration 1 N/A The more recent use of economic sectors 2,051 4.8 definitions included in the North American ALL SERVICES Industry Classification System hampers correlation *NAICS – North American Industry Classification System with past registered business data. However, it also Sources: NAICS, 2001; American Samoa Government Dept. of Commerce, 2001. helps clarify selected areas of the service sector that were difficult to monitor. For example, it is important to note there are 83 registered businesses, or about four percent of all service sector businesses, that represent professional, scientific and technical services.

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2.6.3 Anticipated Growth in the Service Sector

Continued growth in the service sector of American Samoa’s economy is anticipated. Continued reliance upon imported household items and amenities will enable the service sector to flourish. However, such growth will flourish as long as there are continued prospects for cash employment in the canneries, government, and the service sector.

During the next 20 years, the only significant deterrent to continued growth of the service sector will be the anticipated closure of, at least, one tuna cannery between the year 2006 and 2010. This event will clearly generate shock and apprehension through the economy and fear among existing and potential investors. During the 2006-2010, growth in the service sector will generally stagnate. However, some limited growth will occur for more essential retail services, e.g., retail grocery stores, that will remain in demand given the anticipated dependence of the American Samoa community upon food imports.

While growth in the service sector will remain generally flat during the 2006-2010 period, continued employment in government and other retail services are expected to keep the service sector afloat until the economic future of the Territory becomes more apparent. It is believed, however, that a potential re-use or modified use of the closed cannery facility will be realized by the American Samoa Government by the year 2010.

A new course for the tuna industry, or another new industry, will reduce investors’ apprehension to establish new services within the economy. However, new service sector development will tend to be more cautious between 2011 and 2020.

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SECTION II CHAPTER THREE: LAND USE

3.1 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUTURE LAND USES AND UTILITY SERVICE DEMANDS

Land uses in American Samoa will reflect future changes in population and the economy. The type of future land uses in American Samoa will more specifically signal the source and rate of future utility demands that will be generated from residential, commercial, industrial, hotel and visitor accommodations, and public facilities. The concentration and location of future land uses will, in part, dictate the size of utility distribution systems needed within each village area.

Existing concentrations of residential growth are clearly evident in Tafuna village and adjoining villages in Tualauta County. Commercial activity is focused primarily in the Pago Pago Bay area and continues along Tutuila’s primary roadway between Utulei and Leone village. Industrial activities are centered in the villages of Anua and Atuu where the Starkist Tuna and Samoa Packing/Chicken of the Sea operations are located. Public facilities continue to be headquartered in the villages of Utulei and Fagatogo, as well as in Tafuna. Hotel and visitor accommodations are primarily located at the in Utulei; however, various smaller visitor accommodations are now located in Tafuna, Iliili, and Leone, as well as the Manua Island villages of Ofu, Olosega, and Luma.

While existing concentrations of facilities have a significant impact upon future utility demands, anticipated changes in land use patterns must be considered for future utility planning. Similar to population and economic growth, such trends will always be uncertain. However, there are various physical, social and economic factors that can be used to help evaluate and identify reasonable assumptions concerning the type and location of future land uses. When future development assumptions are clearly identified, they can be used to help estimate future utility service demands. The use of more specific land use development assumptions facilitates their application to future utility master planning since they can be periodically updated to refine forecasts of future utility service demands.

3.2 METHODOLOGY

ASPA’s regional forecasts of future land uses in American Samoa are based upon a village by village assessment of future lands uses in 72 village census areas on the Islands of Tutuila, Aunuu, Ofu, Olosega, and Tau. Land use assumptions anticipated for each village during the 1995-2015 period were initially evaluated and developed by Pedersen Planning Consultants in 1994 and 1995.

The land use evaluation began with a review and analysis of selected population, social and economic factors that are expected to influence the future development of homes, commercial and industrial facilities, government buildings, and privately-owned village facilities. This process considered existing topographic conditions, wetland and drainage areas, faatoaga areas, vacant housesites, vehicular access and village trails, the availability of utility systems, 1990 population and household characteristics, new residential and commercial construction between 1990 and 1995, as well as the location and number of business enterprises in 1994. The evaluation included a review of

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-3-1 available maps and technical documents, as well as an onsite survey of each village census area except Swains Island. Informal discussions were also conducted with selected representatives of various ASG agencies, traditional village leaders, and private enterprise to gain a better understanding of available information and related trends, the status of various land use proposals, and related community development issues.

Information gained from these sources was evaluated to determine land use development assumptions for the 1995- 2015 period. Working maps of 1990 topographic conditions (scale: 1 inch=200 feet) were used to identify potential developable areas and estimate the type, amount, density, and location of future land use development. When necessary, the anticipated sequence of future development was also notated on working maps.

Pedersen Planning Consultants made an update of these land use development assumptions in 2000 and 2001. The revisions are based upon more recent Census information and a November, 1999 survey of land uses within Tualauta County. Land uses were generally mapped and incorporated into the GIS for American Samoa.

3.3 ANTICIPATED LAND USES TO THE YEAR 2020 3.3.1 Introduction

Section 3.3 presents an overview of regional trends associated with six general types of land uses in American Samoa: 1) residential, 2) commercial, 3) hotels and visitor accommodations, 4) public facilities, 5) industrial, and 6) village facilities.

The village facilities category includes private schools, colleges, and churches.

Each general type of land use is discussed in terms of general trends within the overall Territory. Regional descriptions are, in some cases, provided for the Western, Eastern, and Manua districts.

3.3.2 Residential 3.3.2.1 General

During the 2001-2020 period, the housing stock of American Samoa is expected to increase from an estimated 9,348 housing units in 2000 to about 13,576 homes in the year 2020 (Table II-3-1). The most significant growth is anticipated between 2001 and 2005.

Future residential development will occur more significantly in the Western District, particularly Tualauta County, where residential development opportunities are more feasible. A greater amount of developable property and freehold land is available in the Tafuna village census area. There are also a growing number of chiefs, or their heirs, in Tafuna and Iliili, who desire to sell and permit communal lands to be reclassified to individually-owned land. These conditions have triggered an ongoing speculative market for residential property in Tafuna and selected areas of Tualauta County.

Between 2006 and 2010, residential development is expected to be limited. The amount of developable land that is expected to be accessible after the year 2005 will gradually begin to discourage future growth in many villages. The anticipated closure of one of American Samoa’s two tuna canneries will clearly slow new residential growth where more developable land is available and accessible. After the economy adjusts and other smaller industries are gradually established, a resurgence in residential construction is anticipated to begin by 2011.

Future changes in the type and style of housing area also expected to occur as available lands become fully developed.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-3-2 TABLE II-3-1 ANTICIPATED NUMBER OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSEHOLDS VILLAGES OF AMERICAN SAMOA 2000-2020

CENSUS VILLAGE AREAS 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 CENSUS VILLAGE AREAS 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 Central Water System (56 villages) Continued: Central Water System (56 villages) 1 Aasu 50 65 72 87 96 43 Pagai 20 24 25 28 28 2 Afao 22 27 27 31 32 44 Pago Pago 708 733 738 743 748 3 Agugulu 7 9 10 11 11 45 Pavaiai 357 442 442 492 513 4 Alao 93 103 111 121 131 46 Poloa 36 42 48 60 70 5 Alega 13 16 17 19 19 47 Sailele 18 22 22 25 28 6 Alofau 84 87 89 91 91 48 Seetaga 41 46 48 53 56 7 Amaluia 36 46 46 51 55 49 Tafuna 1,362 1,591 1,637 1,699 1,799 8 Amanave 52 63 69 76 83 50 Taputimu 97 236 375 539 654 9 Amaua 20 23 23 24 24 51 Tula 75 80 84 89 96 10 Amouli 74 87 92 105 105 52 Utulei 141 186 206 245 274 11 Anua 91717333353 Utumea East 13 16 19 25 28 12 Aoloau 136 148 157 172 175 54 Utumea West 8 9 10 11 12 13 Asili 34 40 45 54 54 55 Vailoatai 158 191 205 227 237 14 Atuu 58 76 76 94 106 56 Vaitogi 228 303 313 323 333 15 Aua 347 387 397 407 426 Central Water System 16 Auasi 17 21 21 25 29 Total Households 8,529 10,005 10,683 11,700 12,363 17 Aumi 35 38 38 41 44 Satellite Water System (13 villages) 18 Auto 42 50 54 64 64 57 Aoa 83 96 103 113 113 19 Avaio 91111131458 Afono 90 94 97 100 100 20 Fagaalu 195 230 262 300 301 59 Aunuu 78 89 99 109 116 21 Fagaitua 82 92 96 106 116 60 Fagasa 130 139 143 147 147 22 Faganeanea 29 37 37 37 40 61 Faleasao 29 35 35 41 46 23 Fagatogo 351 363 371 383 388 62 Leusoalii 32 37 42 47 52 24 Failolo 20 22 22 24 25 63 Luma 52 62 72 82 97 25 Faleniu 308 368 378 378 388 64 Maia 25 30 35 40 40 26 Fatumafuti 16 16 16 16 16 65 Ofu 63 73 83 98 107 27 Futiga 104 119 119 138 144 66 Olosega 48 53 58 63 68 28 Iliili 423 612 715 889 1,014 67 Sili 24667 29 Laulii 153 157 160 164 164 68 Siufaga 22 24 29 36 38 30 Leloaloa 81 86 96 99 102 69 Vatia 101 111 124 149 169 31 Leone 577 646 661 686 691 Satellite Water System 32 Malaeimi 179 199 199 216 216 Total Households 755 847 926 1,031 1,100 33 Malaeloa/Aitulagi 90 111 124 141 147 Villages Exclusively Served By Village Water Systems (4 villages) 34 Malaeloa/Ituau 86 116 146 176 187 70 Fagalii 44 51 57 64 71 35 Mapusagafou 272 316 360 411 434 71 Fagamalo 912151821 36 Masausi 32 37 37 37 40 72 Maloata 414141414 37 Masefau 68 73 80 87 94 73 Swains Island 77777 38 Matuu 70 70 70 70 70 Village Water Systems 39 Mesepa 73 82 115 125 125 Total Households 64 84 93 103 113 40 Nua 26 29 33 39 41 ALL WATER SYSTEMS 41 Nuuuli 868 960 1,010 1,065 1,115 TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS 9,348 10,936 11,702 12,834 13,576 42 Onenoa 26 29 32 35 37 Sources: U. S. Bureau of the Census, 2001; ASG Economic Development Planning Office, 2001; Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002. Some villages, e.g., Nuuuli, will begin to see the gradual replacement of some single family homes with new two- story units that will be occupied by two satellite families. A few villages, e.g., Tafuna and Fagaalu, are expected to experience the construction of new multi-unit apartment structures where 1) a more transient population is expected to reside and, 2) development opportunities for rental housing appear more feasible.

Residential densities will continue to be extremely variable on all islands. Most villages will continue to be characterized by densities ranging between 4 and 8 housing units per acre. However, some villages will exceed this density in selected areas where 1) new multi-unit structures will replace single family housing, or 2) the infilling of already dense neighborhoods is anticipated.

In general, new residential development is expected to occur along existing paved roads and unimproved trails except where potential extensions appear to be feasible. Similarly, the availability of water via an existing community or ASPA system will be an integral part of most future residential development because most villages have transitioned to the use of a village community system, ASPA’s centralized water system, or a combined use of both systems. The availability of electrical power is now almost an assumed community convenience since most all of Tutuila is already served by a reliable system provided by ASPA.

In contrast, the lack of an ASPA wastewater system will generally not constrain future residential growth except where:

1) local soils are unsuitable for individual wastewater disposal systems; 2) important recharge areas, e.g., Malaeimi, would be adversely affected by discharges from individual wastewater disposal systems; or 3) areas that may be restricted from future land use development to conserve groundwater, wetlands or wildlife resources.

3.3.2.2 Western District

During the next 20 years, it is expected that about 68 percent of American Samoa’s total housing stock will be located in the Western District. Roughly 33 percent of the future housing stock in the Western District, or 22 percent of the Territory's total housing stock, will be situated in Tualauta County.

The two largest concentrations of housing in the Western District are expected to be developed within the villages of Tafuna and Iliili where some 2,852 housing units are expected to be located in the year 2020.

A significant rate of growth in the County is also anticipated occur in the villages of Malaeloa/Ituau and Mapusagafou. The housing stocks of these villages will likely expand because a considerable amount of accessible, developable land remains in these communities; further, they are readily accessible to commercial shopping areas in Leone and Pavaiai.

Leone will continue to be a significant community and remain as the third largest village in the Western District. Its growth will likely be driven by the favorable reputation of the community, the quality of the housing stock, a gradual growth and diversification of village commercial services, and the accessibility to good public and private schools.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-3-4 3.3.2.3 Eastern District

The Eastern District is expected to comprise about 29 percent of American Samoa’s future housing stock by 2020. The largest concentration of housing units will likely remain in Pago Pago despite a limited anticipated rate of growth (less than eight percent) during the 2000-2020 period.

Similar to Pago Pago, Fagatogo Village will likely continue to be a significant residential area in the Eastern District. The anticipated residential growth in Fagatogo, which is forecasted to include 388 homes in 2020, will be limited due to the declining availability of developable, accessible lands.

Aua Village has experienced a significant expansion of residential units in recent years. In the year 2020, the number of housing units is anticipated to rise to 426 housing units. However, most of this growth will likely be attained by the year 2015.

While other communities in the Eastern District have various development constraints, the overall potential for future residential development generally remains the same: limited growth potential due to the lack of accessible, developable land. Residential development in the Eastern District will also be constrained by its distance to commercial shopping areas.

The availability of accessible, developable lands in Utumea (east) is expected to generate one of the greater rates of residential growth in Tutuila's Eastern District. However, the total amount of anticipated housing units in the village is forecasted to include not more than 28 housing units in 2020.

In the village of Fagaalu, it is anticipated that some existing residences will be replaced by the development of some new multi-story apartment units. A growing market potential for rental housing is expected in Fagaalu because of the Hospital and the convenient accessibility to jobs in the Pago Pago Bay area. Otherwise, the development potential for single family residential development will probably be limited.

3.3.2.4 Manua District

The housing inventory in the Manua District is expected to grow to about 455 housing units by 2020. It is anticipated that this inventory will represent about three percent of American Samoa’s total housing stock.

About 60 percent of the housing stock will be located on the Island of Tau. The majority of this housing (181 homes) will be situated along the west side of Tau in the adjoining villages of Luma, Faleasao, and Siufaga by the year 2015. The housing stock of Luma is expected to increase significantly because of the amount of developable land mauga of the existing community and the close proximity of elementary and high school facilities.

Despite this growth, the number of housing units in the Manua District will not grow significantly during the next 20 years. In contrast to Tutuila, there is ample developable land that is accessible for potential residential expansion. However, the lack of employment opportunities will continue to drive young adults away from the community. Out- migration from Ofu, Olosega, and Tau will be offset by an influx of some incoming retirees. Potential efforts by ASG to stimulate increased local agricultural production and market opportunities on Tutuila could also help keep a greater number of younger residents in Manua if local business opportunities were derived from expanded agricultural production and marketing.

3.3.3 Commercial

The number of commercial facilities in American Samoa will increase to about 2,640 enterprises by the year 2020 (Tables II-3-2). The increase in commercial activity will likely be more evident in Tualauta County where more developable land is available and greater population growth is expected to occur.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-3-5 TABLE II-3-2 ANTICIPATED NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL FACILITIES IN VILLAGES SERVED BY CENTRAL, SATELLITE AND VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS 2000-2020 CENSUS VILLAGE AREAS 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 CENSUS VILLAGE AREAS 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 Central Water System (56 villages) Continued: Central Water System (56 villages) 1 Aasu 6 9 12 13 15 43 Pagai 46666 2 Afao 3 8 10 10 10 44 Pago Pago 225 267 269 274 274 3 Agugulu 4666 645Pavaiai 42 50 53 59 62 4 Alao 8 10 10 14 14 46 Poloa 12222 5 Alega 2333 347Sailele 46666 6 Alofau 22 26 26 26 26 48 Seetaga 99999 7 Amaluia 3333 349Tafuna 296 301 375 388 428 8 Amanave 13 14 15 16 16 50 Taputimu 6 8 8 10 10 9 Amaua 1222 251Tula 9 9 11 11 11 10 Amouli 8 10 10 10 10 52 Utulei 65 75 75 75 75 11 Anua 8888 853Utumea East 00011 12 Aoloau 13 23 23 23 23 54 Utumea West 22222 13 Asili 2222 255Vailoatai 27 30 30 32 32 14 Atuu 28 28 40 40 40 56 Vaitogi 39 41 41 41 41 15 Aua 70 90 100 100 100 Central Water System 16 Auasi 7 12 12 12 12 Total Households 1,955 2,186 2,357 2,435 2,480 17 Aumi 3333 3Satellite Water System (13 villages) 18 Auto 9 10 10 10 10 57 Aoa 8 13 13 13 13 19 Avaio 3333 358Afono 9 9 9 11 11 20 Fagaalu 53 59 59 62 62 59 Aunuu 11 12 12 13 13 21 Fagaitua 7777 760Fagasa 22 22 22 22 22 22 Faganeanea 10 10 10 10 10 61 Faleasao 66888 23 Fagatogo 306 341 341 351 351 62 Leusoalii 10 10 12 12 12 24 Failolo 0111 163Luma 13 15 17 17 17 25 Faleniu 35 35 35 35 35 64 Maia 00222 26 Fatumafuti 1111 165Ofu 1719212121 27 Futiga 23 26 26 26 26 66 Olosega 9 11 11 11 11 28 Iliili 42 51 51 62 62 67 Sili 00000 29 Laulii 18 19 19 19 19 68 Siufaga 11111 30 Leloaloa 40 40 62 62 62 69 Vatia 15 17 18 21 21 31 Leone 47 50 55 63 63 Satellite Water System 32 Malaeimi 25 27 27 33 33 Total Households 121 135 146 152 152 33 Malaeloa/Aitulagi 5777 7Villages Exclusively Served By Village Water Systems (4 villages) 34 Malaeloa/Ituau 15 17 17 17 17 70 Fagalii 13333 35 Mapusagafou 20 22 22 24 24 71 Fagamalo 12222 36 Masausi 1222 272Maloata 22222 37 Masefau 10 14 16 19 19 73 *Swains Island 11111 38 Matuu 8888 8Village Water Systems 39 Mesepa 15 21 21 21 21 Total Households 58888 40Nua 6666 6ALL WATER SYSTEMS 41 Nuuuli 324 342 373 373 373 TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS 2,081 2,329 2,511 2,595 2,640 42 Onenoa 2466 6*Note: Swains Island residents use individual water catchment systems for their water supply. Sources: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002; US Census 2000. Existing commercial facilities in Pago Pago, Fagatogo, Nuuuli, Pavaiai, and Leone will continue to form an intermittent strip commercial corridor along Tutuila's primary roadway. Commercial expansion in these areas will be limited due to the lack of available land and vacant buildings along Tutuila's primary roadway.

The lack of developable land in these established commercial areas will force future commercial developers to replace single family commercial buildings or develop limited vacant properties along Tutuila's primary roadway with two-and three-story buildings. In order to meet required returns on investment and meet commercial space demands, the developers of multi-story commercial buildings can be expected to place retail activities primarily on the ground floor of these buildings. Other technical and professional services will usually be located on upper floors of the buildings where walk-in traffic is limited or not essential to prospective tenants.

The development of more centralized shopping centers is promoted in the draft Tualauta County Land Use Plan.(October, 2000). During the next 20 years, centralized commercial areas or shopping centers are expected in Tafuna, Iliili, and Pavaiai. Some local investors have a similar vision. For example, Haleck Enterprises has already prepared a conceptual plan for an expansion of commercial retail facilities in the vicinity of Cost-U-Less in Tafuna. One anchor store and several smaller retail enterprises are included in this development proposal. This commercial investment concept relies, in part, upon commercial traffic that would be attracted to the shopping center via the development of a proposed business hotel on nearby properties.

Smaller aiga stores, some laundromats, and video stores are situated along secondary streets and trails within existing villages. However, most all of these commercial businesses are usually oriented toward retail sales to a village consumer market. An increase in village aiga stores, laundromats, video outlets, and other convenience stores is anticipated.

During the next 20 years, a significant proportion of future commercial enterprises is expected to represent home- based occupations. These businesses will continue to provide a variety of professional and technical services to the general public, local industries, and other commercial enterprises. Some of the enterprises may need to relocate once existing home offices become inadequate to meet growing consumer demands and increased floor space requirements.

3.3.4 Hotel and Visitor Accommodations 3.3.4.1 General

In 2000, the number of hotel and visitor accommodations in American Samoa includes approximately 312 guest rooms (Table II-3-3). For over 30 years, the Rainmaker Hotel in Utulei represented the primary hotel facility in American Samoa. However, in recent years, the development of new visitor accommodations has shifted to the western district where new smaller bed and breakfast operations and lodges have been established.

TABLE II-3-3

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-3-7 HOTEL AND VISITOR ACCOMMODATIONS NUMBER OF GUESTROOMS

VILLAGE CENSUS AREAS 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 Central Water System (9 villages) 5 Alega 2 6 6 6 6 23 Fagatogo 9 9 9 9 9 28 Iliili 29 29 29 29 29 31 Leone 4 4 4 4 4 39 Mesepa 21 21 0 0 0 44 Pago Pago 12 12 12 12 12 49 Tafuna 20 100 100 200 200 52 Utulei 181 181 181 181 181 56 Vaitogi 9 9 9 9 9 Central Water System No. of Guestrooms 285 365 344 444 444 Satellite Water System (5 villages) 59 Aunuu 0 6 6 10 10 62 Leusoalii 0 5 9 15 15 63 Luma 9 13 13 13 13 65 Ofu 10 14 17 21 21 66 Olosega 8 8 12 12 12 Satellite Water System No. of Guestrooms 27 46 57 71 71 Villages Exclusively Served By Village Water Systems (1 village) 72 Maloata 0 0 0 0 80 Village Water Systems 80 No. of Guestrooms 0 0 0 0 80 ALL VILLAGES NUMBER OF GUESTROOMS 312 411 401 515 595 Note: The number of hotel and visitor accommodations facilities is included in the count for the number of commercial Facilities. See Table II-3-2. Sources: Pedersen Planning Consultants 2001;amsamoa com/tourism/lodging 2001

3.3.4.2 Eastern District

The Rainmaker Hotel contains 181 hotel units. However, an unreported number of the units on the north side of the hotel have been converted into offices. No expansion of this facility is anticipated during the 2001-2020 period, unless private investors acquire the hotel. However, private acquisition of this facility is becoming increasingly unlikely due to the growing physical deterioration of the hotel complex.

Nine guest rooms are located at Herb & Sia's Motel in Fagatogo. In Malaloa, Motu O Fiafiaga contains 12 units. No expansion of Herb & Sia's Motel is foreseen for the 2001-2020 period.

Two additional units are located at the Alega Beach Resort in Alega village. A modest expansion of the Alega Beach Resort is anticipated by the year 2005; it is expected that four units will be added to this facility between 2001 and 2005.

3.3.4.3 Manua District

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-3-8

In the Manua district, there are ten rooms at Vaoto Lodge, which is situated adjacent to . An additional seven units are located on the Island of Olosega.

On the Island of Tau, nine additional guest rooms are situated at Tau Motel in Luma.

An expansion of the guest room inventory is anticipated because of the new national park in Manua, which is expected to draw a growing number of visitors to Manua. Smaller bed & breakfast facilities will likely be established in the villages of Ofu, Olosega, Leusoalii, and Luma between 2001 and 2020 to accommodate modest increases in the demand for visitor accommodations.

3.3.4.4 Western District

In the western district, visitor accommodations are available in Tafuna, Iliili, Vaitogi, Fogagogo, Mesepa and Leone. Local inns, lodges, and bed and breakfast facilities provide a total of approximately 83 guest rooms. The growth of visitor accommodations in Tualauta County continues to draw more visitors away from the Rainmaker Hotel in Utulei.

Twenty guest rooms are available at Pago Airport Inn in Tafuna. Taalolo Lodge in Iliili contains approximately 17 guest rooms. Tessaria’s in Iliili has eight hotel rooms and four apartment units.

In Vaitogi, there are seven units available at the Turtle and Shark Lodge. Future Visions in Fogagogo provides two guest rooms.

Apiolefaga Inn in Mesepa operates 21 rooms for visitor accommodations. However, it is expected that the 21 units at Apiolefaga Inn will eventually be converted to apartment use between 2006 and 2010.

In Leone, Barry’s Bed and Breakfast provides four guest units.

A significant expansion in visitor accommodations occurred with the recent development of a 104-room hotel in Tafuna along Iliili Road. Haleck Enterprises plans to market the hotel primarily to business visitors, as well as those traveling to American Samoa to visit family relatives. It is anticipated that this hotel facility will eventually expand to include an additional 75 rooms sometime between 2011 and 2015.

In the long term, it is believed that approximately 80 guest rooms will eventually be developed in the remote village of Maloata Village by the year 2020. Landowners have not expressed this concept; however, increasing interest in the development concept as a limited number of guest house users gradually expose the recreational opportunity in this area.

3.3.5 Industrial

Future industrial growth in American Samoa is expected to increase from about 91 industrial enterprises in 2000 to about 126 enterprises in the year 2020 (Table II-3-4). Future industrial growth is expected to occur primarily in Tafuna Village where smaller local investors are expected to lease lands will be available at Daniel Inouye Industrial Park. Other smaller enterprises will be scattered throughout the Eastern and Western Districts of Tutuila; most of these industrial enterprises will be smaller, home-based businesses.

Despite anticipated increases in the number of smaller industrial enterprises, the anticipated loss of one cannery between 2006 and 2010 will represent a significant reduction in canned tuna production. This closure will temporarily have significant consequences upon local employment and household income. It is believed that the closure of the cannery will prompt more aggressive efforts by the American Samoa Government to encourage the development of other industrial activities.

3.3.6 Public Facilities

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-3-9 TABLE II-3-4 ANTICIPATED NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES 2000-2020 CENSUS VILLAGE AREAS 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 CENSUS VILLAGE AREAS 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 Central Water System (56 villages) Continued: Central Water System (56 villages) 1 Aasu 0004443Pagai 00000 2 Afao 0000044Pago Pago 12 12 12 12 12 3 Agugulu 0000045Pavaiai 00000 4 Alao 0000046Poloa 00000 5 Alega 0000047Sailele 00000 6 Alofau 0000048Seetaga 12222 7 Amaluia 0000049Tafuna 17 19 19 20 20 8 Amanave 0000050Taputimu 00000 9 Amaua 0000051Tula 00000 10 Amouli 0000052Utulei 01111 11 Anua 2211153Utumea East 22222 12 Aoloau 0000054Utumea West 00000 13 Asili 0000055Vailoatai 22222 14 Atuu 0000056Vaitogi 55555 15Aua 55555Central Water System 16 Auasi 00000Total Households 89 97 96 103 103 17 Aumi 22222Satellite Water System (13 villages) 18 Auto 0000057Aoa 00000 19 Avaio 0000058Afono 00111 20 Fagaalu 1111159Aunuu 00000 21 Fagaitua 0000060Fagasa 02222 22 Faganeanea 0000061Faleasao 00000 23 Fagatogo 0000062Leusoalii 00022 24 Failolo 0000063Luma 12222 25 Faleniu 3333364Maia 00011 26 Fatumafuti 0000065Ofu 01111 27 Futiga 4444466Olosega 12222 28 Iliili 2334467Sili 00222 29 Laulii 2222268Siufaga 03333 30 Leloaloa 2222269Vatia 04444 31 Leone 14 16 16 17 17 Satellite Water System 32 Malaeimi 00000Total Households 214172020 33 Malaeloa/Aitulagi 00000Villages Exclusively Served By Village Water Systems (4 villages) 34 Malaeloa/Ituau 1222270Fagalii 00000 35 Mapusagafou 0000071Fagamalo 00000 36 Masausi 0000072Maloata 00000 37 Masefau 0000073*Swains Island 03333 38 Matuu 00000Village Water Systems 39 Mesepa 00000Total Households 03333 40Nua 00000ALL WATER SYSTEMS 41 Nuuuli 12 12 12 12 12 TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS 91 114 116 126 126 42 Onenoa 00000*Note: Swains Island residents use individual water catchment systems for their water supply. Sources: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002; US Census 2000. 3.3.6.1 General

ASG public schools, offices, and medical facilities represent the majority of public facilities in American Samoa. Existing facilities are scattered throughout the Islands of Tutuila, Aunuu, Ofu, Olosega, and Tau. During the next 20 years, the number of public facilities in American Samoa is expected to only slightly increase from 422 facilities in 2000 to approximately 440 facilities in the year 2020 (Table II- 3-5).

It should be noted that the number of facilities summarized in Table II-3-5 includes individual buildings and facility complexes. Residential housing in each village was counted in terms of the actual number of structures. Larger facility complexes, such as or ASCC, were counted as one facility.

3.3.6.2 Public Schools

An increased resident population will increase future student enrollments at ASG public schools during the 2000- 2020 period even though the average household size is expected to decrease. Potential future reductions in financial assistance from the United States and increased operating costs will likely encourage the ASG Department of Education to renovate, expand, replace or consolidate existing schools rather than develop new schools. This trend is reflected in a recent 5-year Capital Improvements Plan for American Samoa that included proposals for improvements to Tafuna High School, Nuuuli Poly-Tech High School and Manulele Elementary School. One exception may be the construction of a new Manulele Jr. High School that the ASG Department of Education has budgeted for the FY 2002-2006 period.

The largest public education complex is the American Samoa Community College in Mesepa. It is anticipated that most all of the existing facilities in this complex will remain during the next 20 years. Continued renovations and some building replacement will occur during the 2000-2020 period in order to keep existing facilities in operable condition. In addition, the draft Tualauta County Land Use Plan (October 2000) suggests that existing ASG housing area on the west side of the main ASCC campus could be redeveloped to construct additional classroom and administrative facilities.

3.3.6.3 ASG Offices

The size of the American Samoa Government will likely grow modestly during the 2000-2020 period. Potential declines in future revenues may encourage the consolidation of program and employees with existing agencies, as well as a greater concentration of agencies within a second centralized ASG office complex in Tafuna.

A potential site for a second ASG office complex is the ASG Tafuna Housing area. This area, which is located on government-owned land, contains 89 single family residences. Most of these homes are 35 to 40 years old.

3.3.6.4 Government Housing

The American Samoa Government continues to provide housing for most contract workers who are not locally hired. The primary concentration of ASG government housing is in Tafuna where there are 89 residential units on the west side of Pala Lagoon.

About 11 ASG houses are also located in Mesepa adjacent to the American Samoa Community College. Five units are located between Leone Midkiff Elementary School and Leone High School. Other individual ASG housing units are located adjacent to the LBJ Tropical Medical Center and various public schools on all islands.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-3-10 TABLE II-3-5 ANTICIPATED NUMBER OF PUBLIC FACILITIES 2000-2020

CENSUS VILLAGE AREAS 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 CENSUS VILLAGE AREAS 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 Central Water System (56 villages) Continued: Central Water System (56 villages) 1 Aasu 1111143Pagai 00000 2 Afao 4444444Pago Pago 12 12 12 12 12 3 Agugulu 0000045Pavaiai 45555 4 Alao 1111146Poloa 22222 5 Alega 0000047Sailele 00000 6 Alofau 2222248Seetaga 00000 7 Amaluia 0000049Tafuna 175 175 175 175 175 8 Amanave 1111150Taputimu 34567 9 Amaua 0000051Tula 33333 10 Amouli 1111152Utulei 40 41 41 41 41 11 Anua 0000053Utumea East 00000 12 Aoloau 3333354Utumea West 00000 13Asili 1111155Vailoatai 22222 14 Atuu 1111156Vaitogi 34444 15Aua 34444Central Water System 16 Auasi 00000Total Households 379 387 390 389 397 17 Aumi 00000Satellite Water System (13 villages) 18 Auto 1111157Aoa 22222 19 Avaio 0000058Afono 22222 20 Fagaalu 16 16 16 16 16 59 Aunuu 66666 21 Fagaitua 4444460Fagasa 22222 22 Faganeanea 0000061Faleasao 33333 23 Fagatogo 25 25 25 25 25 62 Leusoalii 66666 24 Failolo 0000063Luma 22222 25 Faleniu 3444464Maia 00000 26 Fatumafuti 0000065Ofu 1010101010 27 Futiga 2222266Olosega 22222 28 Iliili 6778967Sili 00000 29 Laulii 2222268Siufaga 33333 30 Leloaloa 0000069Vatia 33333 31 Leone 12 12 12 12 12 Satellite Water System 32 Malaeimi 44444Total Households 41 41 41 41 41 33 Malaeloa/Aitulagi 00000Villages Exclusively Served By Village Water Systems (4 villages) 34 Malaeloa/Ituau 1111170Fagalii 11111 35 Mapusagafou 1233471Fagamalo 11111 36 Masausi 1111172Maloata 00000 37 Masefau 2222273*Swains Island 00000 38 Matuu 11111Village Water Systems 39 Mesepa 27 27 27 24 29 Total Households 22222 40Nua 11111ALL WATER SYSTEMS 41 Nuuuli 88999TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS 422 430 433 432 440 42 Onenoa 00000*Note: Swains Island residents use individual water catchment systems for their water supply. Sources: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002; US Census 2000. Should ASG pursue proposals to redevelop the Tafuna housing area for a second ASG office complex, government housing for expatriate workers would be significantly reduced. In response to this reduction, it is believed that local investors would pursue the development of new housing complexes for expatriate workers. The shift of government housing to the private sector would increase local residential construction activity and, possibly, incorporate housing allowance provisions for expatriate workers within ASG contracts.

3.3.6.5 Medical Facilities

The primary medical facility in American Samoa is the LBJ Tropical Medical Center in Fagaalu. On Tutuila, satellite dispensaries are located at Amouli, Mesepa, and Leone. Aunuu has a village dispensary. In the Manua District, one dispensary is situated on Ofu and Tau.

The LBJ Tropical Medical Center was originally constructed to provide 138 beds, but today only operates about 111 beds. In-patient data from the 1989 through 1993 suggests that occupancy of the hospital is about 47 percent (Mercy International Health Services, 1994).

In the early 1990s, a study by Mercy International Health Services suggested that there would be a demand for about 112 in-patient beds by the year 2005. Three facility options were investigated. A 28-acre site adjacent to the Tafuna Correctional Center facility was recommended for a new hospital facility. The recommended facility was estimated to cost about $37.0 million. While the Mercy International study provided a number of important recommendations, it is believed that a new facility will not be developed in Tafuna during the next 20 years because of the significant public investment required for construction.

Renovation of the existing hospital was estimated to require an expenditure of $27 million. This option was initially viewed as an undesirable project alternative because of the December 1993 findings by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers concerning soils at the hospital site. However, this conclusion was rescinded by the Army Corps of Engineers in late 1994. Consequently, any potential hospital expansion during the 2000-2020 period is expected to take place at the present hospital site in Fagaalu.

3.3.7 Community Facilities

Community facilities refer to private or village-owned facilities that are generally made available to all local residents. Most community facilities represent village churches, church complexes, church seminaries, church- operated day-care facilities, as well as church-operated elementary and high schools. Privately-owned community facilities include facilities owned by community organizations such as the Chamber of Commerce and the YWCA, as well as private schools such as the South Pacific Academy.

The Kananafou Theological Seminary complex in Tafuna is the largest community facility in the Territory. This complex includes worship facilities, dormitories, single family residences, classrooms, recreational facilities, and other related facilities. This complex is owned and operated by the Congregational Christian Church of American Samoa.

The development of more community facilities in the Territory can be expected with increased population growth. The development of some community facility expansions and new community facilities is anticipated in various villages east and west of Tualauta County.

Most community facility development, however, is expected in the villages of Tafuna and Iliili where a significant amount of developable lands remain undeveloped and continued population growth is anticipated (Table II-3-6). These and other related factors continue to attract the development of new church facilities and private schools in Tualauta County.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-3-12 TABLE II-3-6 ANTICIPATED NUMBER OF COMMUNITY FACILITIES 2000-2020

CENSUS VILLAGE AREAS 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 CENSUS VILLAGE AREAS 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 Central Water System (56 villages) Continued: Central Water System (56 villages) 1 Aasu 2222243Pagai 00000 2 Afao 0000044Pago Pago 12 12 12 12 12 3 Agugulu 0000045Pavaiai 44444 4 Alao 2222246Poloa 00000 5 Alega 0000047Sailele 11111 6 Alofau 0000048Seetaga 11111 7 Amaluia 0000049Tafuna 52 52 52 52 52 8 Amanave 2222250Taputimu 11111 9 Amaua 1111151Tula 33333 10 Amouli 2222252Utulei 22222 11 Anua 0000053Utumea East 00000 12 Aoloau 1111154Utumea West 00000 13Asili 1111155Vailoatai 11111 14 Atuu 2222256Vaitogi 55555 15Aua 44444Central Water System 16 Auasi 00000Total Households 166 166 166 166 166 17 Aumi 00000Satellite Water System (13 villages) 18 Auto 0000057Aoa 44444 19 Avaio 0000058Afono 00000 20 Fagaalu 3333359Aunuu 33333 21 Fagaitua 4444460Fagasa 33333 22 Faganeanea 0000061Faleasao 11111 23 Fagatogo 6666662Leusoalii 33333 24 Failolo 0000063Luma 11111 25 Faleniu 1111164Maia 00000 26 Fatumafuti 1111165Ofu 22222 27 Futiga 2222266Olosega 11111 28 Iliili 3333367Sili 00000 29 Laulii 2222268Siufaga 00000 30 Leloaloa 3333369Vatia 00000 31 Leone 11 11 11 11 11 Satellite Water System 32 Malaeimi 33333Total Households 18 18 18 18 18 33 Malaeloa/Aitulagi 55555Villages Exclusively Served By Village Water Systems (4 villages) 34 Malaeloa/Ituau 2222270Fagalii 00000 35 Mapusagafou 1111171Fagamalo 00000 36 Masausi 0000072Maloata 00000 37 Masefau 2222273*Swains Island 00000 38 Matuu 00000Village Water Systems 39 Mesepa 11111Total Households 00000 40Nua 22222ALL WATER SYSTEMS 41 Nuuuli 15 15 15 15 15 TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS 184 184 184 184 184 42 Onenoa 00000*Note: Swains Island residents use individual water catchment systems for their water supply. Sources: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002; US Census 2000. SECTION II CHAPTER FOUR: PUBLIC HEALTH

4.1 PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH WATER AND WASTEWATER

Gastroenteritis includes a variety of viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections that can be transmitted via contaminated water and wastewater (Table II-4-1, on the next page). For example, Giardiasis, amebic dysentery, and viral gastroenteritis can each be introduced to food when sewage is intentionally or inadvertently used as a fertilizer, e.g., surface runoff. Hepatitis A and Cholera can be derived from shellfish that are harvested from sewage-contaminated waters and foods. Parahaemolyticus TABLE II-4-2 food poisoning can also be obtained NOTIFIABLE DISEASES IN AMERICAN SAMOA from the consumption of fish and 1995-1999 shellfish that are contaminated by bacteria that live in salt water. 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 Communicable Diseases Notifiable disease reports from the Chicken Pox 159 169 360 180 63 LBJ Tropical Medical Center for the Dengue Fever 0 205 197 49 62 1995-1999 period indicate that Diarrhea,infantile 76 60 65 59 69 gastroenteritis-related diseases remain Diarrhea, unspecified 1 204 1,749 1,227 1,309 prevalent in American Samoa. Gonorrhea 16 13 3 29 42 Hepatitis A 4 21 13 10 9 However, these diseases are Hepatitis B 0 0 0 2 0 significantly less than reported cases Hepatitis, unspecified 3 0 0 0 0 of general influenza and flu through Influenza & Flu Syndrome 0 0 15,623 15,077 12,896 1997. Leprosy, lepromatous 0 0 0 2 2

Leprosy, other (leptospirosis) 0 0 0 0 0 During the 1995-1999 period, the Measles 0 2 15 0 0 number of gastroenteritis-related Meningitis, all 3 1 1 0 0 diseases was variable and ranged Mumps 1 5 1 4 1 between 23 and 61 cases. The Rheumatic fever 6 14 18 22 3 greatest volume of gastroenteritis- Salmonellosis 3 2 2 2 4 related diseases occurred in 1998 Scabies 558 890 1,091 167 192 when 76 cases were diagnosed. Shigellosis 14 12 0 5 4 Roughly 71 percent of gastro- Tuberculosis, pulmonary 3 4 7 0 7 enteritis-related diseases in 1998 were Tuberculosis, other form 0 0 0 0 0 related to food poisoning; most of the Typhoid 0 0 0 0 1 remaining cases were associ-ated with Food Poisoning 54 53 10 6 10 Hepatitis A (Table II-4-2). Fish Poisoning 41 16 34 7 8 Microfilaremia 0 31 32 25 34 In 1996 and 1997, a significant Pertusis 0 0 0 1 0 number of unspecified cases of Syphillis 5 0 0 0 0 diarrhea were reported in the Non-Communicable Diseases Territory. Available data does not Dog Bites 226 238 254 360 339 clarify what proportion of these cases Traffic Injuries 197 165 221 118 131 may have been connected to reported Suicide 0 2 0 0 0 cases of gastroenteritis. Suicide Gesture 0 0 0 0 0 ALL DISEASES 1,370 2,107 19,336 17,353 15,188 Notes: Influenza and Flu Syndrome is no longer reported. This primarily accounts for the overall decrease in all diseases.

Source: LBJ American Samoa Medical Center Authority, 2001

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-4-1

TABLE II-4-1 GASTROENTERITIS DISEASES THAT CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO WATER AND SEWAGE CONTAMINATION Type Cause Sources Signs and Symptoms Amebiasis Entamoeba histolytica Found in the human intestinal tract and feces. Can be Tenderness over the colon or liver, loose morning stools, (amebic dysentery) (amoebic protozoa) introduced to food when sewage is used as fertilizer or recurrent diarrhea, nervousness, weight loss, and fatigue when food handlers don't wash hands. Chief sources are common signs and symptoms. Anemia may develop. are foods that are handled a lot during preparation. Cholera Vibrio cholerae Fish and shellfish harvested from waters contaminated Onset is 1 to 3 days after eating; symptoms range from by human sewage. Chief sources are raw fish and mild diarrhea to life-threatening dehydration from intense shellfish. diarrhea. Severe disease requires hospitalization. Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium Found in human intestinal tract and feces. Can be Onset is explosive with profuse watery diarrhea and protozoa introduced from person-to-person contact, water- abdominal cramping 4 to 14 days after exposure. borne transmission, and from animals. Giardiasis Giardia lamblia Found in the human intestinal tract and feces. Can be Signs and symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, protozoa introduced to food when sewage is used as fertilizer or gas, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. when food handlers don't wash hands. Chief sources include foods that are handled a lot during preparation. Hepatitis A Hepatitis A virus Shellfish harvested from contaminated waters and Onset takes 2 to 6 weeks. Symptoms include fever, foods, such as vegetables, that are handled frequently weakness, loss of appetite, and jaundice (yellowing skin during preparation and then eaten raw. and whites of eyes). Severe cases cause liver damage and even death. Parahaemolyticus food Vibrio Fish and shellfish; caused by bacteria that live in salt Onset - 15 to 24 hours after eating - brings nausea, poisoning parahaemolyticus water and thrive in warm weather. vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and, sometimes, fever, headache, chills, mucoid or bloody stools. Symptoms can last 1 to 2 days and are occasionally fatal. Salmonellosis Salmonella Raw meats, poultry, eggs, fish, milk, contaminated Onset is 12 to 48 hours after eating (or smoking marijuana water, and foods made with them. (Marijuana and or handling a pet turtle) with severe headache, nausea, small pet turtles are both prime sources of fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and sometimes, Salmonella.) Bacteria multiply rapidly at room vomiting. The disease usually lasts 2 to 7 days. It can be temperature. fatal in infants and elderly and infirm patients. Viral gastroenteritis Various viruses Pathogens found in human intestinal tract and feces. Onset occurs after 24 hours with diarrhea, nausea, Can be introduced to food when sewage is used as vomiting, and breathing difficulties. Disease usually lasts fertilizer, when food handlers don't wash hands, and 4 to 5 days but may go on for weeks. when shellfish are harvested from sewage- contaminated waters. Sources: Sumic, 1993; Springhouse Corporation, 1991. 4.1.1 Bacteria

The genus Salmonella is one of the more common pathogens found in domestic wastewater. Three distinct forms of salmonellosis in humans include enteric fevers, septicemias, and acute gastroenteritis. The most severe form of salmonellosis is typhoid fever. The type of salmonellosis most frequently experienced by humans is acute gastroenteritis (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Agency for International Development, 1992).

Annual morbidity reports indicate that 55 cases of Salmonellosis were diagnosed from incoming patients to LBJ Tropical Medical Center in 1993 (American Samoa Health Planning and Development Agency, 1994). However, the number of Salmonellosis cases dropped significantly to 17 cases in 1994, four cases in 1995, and three reported cases in 1999.

In 1995, one case of typhoid was recorded. Otherwise, no cases of typhoid were treated from 1996 through 1999.

Salmonella septicemia, a bacterial infection of the blood, is generally not common to human populations. However, bacteria from raw wastewater can contribute to a person's initial infection.

Shigella is a less common genus of bacteria that has been isolated from wastewater; this pathogen produces an intestinal disease known as bacillary dysentery or shigellosis. Waterborne outbreaks of shigellosis have been reported where wastewater has contaminated potable wells. This bacteria has a short survival time in wastewater and appears to be spread primarily by person-to-person contact. Four cases of shigellosis were reported by the LBJ Tropical Medical Center in 1995; however, the number of cases gradually increased to 14 cases in 1999.Other bacteria such as Vibrio, Mycobacterium, Clostridium, Leptospira, and Yersinia may also be found in wastewater. Their concentrations in wastewater are typically too low to establish disease outbreaks (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Agency for International Development, 1992). However, it is important to note that 41 cases of fish poisoning and 54 cases of food poisoning were recorded in 1999.

No cases of cholera were reported from the LBJ Medical Center during the 1995-1999 period.

4.1.2 Protozoa

A number of protozoan and metazoan agents in untreated wastewater can infect humans. One of the more important parasites is the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica that is responsible for amebic dysentery or amebiasis. No cases of this disease were diagnosed by medical personnel at LBJ Tropical Medical Center.

Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium have both been associated with the outbreak of waterborne diseases throughout the world. No data is locally collected for Cryptosporidium or Giardia lamblia; however, such infections may be included in the general gastroenteritis category.

4.1.3 Viruses

"Over 100 different viruses capable of producing infections or disease are excreted by humans. Enteric viruses are those, which multiply in the intestinal tract and are released in the fecal matter of infected persons. Not all types of enteric viruses have been determined to cause waterborne disease" (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Agency for International Development, 1992).

Hepatitis A, which causes infectious hepatitis, is frequently transmitted by water. However, this virus can be acquired from shellfish that have been contaminated by sewage and/or other contaminants. Hepatitis A is frequently asymptomatic, especially in younger children. For example, a seroprevalence study made in the Republic of Palau in 1991 indicated that 65 percent of the Palauan population had acquired Hepatitis A before the age of 20 years (McCready, 1993). Between 1995 and 1999, four to 21 cases were annually reported by LBJ Tropical Medical Center.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-4-3 4.2 GENERAL HEALTH RISKS 4.2.1 Waterborne Disease Transmission

Waterborne diseases can be directly transmitted to human beings by skin contact, ingestion, or the inhalation of infectious agents. Indirect transmission of the diseases to humans can occur by personal contact with objects or other human beings that have already been contaminated (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Agency for International Development, 1992).

The primary health concern associated with domestic sewage is the various pathogens that are derived primarily from human and animal feces. However, some pathogens are occasionally carried via urine infections from a host human or animal carrier. Pathogens derived from sewage can adversely affect humans via direct contract or the indirect contamination of surface and groundwater supplies.

The significance of public exposure to pathogenic microorganisms is generally dependent upon the general health of the resident population, the presence of disease carriers, and the ability of viruses, bacteria, and protozoa to survive outside of their host carriers. Information that was gained from available health statistics suggest that: 1) the general health of American Samoa’s resident population is good; and, 2) there are few, if any, carriers of significantly harmful communicable diseases. However, available data is too general to detect potential public health problems within specific residential areas.

Available morbidity data can be related to the location of an incoming patient's home residence if a manual review is made of in-patient records for a given period of time. However, such research is generally not made unless a special information request is made of the LBJ Tropical Medical Center or the American Samoa Health Planning and Development Agency.

Available information concerning waterborne diseases needs to be recorded and aggregated on a village basis in order that ASG public health officials and ASPA can locate and address the source of future sanitation problems. The re-establishment of a computerized database of inpatient records is recommended to enable this type of data aggregation. More import- antly, this information source would also enable TABLE II-4-3 TYPICAL SURVIVAL TIMES OF SELECTED PATHOGENS doctors and nurses to AT 20 TO 30 DEGREES CENTIGRADE quickly review information concerning patient treat- Survival Time (Days) Fresh Water ment histories. Pathogen & Sewage Crops Soil Virusesa 4.2.2 Survivability of Enterovirusesb <120 but usually <50 <60 but usually <15 <100 but usually <20 Viruses, Protozoa, and Bacteria Fecal coliformsa <60 but usually <30 <30 but usually <15 <70 but usually <20 Bacteria Salmonella spp.a <60 but usually <30 <30 but usually <15 <70 but usually <20 Shigella spp.b <30 but usually <10 <10 but usually <5 The survival of viruses, Vibrio choleraec <30 but usually <10 <5 but usually <2 <20 but usually <10 protozoa, and bacteria can Protozoa extend for long periods of Entamoeba histolytica cysts <30 but usually <15 <10 but usually <2 <20 but usually <10 time under favorable condi- Helminths Ascaris lumbricoides eggs Many months <60 but usually <30 Many months tions. Table II-4-3 presents Notes: a In seawater, viral survival is less, and bacterial survival is very much less, than in fresh water. typical ranges of survival b Includes polio-, echo-, and coxsackeivirues. for various pathogens. c V. cholerae survival in aqueous environments is a subject of current uncertainty. Source: Adapted from Feacham et al., 1983; "Guidelines for Water Reuse", U.S. EPA., 1992.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-4-4 The survival of pathogens in American Samoa is enhanced by higher humidity, the presence of organic matter, and protection provided by vegetative matter. Viruses and bacteria both survive better in fresh water compared to seawater. Nevertheless, American Samoa has environmental conditions that provide a suitable environment for the continued survival and spread of pathogens from various bacteria, protozoa and viruses that can be linked directly to both drinking water and wastewater contamination.

4.3 VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS: A CONTINUED SOURCE OF WATERBORNE DISEASES

Four of American Samoa’s 73 villages (not including Swains Island) rely exclusively on independent surface water supplies that are not operated by the American Samoa Power Authority. Eleven villages are served by nine ASPA satellite systems, which are independent of the central ASPA system, but are operated and maintained by the ASPA Water Division. The remaining villages are connected to the ASPA central system, but some of these villages opt to use both the central ASPA system and an independent village water supply.

The independent village water supplies are typically fed by small streams and/or springs. Surface flows usually discharge into and are stored within open ferrocement tanks that are constructed within or adjacent to a streambed. The systems are generally located at remote sites upslope of shoreline communities. Since many of these supplies contain relatively stagnant water, they provide a perfect breeding place for the growth and survival of bacteria and viruses.

Water quality data, which is regularly collected by the American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency, confirms the presence of some bacterial contamination in most village water system supplies. Historical bacterial data suggests that total coliform levels are frequently between 40 and 80 colonies per 100 milliliters. About 30 to 50 percent of the coliform contamination represents fecal contamination. Consequently, these sources represent a continued source of waterborne disease that can be transmitted to local village residents via human consumption.

The reduction of potential health risks from village water systems can be effectively addressed through the incorporation of these surface supplies into the ASPA system. Even if some of the villages are operated as satellite systems, better potable water quality can be achieved if the ASPA Water Division is given authority by the village councils to operate and maintain the systems. One important benefit of ASPA’s management would be the regular disinfection of surface supplies that would minimize the growth and survival of bacteria and viruses within existing storage facilities.

4.4 GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION IN UNSEWERED VILLAGES

In 2000, 3,162 housing units in American Samoa were served by one of two centralized wastewater systems operated by the American Samoa Power Authority (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2000). These housing units represented about 31 percent of all housing units in the Territory.

Most of the 6,890 homes that were not served by the ASPA Wastewater Division in 2000 discharged sewage into a cesspool or a septic tank with a related drainfield system. Even though U.S. Census data does not distinguish the type of onsite wastewater disposal systems that are used, it is suspected that most of these homes are supported by existing cesspools.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-4-5 Cesspools provide little or no treatment and allow untreated sewage effluent to seep into surrounding local soils. In many villages, highly fractured volcanic rock underlies thin soils, which permit wastewater to flow through rock fissures directly into the ground water. Since rock and soils provide little treatment for wastewater, contamination of the ground water supply occurs.

U.S. Public Health Regulations, which have been adopted by the American Samoa Power Authority, require the use of septic tank and drainfield systems. Increased installation of septic tanks has occurred in recent years because of this requirement and ASPA’s inspection of new onsite disposal since 1991. Septic tanks provide a better form of treatment as long as: 1) there is suitable treatment material between the bottom of the infiltrative surface and bedrock or ground water; 2) housing densities do not exceed 2.0 to 3.5 homes per acre.

Historical studies suggest that horizontal bacterial migration away from soil-based disposal systems is limited. However, the eventual clogging of soil pores by sewage solids and bacterial slime gradually diminishes and ultimately eliminates any effective treatment of bacteria (Johnson Division, UOP, Inc., 1975).

Local soil depths, texture, and related percolation determine the amount of contact that bacteria and other pathogens have with the oxidizing environment. Many organisms are killed by oxidation while being exposed in soil pores.

The depth to bedrock for most soils in American Samoa is typically six or more feet from ground elevation to ground water (U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1983). However, some village areas contain poorly drained, silty clay soils in low-lying areas, e.g., Malaeloa/Aitulagi and Malaeimi, and other soil types that are unsuitable for effective onsite wastewater disposal.

More significantly, much of Tualauta County contains an Iliili clay loam that is between eight and 20 inches to bedrock and provides inadequate depth for soil-based treatment. The extension of ASPA sewer collection systems in areas of Tualauta County that contain these soils is necessary to prevent the contamination of Tutuila’s groundwater supplies. The draft Tualauta County Land Use Plan (October 2000 draft) recommends residential densities of not greater than two housing units per acre in areas of Tualauta County that are unsuitable for soil-based wastewater treatment and not located within a feasible distance to ASPA water, wastewater, and electrical systems (reference Figure 5-6 from Tualauta County Land Use Plan). ASPA recommends that the American Samoa Department of Commerce and Territorial Planning Commission incorporate these density assumptions into zoning designations and related stipulations for Tualauta County.

The impact of potential groundwater contamination has profound consequences upon long-term groundwater quality, the development of new groundwater sources, and the maintenance of adequate supplies. For this reason, ASPA is committed to the following actions:

• restrict the future installation of water and power services to selected areas, e.g., Malaeimi and other selected wetland areas, where potential land development and the use of individual onsite wastewater disposal systems are expected to adversely impact groundwater quality.

• deny approval of onsite wastewater disposal systems where soils are inadequate for soil-based treatment and residential densities would be greater than two housing units per acre.

4.5 NEARSHORE SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION

Some bacteria are indirectly being discharged into nearshore marine waters via the use of individual wastewater disposal systems near the shoreline. Pathogens travel within the ground water and eventually are transported to the nearshore waters when insufficient soil-based treatment takes place. Fortunately, salty marine waters usually provide considerable disinfection to bacteria discharged from soil-based disposal systems.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-4-6 A cumulative discharge of inadequately treated wastewater along the shoreline can, however, generate occasional or long-term impacts upon nearshore water quality, the composition and abundance of marine communities, and/or public health. Changes in nearshore water quality can, in essence, impact the entire food chain within the nearshore environment.

The greatest concern is for potential contamination of shellfish and fish that are consumed by local residents. Crabs, other shellfish, and fish that become contaminated can, in turn, transmit waterborne diseases to some local residents that consume these resources. Potential illnesses such as Cholera, Hepatitis A, Viral Gastroenteritis, Parahaemolyticus food poisoning, or Salmonellosis are associated with the consumption of shellfish from contaminated waters. During the 1995-1999 period, seven to 41 cases per year of fish poisoning were treated at the LBJ Medical Center.

Available fisheries and water quality data provide no evidence of any adverse impacts of sewage discharges from onsite wastewater disposal systems at Matuu and Lauliituai. Results from an ongoing nearshore marine fisheries program in the vicinity of Pago Harbor (between Nuuuli and Laulii) indicate that total catch and catch per unit effort increased somewhat at Matuu and Laulii) between 1991 and 1993 (Saucerman, 1994). Surface water quality data from nearshore stations at Lauliituai and nearby Faganeanea suggest nutrient levels are comparable to other embayments on the Island of Tutuila (Wiegman, 1995) where virtually no septic tank discharges are being made.

Potential public health impacts cannot be effectively evaluated without an examination of notifiable disease data for each village, which is not segregated on a village basis. The correlation of public health data and surface water quality data requires coordination between the American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency and the ASG Department of Health. When cases of fish poisoning are treated, case information should be promptly forwarded to ASEPA to enable their correlation with available surface water quality data for specific embayments.

Adverse impacts derived from marine surface water contamination in unsewered shoreline villages can be most effectively managed through the gradual connection of all residential units to ASPA’s centralized wastewater collection system. In the absence of connection, the maintenance of good nearshore water quality in unsewered shoreline villages will require the careful design, construction, and periodic maintenance of septic tank and soil-based treatment systems. The design of these facilities must take into account the treatment capabilities of local soils, the location of groundwater and surface water supplies, as well as nearshore fishing activity and recreation.

Onsite individual wastewater disposal systems have historically generated a wide range of water quality changes, marine biological impacts, and public health concerns at selected sites on various Pacific Islands. For this reason, ASPA also recommends that the ASG Environmental Protection Agency and the ASG Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources select two or three nearshore sites on the Island of Tutuila for the long-term monitoring of fish harvest and nearshore water quality in waters adjacent to unsewered villages. Such information, combined with recommended village public health, population, and housing density information, will provide ASPA and the American Samoa Government with greater insights concerning the impact of individual wastewater disposal systems upon nearshore water quality, marine communities, and public health.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-4-7 3. Public treatment systems that serve a population of more than 50,000 persons must demonstrate that toxic pollutants, introduced by an industrial source which has not pretreated its wastewater, will: a) enforce or comply with all pretreatment requirements, b) use a pretreatment program that will remove the same amount of toxic pollutants that could be achieved via secondary treatment without pretreatment. 4. Public treatment systems must discharge effluent that has received, at least, primary or equivalent treatment and meets water quality criteria established under Section 304(a)(1) of the Water Quality Act after initial mixing in the receiving waters. 5. Modified permits authorized under Section 301(h) will not be issued for discharges into waters that already contain a significant amount of effluent from prior discharges of the applying POTW. 6. Modified permits will not be issued for discharges into saline estuarine waters that exhibit stressed conditions. 7. A POTW was given 30 days to apply for a modified permit if it had an agreement before December 31, 1982, to use an outfall operated by another POTW. 8. Some provisions of the Water Quality Act amendments were not applicable to some 301(h) applications if a POTW had received tentative or final approval before enactment of the Water Quality Act. However, the amendments do apply to all applications for the renewal of modified permits. Requirements 1, 3, and 4 were understandably a concern of the American Samoa Government Department of Public Works during the early 1980’s because of the high costs associated with expanded water quality monitoring and related marine ecological investigations. At the same time, the ASG Environmental Protection Agency believed that the high costs of monitoring and related documentation of anticipated water quality changes in Pago Pago Harbor were well worth the expenditures because of anticipated improvements in marine water quality. By the early 1990’s, improvements to surface water quality in Pago Pago Harbor were clearly evident (Faiai, 1994). Part 125, Subpart B, of Section 301(h), which establishes criteria for U.S. EPA to evaluate requests for modified permits, echoes the preceding eight amendments that were added to Section 301(h) via the Water Quality Act of 1987. However, Part 125 also adds other more specific criteria relating to environmental monitoring. • Once a modified permit is granted to a POTW, the public treatment system must be able to demonstrate that the agency has the personnel and financial resources to monitor selected operational characteristics, e.g., influent and effluent characteristics. Such information is required to provide U.S. EPA and American Samoa Government's Environmental Protection Agency with data that can be used to: 1) monitor treatment plant performance and 2) ensure that operations meet stipulations of the permit. • The POTW must demonstrate that an applicable water quality standard exists for each pollutant that is associated with the permit modification. When the Clean Water Act was being reconsidered in 1994, U.S. EPA, Region IX, recommended that 301(H) primary treatment provisions should remain intact for Pacific Island territories. However, this concept was solidly opposed within the agency (Lovelace, 1995). 5.2.2 Utility Expansion Issues While monitoring requirements impact the operational costs of the ASPA wastewater system, the greatest concern for Section 301(H) of the Clean Water Act is the requirement to incorporate secondary treatment processes in conjunction with any new wastewater treatment facilities. In the absence of waivers from these secondary treatment provisions, USEPA will require that any new expansions to the ASPA wastewater system, e.g., Aua or Leone, will discharge secondary-treated effluent. Despite the successful treatment of wastewater at ASPA’s primary plants at Utulei and Tafuna, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency indicates there is no exception to this requirement regardless of the characteristics of the receiving water environment (Lovelace, 1995).

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-5-2 The inability to use primary treatment processes for the treatment of future wastewater flows will constrain ASPA’s future efforts to extend its wastewater collection system to unsewered areas where the use of septic tanks is inappropriate. Increased development and operational costs associated with secondary treatment will hamper ASPA’s ability to provide wastewater services at affordable consumer rates. More importantly, it will delay greater conservation of existing groundwater supplies and the development of new groundwater wells in some areas. American Samoa’s territorial status disables any potential opportunity to seek financial assistance from other multi- national lending institutions. Consequently, it will be impossible for ASPA to pursue needed extensions to the wastewater collection system without additional financial assistance from the United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has, in the past, used creativity to administer Clean Water Act requirements in American Samoa. However, secondary treatment requirements continue to pose serious long-term constraints to the expansion of the ASPA wastewater collection system. Cost-effective solutions to wastewater treatment and the conservation of Tutuila’s groundwater supply cannot be achieved without the mutual effort of ASPA and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 5.2.3 Operational Issues One example of operational requirements imposed by Section 301(h) of the Clean Water Act is wastewater effluent limitations. These requirements define maximum bacteriological levels and selected chemical characteristics of effluent that is discharged by a wastewater treatment plant into adjacent receiving waters. Once a modified permit is renewed, a public-owned treatment system, e.g., ASPA, must also have the personnel and financial resources to monitor selected operational characteristics, e.g., influent and effluent characteristics. Otherwise, a renewed modified permit can be denied. Such information is required to provide U.S. EPA and American Samoa Government's Environmental Protection Agency with data that can be used to: 1) monitor treatment plant performance, and 2) ensure that operations meet stipulations of the permit. Monitoring requirements of treatment plant effluent continue to be met by trained personnel at the Utulei and Tafuna Sewer Treatment Plants. Surface water quality monitoring of the nearshore waters in Pago Pago Harbor and other nearshore waters are also regularly monitored by the ASG Environmental Protection Agency. Both activities are required to legally operate both of ASPA’s two primary treatment plants and meet the monitoring requirements associated with its existing NPDES permits. This information is also required to substantiate future applications by ASPA for the re-issuance of modified permits for the Utulei and Tafuna Sewer Treatment Plants. Monitoring required by Section 301(H) increases operational costs associated with the management of the ASPA wastewater system. However, long-term monitoring requirements of plant influent and effluent are necessary to effectively monitor treatment plant and outfall performance (McIntyre, 1995). Consequently, no changes in the monitoring requirements are believed to be necessary. 5.3 SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT 5.3.1 Regulatory History In response to the mandates of the Safe Water Drinking Act (SWDA), USEPA established regulations for 23 contaminants between 1975 and 1985. The 1974 SWDA directed USEPA to regulate drinking water contaminants in two stages: establish National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations that were based primarily on the 1962 Public Health Service standards. revise the interim standards following a review by the National Academy of Sciences of the potential risks to consumers from the regulated contaminants. The National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations were initially adopted by USEPA in 1975. Subsequent regulations were adopted for radionuclides in 1976, trihalomehtanes in 1979, and the Flouride Rule in 1986.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-5-3 The U.S. Congress amended the SWDA in 1986. The 1986 amendments required USEPA to establish maximum contaminant level goals and National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for 83 contaminants. The amendments also required USEPA to regulate 25 additional contaminants every three years beginning in January, 1991; this process was extended indefinitely. USEPA elected to implement its regulation of the 83 contaminants in phases; this phasing was based largely upon the availability of data from supporting studies. The regulations were gradually implemented by USEPA's adoption of various sets of rules during the 1981-2001 period: Phase I Rule (VOC/Unregulated Contaminants Rule) adopted in 1981 Phase II Rule (Lead and Copper Rule) and the Phase II-b Rule adopted in 1991 Phase V Rule in 1992 Phase IV Rule and Interim Surface Water Treatment Rule in 1998 Radionuclides in 2000 Arsenic in 2001 The Safe Water Drinking Act was again amended in 1996. These amendments required USEPA, in part, to develop rules that would balance the risks of providing greater protection from microbial contaminants, especially Cryptosporidium, and, at the same time, reduce potential health risks from disinfection products. A summary of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, as of September 2001, are presented in Appendix III-A. 5.3.2 Recent and Proposed Drinking Water Act Amendments In an effort to improve national drinking water quality, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other research organizations continue to review changes in the drinking water quality of larger and smaller communities in the continental United States and its Territories. Discoveries of new water quality issues and trends in one or more regions of the United States often translate into the development of new rules and regulations by the USEPA. As new rules are proposed and eventually adopted, water quality monitoring requirements increase. Several examples include the adopted Radon in Drinking Water Rule, Arsenic Rule and Filter Backwash Recycling Rule, as well as the proposed Ground Water Rule. 5.3.2.1 Radon in Drinking Water Rule The 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments required EPA to establish several new, health-based drinking water regulations, including a multimedia approach to address the public health risks from radon (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2000). The Radon in Drinking Water Rule establishes two options for establishing a multimedia mitigation framework: 1) States or Territories, e.g., American Samoa, can elect to develop enhanced programs (known as Multimedia Mitigation) to address the health risks from radon in indoor air. Individual water systems would be required to reduce radon levels in drinking water to 4,000 picoCuries per liter (pCi/L, a standard unit of radiation). USEPA believes this is the most cost-effective way to achieve the greatest reduction in radon risk. 2) States or Territories can choose to not develop a Multimedia Mitigation program. However, under this option, individual water systems would be required to either reduce radon levels in drinking water to 300 pCi/L, or develop individual local multimedia mitigation programs and reduce radon levels in drinking water to 4000 pCi/L. Water systems already at, or below, 300 pCi/L would not be required to treat their water for radon. Any multimedia mitigation (MMM) programs would require public involvement in the development of MMM plans, quantitative goals for reducing radon in existing and new homes, strategies for achieving quantitative goals, as well as a plan for tracking and reporting results (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2000). ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-5-4 The applicability of the proposed radon rules to American Samoa is uncertain. Some limited monitoring of radon levels in drinking water may have been made by the U.S. Geological Survey in the early 1990s. However, ASEPA, USEPA, and USGS have no available records of any past radon monitoring. 5.3.2.2 Arsenic Rule USEPA announced on October 31, 2001 its intention to begin implementation of a new standard for arsenic in drinking water. The new standard is 10 parts per billion (ppb). The new standard contrasts with the former standard of 50 ppb. Community water systems are required to meet the new standard by January 2006. 5.3.2.3 Surface Water Treatment Existing USEPA regulations also incorporate requirements for filtration and disinfection for public water systems that use surface water sources or ground water that are under the direct influence of surface water. “Ground water under the direct influence of surface water is defined as: any water beneath the surface of the ground with (i) significant occurrence of insects or other macroorganisms, algae, organic debris, or large-diameter pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, or (ii) significant and relatively rapid shifts in water characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, conductivity, or pH which closely correlate to climatological or surface water conditions” (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Drinking Water, 1991). If expensive filtration measures are not incorporated into the treatment of surface water sources, the Surface Water Treatment Rules that are associated with the Safe Drinking Water Act must be followed. The Surface Water Treatment Rules generally require: • significant water quality monitoring requirements for total or fecal coliform and turbidity; • fecal coliform levels must be equal to or less than 20 colonies per 100 milliliters or total coliform levels must be equal to or less than 100 colonies per 100 milliliters (before disinfection); • increased disinfection of all surface water sources and an annual inspection of all disinfection facilities; • the performance of an annual watershed control program; and, • the occurrence of no waterborne diseases from any surface water source. The more recent Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule adopted in 1998 increased microbial protection requirements. Disinfection profiling and benchmarking provisions were also added to ensure public protection from adverse impacts that might be generated from disinfection equipment and supplies. More specifically, the Interim rule included the following additional requirements: Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) of zero for Cryptosporidium 2-log Crytosporidium removal requirements for systems that filter Strengthened combined filter effluent turbidity performance standards Individual filter turbidity monitoring requirements Disinfection profiling and benchmarking requirements Systems using ground water under the direct influence of surface water are now subject to new rules dealing with Cryptosporidium Inclusion of Cryptosporidium in the watershed control requirements for unfiltered public water systems Covers on new finished water reservoirs Sanitary surveys, conducted by States and Territories, for all surface water systems regardless of size.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-5-5 Each state or Territory is to adopt and implement the requirements of the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule by January 1, 2002. In October 2001, USEPA proposed more disinfection requirements in its draft Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 2 DBPR). The proposed rule recommends some maximum contaminant level goals for chloroform, monchloroacetic acid (MCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA). In essence, these goals represent maximum contaminant levels (MCL's), as well as monitoring, reporting, and public notification requirements for total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and haloacetic acides (HAA5), and revisions to the reduced monitoring requirements for bromate. 5.3.2.4 Filter Backwash Recyling Rule USEPA published its final Filter Backwash Recycling Rule on June 8, 2001. This rule responds to a portion of the 1996 SWDA amendments which, in part, required the adoption of regulations, which would govern the recycling of filter backwash water within treatment processes, associated with public water systems. The… "final rule requires that recycled filter backwash water, sludge thickener supernatant, and liquids from dewatering processes must be returned to a location such that all processes of a system's conventional or direct filtration, as defined in Sec. 141.2, are employed. Systems may apply to the State if they want to recycle at an alternate location" (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001). USEPA believes that it is important that filter backwash recycling practices are conducted in a manner that "….does not upset the chemical treatment and coagulation process vital to the performance and contaminant removal capability of a filtration plant" (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001). In order to achieve a 2-log Cryptosporidium removal, USEPA also believes that Crytosporidum cocci in source water and recycled water need to receive the full benefit of well-operated treatment processes. The rationale of USEPA is based upon earlier studies that indicate that proper coagulation is essential to achieving optimal performance of water treatment plants. One study performed by a USEPA consultant also suggested that coagulation significantly influences the log removal of Cryptosporidium. Eight studies performed in the 1990's indicated that conventional and direct filtration plants were capable of removing Cryptosporidium when appropriate coagulation conditions were present (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001). 5.3.2.5 Proposed Ground Water Rule “EPA is proposing a rule which specifies the appropriate use of disinfection in ground water and addresses other components of ground water systems to assure public health protection. The Ground Water Rule (GWR) establishes multiple barriers to protect against bacteria and viruses in drinking water from ground water sources and will establish a targeted strategy to identify ground water systems at high risk for fecal contamination" (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2000). Recent research indicates that some ground waters are a source of waterborne disease. Waterborne diseases are characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting. Waterborne diseases that occur in healthy individuals are frequently self- limiting and usually do not require medical treatment (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2000).

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-5-6 However, gastrointestinal symptoms can sometimes be fatal for younger children, senior citizens, and persons with compromised immune systems. Some viral pathogens found in ground water have also been linked to long-term health effects, e.g., adult onset diabetes and myocarditis. The severity of potential health impacts and the number of people that could be potential exposed to microbial pathogens in ground water has prompted USEPA’s development of the proposed ground water regulations (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2000). The requirements outlined in the proposed Ground Water Rules generally include the performance of: • sanitary surveys of community water systems once every three years; • a one-time assessment of all groundwater systems that do not provide 4-log (99.99 percent) virus inactivation/removal within 6 years of the final rule’s date of publication for community water systems; • source water microbial monitoring by systems that do not disinfect and draw from hydrogeologically sensitive aquifers, or have detected fecal indicators with the system’s distribution system; • corrective actions to address significant deficiencies or positive microbial samples indicating fecal contamination; and, • compliance monitoring for systems, which disinfect to ensure their reliability to achieve 99.99 percent inactivation or removal of viruses (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2000 and 2001). The implications of these proposed requirements are that ASPA and/or ASEPA will be required to carry out periodic sanitary surveys of the central and satellite water systems, as well as a long-term increase in water quality monitoring. These will increase the cost of ASPA water system operations and increase administrative expenditures by the American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA). Additional administrative expenditures that would be incurred by the ASEPA may be covered by new or expanded grant programs from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In contrast, additional operational costs that would be incurred by the ASPA Water Division would probably not be offset by any sources of revenue. 5.3.3 Requirements Impacting Potable Water Delivery 5.3.3.1 General The Safe Drinking Water Act establishes national primary drinking water regulations for public water systems in the United States and American territories. A public system is a potable water system that serves at least 15 service connections or regularly serves at least 25 individuals. In American Samoa, this Act is applicable to most village systems and the entire ASPA central water system since only two villages, i.e., Sili in the Manua District and Maloata in the Western District, have less than 25 residents. Further, most villages have transitioned away from the use of individual rainwater catchment systems. The national drinking water regulations include maximum contaminant levels and monitoring requirements for inorganic and organic chemicals, as well as microbiological characteristics. In general, the maximum contaminant levels are significantly more stringent than earlier Public Health Service Act. 5.3.3.2 Enforcement of Primary Drinking Water Regulations The Safe Drinking Water Act authorizes each State or Territory to enforce the primary drinking water regulations (Government Institutes, Inc., 1994). Drinking water quality standards defined by Section 1412 of the U.S. Public Health Service Act, and later amended by the Safe Drinking Water Act (Public Laws 95-523 and 95-190), have been adopted by the American Samoa Government. The ASG Environmental Quality Commission carries out this responsibility through the technical support of the ASG Environmental Protection Agency. The ASG Environmental Quality Commission has also approved a local Safe Drinking Water statute for American Samoa, which includes: • the incorporation of national maximum contaminant levels for lead and copper, synthetic organic chemicals, and inorganic chemicals, as well as related requirements for monitoring and treatment; • design and construction requirements for groundwater wells; and,

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-5-7 • an emergency plan for an organized response to any water supply emergency. 5.3.3.3 Surface Water Treatment Monitoring and Related Certified Operator Requirements At the time of this report, the ASPA Water Division is constructing two surface water treatment facilities on the Island of Tutuila. Surface water that will be diverted to former surface reservoirs in Fagatogo and Pago Pago will be processed through the use of microfiltration membrane treatment. The Fagatogo and Vaipito water treatment plants that will support these surface supplies have been designed to accommodate peak flows of 1.0 million gallons per day (mgd) and 0.5 mgd, respectively. Backwater from the treatment process will be discharged into the Pago Pago Harbor Sewer System. The treatment equipment supplier for these projects, U.S. Filter, has warranted that the filtrate water will achieve a minimum of 4.0 log Giardia removal and turbidity levels below 0.1 NTU. Assurances have also been made by U.S. Filter that the microfiltration membrane treatment plants will also comply with the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. In view of USEPA's proposed Stage 2 Disinfectant and Disinfection and existing Filter Backwash requirements, the ASPA Water Division should ensure that installed equipment at both plants will also meet these anticipated regulatory requirements. The ASPA Water Division continues its effort to establish a water quality monitoring plan for its two surface water treatment plants. This effort should be coordinated should be made with U.S. Filter to ensure that future monitoring equipment addresses all new and anticipated water quality monitoring requirements. Documentation of these assurances and related monitoring procedures should be documented for review and approval by USEPA, Region IX. USEPA, Region 9 representatives indicate that the operation of these plants will require the use of a supervisory certified level III operator, as well as certified level I operators for system monitoring, as well as the performance of plant operation and maintenance activities. In addition, no agreements have been reached with USEPA, Region 9 concerning the scope and frequency of long-term water quality monitoring of both treatment plants. The Water Division has considered various options to meet operator certification requirements; however, final conclusions or actions were unresolved at the end of December 2001. USEPA has developed guidelines and an available checklist of requirements that are necessary for the American Samoa Government, as well as other U.S. Territories and States, to establish an operator certification program. SWDA Amendments of 1996 require that Territories and States were to have a established an operator certification program by February 2001. Without establishment of the program, USEPA is required to withhold 20 percent of the funds that the Territory or State is otherwise entitled to receive via its Drinking Water State Revolving Fund. Consequently, the importance of establishing an operator certification program can no longer be overlooked in view of the implications upon the future operation of the two water treatment plants under construction and the availability of future Drinking Water Funds. The ASPA Water Division must prepare a draft operator certification program as soon as possible. This effort will require consultation with the ASG Attorney General and ASEPA to enable the potential development of other legislation that may be needed to revise the American Samoa Statutes. 5.3.4 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Requirements ASEPA regularly monitors the ASPA central water system for compliance with the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (Primary Regulations) as required by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). A baseline monitoring of ASPA groundwater wells was completed in November 2001. Required monitoring associated with groundwater wells includes analysis for total and fecal coliform bacteria, turbidity, organic and inorganic chemicals, radioactivity, as well as chlorine. Though pesticides and insecticides such as Paraquat, Diazinon and Malathion are commonly used in American Samoa, groundwater studies conducted by ASEPA and USGS have not found any residues in the groundwater supply. ASEPA representatives report that the treated water supply is in compliance with the Primary Regulations (Wiegman,1994). Chloride levels of all wells, as well as groundwater levels and pumping data, are monitored weekly under a cooperative program sponsored by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and ASPA. These measurements ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-5-8 are compared with maximum contaminant levels for chlorine (Secondary Regulations), i.e., 250 milligrams per liter, that are recommended by the National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations. The Secondary Regulations are non- mandatory, but represent operational goals for the ASPA Water Division. When water quality samples exceed Territorial water quality standards for a given parameter, e.g., bacteria or chloride, the ASEPA water program manager contacts a representative of ASPA Water Division to report documentation of a well contamination. The ASPA Water Division representative responds by inspecting the well where the contamination was documented to determine the potential cause of the contamination and implement any necessary corrective measures. The ASPA Water Division representative typically contacts the ASEPA water program manager within 24 hours to identify potential causes of contamination and corrective measures being taken (Wiegman, 2000). The ASPA Water Division and ASEPA representatives work cooperatively to prepare an annual consumer confidence report. This report provides information concerning the water quality of groundwater production wells, type and location of water quality exceedances, and strategies for the improvement of any water quality deficiencies. ASPA representatives indicate that well testing, compliance requirements, and preparation of the consumer confidence report represents an annual expenditure of about $300,000 (Carreon, 2000). In recognition of significant cost expenditures and overlapping responsibilities, ASPA and ASEPA have, in recent years, discussed the possibility of ASPA taking direct responsibility for the future monitoring of drinking water quality. Arasmith Consulting Resources drafted an ASPA Water Quality Monitoring Plan in August 2001 to more specifically determine the scope and frequency of water quality monitoring that is required to meet Safe Water Drinking Act requirements, as well as the monitoring needed by Water Division personnel to evaluate the effectiveness of system equipment and maintenance. These discussions ultimately led to a July 20, 2001 directive by ASEPA director Togipa Tausaga for ASPA to assume responsibility for all required chemical monitoring following the completion of a baseline monitoring of ASPA wells in November 2001. This directive was accompanied by a basic framework for required monitoring frequencies (Appendix III-A). As of December 2001, the draft ASPA Water Quality Monitoring Plan was revised in November 2001. In addition, the general working agreement with ASEPA also includes the understanding that ASEPA will continue to analyze all bacteriological and chlorine samples. However, sample collection will be made by the ASPA Water Division (Arasmith, 2001). 5.3.5 The Cost of Water Quality Monitoring Water quality monitoring of groundwater and surface supply sources already represents a significant expenditure of labor and materials by ASPA and ASEPA. The testing of groundwater wells for selected parameters, as well as the preparation of compliance reports and consumer confidence reports represents a significant labor and materials expenditure by the ASPA Water Division. In addition, ASEPA expends considerable amount of funds that are required to collect water quality samples from groundwater wells, staff and operate an on-island laboratory, and send selected samples to off-island laboratories. With expanded requirements for groundwater supplies, these expenditures can be expected to only increase.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-5-9 In past years, some financial relief has occasionally been received from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). For example, USGS provided an initial scan of 51 volatile organic chemicals for most of the ASPA water supplies. In 1989, these analyses required an expenditure of $35,000 by the U.S. Geological Survey. Continued monitoring of American Samoa’s groundwater and surface supply is necessary to identify the location of contaminated water supplies, provide adequate levels of disinfection, and make adjustments in ongoing operation and maintenance activities. However, the expenses associated with groundwater and surface supply monitoring will continue to represent a long-term concern to ASPA. These expenses will become even more pronounced as the Water Division assumes greater responsibility for the collection of surface water and ground water monitoring, as well as the laboratory expenses for off-island chemical analyses. Greater water quality monitoring only increases the cost of system operations and maintenance. Increased operational costs to the ASPA Water Division erode the financial viability of the utility unless revenues gained from residential, commercial, and industrial customers can adequately support operation and maintenance costs, as well as long-term capital costs for system expansion. At the present time, existing water revenues are already insufficient to meet operation and maintenance costs, and are not close to supporting any long-term capital requirements. If higher water rates necessary to support future water quality monitoring and related regulatory requirements are applied to ASPA’s residential and commercial consumer bills, monthly water rates will likely increase beyond the financial capabilities of many residents of the Territory. It is this reality that should cause the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to re-think long-term, water quality management strategies for American Samoa. A one-size-fits- all policy of similar water quality monitoring requirements for all U.S. states and territories will continue to slow the progress of ASPA to sustain a reliable, high quality water supply within the revenues ASPA receives and the costs it must expend to sustain water operations and maintenance. The long-term financial viability of ASPA is essential to sustaining long-term water quality in American Samoa. 5.3.6 Recommended Approaches to Future Water Quality Monitoring and Related Regulatory Requirements The history of U.S. environmental statutes suggests that future drinking water monitoring and related regulatory requirements will only become more burdensome and more costly as new potential sources of contamination are identified in the continental United States. The regular imposition of the same monitoring requirements in the continental United States upon American Samoa leaves little doubt that future monitoring requirements will continue to represent a growing cost to the ASPA Water Division. With this reality, every practical opportunity should be considered to help reduce administrative and water operation costs that are associated with overall surface and groundwater quality monitoring and related regulatory requirements. 5.3.6.1 Search for Cost-Saving Measures in Future Water Quality Monitoring As stated earlier, the American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency has recently directed ASPA to assume responsibility for all required chemical monitoring following the completion of baseline monitoring in November 2001. In July 2001, ASEPA informally expressed a possible willingness to perform bacteriological analyses for ASPA on a contractual basis (Arasmith, 2001). Should ASPA be able to administer the procurement of laboratory services for chemical and bacteriological analyses, there is a potential opportunity to reduce the Territory's financial burden associated with water quality analyses. Competitive bids for these services on an annual basis would help stimulate and likely generate lower laboratory analysis costs. Expanded cost sharing arrangements might also be achieved with the U.S. Geological Survey that desires much of the same information.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-5-10 Greater administrative responsibilities and costs associated with the procurement of services, as well as the packaging and transport of water quality samples, would somewhat offset cost savings that may be obtained through competitive bids and/or potential cost sharing arrangements. Nevertheless, potential savings associated with both opportunities should be pursued. 5.3.6.2 Evaluate the Benefits and Costs Associated with American Samoa's Safe Drinking Water Program An evaluation should be made of the benefits and costs associated with ASPA's participation in American Samoa's Safe Drinking Water Program. ASPA currently receives approximately $300,000 to $400,000 per year via USEPA's Drinking Water State Revolving Fund. Through its continued participation in the Safe Drinking Water Program, ASPA will bear the cost of most, if not all, future water quality monitoring, three certified operators to support surface water treatment, and related regulatory program requirements. As a business, ASPA must consider the cost of participation in this program because of financial costs that may significantly influence the future cost of water delivery. ASPA does not carry the responsibility for this program which is administered by the Territorial Environmental Quality Commission and the American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency. However, ASPA and its customers carry much of the financial burden associated with water quality monitoring and related regulatory requirements. In the event that costs significantly outweigh the benefits of participation, ASPA could consider its withdrawal from the Safe Drinking Water Program. Its potential withdrawal from the program would not represent an abandonment of its commitment to sustaining the delivery of a high quality water to its customers. Rather, it could lead to the focusing of future water quality monitoring upon important water quality parameters that are relevant to American Samoa. At the same time, a more focused water quality program could generate some long-term savings to the cost of water operations. 5.3.6.3 Coordinate Annual Watershed Investigations Annual watershed investigations are mandated by the Safe Drinking Water Act. The intent of these investigations is to locate potential sources of contamination that may impact groundwater and surface water sources. The American Samoa Watershed Protection Plan recommends, in part, the annual mapping of the type and location of all land uses in each watershed by the American Samoa Department of Commerce, as well as related estimation of changes in resident population. This information provides a logical starting point for annual watershed evaluations. Changes in land use and resident population are frequently key indicators that help identify sources of groundwater and surface water contamination. Window surveys of changes in land use represent an effective technique for documenting changes in land use. Such changes can be further input into digital land use files in the American Samoa Geographical Information System to facilitate the evaluation of land use changes in the context of potential water source contamination. The same information can provide ASPA with: a very useful data set that can be used to monitor changes in future water demands and wastewater generation; and, some guidance concerning where greater wellhead protection by ASPA may be required. With this perspective, ASPA should offer to coordinate and prepare annual watershed investigations if federal funds can be obtained to carry out these investigations. Other ASG agencies that might carry out such investigations would have to rely considerably upon information made available by ASPA. This potential opportunity could provide valuable information to the Water and Wastewater Divisions that could be incorporated into long-term system planning. At the same time, the use of federal funds to carry out these investigations could also help reduce the costs associated with long-term system planning.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page II-5-11 SECTION III CHAPTER ONE: WATER CONSUMPTION AND DEMAND

1.1 THE NEED FOR WATER CONSUMPTION FORECASTS

The evaluation of the future demand for potable water consumption is an important aspect of planning future improvements to the American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA) water system. Decisions concerning the need to expand local water supply should reflect careful evaluations of the anticipated volume of consumption by residential, commercial, industrial, public and village facility users. The future design of transmission and distribution lines, as well as related pump stations, desirably include consideration of future population, land use and economic trends that will drive the location, size and hydraulic capacity of these facilities.

Hydraulic modeling software is one planning tool that is used to determine the hydraulic capacity of water systems, to help discover system deficiencies, and determine needed facility improvements. The ASPA Water Division uses WaterCAD software to evaluate the hydraulic capacity of the central water system. The input of existing and anticipated water consumption is an integral part of the system modeling process.

In the planning of water systems, the design of water system facilities typically relies upon the calculation of maximum day demands which represents the average day demand, as well as anticipated fire flow requirements. Consequently, the calculation of both average day demand and maximum day demand is essential for water system planning.

1.2 APPLICATION OF A STATISTICAL MODEL FOR FORECASTING FUTURE WATER CONSUMPTION

In December 1994, Pedersen Planning Consultants completed a detailed evaluation of potential economic, land use, and population trends in each of American Samoa's 72 village areas. This evaluation generally included an examination of available population and housing Census data, agricultural Census data, building permit information, the location of undeveloped properties, and a reconnaissance of land uses in each village area. The development of village land use assumptions also considered the financial viability of existing canneries, the prospects for new industries, changing trends in American Samoa's service sector, land tenure trends, the continued transition of American Samoa to a more cash-oriented economy, and the motivation of in-migrants.

Subsequently, land use and population forecasts were applied to estimated water consumption rates for specific types of facilities, e.g., households, village stores, offices, and hotels. Water consumption rates reflected actual metered consumption for some types of facilities in 1994, comparable data from other Pacific Island communities, and variable assumptions for water conservation.

Population, land use, water consumption and conservation assumptions were ultimately input onto a Lotus 1-2-3 (Release 5 for Windows) computer spreadsheet that was used to establish a statistical model for the calculation of future average day demands for water consumption. The model includes an estimate of water consumption for each village area in 1995 and forecasts for each village in the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. Forecasts were made for each village area even though only 46 of American Samoa's 72 villages were, at that time, connected to ASPA’s central water system. This approach enabled ASPA to be aware of potential demands from villages being considered for system expansion.

Four different scenarios were analyzed that reflected variable land use, economic and water conservation assumptions. These scenarios reflected variable assumptions concerning the future operation of Samoa Packing and StarKist cannery operations and potential public participation in water conservation.

The same statistical model was applied to calculate anticipated water demands for the 2000-2020 period. However, adjustments were made to the model to reflect more recent changes in local economic conditions, existing and

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-1-1 anticipated land uses, and more recent trends in water consumption. In addition, Lotus 1-2-3 files were converted into Microsoft Excel software for Windows 98 and subsequently used to run the adjusted statistical model.

1.3 SCENARIOS USED FOR FUTURE WATER SYSTEM PLANNING

Four different scenarios were originally used in the development of forecasts of future water demands for American Samoa. These scenarios included the following:

• Scenario A - Population, land use, and economic assumptions that anticipate the continued operation of the Samoa Packing cannery through the year 2015, but the closure of the StarKist cannery by the year 2005. Participation in anticipated water conservation efforts would include 25 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2000, 50 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2005, 75 percent of all homes and facilities in 2010, and all homes and facilities in the year 2015. • Scenario B - Land use assumptions that anticipate the continued operation of both the StarKist and Samoa Packing canneries through the year 2015. Participation in anticipated water conservation efforts would include 25 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2000, 50 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2005, 75 percent of all homes and facilities in 2010, and all homes and facilities in the year 2015. • Scenario C - Land use assumptions that anticipate the continued operation of both the StarKist and Samoa Packing canneries through the year 2015. No participation in potential water conservation efforts would occur between 1996 and the year 2015. • Scenario D - May 1995 land use assumptions that anticipate the continued operation of both the StarKist and Samoa Packing canneries through the year 2015. Participation in anticipated water conservation efforts would include 12 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2000, 25 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2005, 37 percent of all homes and facilities in 2010, and 50 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2015.

After careful evaluation of the four preceding scenarios, ASPA concluded in 1995 that the assumptions identified in Scenario A represented the most probable forecast of future population, economic and land use conditions in American Samoa. At the same time, ASPA selected Scenario C to be the population, economic and land use assumptions that will guide the calculation of its future average day and maximum day demands.

In order to be responsive to existing customers, the ASPA Water Division must assume that existing demands will continue until customers request a closure of their account, and the service connection and meter are removed. For this reason, the sizing of storage facilities, booster stations, as well as transmission and distribution lines, will be based upon a scenario that contains no assumptions for desirable water conservation and no significant declines in economic activities of the Territory. The use of Scenario C assumptions enables ASPA to maintain "a cushion" for the design of system facilities in the event that future water conservation objectives are not realized and that the anticipated closure of the StarKist cannery during the 2006-2020 period does not occur.

The assumptions included in Scenario D are believed to be the most desirable since the continued operation of both canneries and ASPA's implementation of a water conservation program are assumed. Scenario D, in essence, represents the desired objective that ASPA desires to help bring to reality.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-1-2 1.4 UPDATE OF WATER CONSUMPTION FORECASTS AND ASSUMPTIONS

One of the more important features of the water demand model is its capability to revise water consumption forecasts as more recent population, land use, economic, water consumption data become available, and revised assumptions are made. The forecasts presented in the 2002 Utility Master Plan represent the first update to the forecasts made by PPC in 1995.

ASPA is committed to periodically updating the model in order to maintain a more precise estimate of future water consumption demands on a long-term basis. As discussed in Section III, Chapter 4, it is recommended that this update take place in conjunction with the preparation of the medium-term water system plans that are prepared once every five years.

The forecasts of future water consumption presented in this Water Facility Plan essentially use the basic model that was developed by PPC in 1994. However, as originally envisioned, the assumptions used in the model were revised to reflect changes in population, land use, and average household size. In addition, Lotus 1-2-3 files were converted to Microsoft Excel files to facilitate greater accessibility and continued use of the forecasts by the Water Division.

Scenario C was again used for the update of the water consumption forecasts. This scenario was only slightly revised and incorporated the following assumptions: both the StarKist and Samoa Packing canneries would operate through the year 2020; and, no participation in potential water conservation efforts between 2002 and 2020.

Actual changes in land use and population that occurred between 1994 and the base year of 2000 were derived from: housing units, resident population and the average household size information that was determined by Census 2000 for each village census area; ASPA water meter records in June 1999; and, a PPC field survey of land uses in Tualauta County in November 1999.

The combined information was correlated with building permit records of the American Samoa Department of Commerce. However, it was discovered that a significant amount of actual new construction was not reflected in building department records maintained by the ASG Department of Commerce. Consequently, this information was not included in the statistical model.

Village land use assumptions concerning future land use development led to the development of revised forecasts of the anticipated number of future facilities associated with residential, commercial, hotel and visitor accommodations, industrial activities, public facilities, and community facilities. Updated land use forecasts were made for each village census area in the Territory.

Assumptions made concerning future water consumption reflect variable rates of water consumption rates for different types of land uses. In essence, PPC re-examined and modified selected water consumption rates used in 1994 for the 1995 ASPA Utility Master Plan. Selected water consumption rates were revised to reflect changes that became evident through the analysis of more recent water meter records for 1999.

Forecasts of future water demand are presented for 73 village census areas. The forecasts were segregated by the type of water system that serves each village census area. Each village forecast assumes that all households and land uses are connected to the ASPA central system, an ASPA satellite water system, or a village water system. In reality, a 100 percent connection rate exists in some villages, but many villages are not fully connected. For effective system planning, a 100 percent connection rate must be assumed to account for potential connections that may eventually take place.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-1-3 1.5 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAY DEMANDS

Average day demands reflect typical daily water consumption that is derived from all land uses and human activity within a community, regional area, or territory such as American Samoa. Anticipated average day demands were calculated for the 2000-2020 period (Table III-1-1).

1.5.1 ASPA Central Water System

Available water consumption records from the ASPA Customer Service Division indicate that average daily water consumption from May 1999 through May 2000 actually ranged between 5.12 and 6.24 million gallons per day (mgd). However, if all land uses in the villages served by ASPA’s central water system were connected to the central water system in the year 2000, the amount of water consumed would have been roughly 6.9 mgd.

By the year 2020, it is expected that average day demands in villages presently served by the central system will rise to approximately 8.9 mgd. Over half of the anticipated demand for the 2000-2020 period is expected to occur sometime during the 2001-2005 period. A continued expansion of residential, commercial, and public facility development in Tualauta County will likely be the focal point for much of the increase in average day demand. Limited industrial expansion is expected in the Territory during the 2000-2020 period.

1.5.2 ASPA Satellite Water Systems

Future water consumption in villages served by ASPA satellite water systems is also expected to increase during the 2000-2020 period (Table III-1-2). Due to anticipated population growth and related residential expansion, greater volumes of water consumption are anticipated in Fagasa and Aoa. At the same time, Fagasa and Aoa may actually reduce consumption in the latter part of the planning period when virtually all vacant, developable lands become depleted and the size of households decrease.

1.5.3 Villages Served Exclusively by Village Water Systems

Few villages in American Samoa, other than Swains Island, will be served exclusively by village water systems in the future. At the time of this report, Swains Island and three villages along the northwest coast of Tutuila are exclusively served by village water systems (Table III-1-3). It is estimated that roughly 29,000 gallons of water are consumed by these villages per day.

ASPA intends to connect the villages of Fagalii, Maloata, and Fagamalo to the central water system. However, the incorporation of these villages will be dependent upon ASPA's receipt of capital improvement funds from external sources such as the Rural Utilities Service and the U.S. Department of Interior. For this reason, potential water consumption from these villages is included in the forecast of anticipated average day demands for villages served exclusively by village water systems.

1.6 ANTICIPATED MAXIMUM DAY DEMANDS

Anticipated maximum day demands were also calculated (Table III-1-4, Table III-1-5, Table III-1-6) to help ascertain future storage requirements for the central, satellite water, and exclusive village water systems. Future water system reservoirs must have adequate storage to:

• equalize supply and demand over periods of varied consumption; • maintain adequate pressures in all parts of the system; and, • maintain a sufficient reserve capacity to meet fire flow and other emergency needs.

Minimum storage requirements were calculated by assuming that maximum day demands are roughly 1.5 times average daily demand.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-1-4 Insert TABLE III-1-1 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAY WATER DEMAND ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEM 2000-2020

Refer to separate file: C:projects/ASPA/July03UtilitiesMPlan/WaterConsumption (Excel files)

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-1-5 tables III-1-2 and tables III-1-3 are on the same page

Insert TABLE 3-1-2 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAY WATER DEMAND ASPA SATELLITE WATER SYSTEMS 2000-2020

Refer to separate file: C:projects/ASPA/July03UtilitiesMPlan/WaterConsumption (Excel files)

Insert TABLE 3-1-3 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAY WATER DEMAND VILLAGES SERVED EXCLUSIVELY BY VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS 2000-2020

Refer to separate file: C:projects/ASPA/July03UtilitiesMPlan/WaterConsumption (Excel files)

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-1-6 TABLE III-1-4 ANTICIPATED MAXIMUM DAY WATER DEMAND ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEMS 2000-2020

Refer to separate file: C:projects/ASPA/July03UtilitiesMPlan/WaterConsumption (Excel files)

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-1-7

TABLE III-1-5 ANTICIPATED MAXIMUM DAY WATER DEMAND ASPA SATELLITE WATER SYSTEMS 2000-2020 Existing Storage Capacity Village (mg) 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 Afono 0.000 69,578 70,821 71,865 71,531 69,041 Aoa 0.100 67,299 75,242 79,067 83,313 80,558 Aunuu 0.064 60,263 66,458 72,912 78,068 79,997 Fagasa 0.100 119,094 123,746 125,094 124,122 120,065 Faleasao 0.000 29,382 32,273 32,006 34,464 36,218 Leusoalii 0.000 32,543 37,922 41,915 45,251 47,498 Luma 0.065 50,841 58,484 68,825 78,005 88,175 Maia 0.100 21,240 26,405 32,151 35,448 34,187 Ofu 0.065 49,457 54,872 62,736 72,428 75,369 Olosega 0.065 33,008 35,597 40,719 44,930 46,650 Sili 0.000 1,200 2,340 3,698 3,569 4,011 Siufaga 0.000 26,642 28,347 30,698 34,667 35,004 Vatia 0.100 81,059 86,784 95,123 109,899 119,948 ALL VILLAGES 0.659 641,603 699,287 756,806 815,691 836,717 Notes: The Faleasao-Tau satellite water system serves the village census areas known as Faleasao, Luma and Siufaga. The Fitiuta satellite water system serves the village census areas known as Maia and Leusoalii. Source: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002

TABLE III-1-6

ANTICIPATED MAXIMUM DAY WATER DEMAND VILLAGES SERVED EXCLUSIVELY BY VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS 2000-2020

Village 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020

Fagalii 31,406 35,516 38,999 42,191 45,128 Fagamalo 4,736 6,192 7,596 8,781 9,869

Maloata 2,115 7,037 6,923 6,680 10,944

Swains Island 4,488 5,292 5,211 5,315 5,136

ALL VILLAGES 42,744 54,036 58,728 62,966 71,076

Source: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-1-8 1.6.1 Central Water System

Anticipated maximum day demands for the central water system suggest a future storage requirement of almost 13.4 million gallons (mg) by the year 2020. With the expected growth in consumption during the 2001-2005 period, about 11.9 mg of storage capacity will be needed in the next few years.

The significance of overall maximum day demands can be more fully appreciated when these forecasts are correlated with available storage capacity. In Section III, Chapter 2, this correlation is made to identify anticipated water storage requirements within the eight service areas that comprise the central water system.

1.6.2 Satellite Water Systems

Maximum day demands for most villages served by ASPA’s satellite water system are expected to be less than 100,000 gallons per day. Two exceptions include the Fagasa and Vatia systems that are located along the north coast of Tutuila.

The forecast of anticipated maximum day demands suggests that available water storage capacities will be inadequate to serve fire flows through the year 2020. More immediate needs are evident in Aoa, Aunuu, Fagasa, and Faleasao- Tau satellite water systems where available storage capacities are inadequate to accommodate existing maximum day demands. However, the estimates of maximum day demand presented in Table III-1-5 assume a 100 percent connection rate of all land uses in each village. While this potential is likely in the future, some residences and local business remain unconnected at the time of this report.

1.6.3 Villages Served Exclusively by Village Water Systems

1.6.3.1 Fagalii, Maloata, and Fagamalo Villages

Given ASPA's intention to eventually connect Fagalii, Maloata, and Fagamalo to the central water system, it is important for the Water Division to consider potential maximum day demands for these three villages. The ASPA Water Division intends to use two groundwater wells in Fagalii to feed the villages of Maloata, Fagamalo, and Poloa.

If the central water system is extended to Fagalii, Maloata, and Fagamalo by the year 2005, these villages would generate a combined maximum day demand of roughly 38,257 gallons per day. Even if the connection of these villages was delayed until the 2016-2020 period, anticipated maximum day demands would likely not exceed 66,000 gallons per day.

1.6.3.2 Swains Island

The 2000 Census reported a resident population of 37 residents and eight housing units on Swains Island. Seven of the eight housing units were documented as occupied; the other remaining residence represented a vacation home, or was vacant. Seven of the housing units were also served by individual rainwater catchment systems.

Assuming that Swains Island residents continue to rely upon individual water storage tanks, maximum day demands should be accommodated through the construction of slightly larger water storage tanks for each household. It is recommended that each household be served by, at least, a 10,000-gallon water storage tank if rainfall is adequate to sustain this volume. Greater water storage, e.g., another 5,000 gallons, would ensure a supplemental source of water that could be reserved for very limited fire protection, as well as a backup potable water supply.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-1-9 SECTION III CHAPTER TWO COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS: EXISTING FACILITIES AND NEEDS

2.1 GENERAL

Community water systems serve every village in American Samoa. The majority of American Samoa’s villages are served by ASPA’s central water system. The central water system contains surface and groundwater supplies, water treatment and water storage facilities, booster stations, as well as water transmission and distribution lines.

Eight water systems in the Territory are former village-owned systems that are now owned, operated and maintained by the American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA). Each of these systems is a “satellite water system” that serves one or more traditional village areas. The satellite water systems function independent of the ASPA central water system. Each satellite water system typically includes one or more surface water sources, one or more storage tanks, as well as a village water distribution system.

Several water systems in American Samoa are solely owned and operated by traditional villages. These village water systems are not part of the ASPA water system. In some cases, village water systems are operated in villages that are also served by the ASPA central water system.

2.2 ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEM

2.2.1 Service Area

The ASPA central water system is located on the Island of Tutuila. The system extends along the southern coast of Tutuila from the villages of Onenoa and Poloa Village (Figures III-2-1 through Figure III-2-16).

The recent construction of new water storage facilities in Masefau enabled the ASPA Water Division to incorporate the former satellite systems in Masefau, Masausi, and Sailele into the ASPA central water system.

As of May 2000, the central water system provided potable water to roughly 6,741 residential and commercial customers. In addition, ASPA provides a significant amount of water that supports industrial tuna cannery operations in the Pago Pago Bay area.

Water Storage Tank, Masefau

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Figure III-2-2

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Figure III-2-3

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Figure III-2-4

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Figure III-2-5

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Figure III-2-6

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Figure III-2-7

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Figure III-2-8

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Figure III-2-9

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Figure III-2-10

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Figure III-2-11

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Figure III-2-12

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Figure III 2-13

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Figures III 2-14

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Figures III 2-15

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Figures III 2- 16

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2.2.2 Groundwater Supply and Treatment

2.2.2.1 Existing Water Production

Ground water is the primary source of water supply for the central water system. Fifty-five groundwater wells were operational in July 2001 (Table III-2-1). Between July 2000 to July 2001, the average well production from groundwater sources was approximately 8.74 million gallons per day (mgd).

In July 2001, the 24 wells drawing water from the Tafuna Leone Plain aquifer produced about 71 percent of the total ASPA water supply. Well Repair, North Harbor District

Well production in the ASPA central water system is supported by the use of line-shaft turbine and submersible pumps.

Two new groundwater wells were constructed in both Fagamalo and Fagalii in 2000. These wells were developed and capped to set the stage for extension of the central water system to the west Tutuila villages of Fagalii, Maloata, and Fagamalo.

The two wells in Fagalii well produced 60 to 80 gallons per minute (gpm) while the Fagamalo wells are producing at approximately 11 to 16 gallons per minute. Elevated chloride levels were, however, detected during testing of the Fagamalo wells.

Additional well development was also made with the recent exploratory drilling of two new wells (Pavaiai #1 and Pavaiai #2) north of Iliili Golf Course. The intent of this exploration is to connect the Tafunafou well field with these two recently developed wells.

2.2.2.2 Groundwater Treatment

ASPA regularly disinfects the groundwater supply at 12 groundwater wells primarily through the use of 12 percent sodium hypochlorite. Ground water is also chlorinated at two booster stations and at the chlorination station in Tafuna.

2.2.2.3 Groundwater Production and Treatment Needs

The 20-year planning horizon forecasted in Volume III, Chapter 1, suggests average day and maximum day demands of roughly 7.9 million gallons per day (mgd) and 11.9 mgd during the 2001-2005 period. By the year 2020, average day and maximum day demands of the Territory are expected to increase to 8.9 mgd to 13.4 million gallons per day. Most of this demand will continue to be met by groundwater production.

The ASPA Water Division has identified the following well development projects during the 2002-2005 period to support future water production requirements associated with the central water system.

Develop four groundwater wells upslope of Pago Elementary School and Korea House by 2002. Develop a minimum of three additional groundwater sources in Malaeimi Valley by 2004 to support demands of the central water system. Explore and construct three or four groundwater wells in Pavaiai and Iliili by 2006.

2.2.2.4 Criteria and Standards for Future Design, Construction, and Operations

Design and Construction

1. In order to reduce the potential for elevated chloride levels, all exploratory well development will take place inland of the shoreline where the basal lens thickness is greater. However, ground elevations at the well head will not exceed 150 feet above mean sea level to accommodate drill rig limitations.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-18

TABLE III-2-1 OPERATING WELLS IN THE ASPA CENTRAL SYSTEM JULY 2001 Pump Location Well No. Ground Well Elevation Normal Normal Elevation Depth Above Discharge Head (FT) MSL Rate (PSI) GPM) Leone 70 133 145 -12 290 30 80 138 162 -24 270 32 Malaeloa 83 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 91 164 177 -13 260 89 93 165 205 -40 280 95 119 176 211 -35 300 34 Iliili 62 204 226 -22 150 10 76 198 206 -9 260 52 79 214 224 -10 70 50 84 142 165 -23 230 25 167 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Tafuna 33 74 95 -21 190 25 46 73 92 -19 165 33 53 84 150 -66 145 25 60 102 125 -23 390 20 61 109 125 -16 170 15 66 76 105 -29 360 20 72 118 155 -37 350 35 77 89 149 -60 260 NA 81 110 155 -45 260 30 Malaeimi 88 149 300 -151 310 40 89 140 203 -63 370 40 67 128 155 -27 280 43 Mesepa 85 251 277 -26 330 50 Aasu 128 N/A N/A N/A 26 125 129 N/A N/A N/A 40 130 Fagaalu 127 N/A 120 N/A 200 34 Fagatogo 101 143 188 -41 480 50 Pago Pago 105 80 275 -195 150 70 107 85 285 -200 320 65 163 N/A N/A N/A 230 54 165 N/A N/A N/A 230 45 Aua 98 93 245 -152 150 N/A 99 192 345 -153 170 1 Laulii 96 34 267 -233 80 15 Auto 166 N/A N/A N/A 14 30 Fagaitua 164 N/A N/A N/A 320 26 Alao 161 N/A N/A N/A 28 55 Tula 40 N/A N/A N/A 19 50 104 38 99 -61 22 17 108 17 50 -33 13 19 140 40 110 130 N/A N/A Source: ASPA Water Division, 2001.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-19

2. Prior to well development, the ASPA Water Division will carefully determine the ground elevation at each well head to calculate the height of the freshwater lens above sea level. Typically, the basal lens is 40 times as deep as the head of fresh water. Wells will not be drilled any deeper than the upper one-third of the lens except when unusual geologic conditions are encountered.

3. The ASPA Water Division will size the design and construct future groundwater wells to meet maximum day demands.

4. All groundwater wells will be designed to use SCADA technology to enable remote monitoring of water production.

5. In addition to these criteria, a comprehensive set of standards for the design of all well equipment is being developed by Chuck Arrera, a former operations engineer for ASPA. Upon approval by the ASPA Water Division, the preceding standards outlined in the Utility Master Plan should be supplemented with the more comprehensive standards in development.

Construction

1. Each well site will require the clearing and disturbance of approximately 0.25 acre of land area for production well development. However, an additional building setback of, at least, 200 feet from other land uses will be established at each site to ensure adequate wellhead protection. Consequently, each well site (including the 200-foot setback) will comprise approximately 1.4 acres of land area. Operations

1. Water Division operators will annually adjust well impellers about 1/8-inch.

2.2.3 Surface Water

2.2.3.1 Existing Production

Prior to the initiation of the groundwater well drilling program on Tutuila in 1972, American Samoa relied totally on surface water for its potable water needs. Five major surface water sources were in use in the government water system prior to the full use of the well system in approximately 1978 (Table III-2-2). The estimated average flow from all five sources was about 1.5 mgd (URS Hawaii, 1978). In addition, two smaller surface sources were in use in the isolated Leone system.

Until recently, surface water from Vaipito TABLE III-2-2 Intake was being used only by Samoa ORIGINAL SURFACE WATER SOURCES Packing and Starkist Samoa for the PRIOR TO 1978 processing and packing of canned tuna. A ESTIMATED MINIMUM dedicated 10,000-foot long main from the ESTIMATED DRY SEASON Vaipito intake carried surface water flows AVERAGE FLOW to Anua and Atuu where the two canneries FACILITY LOCATION FLOW (mgd) (mgd) are located. Fagaalu Intake Fagaalu 0.32 0 Vaipito Intake Pago Pago 0.32 0.14 2.2.3.2 Surface Water Treatment Upper Fagaalu Reservoir Matafao Mt. 0.36 0.14 ASPA is nearing completion of the (serves Fagatogo) renovation of the Vaipito intake and Vaitele Intake Nuuuli 0.43 0.07 Fagatogo intake. Both of these projects Puna Dam Pavaiai 0.07 0 are scheduled for completion in 2002. Once completed, both facilities will treat Total 1.50 surface supplies for both domestic and industrial purposes. Source: URS Hawaii, 1978.

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Surface water that will be diverted to former surface reservoirs in Fagatogo and Pago Pago (Vaipito intake) will subsequently be processed through the use of microfiltration membrane treatment. U.S. Filter/Memcor, the manufacturer of the Continuous Microfiltration System, warrants that the filtrate water from each plant will achieve a minimum 4.0 log Giardia removal, as well as turbidity levels below 0.1 NTU (Livingston, 2000). The Fagatogo and Vaipito water treatment plants have been designed to accommodate peak flows of 1.0 mgd and 0.5 mgd, respectively.

Backwash water from each of the water treatment plants will be discharged into the Pago Pago Harbor sewer collection system. The average backwash water discharge will be less than 50,000 gallons per day from the Fagatogo treatment plant and less than 30,000 gallons per day from the Vaipito treatment plant (Livingston, 2000).

2.2.3.3 Surface Supply and Treatment Needs

The immediate need confronting the implementation of the Fagatogo and Vaipito water treatment plants is meeting USEPA operator certification requirements and the development of a surface water treatment monitoring plan.

USEPA, Region 9 representatives have indicated that the ASPA Water Division will need to employ a full-time that the operation of these plants will require the use of a supervisory certified level III operator, as well as certified level I operators for system monitoring, as well as the performance of plant operation and maintenance activities. If ASPA desires to continue receiving Drinking Water Funds from USEPA, the Water Division must prepare a draft operation certification program as soon as possible. This effort will require consultation with the ASG Attorney General and ASEPA to enable the potential development of other legislation that may be needed to revise the American Samoa Statutes.

The development of a reasonable surface water treatment monitoring plan is also important. Otherwise, USEPA will likely establish one for the Water Division that is based upon another similar operation in Region 9.

In the development of the monitoring plan, it is important that USEPA's proposed Stage 2 Disinfectant and Disinfection and existing Filter Backwash requirements be considered in the context of anticipated monitoring requirements. It is essential that the Water Division coordinate preparation of the monitoring plan with U.S. Filter, which is the treatment equipment supplier for both of the new treatment plants. U.S. Filter has assured the ASPA Water Division of the quality of filtrate that will be produced by the two treatment plants. ASPA needs to obtain documented assurances of the anticipated quality of filtrate water from U.S. Filter, as well as obtain other monitoring recommendations.

2.2.3.4 Criteria and Standards for Future Design, Construction, and Operations

An operations manual is needed for the future operation of the Fagatogo and Vaipito water treatment plants. This information should be readily available from U.S. Filter and, possibly, has already been presented to the ASPA Water Division. Available information should be combined with selected procedures outlined in the surface water treatment monitoring plan.

2.2.4 Water Storage Facilities

2.2.4.1 Existing Storage

There are 23 active water storage facilities used in conjunction with the operation of the central water system. These water storage tanks have a total storage capacity of 10.807 million gallons (Table III-2-3). However, six storage tanks on the east side of Tutuila are not being used because low water pressures are inadequate to fill the six tanks. Water Storage Tank, Iliili

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TABLE III-2-3 WATER STORAGE TANKS ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEM Facility MATERIAL Overflow Capacity Filling Method* Elevation (MG) Onenoa Bolted steel N/A 0.100 MB Alao Bolted steel N/A 0.065 W,MB Aoa Ridge Bolted steel N/A 0.100 W Lower Amouli Bolted steel N/A 0.100 MB Upper Amouli Bolted steel N/A 0.300 MB Fagaitua Bolted steel N/A 0.100 W,MB Aua Welded steel 205 1.000 W Atu’u #1 Concrete N/A 0.020 DB Atu’u #2 Concrete N/A N/A DB Maugaalii (Tramway) Welded steel 222 1.000 W Pago Pago Welded steel 222 1.000 F Blunts Point Welded steel 222 1.000 DB,F Nuuuli Welded steel 32+ 0.500 DB Tafeta Urethane clad steel 888 0.107 F Pavaiai No. 1 Welded steel 480 0.750 F Pavaiai No. 2 Welded steel 610 1.000 F Pavaiai No. 3 Welded steel 755 0.500 F Aoloau Urethane clad steel 1,377 0.105 F Iliili Welded steel N/A 1.000 W,F Futiga Welded steel 350 1.000 F Leone Urethane clad steel 215 0.750 W,F Amanave Bolted steel N/A 0.210 F Poloa Bolted steel N/A 0.100 MB,F Total Active Capacity 10.807 * Filling Methods: F - Floats on system MB - Filled by main line booster station and manually closing valves and reducing system demand DB - Filled by dedicated booster station W - Filled directly by well(s) N/A: Not Applicable Source: ASPA Water Division, 2000.

All storage tanks in the central water system were originally designed to operate within the hydraulic limits of the system. They were intended to “float” or fill by system pressure during periods of low demand and to discharge into the distribution system during high demand periods. However, due to increased water demand, limited water resources, and the removal of the surface water resources from the system, five of the storage tanks do not float on the system. The storage tanks that are not filled by dedicated booster pumps or by main line booster pumps will be filled by manually closing off a portion of the distribution network to build adequate pressures. The stored water is then released manually or automatically, when demand is high and system pressure drops to unacceptable lower levels.

The storage tank at Blunts Point has an automated system for filling and emptying. Dedicated booster pumps fill the tanks when main line pressures exceed a pre-set value and the tanks discharge water when pressures drop below a pre-set value. Pressure reducing valves are used to control tank discharge. This tank is typically filled during the weekend and discharged slowly during the week.

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Water levels in eight of ASPA's 23 water storage tank are monitored and controlled via a SCADA system. Tank level information is transmitted to a local Water Division computer. Related computer software is used to control the timing of water releases and storage.

2.2.4.2 Water Storage Needs

Since 1995, several storage tank projects have provided an additional 1.428 mgd of water storage capacity in the central water system. At the same time, significant gains achieved in storage capacity were somewhat offset by recent extensions of the central water system from Alofau to Onenoa in east Tutuila and Amanave to Poloa in west Tutuila.

The storage capacity of the central water system was evaluated for the ongoing update of the ASPA Utilities Master Plan. Anticipated water storage needs for the 2000-2020 period are summarized in Table III-2-4. These forecasts are based upon the anticipated maximum day demands for each of the eight water districts that comprise the central water system, as well as three villages that have not yet been assigned to any water service district. Anticipated maximum day demands for each of the water districts were subsequently correlated with available storage capacity (Table III-2-4). However, no hydraulic analysis was made of the central water system.

TABLE III-2-4 FUTURE WATER STORAGE NEEDS CENTRAL WATER SYSTEM 2000-2020

Water Service Existing Storage Storage Capacity Required District Capacity (mg) (Maximum Day Demand in million gallons) 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 1. Leone 1.060 1.301 1.601 1.785 1.988 2.071 2. Futiga 1.000 0.206 0.242 0.264 0.297 0.301 3. Pavaiai 2.462 1.196 1.473 1.559 1.632 1.634 4. Tafuna 1.500 3.368 4.036 4.343 4.505 4.637 5. Vaitogi 0.000 0.194 0.262 0.266 0.265 0.263 6. South Harbor 2.000 1.082 1.128 1.189 1.250 1.252 7. North Harbor 2.020 2.242 2.305 2.322 2.325 2.325 8. East Tutuila 0.765 0.656 0.708 0.740 0.775 0.777 9. Undesignated 0.000 0.099 0.109 0.113 0.116 0.121 Totals 10.807 10.344 11.864 12.581 13.153 13.381

Note: The general service areas within each region are as follows: Region 1 – Leone to Poloa, as well as Vailoa and Taputimu Region 2 – Futiga and Malaeloa Region 3 - Mapusagafou to Aoloau, as well as Pavaiai, Faleniu, and Mesepa Region 4 - ASCC to Fatumafuti, as well as Iliili, Tafuna, Malaeimi, and Nuuuli Region 5 - Vaitogi Region 6 - Fagaalu to Malaloa Region 7 – Pago Pago to Tafananai Region 8 – Laulii to Onenoa Undesignated refers to Masausi, Masefau, and Sailele that have recently been incorporated into the central water system. However, these villages have not yet been assigned to any water district. Source: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002.

When compared to existing storage capacity, it is evident that there are some deficiencies in water storage if ASPA intends to meet anticipated maximum day demands and cost effectively maintain adequate system pressures.

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Leone Water Service District

The Leone water service district is already deficient an estimated 0.541 million gallons of water storage for the 2001- 2005 period. Roughly 2.071 mg of storage is anticipated during the 2016-2020 period. Consequently, an additional 1.0 mg of storage will likely be required in the Leone district during the 2016-2020 period.

However, when the central water system is extended to Fagalii, Maloata, and Fagamalo during the 2001-2005 period, these villages would generate a combined maximum day demand of roughly 48,745 gallons per day. If connection of these villages is delayed until the 2016-2020 period, anticipated maximum day demands from Fagalii, Maloata, and Fagamalo would likely not exceed 66,000 gallons per day. Whenever these villages are connected, it is recommended that a new 65,000 gallon water storage tank is constructed between Fagalii and Maloata. ASPA Water Division representatives indicate that it plans to begin construction of this storage tank sometime in 2002.

Futiga Water Service District

With the availability of 1.0 million gallons of water storage, no additional water storage needs appear evident for this district. Only 0.301 mg of water storage is expected to be required through the 2016-2020 period.

Pavaiai Water Service District

No additional water storage is expected to be required in the Pavaiai water service district. Roughly 2.462 mg of water storage is already available. Anticipated maximum day demand is not anticipated to exceed 1.634 mg during the 2016-2020 period.

Tafuna Water Service District

The Tafuna water service district already needs an additional 1.868 mg to storage maximum day demands during the 2001-2005 period. Unless additional storage is constructed, this deficit can be expected to increase to 3.137 mg during the 2016-2020 period.

Vaitogi Water Service District

There are no ASPA water storage tanks in the Vaitogi water service district. A need for roughly 263,000 gallons of storage is anticipated during the 2016-2020 period.

South Harbor Service District

Adequate water storage appears to be available in the South Harbor service district where 2.0 mg of water storage is already available. Estimated maximum day demands for this district are expected to be 1.252 mg during the 2016- 2020 period.

North Harbor District

Available water storage facilities provide approximately 2.020 mg of water storage. This is roughly 220,000 gallons less than the anticipated maximum day demands for the 2001-2005 period. In the absence of greater storage capacity, this deficit is expected to increase to about 305,000 gallons during the 2016-2020 period.

The ASPA Water Division has plans to construct a 50,000 gallon storage tank in Atuu in 2003. The location of this facility has not yet been determined.

The Division also intends to design and construct a new water storage tank in Aua to support a proposed distribution and fire protection system that will support a third service level above Aua Village. The maximum service elevation for the proposed third service level will be the 420-foot elevation. The construction of these improvements is scheduled for completion by 2010.

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East Tutuila District

Available water storage in the East Tutuila district is expected to accommodate maximum day demands until the 2011-2015 period when a 10,000 gallon deficit is expected. By the 2016-2020 period, additional water storage requirements would only increase to about 12,000 gallons.

The extent of future water storage requirements in the East Tutuila district is somewhat dependent on how future water storage for Masefau, Masausi and Sailele are provided. These villages have recently been incorporated into the central water system; however, these villages have not been incorporated into any existing water service districts. During the 2016-2020 period, roughly 0.121 million gallons of water storage are expected to be required to support anticipated maximum day demands from these villages. A portion of this anticipated demand will be met through the planned construction of a 65,000 gallon water storage tank between Sailele and Masausi.

2.2.4.3 Criteria and Standards for Future Design, Construction, and Operations

Design

1. Water storage tanks will be designed to meet store the average day demand of the geographical area served by the storage tank, as well as a three-day reserve.

2. All water storage tanks will be designed to use SCADA technology to enable remote control of water tank levels.

2.2.5 Distribution TABLE III-2-5 ASPA WATER DISTRICTS AND SERVICE LEVEL AREAS 2.2.5.1 Existing System DISTRICT STORAGE CAPACITY SERVICE ELEVATION (MILLION GALLONS) RANGE (FEET ABOVE MEAN The primary water consists of 11 booster SEA LEVEL) stations and approximately 75 miles of 4 to 24- Leone 0.100 (Poloa) 0 - 180 inch diameter pipelines. 0.210 (Amanave) Water Districts and Service Levels 0.750 (Leone) Futiga 1.000 (Futiga) 150 - 280 Futiga Water districts were originally established by Pavaiai 0.750 (Pavaiai No. 1) 120 - 250 the ASPA Water Division to quantify water 1.000 (Pavaiai No. 2) 200 - 360 loss, evaluate leak detection, and initiate repair 0.500 (Pavaiai No. 3) 360 - 550 0.107 (Tafeta) 460 - 765 programs. The water districts are not separate 0.105 (Aoloau) 765 - 1390 water systems; rather, they are interconnected Tafuna 1.000 (Iliili) 0 - 120 parts of the entire central system. With the 0.500 (Nuuuli) connection of Masefau, Masausi, and Sailele to Vaitogi None 0 - 190 Vaitogi* the central water system, new water districts South Harbor 2.000 (Blunts Point, 0 - 120 will need to be established. Tramway) 120 -200 Upper Fagatogo North Harbor 1.000 (Pago Pago) 0 -120 The ASPA central water system supplies water 0.020 (Atuu) 120 - 200 Upper Pago Pago, to customers from sea level up to an elevation 1.000 (Aua) Aua of over 1,300 feet above mean sea level. East Tutuila 0.100 (Fagaitua) 0.100 (Lower Amouli) Booster pumps and pressure reducing valves 0.300 (Upper Amouli) are used to create 13 separate water service 0.100 (Aoa Ridge) levels in eight water districts (Table III-2-5). 0.065 (Alao) Within each service level, there is a maximum 0.100 (Onenoa) elevation where service at the minimum service *Note: By pressure reducing valve pressure can be attained. Source: ASPA Water Division, 2000.

The ASPA Water Division recognizes that future land development will continue to in-fill undeveloped lands and generate requests for new service. For this reason, the Water Division intends to re-evaluate the maximum service elevations in each water district. This analysis is necessary to ensure that future water delivery is cost effective. Significant rises in operational costs associated with increased water pumpage and water storage can be expected without the determination of firm operational policies concerning future service levels. In essence, the cost of developing, operating and maintaining new service levels must be compared with potential revenues that may be derived from households and businesses in proposed service level areas.

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Booster Stations

Sixteen booster stations are used on the transmission mains. The Pago Pago booster TABLE III-2-6 station is used only to fill the Pago Pago water BOOSTER STATIONS storage tank (Table III-2-6). The Blunt’s Point ON THE ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEM booster station is not operating. When Station Name Pump # Type Average Flow operating, the Blunt’s Point booster station is (GPM) used to fill the Blunt’s Point tank. Atuu #1 1 Transmission N/A The Tramway tank booster serves two purposes. Atuu #2 1 Transmission N/A When system pressure is high, the booster Fagaalu 2 Transmission 1,280 pumps water from through a pressure reducing Pago Pago 1 Storage 500 Mapusaga 2 Transmission 220 valve. Otherwise, the Tramway tank booster is Pavaiai, Station #1 2 Transmission 452 filled by the Fagatogo water storage tank and Pavaiai, Station #2 2 Transmission 150 water is discharged for distribution (Carreon, Pavaiai, Station #3 2 Transmission 150 2001). Tafeta 1 Transmission 290 Puapua 1 Transmission 200 SCADA technology is used at eight of the 19 Blunt’s Point 1 Storage Non-operational booster stations. The operating status of the Tramway 1 Storage pumps is transmitted to a Water Division Amanave 2 Transmission computer, which can be used to remotely control Alofau 2 Transmission the stop and start of pumps at each booster Amouli 2 Transmission station. Masefau 2 Transmission Nuuuli 1 Transmission 2.2.5.2 Distribution System Needs Fagaitua 2 Transmission Onenoa 2 Transmission Booster Stations Source: ASPA Water Division, 2001. The ASPA Water Division wants to install variable speed motors at each motor installed at the Pago Pago, Fagaalu, Pavaiai #1,2 and 3, and Tafeta booster stations. When pressures exceed what is needed to meet average day demands, variable speed motors will help maintain adequate flows, avoid excess pumpage and tank overflows, and extend the life of the motors.

Other needed booster station needs that have been identified by the ASPA Water Division for each water district include the following improvements:

North Harbor District - The ASPA Water Division also intends to Pavaiai Booster Station #1 design and construct a new booster station in the vicinity of the Vaipito Surface Water Treatment Plant in Pago Pago in 2002.

Rebuild Atuu booster station to support new service in upper elevations of Atuu.

Design and construct a booster station in Aua to support a proposed distribution and fire protection system that will support a third service level above Aua Village. The maximum service elevation for the proposed third service level will be 420-foot elevation. Construction of these improvements is scheduled to be completed by 2010.

Amouli Booster Station

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Transmission Mains

Based upon its design, construction and operations experience, the ASPA Water Division has identified the following water transmission needs:

1. Replace all transmission lines in all water districts of the central water system when future road repairs are undertaken. The Water Division intends to eventually replace all asbestos-cement pipe.

2. Tafuna District – Design and construct a new 12-inch transmission line between Tafuna and Route 1.

3. South Harbor District – Replace an older eight-inch main, extending from the Route 1/Hospital Road intersection to the Fagaalu quarry.

Design and construct a new 16-inch transmission between Fagaalu and Nuuuli.

Replace a 10-inch cast iron pipe from the old Pago shaft (old U.S. Navy line) to Satala by 2006.

Replace an existing 8-inch cast iron pipe from Utumoa Spring to the old Catholic Church in Pago Pago in 2002.

Design and construct transmission line from Vaipito to Fagasa Pass that is necessary to establish a third level service zone up to the 540-foot elevation in Pago Pago.

4. North Harbor District – Design and construct new transmission line from booster station to upslope areas of Atuu.

Distribution and Fire Protection

Based upon its design, construction and operations experience, the ASPA Water Division has identified the following water distribution needs.

1. Pavaiai District - Reconstruct the entire distribution system (including service lines) using a minimum of six- inch lines. Where the distribution system can be looped, a combination of six-inch and four-inch should be installed.

Fire hydrants are presently available along transmission mains; additional fire hydrants need to be installed in other portions of distribution system.

2. Tafuna District – Replace the distribution system between Freddie's Beach and the east side of Vaitogi district. The new distribution system should use six-inch and four-inch loops.

3. South Harbor District – Replace the distribution system in Fagaalu with six-inch and four-inch lines. Replace all service lines with two, one, and ¾-inch pipe. The installation of some residential meters may also be required with these improvements since a village water system serves most of Fagaalu Village upslope of the LBJ Medical Center.

Replace distribution system in Gatavai. However, a maximum service elevation of 200 feet will be established in this area to avoid excessive pumpage and water storage costs to serve a limited potential population.

4. North Harbor District

Design and construct new distribution system in Pago Pago using six-inch and four-inch lines for a third level zone up to the 540-foot elevation.

Abandon old 8-inch cast iron pipe that extends from Autapini to Fusi in 2006.

Design and construct a new distribution loop and fire hydrants upslope of Leloaloa Village in 2008. The service level will be expanded up to the 200-foot elevation.

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Design a distribution and fire protection system that will support a third service level above Aua Village. This system is intended to serve a growing Tongan residential area that has developed in this area. The maximum service elevation for the proposed third service level will be 420-foot elevation. Construction of these improvements is anticipated to be completed by 2010.

2.2.5.3 Criteria and Standards for Future Design, Construction, and Operations

Distribution Systems

1. All new distribution systems will be designed using 6-inch distribution mains. Where system loops can be constructed, a combination of 6-inch and 4-inch mains may be used.

2. Fire hydrants will be installed at 300-foot intervals along all new distribution mains.

2.3 ASPA SATELLITE WATER SYSTEMS

2.3.1 General

ASPA owns, operates and maintains eight satellite water systems that serve 11 of American Samoa’s more remote villages (Figure III-2-1). These systems are located on the Islands of Tutuila, Aunuu, Ofu, Olosega, and Tau and provide service to the following villages:

Island of Tutuila: Afono Aoa Fagasa Vatia Island of Aunuu: Aunuu Island of Ofu: Ofu Island of Olosega: Olosega Sili Island of Tau: Fitiuta (including Maia village census area) Leusoalii Faleasao Tau (including Luma and Siufaga village census areas)

An overview is presented of the primary facilities associated with each satellite water system. This overview is followed by a description of specific facility needs in each satellite system that is envisioned by the ASPA Water Division.

2.3.2 Water Supply and Treatment

All ASPA satellite systems use ground water as their source of supply (Table III-2-7). With the exception of Aunuu, all groundwater wells have been drilled.

The satellite system on Aunuu Island has three shallow infiltration gallery systems. Each Aunuu well has two galleries. Each of these galleries consists of 200 feet of perforated 6-inch PVC pipe that is installed horizontally, approximately two feet below the water surface. The combined maximum yield of the three wells is approximately 90 gallons per minute (gpm).

Chlorination is used to disinfect ground water at each of the satellite system wells.

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TABLE III-2-7 OPERATING WELLS ASPA SATELLITE SYSTEMS December 2000 GROUND WELL DEPTH PUMP DISCHARGE TYPE OF SATELLITE WELL ELEVATION (FEET) RATE (GPM) WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM NO. (FEET) Afono N/A N/A N/A N/A Disinfection/Liquid Metering Aoa 151 N/A N/A 25 152 N/A N/A 30 Disinfection/Liquid Metering Fagasa 143 157 250 130 Disinfection/Liquid Metering 144 100 241 120 Vatia N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Aunuu 301 15 6 25 302 15 12 25 Reverse-Osmosis 303 15 6 40 Ofu 201 30 81 55 202 136 50 80 Disinfection/Liquid Metering Olosega 203 24 48 24 204 22 59 24 Reverse-Osmosis Faleasao- 209 39 52 40 Tau 212 195 250 50 Reverse-Osmosis Fitiuta 207 28 49 50 Disinfection/Liquid Metering Note: N/A = not available Source: ASPA, 1998 and 2001.

An operator dilutes liquid bleach in water. Liquid metering pumps are subsequently used to inject the batched solution into the well discharge line at a pre-set rate. The metering pump operates only when the wells are being pumped.

Reverse-osmosis units are used to treat TABLE III-2-8 ground water produced at the villages of WATER STORAGE TANKS ASPA SATELLITE SYSTEMS Aunuu, Olosega, and Faleasao. Treated DECEMBER 2001 drinking water is delivered to residents in FACILITY MATERIAL OVERFLOW CAPACITY three-gallon bottles. ELEVATION (mg) Island of Tutuila 2.3.3 Water Storage Afono 0.000 Aoa Epoxy-coated, bolted steel N/A 0.100 Each satellite water system is supported Fagasa Epoxy-coated, bolted steel N/A 0.100 by one water storage tank (Table III-2-8). Vatia Epoxy-coated, bolted steel N/A 0.100 The capacity of these storage tanks ranges Island of Aunuu Aunuu Epoxy-coated, bolted steel N/A 0.064 from a 64,000-gallon tank at Aunuu to Island of Ofu 100,000 gallon tanks at Fagasa, Vatia, Ofu Epoxy-coated, bolted steel N/A 0.065 Tau, and Fitiuta. Island of Olosega Olosega Epoxy-coated, bolted steel N/A 0.065 Island of Tau Faleasao-Tau Epoxy-coated, bolted steel N/A 0.065 Fitiuta Epoxy-coated, bolted steel N/A 0.100

Source: ASPA, 1998; Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2001

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2.3.4 Distribution

The distribution system associated with each of the satellite water systems typically contains 4 to 6-inch distribution lines, as well as smaller polyvinyl, polyethylene, and, in some cases, galvanized steel pipe (Table III-2-9). Most of the residential households, commercial facilities, and public facilities in the village service areas are connected to the ASPA satellite systems.

TABLE III-2-9 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ASPA SATELLITE SYSTEMS June 1999 Facility Pipeline Sizes Number of Number of Number of Public Number of Residential Commercial Facility Community Facility Connections Connections Connections Connections Island of Tutuila Afono Aoa 4-inch 62 0 1 2 Fagasa 4 and 6-inch 72 6 1 3 Vatia 4 and 6-inch 1 Island of Aunuu Aunuu 4-inch 64 0 5 3 Island of Ofu Ofu 4-inch & smaller 68 4 0 0 Island of Olosega Olosega 4-inch & smaller 45 4 0 0 Island of Tau Tau 6-inch & smaller 106 7 9 6 Fitiuta 4-inch & smaller 63 8 7 1 Source: ASPA Water Division, 2001; Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2001.

2.3.5 Satellite System Needs

2.3.5.1 Afono

The Afono satellite water system (Figure III-2-17) serves the village of Afono along the Island of Tutuila's northern coast.

Recent System Improvements

Two groundwater wells were constructed on the east side of the primary roadway to the village. These wells are generally situated between 250 and 400 feet above mean sea level.

Proposed Improvements and System Needs

The construction of a new storage tank between the two groundwater wells is scheduled for completion in 2003. A the same time, a new distribution system and fire hydrants will be constructed from the storage tank to and within Afono Village.

Anticipated maximum day demand for Afono Village is expected to be roughly 69,041 gallons per day during the 2016-2020. Consequently, the planned water storage tank should have a capacity of, at least, 70,000 gpd to meet the anticipated water storage requirement.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-30

Figure III-2-17 Afono Satellite Water System

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-31

2.3.5.2 Aoa

The Aoa satellite water system (Figure III-2-18) serves the Aoa Village along the northeast coast of Tutuila. The ASPA Water Division plans to interconnect the Aoa satellite system to Amouli in 2004. Amouli is part of the central water system's East Tutuila district.

Recent System Improvements

In 2000, the Water Division completed construction of a new 0.1 million gallon (mg) water storage tank along the ridge between Amouli and Aoa. The Lemafa Pass tank and the construction of a proposed transmission main from the tank to lower existing transmission main will enable the establishment of a level two service area between the 200 and 450-foot elevation.

Proposed Improvements and System Needs

A new distribution system is needed in Aoa Village. Existing four-inch lines need to be replaced with new six-inch and four-inch distribution mains. Planned improvements to the distribution system are scheduled for completion in 2006.

A new transmission main needs to be constructed from the Lemafa Pass storage tank to the existing transmission main. Construction of a new transmission main is planned to be completed in 2006.

Anticipated maximum day demands are expected to be roughly 80,558 gallons per day during the 2016-2020 period. Consequently, the capacity of the new 0.1 mg water storage tank between Amouli and Aoa will likely support maximum day demands for the 2016-2020 period.

2.3.5.3 Fagasa

The Fagasa satellite water system (Figure III-2-19) is also situated along the northern coast of Tutuila and serves Fagasa Village. The existing 0.1 mg water storage tank, distribution system, and fire hydrants were completed in 1996.

Proposed Improvements and System Needs

Anticipated maximum day demands during the 2001-2005 period are anticipated to be roughly 123,746 gallons per day. However, a gradual reduction is expected to decline maximum day demands to about 120,065 gallons per day during the 2016-2020 period. Despite the anticipated decline, these forecasts point to an immediate and long-term need for greater water storage capacity in Fagasa. Consequently, the construction of an additional 20,000-gallon water storage tank is recommended by 2005.

2.3.5.4 Vatia

The Vatia satellite water system (Figure III-2-20) is located north of Pago Pago Bay along the remote northern coast of Tutuila. The service area includes Vatia Village and portions of the small village of Amalau.

Recent System Improvements

The construction of a new 0.1 million gallon water storage tank was completed in 1999. The capacity of this tank is adequate to meet the anticipated average day demand through 2010.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-32

Figure III-2-18 Aoa Satellite Water System

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-33

Figure III-2-19 Fagasa Satellite Water System

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-34

Figure III-2-20 Vatia Satellite Water System

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-35

More recently, the ASPA Water Division also completed the following improvements to the Vatia system:

1. Designed and constructed a new six-inch transmission line along the shoreline of Vatia Bay.

2. Replaced existing three-inch line with looped distribution system consisting of six-inch and four-inch lines.

3. Installed fire hydrants in conjunction with the proposed six-inch transmission line along the shoreline of Vatia Bay, as well as adjoining residential areas.

Proposed Improvements and System Needs

Anticipated maximum day demands for Vatia are expected to rise to almost 120,000 gallons per day during the 2016- 2020 period. The forecasts suggest that additional water storage capacity will become needed during the 2011-2015 period to support future fire flows. Consequently, it is recommended that a second 20,000-gallon tank be constructed by 2011.

2.3.5.5 Aunuu

The Aunuu satellite water system (Figure III-2-21) is located in Aunuu Village on the Island of Aunuu. The village service area and ASPA water distribution system is situated on the southwest side of the Island of Aunuu. Existing wells and storage facilities are located on higher slopes near the center of the island.

ASPA's existing groundwater supply contains high chlorides; this condition is due primarily to the shallow depth of the Island's freshwater lens. A thin lens of only a few feet separates higher quality drinking water from water with chlorides in excess of 10,000 parts per million. Poor drinking water quality has discouraged the use of the ASPA drinking water supply. Residents primarily rely upon water obtained from household roof catchment systems and shallow dug wells near the center of Aunuu Village.

The original Utility Master Plan recommended in 1995 that new infiltration gallery wells be developed along the west slopes of Faimulivai Marsh. Reverse osmosis and improved roof catchment systems were also recommended if the infiltration gallery wells proved to be inadequate.

In 1998, the ASPA Water Division elected to purchase and install a 25,000 gallon per day (gpd) reverse osmosis unit to treat water produced from ASPA's existing groundwater wells. This improvement has enabled ASPA to provide good quality potable water. Public response to this water treatment has increased the consumption of drinking water from the ASPA water system.

Proposed Improvements and System Needs

The existing 65,000 gallon storage tank is capable of supporting of maximum day demands through 2005. However, anticipated maximum day demands on Aunuu are expected to gradually increase to almost 80,000 gallons per day during the 2016-2020 period. Consequently, it is recommended that a second 15,000-gallon water storage tank is constructed by 2006.

2.3.5.6 Ofu

The Ofu satellite water system (Figure III-2-22) is located along the west coast of the Island of Ofu. This system serves most of the inhabited residential areas, commercial facilities, and public facilities on the Island of Ofu. The primary service area is the Ofu Village.

Groundwater is the sole water source for this system. Well 202 is the only well in service. There are some spring and stream water resources available near Ofu Village if groundwater resources prove to be inadequate in the future.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-36

Figure III-2-21 Aunuu Satellite Water System

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Figure III-2-22 Ofu Satellite Water System

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-38

Recent System Improvements

Following a May 2001 inspection of the Ofu satellite water system, ASEPA noted that the wellhead for well 202 was in good condition, as well as improvements to the water pump motor. However, ASEPA representatives noted the need for a well casing vent, as well as a U-shaped screen discharge vent for the air relief valve. ASEPA also identified needed improvements to piping in the well enclosure. These comments focused on the length of piping within the enclosure; ASEPA was concerned that the length of piping is too short to properly install required appurtenances. For example, chlorine injection was on a stub of pipe with other appurtenances. Meters were installed too close to other fittings. ASEPA recommended that meters should be installed 2.5 pipe diameters from other fittings.

In response to these recommendations, the ASPA Water Division installed a well casing vent and screen discharge vent for the air relief valve in 2002. In addition, piping within the well enclosure was also modified.

Proposed Improvements and System Needs

The reactivation of Well 201 is needed to restore the standby groundwater supply for the Ofu satellite water system. Several short-term actions are needed to restore this well to standby service. ASEPA and USEPA representatives noted the following repairs during their survey of this satellite water system in January 2001:

pump motor requires servicing or replacement; and, proper connection of electrical conduit to the electrical control panel.

Replacement of the water storage tank ladder was also recommended.

ASPA Water Division intends to reactivate Well 201 and replace the water storage tank ladder sometime in 2003.

Maximum day demands on the Ofu system will gradually rise to about 75,369 gallons per day during the 2016-2020 period. Consequently, some 10,000 gallons of additional water storage need to be constructed by 2010 if ASPA desires to accommodate future fire flows.

ASPA also envisions other longer-term improvements for this system (Figure III-2-22). These improvements include the following:

Installation of tank level telemetry for Well 202. Installation of a chlorination facility at Well 201. Reconfiguration of the tank supply piping so that both wells pump directly to tank. Construction of a six-inch tank discharge line to connect to system distribution and a new 6-inch PVC fire protection main along the primary village road. The total length of a new six-inch main will be approximately 5,300 feet. Installation of five fire hydrants in Ofu Village. Installation of 1,500 feet of new 6-inch PVC discharge line to connect the new storage tank to the end of a six-inch fire protection main.

The priority for these improvements is not considered high since a reliable drinking water supply continues to be provided to local residents. The local residential population dropped 18 percent between 1990 and 2000. Consequently, the completion of longer-term system improvements is scheduled for completion by 2015.

2.3.5.7 Olosega-Sili

This satellite water system provides water to the villages of both Olosega and Sili (Figure III-2-23). In past years, the groundwater supplies associated with this system have contained higher chloride levels. However, improved water quality in this system was achieved in 2002 following the installation of a new reverse-osmosis unit on the northwest side of the existing water storage tank.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-39

Figure III-2-23 Olosega/Sili

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-40

Water system pressures have also been lower, i.e., 18 psi in Olosega Village, because the existing water storage tank is about 60 feet above the shoreline of Olosega Village. Available water consumption data suggests that significant leakage is occurring in the transmission and distribution system.

ASEPA and USEPA representatives made a sanitary survey of the Olosega-Sili system in January and May 2001. Wellheads were reported to be in good condition, but lacked well casing vents. Subsequently, the ASPA Water Division installed well casing vents.

ASEPA and USEPA representative also documented that the length of piping in well enclosures was too short to properly install various appurtenances. It was also reported that meters were installed too close to other fittings, e.g., check valves. ASEPA recommends that meters should be installed 2.5 pipe diameters from other fittings.

ASEPA representatives also observed that the water storage tank ladder was also observed to be very corroded (Tausaga, 2001). Repair of the water level indicator was also recommended.

Proposed Improvements and System Needs

In 2003, ASPA intends to make repairs needed to address well piping and storage tank issues that were identified by ASEPA and USEPA representatives in January and May 2001.

Another issue associated with the Olosega satellite water system is the lack of a backup water supply. In order to reinstate a backup water supply, well 203 should be reactivated by not later than 2007. In the short term, Olosega residents should be advised to use rainwater that can be collected individual rainwater catchment systems as a backup water supply.

ASPA eventually plans to install new fire hydrants and a new distribution system in Olosega by 2020.

Forecasts of future maximum day demand for Olosega and Sili are roughly 50,661 gallons per day during the 2016- 2020 period. Continued use of the existing 65,000-gallon water storage tank is anticipated unless future maximum day demands unexpectedly exceed the capacity of the storage tank.

2.3.5.8 Faleasao-Tau

The Faleasao-Tau satellite water system serves the villages of Faleasao and Tau (Figure III-2-24). The village of Tau also includes former villages known as Luma and Siufaga that are now more commonly referred to as Tau Village.

Recent Improvements

In 1998, a 25,000-gallon per day reverse osmosis unit was installed at the Faleasao Power Plant to improve water treatment of groundwater supplies. This improvement enabled the ASPA Water Division to supply drinking water quality to local village consumers.

A six-inch PVC distribution line was also constructed from Tau Motel to the Faleasao dock.

In 2002, the ASPA Water Division fitted the wellhead's air relief valve with a U-shaped screen discharge vent. This improvement was made in response to a recommendation of ASEPA following its inspection of the Faleasao-Tau system in May 2001.

Proposed Improvements and System Needs

The ASPA Water Division plans to explore and construct a new groundwater well upslope of Tau High School in a location that is not influenced by potential migration of leachate from the Tau solid waste dump. If an acceptable groundwater source cannot be developed, ASPA intends to treat brackish water from existing groundwater sources using reverse osmosis.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-41

Faleasao and Tau (Figure III-2-24)

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-42

Following a May 2001 inspection of the Faleasao-Tau satellite water system, ASEPA identified needed improvements to piping in the well enclosure. These comments focused on the length of piping within the enclosure; ASEPA has concern that the length of piping is too short to properly install required appurtenances. For example, chlorine injection is on a stub of pipe that contains with other appurtenances. Meters are installed to close to other fittings. ASEPA recommended that meters should installed 2.5 pipe diameters from other fittings.

On March 8, 2001, the reverse osmosis (R/O) unit was closed by ASEPA because of the presence of total Coliform bacteria in the product water. ASPA responded to this contamination by performing some additional maintenance on the system. Subsequently, the facility was authorized for use. However, the detection of total Coliform bacteria on May 7, 2001 resulted in a boil water notice to local residents. ASEPA concluded in May 2001 that the R/O unit will need extensive repair and maintenance that would include, in part, replacement of the existing UV light.

The existing 65,000-gallon water storage tank, which was constructed in 1989, is not capable of supporting potential average day demands of approximately 74,402 gallons per day. Potential average day demands assume that all land uses are connected to the satellite water system; at the present time, this is not the case. An additional 9,402 gallons are now needed to meet the potential average day demand. PPC forecasts suggest that the combined average day demands for Faleasao, Luma and Siufaga will increase to about 106,264 gallons during the 2016-2020 period.

If ASPA desires to meet water storage requirements to support fire flows, the anticipated maximum demand for the 2016-2020 period is expected to be 159,397 gallons per day. This forecasts suggests that 94,397 gallons of additional water storage capacity will be needed to meet maximum day demands by the 2016-2020 period. It is recommended that an additional 100,000-gallon water storage tank be constructed by 2007 to meet storage requirements through, at least, 2020.

2.3.5.9 Fitiuta

The Fitiuta satellite water system serves Maia, Fitiuta, and Leusoalii (Figure III-2-25).

Recent System Improvements

In 1999, McDonnell Dowell constructed a new 8-inch PVC line with fire hydrants and service laterals along the primary roadway between Maia and Leusoalii.

In 2002, well casing vents were installed at existing wellheads. These improvements were made in response to recommendations by ASEPA during its May 2001 survey of the Fitiuta water system.

Proposed Improvements and System Needs

ASEPA representatives made a sanitary survey of the Fitiuta satellite water system in May 2001. Wellheads were reported to be in good condition. ASEPA representatives documented in their survey report that the length of piping in well enclosures was too short to properly install various appurtenances. It was also reported that meters were installed too close to other fittings, e.g., check valves. ASEPA recommended that meters should be installed 2.5 pipe diameters from other fittings.

The Fitiuta satellite water system includes, in part, the use of an existing 100,000-gallon water storage tank. PPC forecasts of future average day demand suggest the consumption of roughly 54,456 gallons per day during the 2016- 2020 period.

If ASPA desires to meet water storage requirements to support future fire flows, the anticipated maximum demand for the 2016-2020 period is expected to be 81,685 gallons per day. Consequently, the existing water storage tank should be adequate to meet future water storage requirements through, at least, 2020.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-43

Figure 2-25 Fitiuta Satellite Water System

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-44

2.4 VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS

2.4.1 General

Most of the villages in American Samoa own their own village water system. The village water systems are wholly owned and operated by the villages. The day-to-day operation and maintenance has been the responsibility of each village council and selected residents from each village. The American Samoa Government and various U.S. agencies have occasionally provided technical and financial assistance for capital improvements and system repairs.

In 2002, three of American Samoa’s 72 villages (not including Swains Island) relied exclusively on independent village water systems. These villages included: Fagalii Maloata Fagamalo

However, in most villages, residents use their village systems as a secondary source of non-potable water. A summary of the water facilities in each village is presented in Tables III-2-10 and III-2-11. Facility information gained from the M & E study was updated and supplemented by more recent information that was provided by the American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA). Available information was also correlated with onsite observations made by Pedersen Planning Consultants, which has performed field work in all villages of American Samoa. Through its own village survey, ASPA has also discovered cross-connections in some villages. The ASPA Water Division has established an ongoing program to locate and remove any existing cross-connections. 2.4.2 Surface Water Supplies With only a few exceptions, existing village water systems use water from streams or springs for their water source. Hand-made impoundments are typically constructed near the upper end of a stream, or immediately below a spring, to capture surface water supplies. Surface water supplies are usually not disinfected or filtered by village residents on a regular basis, if at all. 2.4.3 Water Storage Storage is typically provided by ferro-cement tanks, and to a lesser degree, concrete spring boxes. Individual water storage tanks, which store water collected via roof catchment, are also frequently used. However, the water stored via roof catchment is not connected to village distribution systems. On the Island of Aunuu, the village water system includes a combination of individual roof catchment tanks, as well as shallow dug wells. 2.4.4 Distribution

Small diameter galvanized steel pipes have been installed directly on the ground surface by village residents to distribute village water supplies. In recent years, PVC and PE piping have been acquired from the government to replace aging steel pipes and, sometimes, expand distribution systems. Water consumption is not metered.

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TABLE III-2-10 VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS

Village 1990 Water Supply Type and Capacity of Maximum Size of Access to Resident Water Storage Distribution System ASPA Population (gallons) Piping Water ? Afao 145 1 Stream Stream Catchment 4-inch diameter Yes Afono 434 1 Stream Stream Catchment 2-1/2 inch Yes Agugulu 42 1 Spring None 2 inch Yes Aoa 491 1 Stream Stream Catchment 3 inch Yes Alao 463 1 Spring Stream Catchment 3 inch Yes 2 Streams Alofau 458 1 Well Tanks-31,000 2 inch Yes 2 Streams 1 Spring Amaluia 206 1 Stream Stream Catchment 2-1/2 inch Yes Amanave 378 1 Spring Stream Catchment 3 inch Yes 2 Streams Amouli 463 1 Spring Tank-26,000 3 inch Yes 2 Streams Asili 203 1 Spring Tank - 1,000 2 inch Yes Aua 1896 2 Streams Stream Catchment 4-inch diameter Yes 1 Spring Auasi 122 1 Stream Stream Catchment 1-1/2 inch Yes Auto 255 1 Stream Stream Catchment 2-1/2 inch Yes Fagalii 206 1 Stream Tank - 10,000 2 inch No 1 Spring Fagamalo 92 1 Stream Stream Catchment 2 inch No Faganeanea 168 SYSTEM ABANDONED N/A Yes Fagasa 717 4 Springs Tanks- 46,000 3 inch Yes 1 Stream Faleniu 833 1 Stream Stream Catchment 3 inch Yes Laulii 814 2 Streams Tank - 2,000 4-inch diameter Yes Leone 3013 1 Stream Stream Catchment 6-inch diameter Yes Malaeloa 1108 1 Stream Stream Catchment 4-inch diameter Yes Maloata 16 1 stream Stream Catchment ? No Masausi 157 2 Streams Tank - 10,000 2-1/2 inch Yes Masefau 389 1 Spring Tanks -10,000 2 inch Yes 2 Streams Matuu 364 1 Stream Stream Catchment 4-inch diameter Yes Mesepa 483 SHARES SYSTEM WITH FALENIU Yes Nua 267 1 Stream Stream Catchment 4-inch diameter Yes Onenoa 136 2 Springs Tank - 6,000 1-1/2 inch Yes Poloa, Lower 176 1 Spring Tank - 25,000 2-inch diameter Yes Poloa, Upper 1 Stream Tank 9,000 2 1/2- inch diam Yes Sailele 130 1 Spring None 1-1/2 inch Yes Seetaga 228 2 Streams Stream Catchment 4-inch diameter Yes Tafeta Unk. Springs Tank - 5,000 3 inch Yes Tula 423 Well Tank -20,000 ? Yes Vatia 608 2 Streams Stream Catchment 3 inch Yes

Source: M & E Pacific, 1987; ASPA,1994; ASEPA, 1994; Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002

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TABLE III-2-11 VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS AUNUU AND MANUA ISLANDS

Village Population Water Storage Type Distribution Access Census Source & Capacity System to ASPA 1990 (gals) Maximum Size Water ? Aunuu Island

Aunuu 463 Shallow Roof Catchment & N/A Yes dug wells Storage Tanks Manua Island

Faleasao-Tau 246 Rainwater Roof Catchment & N/A Yes 423 Storage Tanks Fitiuta 720 Rainwater Roof Catchment & N/A Yes Storage Tanks Ofu 353 Rainwater Roof Catchment & N/A Yes Storage Tanks Olosega 201 Spring None UNKNOWN Yes Sili 24 Rainwater Roof Catchment & N/A Yes Storage Tanks Note: N/A = not available

Sources: M & E Pacific, 1987; ASEPA,1994; Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-2-47

SECTION III CHAPTER THREE: WATER SYSTEM AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

3.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA) assumed responsibility for the operation and maintenance of American Samoa's central water system in October, 1988. Former Governor A.P. Lutali authorized ASPA to manage, operate and maintain the system that was previously managed by the American Samoa Government, Department of Public Works. Since the assumption of this responsibility, ASPA has demonstrated its capability to provide a reliable delivery of high quality water to residents, businesses, and public agencies in American Samoa

The initial focus of the ASPA Water Division was to deliver a high-quality water supply and ensure system reliability. Extensive personnel training and orientation, system planning and organization, and the concerted dedication of ASPA management and employees led to the achievement of ASPA’s early mission statements.

Subsequent efforts and village council requests extended the central water system to other villages immediately east and west of the central water system. ASPA also established contractual agreements with other more remote villages where former village water systems would be operated and maintained as ASPA satellite water systems. These programs required the ASPA Water Division to rehabilitate and construct new wells, water storage facilities, and transmission mains.

Significant extensions to the central water system will likely end with extensions to Fagalii, Maloata and Fagamalo. Extensions to the east side of Tutuila have already been completed to Onenoa. Only three villages, which exclusively use village water systems, could eventually become ASPA satellite water systems.

Future construction will likely be directed toward projects that address the continued land use development and infilling of Tualauta County. Such projects will primarily include the replacement and construction of transmission mains, distribution systems and water storage tanks.

3.1.1 Economic Objectives and Self-Reliance

In this context of its recent history, the ASPA Water Division needs to begin shifting its primary focus upon system expansion to long-term system management. Greater attention will need to be directed toward various management, operational, and maintenance issues.

The sustainability of ASPA lies primarily in its ability to manage its water system economically. Financial capital needed to support long-term operations and capital improvements is ideally supported by customer revenues from water consumption, as well as related services provided in response to requests from the private sector to expand the existing distribution system.

Since the formation of ASPA, the economy of American Samoa has not contained an adequate industrial, commercial, and residential revenue base that is necessary to extend water delivery to all villages of American Samoa. However, expanded customer revenues now support all operation and maintenance costs and roughly 10 percent of all capital improvement costs (Malae, 2001). Given the historical condition of the public water system in 1988, this financial condition represents a significant achievement by ASPA.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-1 The lack in adequate financial capital necessary to support long-term capital improvements has required ASPA to solicit and apply for various governmental grants that are tied to various grant requirements. These grants have been essential to extend water delivery to various villages that previously relied on village water systems that contained poor to moderate levels of drinking water quality. At the same time, grant requirements have generated increased reporting requirements that extend beyond those necessary to operate and maintain a water utility efficiently and cost effectively. In essence, ASPA's continued reliance upon government grants has generated much needed capital for the extension of water delivery to virtually all villages of American Samoa. However, this significant benefit has been offset somewhat by increased operational costs associated with system planning, grant reporting requirements, and ever-increasing water quality monitoring requirements.

3.1.2 Conservation Objectives The conservation of water resources in American Samoa is also essential to sustainable water delivery in American Samoa. For this reason, it is essential that ASPA continues its commitment to undertake prudent planning, operation and maintenance activities that facilitate the conservation of groundwater and surface water resources in American Samoa. The refinement of operational and development criteria, policies and procedures are needed to ensure that day-to-day operational and maintenance activities, new capital improvements, and system expansions are tied to the conservation of American Samoa’s groundwater and surface water sources. The application of effective planning tools can be used to facilitate these conservation efforts.

3.1.3 Opportunities for Improved Water System and Resource Management The preceding perspective suggests that the future management of ASPA's water system must focus primarily upon the operation of an efficient, cost-effective Water Division that aggressively pursues practical water conservation opportunities. These needs must be balanced to ensure that future water delivery in American Samoa can be sustained on a long-term basis. Chapter Three examines existing water system management organization used to operate and maintain its central and satellite water systems. The primary focus of this evaluation is to identify various opportunities for enhancing future system planning, operations and maintenance, and project development functions of the water system. Recommendations identified for the enhancement of these Water Division functions are intended to establish more efficient and cost-effective division operations. Similarly, opportunities are identified that will enable ASPA to aggressively pursue water conservation measures in the Territory. Recommended conservation opportunities focus upon:

• conservation measures that can be accomplished independently by ASPA; and, • conservation opportunities that ASPA can creatively encourage its customers to carry out.

3.2 SYSTEM MANAGEMENT 3.2.1 General Organization and Lines of Authority The central and satellite water systems in American Samoa are administered, operated and maintained by the American Samoa Power Authority. These systems are administered through the coordinated activities and interaction between the following ASPA management personnel: • The ASPA Board of Directors provide overall direction and guidance to the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer; • The Chief Executive Officer provides direction to all divisions of ASPA, as well as insights and vision to the Board of Directors; • The Chief Operating Officer, who reports to the Chief Executive Officer, oversees the operations of the power, water, wastewater, and solid waste divisions; and,

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-2 • The Chief Financial Officer, who reports directly to both the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer, provides information concerning the revenues and expenses generated by the Water Division, and monitors the adequacy of existing revenues to support long-term operation and maintenance activities; • The Water Division Manager, who reports to the Chief Operating Officer, is responsible for the day-to-day management of the central and satellite systems and all other activities associated with the Water Division. • The Customer Service Division Manager is responsible for and supervises the reading of water meters, the preparation of consumer water bills, the collection of revenues, as well as the receipt of customer orders for new service, repairs, and consumer complaints.

• The Water and Electric Operations Manager trouble-shoots operational and development issues and provides related insights to the Water Division manager. The general organizational structure of executive management and the line of authority to and from the Water Division manager is, for the most part, a traditional utility management structure. One exception is the Water and Electric Operations Manager position. While this position has effectively been used to address many significant operational, maintenance and construction issues of the Division, the existence of this position can potentially constrain an effective working relationship and long-term accountability between the Water Division manager and the Chief Operating Officer. It is recommended that responsibilities of the Water and Electric Operations Manager be shifted to a supervisory position of one of three proposed units of the Water Division.

3.2.2 Water Division Organization and Management 3.2.2.1 Existing Management and Organizational Structure

There are four distinct operating groups that report directly to the Water Division manager (Figure III-3-1). These operating groups are responsible for the following activities:

1. Preventative maintenance of fire hydrants, pump stations, booster stations, reservoirs, pressure relief valves, and hydraulic appurtenances; the installation of new service connections; the maintenance of rolling stock; the repair of service lines and laterals that are two inches or less in diameter; leak detection and repair; system mapping; and the maintenance of as-built drawings of the water system. 2. Mechanical works and chlorinators. 3. Production, distribution, system operations, hydrology, and coordination with the U.S. Geological Survey. 4. Construction, installation, well drilling, and system repairs of pipelines greater than 2- inches in diameter. Under the direction of the Water Division Manager, the actual day-to-day operation and maintenance of the ASPA's central and satellite systems are accomplished by approximately 43 professionals, technicians, and tradesmen who comprise ASPA's Water Division (Figure III-3-1). One important exception is the operation of the satellite water systems in the Manua District. Due to limited labor requirements, water operators on the Island of Tau actually work part-time for and report to the Power Division manager in the village of Faleasao. While financially desirable, the shared use of a Power Division employee for water operations and maintenance is undesirable. This approach discourages a more complete focus upon needed maintenance activities and the identification of periodic repairs.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-3 FIGURE III-3-1 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART ASPA WATER DIVISION JUNE 2000

1 John Utu Operations Manager

Dave Dacanay Division Manager Technical Services George Alamani Administration Koko Fano Fale Levi Fola Tanielu Petero Lafaele Lambdin Lauvao Pino Mata’afa Taylor Savusa Paulo Tiumalu

Koko Fano Taylor Savusa George Alamani Paulo Tiumalu Frank Vaita Supervisor Supervisor Water Project Engineer Supervisor Manager Preventive Maintenance Mechanical Works Production Leak Detection & Repair Construction New Service Connections Chlorinators Distribution Mapping Installation/Repairs (>2”) Rolling Stock Fiapule Tufuga (CL) System Operation As-Built Drawings Well Drilling Repairs (>2”) Pulefano Ioane Hydrology Kerini Peko Fa’avae Savusa (CL) USGS Douglas Ah Mai (CL) Siala Taototo Amani Maiava Tavita Tupuola David Danielson Savaii Vailolo Wally Tolo Eteuati Michael Patalesio Silao Rodney Ortquist Paratiso Uata Enesi Vaetoe (CL) Asomuamua Ito Tavita Fou (CL) Su’e Brown Taufaasee Tauala Pisia Ah Mai Manulele Faletoi (CL) Fiafia Fautanu Siaosi Fetu Taufagu Lualemaga Fagaivalu Tulagamanu Eugene Tilo Samuele Mapu

1 Technical Services Group provides planning, design, specialprojects and technical support 2 Preventative Maintenance includes maintenance of fire hydrants, pump station booster stations, reservoirs, pressure relief valves, and hydraulic appurtenances.

Source: American Samoa Power Authority, 2000. 3.2.2.2 Recommended Changes in Organizational Structure

Evolving organizational changes in the ASPA Water Division suggest that the ASPA Water Division should be organized into three organizational units: 1. operations 2. maintenance 3. engineering and construction

The primary focus of the operation unit would be to establish and carry out a preventative maintenance program for the water system. To accomplish that objective, the operations unit would perform the regular operational activities associated with existing groundwater wells, storage tanks, valves, pressure regulating valves, pump stations, disinfections, as well as the operation of the two microfiltration plants. The operating unit would also be responsible for the use of the SCADA system used to stop and start pumps at several of the ASPA booster stations, as well as monitor storage tank levels. Water quality monitoring activities would continue to be a task of the operating unit. This group would also maintain the new geographical information system for the ASPA Water Division.

The maintenance unit would carry out new service installations, repairs, emergency repairs, responses to trouble calls, water meter maintenance surveys and related maintenance tasks. These activities would be carried out in close coordination with the Customer Service Division. The maintenance unit would also manage the existing inventory control system for all materials, tools, and consumable supplies that are used by the Water Division.

The recommended planning and construction unit would be responsible for periodic evaluations of hydraulic capacity, the balancing of system pressures, as well as monitor unaccounted water consumption. Future engineering staff or civil engineering design consultants would design future system improvements. This unit would also be responsible for all construction management and construction inspection, as well as the performance of in-house construction projects.

3.3 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 3.3.1 Profit and Loss The general financial condition of any quasi-public utility ultimately reflects a relationship between revenues and expenses. When ASPA originally assumed responsibility for the central water system in 1988, the ASG-operated water system was in a serious financial condition. Operating expenses were not offset by the collection of any water user fees because ASG made no concerted attempt to install water meters and collect revenues. Subsequently, ASPA's subsequent and continued installation of water meters, as well as the regular collection of revenues, brought about a dramatic reversal in the financial viability of the water system. Despite these historical achievements, available financial statements for FY 1997 through FY 2000 indicate that the ASPA Water Division continues to expend more than is generated from operating revenues (Table III-3-1). Net losses incurred by the Water Division were $770,138 in FY 2000. 3.3.2 Cash Flow Available cash flow information FY 1998 indicates that the Water Division had a positive cash flow of $181,385. More recently, however, the Division had no available cash flow throughout FY 2000 to support operations in FY 2001 (Table III-3-2). Insufficient revenues to meet operational expenses of the Water Division clearly imposes a stress on the cash flow of the Authority. This is further compounded by the size of some account receivables and regular delays in payments by one of ASPA's larger water customers, the American Samoa

Government.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-5

TABLE III-3-1 AMERICAN SAMOA POWER AUTHORITY WATER DIVISION PROFIT-LOSS STATEMENTS FY 1997 THROUGH FY 2000

1997 1998 1999 2000

OPERATING REVENUE: $ 3,341,430 $ 3,222,937 $3,209,106 $ 3,531,750

OPERATING EXPENSES: Operating and Maintenance 2,321,755 2,421,616 2,283,798 2,513,565 Depreciation 778,368 862,296 914,472 999,718 General, administrative, and other 556,413 600,055 585,592 772,995 Bad debt expense (recoveries) 40,949 (145,450) 33,479 56,615

Total operating expenses 3,697,485 3,738,517 3,817,341 4,342,893

Loss from operations (356,055) (515,580) (608,235) (811,143)

NONOPERATING REVENUE: Gain (loss) on sale of assets 5,300 (32,338) Federal operating grants 33,709 93,602 19,791 30,243 Investment income ______691 ______10,762

Total nonoperating revenue 39,009 61,955 19,791 41,005

NET LOSS: (317,046) (453,625) (588,444) (770,138)

DEPRECIATION ON ASSETS CONRIBUTED BY U. S. GOVERNMENT OR PURCHASED WITH FEDERAL CAPITAL GRANTS 683,516 722,017 851,113 858,288

RETAINED EARNINGS: Beginning of year 2,063,199 2,429,669 2,698,061 2,960,730

End of year $ 2,429,669 $ 2,698,061 $ 2,960,730 $ 3,048,880

Source(s): Kenneth Kuhns & Co., 2001; Deloitte & Touche LLP, 2000 Aspa Utilities Master Plan March 2002 Draft Page III-3-6

TABLE III-3-2 AMERICAN SAMOA POWER AUTHORITY WATER DIVISION CASH FLOW STATEMENT FY 1998 AND FY 2000 1998 2000 OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Income (loss) from operations $ (515,580) $ (811,143) Adjustments to reconcile income (loss) from operations to net cash provided (used) by operating activities: Depreciation 862,296 999,718 Bad debt expense (recoveries) (145,450) Cash provided (used) by changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable 168,022 (145,830) Other accounts receivable (8,535) 11.915 Interdivisional loans (472,329) 534,834 Due from ASG 60,521 (105,620) Due from semi-autonomous ASG agencies (10,449) Due from ASDRO (112,461) 157,071 Materials, supplies and fuel (82,855) 79,108 Prepaid expenses and other assets (155,068) (83,313) Unbilled revenue 10,768 (10,654) Accounts payable (5,306) 79,105 Accrued expenses (56,124) (33,785)

Total adjustments 1,158,607

Net cash provided (used) by operating activities (452,101) 347,464

CAPITAL AND RELATED FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Additions to utility plant and construction work in progress (1,439,053) (1,670,818) Proceeds from disposal of fixed assets 2,030 -- Receipt of federal capital grants 1,976,215 1,305,189 Repayment of long-term debt -- Interest payments ______Net cash provided (used) by capital and related financing activities 539,192 (365,629)

NONCAPITAL AND RELATED FINANCING ACTIVITIES Receipt of federal operating grants 93,603 30,243 Net cash provided (used) by noncapital and related financing activities 30,243

BALANCE, carried forward 180,694 12,078

BALANCE, brought forward 180,694 12,078

INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Investment or interest income 691 10,762 Purchase of or increase in investments ______22,840

Net cash provided by investing activities 691 (12,078)

NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS 181,385

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS: Beginning of year -- -- End of year $ 181,385 --

Source(s): Kenneth Kuhns & Co., 2001; Deloitte & Touche LLP, 2000 Aspa Utilities Master Plan March 2002 Draft Page III-3-7 The lack of adequate cash flow poses a significant constraint to Water Division operation and maintenance activities. It is a deterrent to the performance of a regular, preventative maintenance program that is needed for the Division to operate within a predictable and sustainable operating budget from year to year. Inadequate cash flow also delays needed system repairs and improvements, as well as the procurement of required materials, equipment, and tools.

Consequently, the "life" of existing system assets is reduced through increased facility and equipment deterioration. The uncertainty in cash flow has forced ASPA to pursue more grants from the U.S. Government, and other sources of short-term revenue. Federal grants for capital improvements have clearly supported most of the capital improvements that have been required for system expansion. But, sometimes even federal grant receipts fail to meet the costs associated with new capital improvements. The cash flow statement for FY 2000 reveals that this situation occurred during FY 2000. In contrast, federal grant receipts exceeded capital improvement costs in FY 1999.

3.3.3 Need for General Financial Policies The long-term viability of the ASPA Water Division is primarily dependent upon the ability of the Water Division to operate and maintain its central and satellite water systems within the revenues it receives from user fees and government grants. This is easier said than done in the face of delayed invoice payments from the American Samoa Government and a limited consumer base. Nevertheless, general financial policies should be established by ASPA executive management to guide and monitor the management of the Water Division, as well as the day-to-decisions of the Water Division manager and the Customer Service manager. These financial policies differ from accounting and procurement procedures and required authorizations for Division expenditures. General financial policies should, in part, guide Water Division management decisions concerning future operations and maintenance activities, as well as capital improvement projects. The development of general financial policies guiding the Water Division should represent a long-term process. These policies should initially be developed by executive management and coordinated closely with the managers of the Water Division and Customer Services Division. An internal review of the general financial policies should be made on an annual basis.

Once these policies are established, the Water Division manager and Customer Service manager must be held accountable by the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer to ensure that financial policies are followed. Otherwise, the long-term financial viability of the Water Division will never be achieved and the sustainability of the Water Division operations will be in jeopardy. It is recommended that the following general financial policies be initially considered by executive management for implementation: 1. Operating budgets for the Water Division will not exceed anticipated operating revenues that should be estimated for each fiscal year. 2. Capital improvement projects will not be undertaken unless there is sufficient cash generated from operating activities or funds can be obtained from government grants or other sources. 3. ASPA Water Division will terminate water service to any customer whose account is delinquent. This policy will be applicable to all residential, commercial, industrial, and public agency customers and be made in accordance with Title 15, Chapter 15.0202 of the American Samoa Code.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-8 3.4 WATER RATE STRUCTURE 3.4.1 Existing Rate Structure In 1982, the American Water Works Association adopted a policy concerning water utility financing and water rates. This policy stated, in part, that the general public is best served by self-sustained enterprises that are adequately financed with rates based on sound engineering and economic principles (American Water Works Association, 1983). While most utilities in the continental United States operate and serve a more diversified economy, this policy continues to be appropriate and relevant to the ASPA Water Division. ASPA Water Regulations, in essence, reflect the AWWA policy. The Water Regulations stipulate that commodity and monthly service fee revenues must be used for the: • operation and maintenance of the water system; • operation and maintenance of the wastewater system; and, • capital expenditures to protect and manage the water resources of American Samoa.

One exception, however, is the incorporation of wastewater fees into the monthly water charges. This approach was originally taken by ASPA because of a serious community need to connect residents to a central sewer system and, thereby, avoid potential contamination to the nearshore waters and the groundwater aquifer of the Tafuna-Leone Plain. The Wastewater Division did not want to discourage village residents from connecting to the central sewer system. ASPA consumers presently receive a monthly utility bill that is issued by ASPA Customer Service Division. This bill is formatted to included separate charges for electric, water, sewer, and solid waste services. However, the water charges actually represent a combined charge for water and sewer services. Monthly bills for residential and commercial service include a base commodity charge that primarily reflects the consumption of water and, secondarily, the application of a pumping surcharge. Water consumption is determined from the volume of individual metered consumption for each residential, commercial, and industrial customer. A pumping surcharge is added to the base commodity charge to incorporate the cost of water pumpage that is necessary to operate the water system. 3.4.2 Future Adjustments to Utility Rate Structure and Water Rates

3.4.2.1 The Need for Annual Review

The maintenance of adequate water utility rates is one essential task that helps enable ASPA achieve long-term profitability and the ability to sustain water delivery in American Samoa. Title 15, Chapter 2 of the American Samoa Code contains no requirement for a periodic review of utility rates for water, sewer, electrical power or solid waste services. Nevertheless, the adequacy of the utility rate structure and related water utility rates should be regularly evaluated each year.

The methodology used to make the rate evaluation should initially consider established criteria from the American Waterworks Association, e.g., establish blocks of consumption by customer class. Similarly, alternate rate structures recommended by AWWA should also represent the point of departure for future modifications of existing rate structures and/or rate schedules.

As a point of departure, the annual evaluation of water utility rates needs to involve a close examination of Water Division costs associated with, at least, the following:

• utility administration and management; • system operation and maintenance costs; • debt service on borrowed capital; • rehabilitation, replacement and expansion; and, • cash reserves (10 percent of operation and maintenance costs).

Using available cost information, each annual evaluation of water rates would use the following general procedures:

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-9

• determine total annual revenue requirements; • allocate revenue requirements to water division cost components; • distribute component costs to customer classes; and, • adjust existing rates to recover these costs from each customer class (California State University, Sacramento, School of Engineering, 1993).

At the same time, available utility rate criteria for the continental United States do not take into account unique differences in ASPA’s water system management objectives, system operations, water resource conservation issues, regional economic conditions, household incomes, and faaSamoa. Consequently, AWWA methodologies, rate structure options, and other related criteria should be modified, as necessary, to reflect differences within the Territory of American Samoa.

The evaluation of the combined water/wastewater rate structure should be made by a consultant to ASPA, or a third- party that is based off-island. This will provide greater assurance to the American Samoa community that a more objective evaluation was made.

3.4.2.2 Segregation of Water and Wastewater Charges

Since the formation of ASPA Water Division in 1988, ASPA has not established separate rates for wastewater service. This option was, in part, considered in a Comprehensive Water and Wastewater Rate Study, which was prepared, by Economic and Engineering Services, Inc. in December 1990. However, the proposed sewer rate was never adopted by ASPA executive management; one of ASPA's primary concerns was the potential discouragement of connection to the wastewater system.

Even today, the Wastewater Division continues to seek and negotiate utility easements with local landowners and/or traditional chiefs for lands in selected areas of Tualauta County, Taputimu, Leone and other areas that eventually may be served by the Pago Pago or Tafuna wastewater systems. The Wastewater Division is also continuing its connection of homes and commercial enterprises within areas already served by the Pago Pago and Tafuna wastewater systems. In this context, ASPAWastewater Division representatives fear that the imposition of separate wastewater rates will:

• hamper negotiations for future utility easements across selected lands in Tualauta County and other future service areas; and, • discourage future customer connections to the Pago Pago and Tafuna wastewater systems.

The primary purpose of the wastewater system is to conserve groundwater quality of the basal lens beneath the Island of Tutuila. Tualauta County, Taputimu, Leone and other areas that eventually may be served by the Pago Pago or Tafuna wastewater systems (Dworsky, 2001). Until greater connections are made and the Tafuna system is expanded to serve most of Tualauta County, the imposition of separate wastewater rates may jeopardize the achievement of this water resource conservation objective. There is ample justification for the continued use of a combined water/wastewater rate while expansion of the ASPA wastewater system continues.

The existing utility bill that is mailed to ASPA customers presents separate charges for water, wastewater, power, and solid waste. The combined bill and segregation of separate charges from each ASPA division enables customers to review and better understand utility charges, as well as ascertain changes in household activities that influence utility consumption. Ultimately, greater clarity in customer charges will instill greater consumer confidence.

However, once planned expansions of the Tafuna wastewater system in Tualauta County are completed, ASPA should establish a separate rate structure and rate schedule for wastewater services. Once adopted by the ASPA Board of Directors, the rate schedule would be re-evaluated annually. This evaluation would reflect water consumption associated with wastewater, the cost of water system operations and maintenance, and anticipated capital improvements. Anticipated short-falls in revenue would require the calculation of a new rate schedule that would be adequate to support operations, maintenance and anticipated capital improvements. When necessary, any

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-10 required adjustments would be determined and submitted to the ASPA Board of Directors for approval.

When proposed wastewater rates are ultimately calculated, it is possible that required rates are determined to be unaffordable in light of household incomes and the overall cost of ASPA utility services. In this situation, a specified percentage of the required wastewater rate should be recommended and submitted to the ASPA Board of Directors.

3.4.3 Cost Accounting System 3.4.3.1 Present Use ASPA uses a computer software program called DAFFRON for cost accounting purposes. This program is generally used on a utility-wide basis to identify cumulative operation and maintenance costs by accounting codes, and correlate actual costs with annual budget estimates. The software program stores accounting codes for labor, equipment and materials and other data input into Customer Service Orders. Discussions with managers of the Customer Service Division and the Water Division in September 2001 indicated that the DAFFRON system was not very user-friendly in terms of data retrieval and export to other software formats such Microsoft Excel, a popular spreadsheet software used by various ASPA divisions. However, more recent modifications have been made to the DAFFRON system that has improved the ease of software use by ASPA personnel. 3.4.3.2 Recommended Approach to Future Cost Accounting The use of DAFFRON for utility-wide accounting is effective. However, it is important that utility wide accounting codes are of sufficient detail to enable the Water Division manager and other Water Division personnel to adequately evaluate the expenditure of funds for system operation, maintenance, repairs, as well as engineering and construction. If utility-wide accounting codes are not of sufficient detail, existing accounting codes should either be expanded or linked to more specific cost codes that can be derived from another software program such as Management Planning System (MPS) software. Management Planning System software enables users to establish detailed cost, asset, equipment, material codes that enable the monitoring of all costs associated with system operation, maintenance, system repairs and new construction. Summaries of selected information gained from expenditures for labor, equipment, tools, materials, and consumable supplies can be derived from summary tables generated within this work management software. If the cost information side of this program is used by the Water Division, it is essential that this data becomes linked to more general utility-wide accounting codes for ASPA.

3.5 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT In recent years, ASPA has established various information tools that enable ASPA to more effectively manage the operation and maintenance of its water system. For example, the application of global positioning system technology and state of the art surveying techniques have significantly improved ASPA's ability to locate and map system improvements. SCADA technology has enabled the ASPA Water Division to continually monitor storage tank levels and control pumps at several booster stations. In the following paragraphs, various other opportunities for improving the effectiveness of Water Division operations management are presented for consideration. Strategies are also recommended for the incorporation and application of these opportunities into future Water Division planning, operations, and management.

3.5.1 Geographical Information System ASPA’s development of relevant digital information during the past decade has established a new level of operational performance within the utility. The availability of this information has enhanced the quality of staff

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-11 efforts associated with customer service orders, system repairs, operation and maintenance, engineering design and related field work, as well as the sharing of information with various ASG agencies. In the 1990s, AutoCad software was used by ASPA to establish a new map grid and series of base maps for most populated areas of the Island of Tutuila. However, the Islands of Aunuu, Ofu, Olosega, and Tau were not initially digitized. Subsequently, ASPA digitized the developed lands on the Island of Tutuila using AutoCad software. Digital overlays were developed and periodically revised by the ASPA Water Division on AutoCad to maintain an up-to-date location of all water sources, water transmission and distribution lines, water meters, water storage tanks, booster stations, and other system characteristics. Similarly, AutoCad was used by the ASPA Wastewater Division to maintain up-to-date digital overlays for the ASPA wastewater system. The ASPA Power Division also employed AutoCad files to maintain its files of the ASPA Power System. However, the Power Division applied CableCad, a software extension of AutoCad, to develop and store attribute tables that are associated with various features in AutoCad. In 2001, Pedersen Planning Consultants developed a basic geographical information system (GIS) for the ASPA water and wastewater systems using ArcView 3.2 software. The ASPA GIS was established using available 1990 aerial topography, digital files created by the ASPA Water Division and Wastewater Division, as well as numerous other digital overlays that were developed by PPC in the mid to late 1990’s for the American Samoa GIS. The new GIS for ASPA represents only a starting point as various attribute tables within the GIS will need to be expanded and regularly updated to maintain relevant information concerning detailed system characteristics. The new geographical information system for ASPA offers new opportunities to correlate available system characteristics in digital form with other spatial land use and resource information for the Territory. However, in light of rapid developments in GIS technology, ASPA can begin to look beyond the basic functions of geographical information systems for mapping, as well as the documentation and storage of system data. For example, smaller water utilities around the world are increasingly making new applications of GIS. One of the more practical applications of GIS for water utilities is to integrate available digital information with compatible software programs to help perform hydraulic analyses and water distribution modeling. In the short term, it is recommended that an experienced GIS technician within ASPA work with Water Division staff to become more acquainted with basic functions of ArcView GIS, clean up data inconsistencies associated with the water system, and expand available data into attribute tables associated with new ArcView 3.2 files. The completion of these tasks will enhance management of existing system characteristics and help prepare staff for the application of GIS to other planning and management functions. Once the basic GIS contains an accurate data set and selected staff gain sufficient technical capability, the Water Division can be trained to integrate the GIS with future hydraulic analyses. Subsequently, the Water Division can also purchase ArcGIS software, which is the most recent software platform that has been developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), the manufacturer of ArcView GIS.

3.5.2 Hydraulic Analysis and Water Distribution Modeling The performance of a periodic analysis of water system hydraulics is needed in order to visualize an up-to-date picture of existing hydraulic capacities of the ASPA water system and track the growth or decay of substances such as chlorine through the distribution system. The hydraulic capacity analyses can be applied to different economic and land use scenarios to evaluate how the water system will react to greater water demands. Various generic water modeling software products are widely available. WaterCAD (also known as Cybernet), which is developed and continually refined by Haested Methods, is often applied to the evaluation of smaller water systems. Recent modifications to this software by Haested Methods enables users to integrate WaterCAD modeling capabilities with GIS data and extensions.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-12 Available digital files in ArcView GIS and AutoCAD, as well as forecasts of future average day and maximum day demands (Volume III, Chapter One), provide a starting point for examining future economic and land use scenarios. One trained technician, or experienced civil engineer, can input system characteristics and assumptions into an available software program such as WaterCAD. However, the person selected to input the information may need to supplement their capabilities prior to the input of required data and following the generation of model results to make full use of available capabilities of modeling software. Supplemental capabilities that may be required might include one or more of the following: • an experienced civil engineer or technician who is already familiar with the use of the selected modeling software; • an ASPA Water Division technician familiar with the entire water system; • a land use planner knowledgeable with existing and anticipated land uses in the Territory; and, • a GIS technician who can integrate available files from ASPA’s GIS into the selected modeling software. An engineering technician from the ASPA Water Division has already worked with WaterCAD software and worked through an initial hydraulic analysis of the program in late 2001. It is recommended that internal staff capabilities be initially used to carry out this important function not less than once per year. The Water Division manager can initially be used to evaluate modeling results; if and when necessary, his capabilities can be supplemented or substituted with other engineering or technical expertise. 3.5.3 Maintenance Management System Effective long-term management of the water system requires: • a vision of the tasks, resources and personnel capabilities needed to carry out a preventative maintenance program; • knowledge of and ready access to available inventories of materials, equipment, tools, and consumable supplies to support operations, maintenance, repairs and new construction. • readily-accessible information concerning ongoing expenditures of labor, material, equipment, tools and consumable supplies for operations, maintenance, repairs, and new construction. Computerized maintenance management systems are a convenient and effective way to organize and schedule, and monitor regular operation and maintenance activities, unexpected repairs, emergency calls, and planned system improvements. Most available software programs link scheduled work orders, track expenditures of labor, equipment, materials, and supplies, and enable comparisons with initial job estimates. Various programs also link expenditures of equipment, materials, and supplies with inventory control capabilities. Work order history, expenditure data, and inventory control information provides essential information that is needed to prepare realistic annual budgets for operation and maintenance, as well as compare actual expenditures with estimated costs. Some work management software, e.g., Azteca's Cityworks, are also integrated with geographical information system programs such as ESRI's ArcGIS software.

In the mid-1990's, the ASPA Water Division used ORCOM software to prepare work orders for ongoing operation and maintenance activities, as well as tracked expenditures of labor, equipment, and materials. Some limited use was also made of Macola software, a generic work management software program. However, application of these software programs were discontinued with the loss of some former personnel. More recently, ASPA staff have begun some limited use of Management Planning System software with the preparation of work orders for water system operations. Arasmith Consulting Resources, Inc. has also loaded water system assets and established a numbering system for fixed equipment associated with the water system. Management Planning Systems (MPS) software is already used by the ASPA Wastewater Division. The software applications made by the Wastewater Division include the preparation of work orders, tracking of labor, material and

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-13 equipment expenditures, asset management, and inventory control. Consequently, there is experience within the ASPA family that can be built upon to facilitate the use of MPS software at the Water Division. It is recommended that MPS software is used by the Water Division to enable the establishment of a maintenance management system. Full application of the software is recommended for: 1. work management through the preparation of work orders for scheduled and unscheduled operation and maintenance tasks; 2. the monitoring of actual labor, equipment and material expenditures associated with operations, maintenance, repairs, and new construction; 3. the comparison of work order cost estimates with actual expenditures; 4. the preparation of operation and maintenance budgets; 5. inventory control that tracks the issuance of materials, equipment, special tools, and consumable supplies; 6. preparation of procurement orders to replace expended and new inventory; and, 7. asset management. The Water Division should not attempt to immediately make full application of this software. Rather, it should gradually apply the preceding applications into Water Division operations and maintenance activities. It is recommended that the supervisor(s) of Water Division operations and maintenance activities initially direct a computer technician to input work orders into the MPS software, schedule work tasks, as well as track the actual expenditures of actual labor, equipment, and material expenditures associated with each work order. Once these capabilities are integrated into Water Division operations, the use of other applications can be added. 3.5.4 Inventory Control System The ASPA Water Division manages its own inventory control system. Inventory for all ASPA divisions is segregated and stored in various covered and uncovered areas within the Tafuna Power Plant complex. More effective management of materials, special tools, and consumable supplies can be made if the Water Division is responsible for the resources that are used exclusively by the Water Division. In contrast, shared resources, e.g., backhoe equipment, are more conducive to a "check-out" system from a central equipment maintenance group. It is recommended that the materials, special tools and consumable supplies exclusively used by the Water Division should be obtained from a designated person(s) within the proposed Water Division maintenance unit. It is essential that the Water Division is readily aware of available inventory for ongoing operation, maintenance and construction activities. The Water Division should also be responsible for reporting procurement needs well in advance of anticipated project schedules to provide adequate lead-time for other ASPA Division managers. The establishment of a manual check-out system is recommended for the issuance and distribution of all special tools. A form would be signed by the person responsible for returning the special tools to the Water Division inventory control person. If the special tools are not returned within the time period required, the person signing for the tools will be held financially responsible. The cost of missing tools will be deducted from responsible employee paychecks. It is recommended that the materials and consumable supplies distributed to operation and maintenance crews for each work order are documented by the person directly responsible for inventory control. Using the Management Planning System (MPS) software, the inventory control person can input the type and volume of materials and supplies that are expended. The inventory control person should provide daily or weekly reports of available inventory to the supervisors of the Water Division operation and maintenance units. The inventory control person would also be used to prepare procurement requests that would be signed by operation or maintenance unit supervisors, or the Water Division manager. Subsequently, the procurement requests would be forwarded to other appropriate Water Division managers.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-14 3.5.5 Water System Standards The ASPA Water Division needs to establish criteria and standards for the planning, design and construction of new water system facilities. Similarly, standards should also be developed for all operation and maintenance functions. An overall planning process for the Water Division is outlined in Volume III, Chapter Four. This process outlines the type and frequency of planning that should be undertaken by the Water Division, as well as the related responsibilities for coordination with ASPA executive management, other ASPA Divisions, and local ASG agencies. The preparation of design criteria and standards were recently developed by an experienced civil engineer who formerly supervised ASPA Water Division operations. The draft standards remain under review by the Water Division. In its review of the proposes standards, other design and construction criteria (see Volume III, Chapter Two), obtained primarily from Water Division management, should be considered for incorporation into the design standards presently being developed. Construction standards are also needed as some portion of future water system improvements may be completed, in part, by on-island or off-island contractors. Over the years, standardized sets of construction specifications have been developed by the ASPA Water Division, but not formally adopted. These specifications have been used primarily as an informal materials standard for all ASPA Water Division projects even though they are sometimes modified by design engineers. The informal sets of standard specifications have, in the past, been made available to private consultants for their use when preparing plans and specifications for new projects. They include references to AWWA, American Society of Testing and Materials, and other specialized standards.

3.5.6 Management of Capital Asset Information

In the United States, local and state governments and municipal utility districts annually spend $140-$150 billion for the construction, improvement and rehabilitation of capital assets such as water lines, sewers, bridges and highways. Sometimes these funds are expended on assets that are beyond repair, and assets in need of change are overlooked or delayed. In some cases, such decisions are the result of improper planning and management of capital assets.

In recognition of these management issues, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) saw a need for change. The GASB enacted Statement No. 34 that requires governments to, in part, include information about their public infrastructure assets. Public agencies and utility districts are to maintain an up-to-date inventory of infrastructure assets. Various types of asset management tools, e.g., geographic information systems, have been used for many years by various public works agencies and utilities to help provide a systematic approach to the management of public infrastructure.

The applicability of Statement No. 34 to the Territory of American Samoa is likely in light of American Samoa’s territorial status and ASPA’s organization as a quasi-public utility. In either case, there is little doubt that ASPA water system management activities, as well as ASPA's coordination with utility insurance carriers, could only be enhanced by the regular maintenance of relevant records for all Water Division assets.

The maintenance of capital asset information is actually well underway. Information concerning most capital assets was input using the Management Planning System software program by Arasmith Consulting Resources, Inc. in cooperation with the Water Division. However, as this stored information changes, it is essential that the MPS database is revised. 3.6 SYSTEM OPERATIONS A number of operational issues and recommendations during discussions with various Water Division representatives in September 2001. Each of these issues are summarized in the following paragraphs. 3.6.1 Responsibility for Small Tools 3.6.1.1 Existing Practice

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-15 ASPA presently requires all operation, maintenance, and construction workers to purchase their own small tools. One significant advantage of this policy is to encourage greater diligence in the possession of these tools by ASPA employees, as well as discourage the intentional pilferage of ASPA tools. However, when employees do not bring the adequate tool set to work, the perspective of some employees is that their forgetfulness is unfortunate, but they own the small tools. More committed employees sometimes return home to come back with tools they forgot to bring; while admirable, this response loses valuable field time to work on specific field tasks. 3.6.1.2 Recommended Practice In contrast, Water Division representatives recommend that ASPA purchase and provide small tool sets to each employee. When portions of a small tool set are lost, ASPA will replace the missing tools and deduct the cost of the small tools from the next employee paycheck. The advantage of the recommended policy is that ASPA can ensure that each employee will go out into the field with a complete small tool set. The diligence of employees' possession of their small tools is encouraged by the potential loss of money from their paychecks.

3.6.2 Booster Station Water Division representatives see a need to replace existing motors with variable speed motors at each of the following booster stations: Pago; Fagaalu; Pavaiai #1, 2, and 3; and, Tafeta.

The rationale for this recommendation is that the use of variable speed motors will help maintain adequate flows and avoid excess pumpage, tank overflow, and extend the life of existing motors. While desirable, Arasmith Consulting Resources, Inc. cautions that variable speed motors can easily burn up under fluctuating power conditions.

It is recommended that an existing motor at one of six booster stations be replaced with a variable speed motor. Once installed, the performance of the motor should be monitored to ensure successful performance. If successful, replacement of the existing motors at the should be appropriately budgeted and gradually replaced.

3.6.3 Lack of Personnel Dedicated to Water System Operations and Maintenance

Water Division representatives indicate there is a need for more personnel to adjust groundwater well and storage tank settings. At the present time, there only two persons assigned to this responsibility. A second option would be to extend the application of SCADA systems to 65 operating wells (including eight wells in the Manua Islands).

Other perceived needs include one additional electrician for system repairs and one additional electrician for preventative maintenance. At the present time, only one electrician is used to perform system repairs.

There is no crew available for the installation, repair and monitoring of booster stations. However, the start and stopping of pumps at eight of 19 booster stations is presently controlled via SCADA systems. Nevertheless, a establishment of a two-person crew comprising one pump mechanic and one laborer is recommended by the Water Division. Two, 4-person crews are also recommended by the Water Division for the performance of preventative maintenance activities. Each crew would consist of one electrician, one pump mechanic, and two laborers. 3.6.4 Emergency Power Generation

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-16 The frequency and duration of routine power outages does not suggest a pressing need for additional emergency power generation at wells and booster stations. Existing water storage facilities are adequate to supply a sufficient amount of water during a routine power outage. A more serious concern are lengthy outages that occasionally occur during island-wide emergencies, e.g., aftermath of hurricane event. During these events, strategic facilities within the central water system need to be temporarily supported by independent, portable generators. Water Division representatives recommend that five portable gasoline generators with gas tanks should be purchased for emergency purposes. Each generator should be a 60 Kva generator that can operate on single or three phase power.

3.7 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 3.7.1 General The responsibility for the management, operation, and maintenance of a public water system in American Samoa must also be linked directly with responsibilities for long-term water resource management. The integrated relationship between system management and water resource management is essential because the availability of groundwater and surface resources are the “back-bone” of ASPA’s water system. American Samoa’s unique land tenure system, customs, and island environment also require water resource management to be a cooperative community-wide effort that extends beyond the day-to-day operation and maintenance of public water systems by ASPA. The community's commitment to water resource management must also include the participation of traditional village councils, other agencies of the American Samoa Government, and the general public. Village leaders must take responsibility for the management of village water systems to ensure long term water quality. Village water supplies should not be distributed unless local residents can be assured that the water distributed and consumed is suitable for public consumption. If financial and operational capabilities are insufficient, Village Councils should request that ASPA assume responsibility for the operation and maintenance of their independent village water systems. Cooperative land management in American Samoa must take place to ensure that future land uses do not risk potential contamination of groundwater and surface water resources. Future land use management should involve the establishment of special management areas to conserve significant water recharge areas and other regulatory mechanisms to ensure long-term wellhead protection. County land use plans and zoning designations can be established to encourage land use development away from significant recharge areas and provide adequate setbacks from groundwater wells. The cooperative efforts of the American Samoa Department of Commerce, American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency, other ASG agencies, and traditional village leaders are necessary for the practical implementation of regulatory mechanisms and potential voluntary conservation programs. The people of American Samoa must also recognize that water is a precious resource. The availability of future water resources is, in part, dependent upon the wise use of this resource by every household, business, industry, and public agency in the Territory. One significant contribution that can be made by American Samoa residents is their effort to reduce the amount of water consumption. For this reason, American Samoa residents should be reminded that water conservation is an individual responsibility that should be carried out by residents at home, within their village, their place of employment, and where they spend their leisure time. ASPA can also establish a water conservation program that encourages a reduction in future household water consumption. In the following paragraphs, various water resource issues and conservation opportunities are discussed. Recommended strategies aimed at addressing specific water resource issues and potential water conservation opportunities are also presented.

3.7.2 ASPA Water Division

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-17 The ASPA Water Division must take the lead in this conservation efforts by its commitment to, at least, the following: • establish, adopt, and apply practical standards for well exploration and well development; • maintain sustainable production yields from Tutuila’s basal aquifer; • continue to monitor daily water production for all production wells to ensure that existing aquifers are not being excessively pumped via ongoing well production; • continue to monitor and repair leaks in the water transmission and distribution system; • continue to monitor adequacy of chlorination within distribution systems; • monitor groundwater and surface water supplies to identify potential sources of contamination and distributed water supplies and meet, at least, the minimum water quality standards of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for microorganisms, disinfection, and the inorganic chemical nitrate; and, • develop and adopt a water conservation strategy by the end of FY 2004.

3.7.2.1 Establish, Adopt, and Apply Relevant Criteria and Standards For Well Exploration and Well Development

Higher chloride levels in wells have been a problem since wells were first drilled in American Samoa. During prolonged droughts, chloride levels rise and water rationing is required. Wells must be temporarily removed from service; on two occasions, the tuna canneries were shut down to conserve water. Some wells in the Tafuna-Leone Plain and Aua Village have been permanently abandoned due to saltwater intrusion. Elevated chloride levels are cause for concern since they indicate saltwater upconing in the wells. This condition can cause long-term damage to the aquifer. The potential impact from saltwater upconing may have already occurred in the Tafuna and Aua areas. Two primary factors contribute to saltwater intrusion into basal lens wells, which are the more common type of well in American Samoa: 1. the elevation of the bottom of the well in relation to mean sea level; and, 2. the rate of extraction from the aquifer. The Ghyben-Herzberg ratio developed for basal lens aquifers states that the freshwater lens is 40 times as deep as the head of water above the sea level. To minimize upconing of saltwater, three criteria are recommended for future well exploration and production: 1. Future exploratory well development be set back from coastline where the thickness of the basal lens is greater. However, ground elevations at the well head should not exceed 150 feet above mean sea level to accommodate drill rig limitations. 2. Prior to well development, the ASPA Water Division needs to carefully determine the ground elevation at the well head to calculate the height of the freshwater lens above sea level. 3. Groundwater wells should not be drilled deeper than one-third of the thickness of the freshwater lens. In the Tafuna-Leone Plains area, the lens is believed to be approximately 120 feet thick and wells drilled in a lens of this thickness should be no deeper than 40 feet. Accurate vertical control must be used to determine the static elevation of the lens surface because this will dictate the maximum depth of the well.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-18 The rate of extraction from the aquifer is significant TABLE III-3-3 because higher rates are much more likely to cause HIGH CHLORIDE WELL STATISTICS upconing. At the same time, dikes and layers of the older volcanics can trap freshwater at significant Well Number Chlorides Elevation of Average depths below sea level. In Pago Pago and Aua, wells and Location (ppm) well bottom daily below sea level Withdrawal have been drilled more than 100 feet below sea level (feet) (mgd) before freshwater has been encountered. However, wells of this type must be monitored often for chloride Well 84, Iliili 340 23 0.30 content. If levels begin to rise, the pumping rate must Well 119, 240 34 0.44 be reduced. Malaeloa The chloride level, well bottom depth and discharge Well 53, Tafuna 560 66 0.00 rates for the wells that are most affected by saltwater intrusion are summarized in Table III-3-3. Well 97, Aua 720 161 0.32 Well 99, Aua 560 153 0.34 Notes: Chloride levels and average daily withdrawal statistics were derived from an August, 1994 ASPA Water Operations Report Source: ASPA, Water Division, 1994.

In general, higher chloride levels are found in the deepest wells in their area. The other Iliili wells are 8, 10 and 22 feet below sea level. The Malaeloa wells are 4 feet above sea level and 13 feet below sea level. One Malaeloa well (#93) is 40 feet below sea level but has a chloride level of only 25 to 35 ppm. The Tafuna wells are 16, 20, 21, 23, 29, 37 and 40 feet below sea level. Well 84, Iliili The pumping rates of the wells with higher chloride levels are not exceptionally high when compared with wells in their area. One of the four Iliili wells pumps at a higher rate than Well 84. One of the 4 Malaeloa wells pumps at a higher rate than Well 119. All seven of the Tafuna wells pump at higher rates; five of the eight Tafuna wells pump at over 200 gpm.

3.7.2.2 Maintain Sustainable Production Yields From Tutuila’s Basal Aquifer

One of the primary impacts of increased water demand is the withdrawal of groundwater resources from the basal aquifer beneath the Island of Tutuila, particularly those associated with the Tafuna-Leone Plain aquifer (Figure III-3- 1). In the year 2020, those villages served by the central water system are expected to consume about 8.9 mgd. This estimate assumes that all homes and other land uses in the villages served by the central water system are connected to the ASPA water system. At the present time, some of land uses in villages served by the central water system are not connected.

Water consumption from the resident population and various land uses represents most of the future water demand. However, available water production data from July 2000 through July 2001 revealing system losses due to leaks, require the ASPA Water Division to produce roughly 28 percent more water. The ASPA Water Division regularly pursues the reduction of these system losses by leak repair and expects to gradually decrease system losses to about 20 percent during the 2002-2020 period. In this context, anticipated water production requirements are expected to be about 10.7 mgd by the year 2020 (Table III-3-4).

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-19 TABLE III-3-4 ANTICIPATED WATER PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEM Planning Period Anticipated Average Day Demand Proportion of Anticipated Total (gpd) Production Lost Water Production Due to Leaks (percent) Requirement (gpd) 2001-2005 7,913,889 28 10,129,777 2006-2010 8,385,924 25 10,482,405 2011-2015 8,768,614 23 10,785,395 2016-2020 8,919,795 20 10,703,754

Notes: These water production forecasts do not include production requirements for ASPA’s satellite water systems. On the Island of Tutuila, future water production will require the production of an additional 195,844 gpd to support anticipated average day demands for the 2016-2020 period. Source: ASPA, 2001; Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2001.

The withdrawal of groundwater resources to support the average day demands from ASPA satellite water systems is expected to require about 557,811 gpd in 2020. Approximately 259,740 gallons per day, or about 47 percent of the average day demand for all ASPA satellite water systems (including systems on the Island of Aunuu and the Manua Islands), would be withdrawn from the basal aquifers on the Island of Tutuila. Consequently, the combined withdrawal of groundwater that will be necessary to support the central and satellite water systems on the Island of Tutuila will be almost 11.0 mgd by the year 2020.

A provisional U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) report, published by USGS in 1991, correlated geological information, as well as rainfall and surface runoff data, to rate the capability of 110 drainage basins on the Islands of Tutuila and Aunuu to support future water resource development. All basins were studied in terms of their recharge capacity, the potential to yield high quality water, and their accessibility for drilling. Basins that were believed to have a greater groundwater development potential were selected and a “groundwater index” was assigned to each basin. Basins with a larger index number were considered to have a greater potential for water resource development. The report estimated a total groundwater recharge of 105 million gallons per day (mgd) to selected drainage basins on the Island of Tutuila. The recharge to “accessible” parts of Tutuila were rated to be 80 mgd. ASPA estimates that roughly 33 percent (or 26 to 34 mgd) of that total recharge is available for withdrawal without causing damage to the aquifer.

The “groundwater index” and “safe production yields” associated with existing and potential basins lying along the central water system network suggest a slightly different picture. USGS data suggests that these basins have a potential recharge of about 64 mgd from Tutuila’s basal aquifer and a safe production yield of about 21 mgd (Table III-3-5). Available water production records for July 2001 suggest that roughly 8.70 mgd of water are produced from basins situated within the central water system service area. Consequently, anticipated water consumption during the 2000-2020 period is not expected to exceed desirable “safe yields” from the Island of Tutuila’s basal aquifer. Despite the fact that anticipated water demands are well within the “safe yield” of 21 mgd from the Island of Tutuila’s basal aquifer, it is readily apparent that the ASPA Water Division must be committed to long-term water conservation efforts to ensure the availability of high quality ground water.

The correlation of historical groundwater recharge estimates, safe production yields identified by Hart Pacific Engineering in 1994, and average daily production in 2001 provide a very general view of available groundwater resources on the Island of Tutuila. Nevertheless, this cumulative information does provide the basis for ASPA's adoption of the following recommendations that can be applied to sustainable long-term production.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-20 • Future groundwater well production should take place in the Malaeimi, Pavaiai, Nuuuli, Pago Pago and Malaeimi basins where the greatest possible reserves of ground water appear to be available. • Future water production should not exceed "safe yields" estimated for each ground water basin (Table III-3- 5). TABLE III-3-5 GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ASPA CENTRAL WATER SYSTEM ISLAND OF TUTUILA Area and Basin ID Ground- Recharge Safe Yield Present Yield Possible Number water (mgd) @ 33 % July,1994 Reserve Yield Index (mgd) (mgd) (mgd) Asili - 5 0.4 0.7 0.23 0.00 0.23 Leone - 3 2.0 1.9 0.63 0.74 0.63 Malaeloa - 104,105 0.6, 0.7 5.01 1.65 1.19 -0.35 Pavaiai - 101,102 1.1,1.3 11.1 3.66 1.54 2.33 Malaeimi - 99,100 3.4,4.0 13.7 4.52 0.84 2.68 S. Tafuna - 98 N/A 5.8 1.91 1.90 0.60 Vaitele - 96, 97 1.7,0.3 2.5 0.83 0.00 0.83 Nuuuli - 94, 95 0.6,0.1 1.6 0.53 0.00 0.53 Papa - 90,91 7.8,0.8 4.0 1.32 0.00 1.32 Nuuuli - 89 0.1 0.6 0.20 0.00 0.20 Faganeanea - 87 0.2 0.3 0.10 0.00 0.10 Matuu - 86 0.4 0.3 0.10 0.00 0.10 Fagaalu - 84 5.5 1.6 0.53 0.22 0.31 Fagatogo - 80 0.1 0.6 0.20 0.66 -0.46 Tepatasi - 79 0.2 0.4 0.13 0.00 0.13 Pago Pago - 78 25.3 6.0 1.98 1.11 0.87 Siufaga-Anua - 77 1.6 0.7 0.23 0.00 0.23 Siufaga-Anua - 76 0.2 2.6 0.86 0.00 0.86 Atuu-Lepua - 75 0.2 2.4 0.79 0.00 0.79 Aua – 74 0.4 0.6 0.20 0.49 -0.29 Lauliituai - 71 N/A 0.5 0.17 0.00 0.17 Alega – 69 N/A 0.2 0.07 0.00 0.07 Auto – 67 N/A 0.3 0.10 0.00 0.10 Amaua-Utusia - 66 N/A 0.3 0.10 0.00 0.10 Fagaitua - 65 N/A 0.2 0.07 0.00 0.07 Alofau - 62 N/A 0.2 0.07 0.00 0.07

Total N/A 64.11 21.18 8.69 12.49

Source: U.S. Geological Survey, 1991; ASPA, 2001; Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-21

USGS in Honolulu is gradually developing a hydrogeologic model for the Tafuna-Leone Plains using available hydrologic data and other spatial information. Coordination should be made with USGS to determine if and when useful information can be derived from the model and applied to future Water Division decisions concerning well exploration and production. As new information is obtained, the preceding criteria can be adjusted, if necessary.

3.7.2.3 Expanded Application of Remote Telemetry for the Operation of Groundwater Wells

The expanded application of remote telemetry to the operation of groundwater wells will permit, in part, the continuous monitoring of well levels and pumping rates. It is recommended that each operating groundwater well be connected to a SCADA system. The application of this technology will enable the ASPA Water Division to adjust well pump rates and, when appropriate, shut down well production on a temporary basis. In the long-term, this management tool will help conserve the availability of American Samoa’s groundwater supply.

3.7.2.4 Continue To Monitor And Repair Leaks In The Water Transmission And Distribution System

One important aspect of water conservation is for the ASPA Water Division to continue efforts to locate and repair leaks in the central water system and all satellite water systems. This continuing program will, in the long term, help reduce total well production requirements.

Available water production data from July 2000 through July 2001 indicates that system losses due to leaks require the ASPA Water Division to produce roughly 28 percent more water than is needed to meet existing demands. Recent efforts by the Water Division's Water Recovery Task Force have again repaired leaks, disconnected illegal connections, and eliminated cross connections. Unfortunately, the monitoring and repair of system leaks has, in recent years, been inconsistent and sporadic. It is recommended that the supervisor of the proposed maintenance operating unit of the Water Division regularly evaluate where system leaks are occurring and schedule leak repair tasks for selected personnel. The Water Division should work towards a gradual reduction of unaccounted system losses to about 20 percent during the 2002-2020 period.

Studies by the American Samoa Environ- TABLE III-3-6 mental Protection Agency (ASEPA) in WET DAY AND DRY DAY LABORATORY ANALYSIS 1985, Kennedy/Jenks/ Chilton in 1987, and TAFUNA-LEONE AQUIFER WELLS U.S. Geological Survey in 1991 indicate a WELL # LOCATION WET DAY DRY DAY relationship between heavier rainfall Total Turbidity Total Turbidity periods and elevated levels of coliform and Coliform (NTU) Coliform (NTU) turbidity in untreated well water. The 33 Tafunafou TNTC 4.0 off off ASEPA study found, for example, that 60 Tafunafou 99 1.0 4 1.2 more than 50 percent of the 18 Tafuna- 61 Tafunafou 52 0.5 4 1.2 Leone area wells studied were contamina- 62 Iliili 0 1.8 0 2.0 66 Tafunafou TNTC 4.8 off off ted with coliform bacteria on wet days 67 Mapusaga 64 1.0 -- -- following heavier rainfall (Table III-3-6). 69 Mapusaga -- -- 0 1.5 70 Malaeloa 0 1.8 -- -- The studies concluded that surface 72 Tafunafou TNTC 8.5 53 2.0 contamination is carried down to the 77 Tafunafou TNTC 3.5 16 1.5 aquifer via poor or non-existent sanitary 79 Iliili 0 0.5 0 0.7 seals in the wells and by highly porous 80 Malaeloa 3 0.5 off off basalt formations and rock fissures. Since 81 Tafunafou TNTC 15.0 >80 2.8 84 Iliili 0 0.5 off off many wells are located in level areas that 91 Lepuapua 0 0.7 -- -- are prone to flooding, there is frequent 93 Malaeloa -- -- 0 1.0 opportunity for seepage through the well 96 Puapua -- -- 11 2.2 seal. The studies have shown that the 119 Puapua 4 0.8 0 0.6 ground water is most contaminated in the Source: ASEPA, 1985. Tafunafou well field and, to a lesser extent,

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-22 in the Malaeimi field. The Mesepa, Iliili, Malaeloa and Puapua wells also show some correlation between heavier rainfall and groundwater contamination (Kennedy, Jenks, Chilton, 1987). While ASPA regularly chlorinates its groundwater supplies, it is recommended that the Water Division tracks the growth or decay of chlorine as it travels through the distribution network. The application of hydraulic water distribution modeling, e.g., WaterCAD program, can be used periodically to monitor these conditions when monitoring is combined with the monitoring of chlorine levels at various locations along the distribution system.

3.7.2.6 Monitor Groundwater and Surface Water Supplies The National Primary Drinking Water Regulations provide useful water quality standards that can be used by the American Samoa Government and ASPA to help ensure long-term water quality. However, the parameters that are essential and useful to ASPA's central and satellite water systems include water quality parameters for microorganisms, disinfectants and disinfection by-products, and the inorganic chemical nitrate. It is recommended that the ASPA give consideration of limiting future water quality monitoring to those water quality parameters. The implementation of this recommendation would adversely impact the availability of funds associated with the Territory's Safe Water Drinking Water Act program. However, the financial viability of the Water Division is also essential to sustaining long-term water delivery. The evaluation of potential options and related negotiations with the American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency, and USEPA, Region 9 would be necessary for implementation of this operating policy. In terms of management, the ASG Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA) presently monitors groundwater quality via the regular collection of water samples from all public wells. The proposed transfer of this responsibility to ASPA remains in discussion at the time of this report.

3.7.2.7 Implementation of a Water Conservation Program Water Conservation Opportunities The individual efforts of each island resident can also make a significant contribution to the conservation of water quality in American Samoa.. The availability of future water supplies can, in part, be addressed through a more careful and reduced consumption of potable water. The consumption of water in each household and commercial enterprise in American Samoa can be reduced through the use of water-saving plumbing fixtures, e.g., toilets and showerheads, that have been manufactured in the United States since January, 1994. The incorporation of more recently-manufactured water savings fixtures in the households and businesses of American Samoa could generate savings of up to 36 percent for residential customers with no change in consumption habits. Even greater reductions in consumption can be achieved with a reduced number of shower and toilet uses each day. Potential water savings will help prolong the life of existing wells and better enable the system to reduce future well pumping rates. In turn, the groundwater quality of the Territory will be enhanced through a reduction of chloride levels that would otherwise be generated from excessive well pumping. Consequently, reduced water consumption will improve the long-term availability of water supplies and help sustain the quality of available groundwater. Recommended Strategy For Future Water Conservation ASPA can encourage a long-term reduction in water consumption that can help ensure the long-term availability of future groundwater supplies. The reduction in customer water consumption can be encouraged by ASPA's establishment of a water conservation program that encourages its residential and commercial customers to voluntarily install new water-saving fixtures within their households and commercial facilities. The establishment of a voluntary water conservation program would initially require ASPA to purchase selected plumbing fixtures at bulk, wholesale prices. Upon receipt of the plumbing fixtures, ASPA would have three feasible options for distribution of the fixtures:

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-23 sale of water-saving fixtures to residential and commercial customers by the ASPA Customer Service Division; wholesale marketing of water-saving fixtures to local hardware stores, e.g, TrueValue, and other retail stores; or, a combination of retail sales by ASPA and supplemental marketing to local hardware and retail stores. It is envisioned that ASPA would initially purchase and, subsequently, market them to its customers or local stores for prices that reflects marketing costs, administrative expenses, and a modest profit. Since ASPA would purchase fixtures in bulk, it is believed that ASPA customers will be able to purchase new water saving fixtures for attractive prices. In order to facilitate the initial capital investment, some research should be made concerning the potential availability of government grants to help purchase water-saving fixtures in order to conserve groundwater resources. At the outset, ASPA customers will have little or no motivation to purchase and install the water-saving fixtures. Many customers will fail to understand that the consumption of less water will help reduce their monthly utility bill from ASPA. Further, many households may incur a cost associated with hiring a local plumber to install the water- saving fixtures. Motivation to participate in the water conservation program can be promoted in a number of ways: Using actual water meter data, the Customer Services Division can prepare some effective public service advertisements/educational materials for the Samoa News and local radio stations. These advertisements can demonstrate how a given household consumed roughly 25 to 35 percent less water and reduced their monthly bill by so many dollars. ASPA may be able to secure a grant from the U.S. Economic Development Administration (USEDA), the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, or other federal agency for the costs associated with the installation of water-saving fixtures. ASPA may wish to establish a special crew within the Water Division for this work, or contract with local plumbers to carry out the service for the Water Division. If grant funds can be secured, ASPA may be able to offer ASPA customers a rebate for a proportion of the costs associated with the installation of water-saving fixtures. The establishment of a water conservation program is a long-term commitment that may not yield any significant water savings in the short term. A significant number of households and commercial establishments will not desire to participate in the program, or will not believe that the installation of water saving fixtures will not generate any significant savings in their monthly water bills. However, in the long term, gradual increases in the use of water- savings fixtures will help sustain the availability and quality of future water supplies in the Territory. If the recommended water conservation program is established, it is essential that participation is monitored to some extent. ASPA Customer Service records should indicate whether a given household or business is participating in the program, what type of water-saving fixtures are being used, and the date when they were installed. This information will enable long-term monitoring of participating households and be extremely useful for continued forecasting of future water demands.

3.8 MANAGEMENT OF VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS

3.8.1 Contamination of Surface Supplies and Potential Health Risks

In 2002, there were only three villages on the Island of Tutuila that were not served by ASPA's central water system or an ASPA satellite water system. These villages have already expressed interest in being connected to ASPA's central water system. In the interim, they operate a village water system.

Many other villages, which are connected to the central water system or a satellite water system, also operate a village water system. For these villages, the village water system provides a back-up source of water that can be available if the ASPA system does not operate. These systems also provide another supplemental source of water that can be used for secondary water uses at no cost to local residents.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-24 Village water systems are operated and maintained by the village councils in American Samoa. Individual members of the village councils and/or untitled men of the village are typically asked by the village councils to assume responsibility for the management of these systems.

While some village residents devote numerous hours to sustain the operation of village systems, village water systems are generally unable to provide uncontaminated water to its residents. Existing village systems rely on surface supplies and/or springs that are frequently not disinfected. In the Pacific Islands, surface supplies almost always contain higher levels of bacteria and viruses. Available water quality data indicates that most all of these supplies regularly exceed National Primary Drinking Water Regulations.

ASPA has concern for potential public health risks that can be generated by the public consumption of contaminated water. These potential health risks are described more fully in Volume II, Water Catchment, Leone Chapter Five. Village water systems are consistently characterized by elevated levels of bacteria and viruses, such conditions should prompt village leaders to take more aggressive action to improve the water quality of their respective independent water systems.

3.8.2 Management Options for Improved Water Quality

ASPA recognizes that the traditional village system in American Samoa is an important cultural resource that deserves high respect. For this reason, ASPA believes that village councils should not be mandated by any Territorial statute to relinquish their responsibility for the operation of independent village water systems if these systems do not meet ASEPA water quality standards. At the same time, the village councils have a traditional duty to look out for the health and welfare of village residents. In terms of water quality management, the village councils need to remain aware of required water quality standards for surface supplies, potential health risks, as well as management options for providing improved water quality.

To this end, ASPA desires to connect these villages to ASPA’s central system. Where such connections are not feasible, ASPA desires to operate such systems as satellite village systems. The availability of professional engineers, technicians, and operators from ASPA will improve the water quality delivered by these systems and increase their operational reliability.

The village councils that operate village water systems should take prompt action to incorporate manual disinfection and other maintenance functions into the operation and maintenance of existing surface supplies. These actions will help improve water quality.

Roof catchment systems and related individual storage tanks can also be installed by families in any village to collect a secondary water supply. Similar systems can also be installed on the roofs of village stores, schools, and other community facilities. However, these systems also require manual disinfection. Rain Catchment Tanks The ASPA Water Division is always prepared to provide technical assistance to the village councils. However, it is unable to provide supplies and materials for disinfection and other maintenance activities unless a given village is incorporated into the ASPA system.

3.8.3 Opportunities to Reduce Groundwater Contamination from Non-Point Sources

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-25 Solid waste disposal, soil runoff, and general drainage from urbanized village areas contribute significant degradation of village streams, wetlands, and natural impoundments. Degradation of groundwater quality occurs via the percolation of pathogens, sediments, and other pollutants into the aquifers on the Islands of Tutuila, Aunuu, Ofu, Olosega, and Tau. The acceptance of greater village responsibility for the care of local streams and water bodies will help bring about:

• better approaches to the disposal of garbage, • wiser locations for housesites, faatoaga, and village trails; • more sensible timing for residential construction and site clearing activities; and, • more reasonable densities of residential and commercial development in the vicinity of water resources.

Ultimately, improved decisions by the village councils and individual village residents will generate significant improvements to long-term groundwater quality.

3.9 COOPERATIVE WATER RESOURCE AND LAND MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES

3.9.1 Implementation of American Samoa Watershed Protection Plan

The American Samoa Watershed Protection Plan, published by Pedersen Planning Consultants in 2000, identifies a wide variety of resource management issues for 41 watershed planning areas in the Territory. This plan recommends the establishment of a coordinated resource management effort within each of the watershed planning areas. Technical assistance from various ASG agencies such as ASPA, ASEPA, ASDOC, ASCC Land Grant Program, the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources is recommended to encourage a cooperative working relationship between traditional villages and government.

3.10 REGULATORY OPPORTUNITIES

3.10.1 Designation of Malaeimi Valley as a Special Management Area

The American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA) is presently working with the American Samoa Coastal Zone Management Program and the Attorney General's office to establish a special management area. Existing statutes in the American Samoa Code already authorize the use of this regulatory control. Special management areas have already been established for portions of Pago Pago Harbor, the Leone Pala Lagoon, and the Nuuuli Pala Lagoon.

The development of a special management area in Malaeimi needs to be closely coordinated with local Malaeimi Valley landowners. This coordination is essential to ensure reasonable public understanding of why the special management area is being established, how future land uses will be limited, which ASG agency will enforce development restrictions, and what methods will be used by to enforce the adopted regulatory controls.

The Permit Notification and Review System (PNRS) Board represents the ASG entity that will continue to review applications for future land development within Malaeimi Valley. ASPA has had representation on this Board since its inception and should continue to do so. In terms of potential land use restrictions, it is recommended that the participating ASPA representative on the PNRS Board discourage the allowance of any land use development within the Valley other than some limited crop production that does not make use of chemical applications.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-26 3.10.2 Future Zoning in Tualauta County

The American Samoa Department of Commerce has recently completed a land use plan for Tualauta County. The Land Use Plan provides a vision for future land use development, infrastructure development, and resource conservation in Tualauta County. Adoption of the Land Use Plan is important to ASPA because an adopted land use plan enables the ASPA Water Division to refine its ongoing and planned system expansion that will be necessary to support future land use development.

It is important that zoning designations established for Tualauta County are consistent with more general land use designations reflected in the Land Use Plan. It is also essential that the Territorial Planning Commission encourage higher density residential development in land areas where connections to ASPA water and wastewater systems are feasible. Otherwise, groundwater resources in the Tafuna-Leone Plain may be jeopardized. This recommendation was incorporated in the October 2000 draft of the Land Use Plan.

3.10.3 Regulation of Soil-Based Wastewater Treatment

ASPA Customer Service Division records indicate that there were 6,434 residential water meters in August 2001. However, roughly 4,000 homes were connected to one of the ASPA wastewater systems during the same period. Consequently, most homes in the Territory are connected to septic tanks, cesspools, and other means, e.g., untreated surface discharges.

Many parts of Tutuila, Aunuu, and Manua contain thin surface and subsoil layers, as well as rapid soil percolation rates. In these areas, wastewater from homes and commercial facilities is often inadequate to treat wastewater that has been disposed into septic tanks with adjacent leachfields. More significantly, wastewater discharged into cesspools and direct surface disposal into village drainage courses are afforded virtually no treatment. The cumulative impact of inadequate wastewater treatment in soils, which are inappropriate for soil-based disposal systems, is a significant long-term impact upon groundwater quality.

The American Samoa Power Authority recognizes the limitation of local soil characteristics for soil-based wastewater treatment, as well as the increasing land use densities that are occurring in selected areas of the Territory, e.g. Tualauta County. For this reason, ASPA retained an experienced sanitary engineering consultant, Mr. Dick Otis, to evaluate alternate approaches to the design, location, and installation of individual wastewater systems. However, this study has not been completed at the time of this report. Nevertheless, recommendations concerning appropriate, alternate technologies are anticipated from this study.

In the interim, it is important ASPA believes that the designation of areas that are unsuitable for soil-based treatment can be made using available soil classification information and maps that are available from the Natural Resource Conservation Service. On the basis of this information, ASPA recommends that the existing Project Notification and Review System (PNRS) can be used to:

• require the use of septic tanks and leachfields that provide a sufficient amount of additional soil-based treatment; or,

• deny building applications in these areas.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-3-27 SECTION III CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM PLANNING

4.1 GENERAL

Future planning for the ASPA Water Division should represent an ongoing process that guides long-term operations, maintenance, design, and construction activities. Future planning must also support the information needs of ASPA executive management who integrates the activities of the Water, Wastewater, Power, and Solid Waste Management divisions and balance the expenditures of resources to support them.

Future system planning needs to include a structured and predictable process for decision-making within the Water Division. This approach will help enable more informed decision-making and coordination by those persons in the Division who are best equipped to provide and evaluate relevant information. A more structure process will also help ensure that appropriate information is regularly developed that can be used for a variety of applications.

A combination of short, medium, and long-term planning is necessary to meet the needs associated with determining Water Division priorities and annual Division budgets. Future planning is also essential for ASPA to prepare annual budget transmittals to the American Samoa Government, applications for grants to external organizations, and facility plans to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

In the following paragraphs, an attempt is made to describe the basic elements of short and long-term planning for the Water Division.

4.2 MEDIUM-TERM PLANS

4.2.1 Frequency and Scope

Medium-term plans should be prepared by the Water Division once every five years. This plan should be similar to Section III of the ASPA Utilities Master Plan. The scope of the medium-term plan include should include the following:

an evaluation of regional demographic, economic, land use, and regulatory issues impacting the delivery of water in American Samoa; a hydraulic analysis of the water system and the related determination of needed system improvements; the evaluation and update of anticipated water consumption for a 20-year period; the identification of facility needs, proposed capital improvements, and estimated capital improvement costs for the following five- year period; and,

an assessment of ongoing operations, maintenance, and construction activities and the identification of strategies for improved water system and water resource management for the following five-year period.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-4-1 4.2.2 Planning Process and Responsibility for Implementation

4.2.2.1 Evaluation of Land Use, Economic and Regulatory Issues

An off-island consultant who is knowledgeable of land use, economic, and regulatory issues influencing future water delivery in American Samoa should ideally perform the evaluation of regional land, economic, and regulatory issues. The costs associated with this evaluation can be reduced somewhat if some agency in American Samoa maintains a land use database that identifies the type of primary land uses in each village of American Samoa.

The statistical model developed by Pedersen Planning Consultants (PPC), which forecasts anticipated average day water demands and average wastewater flows, already contains a considerable amount of baseline information from the U.S. Census and past field observations in each village. ASPA water meter records are a useful source of information to help update some of this information. PPC has determined through other planning efforts that local building permit records of the American Samoa Government do not reflect a significant amount of new construction. Annual field monitoring of land uses in each village is the most reliable source of baseline information.

It is recommended that ASPA or its consultant maintain the detailed land use database. Other ASG agencies should be encouraged to provide some financial resources to support the effort. If detailed land use information is maintained by ASPA, the same information could be readily integrated into the new geographical information system that has been recently developed by PPC for ASPA.

4.2.2.2 Hydraulic Analysis The hydraulic analysis of the water system is an effort that would ideally be performed by the ASPA Water Division. However, if adequate technical resources and time are not available within the Division, an off-island consultant who is familiar with the ASPA water system should be used to make the analysis and determine needed system improvements. As mentioned in Section III, Chapter 3, various generic water modeling software products are widely available. WaterCAD (also known as Cybernet), which is developed and continually refined by Haestad Methods, is often applied to the evaluation of smaller water systems. Recent modifications to this software by Haestad Methods also enable users to integrate WaterCAD modeling capabilities with GIS data and extensions. The Water Division already owns a copy of this software. The hydraulic analysis will be made to: evaluate the capacity of the water system to support existing water system demands, as well as anticipated demands for the next 20 years; identify any system deficiencies, e.g., size of existing transmission lines, to meet demands for the next five years; determine any needed system improvements for the coming five-year period; determine the growth or decay of substances such as chlorine within the distribution network.

4.2.2.3 Evaluation and Forecast of Anticipated Water Consumption

The evaluation and forecast of anticipated water consumption is an important planning task. This information is essential for the input of anticipated water consumption information into hydraulic modeling software programs such as Haestad Methods WaterCAD, the calculation of future water storage tank sizes, and the design of other water system facilities.

Through its participation in the 1995 and 2002 Utility Master Plans, PPC has learned that the continued use of a statistical model, which considers land use, economic development, and selected demographic characteristics, is an effective planning tool that can be used to forecast anticipated average day and maximum day water demands.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-4-2 4.2.2.4 Identification of Facility Needs and Required Capital Improvements

The identification of facility needs, required capital improvements, and estimated costs should ideally be determined by Water Division manager and his staff. A list of required capital improvements should be an outgrowth of the hydraulic analysis, the needs identified from those Water Division personnel responsible for the supervision of ongoing operation and maintenance activities, the needs identified by the Water Division's construction supervisor, as well as the insights of executive management.

Once the projects are identified, a cost estimate should be developed for the entire list of required capital improvements. The Water Division construction manager should be assigned this task as his experience and knowledge of project costs will usually surpass the experience of design engineers and off-island consultants.

4.2.2.5 Assessment of Operation, Maintenance and Construction Activities

The assessment of ongoing operation, maintenance, and construction activities should initially be made by the supervisors from each of these Water Division groups. The supervisors should identify ongoing operational issues and recommendations for addressing and solving water system and resource management issues, as well as a schedules and responsibilities for implementation.

The manager of the Water Division, Water Division staff and/or a consultant will subsequently compile and evaluate this information and make any refinements of the recommendations that may be necessary. The Water Division manager should closely coordinate any needed changes to the recommendations with his Water Division supervisors to ensure that all appropriate parties understand the final direction of the Water Division manager. This coordination is essential to sustaining a cooperative working relationship between the Water Division manager and his supervisors. When occasional disagreements occur concerning the future direction of Water Division activities, it is important that these discussions are worked out within the Division. If a given supervisor from the Water Division "runs to executive management" to complain and is allowed to be heard in the absence of the Water Division manager, the overall management structure of the Water Division is undermined as the accountability of supervisors to the Water Division manager is lost.

The responsibility of executive management is to ensure that appropriate management processes are followed and prudent decisions are made. It must rely upon the performance of the Water Division manager; if this performance is unacceptable, then other options may be pursued.

4.2.2.6 Preparation, Coordination and Refinement of the Water System Plan

Whether or not the medium term plan is prepared in-house and/or by a consultant, an initial draft plan report should be developed that summarizes all of the evaluations, conclusions, and recommendations made during preparation of the draft plan. The draft plan should also be summarized in a digital PowerPoint file that enables the Water Division to present and share the plan conclusions and recommendations to executive management, the Water Division manager and supervisors, as well as the manager and selected staff of the Wastewater Division.

Based upon verbal and written comments that are received, the Water Division manager and/or his consultant should revise the Water System Plan document and publish a final plan document for executive management, ASPA division managers, and Water Division supervisors. Discretion should be used in the circulation of the document to other ASG agencies. While most information contained in the document will provide a considerable amount of useful information to various agencies, the circulation of more sensitive information concerning various regulatory and inter-agency issues should be evaluated by the Water Division manager prior to any circulation of the plan document to other agencies outside of ASPA.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-4-3 4.2.3 Timing

The next medium term plan should begin in early 2007. This will enable plan preparation to update the statistical water demand and wastewater generation model to use mid-Census population and housing estimates for each village in the Territory. These estimates are developed by the American Samoa Department of Commerce, Statistics Division and are based upon a 10 percent sample of the Territory's overall population.

A lag of two years beyond the decennial census in 2010 is also desirable to enable the processing of population and housing characteristics by the U.S. Census. During the present planning effort, PPC waited until February 2002 before detailed village census statistics were made available from Census 2000, which reflected conditions in April of 2000.

4.3 SHORT-TERM PLANS

4.3.1 Frequency and Scope

It is recommended that water system plans are prepared on an annual basis. These plans are essential as they will guide future overall budget requests to the American Samoa Government, as well as various grant opportunities from, at least, the U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Economic Development Administration, and other agencies. The annual plans should be limited to:

a comparison of actual average day demand with available forecasts in the most recent medium term plan; a hydraulic analysis of the water system and the related determination of needed system improvements; the identification of facility needs, proposed capital improvements, and estimated capital improvement costs for the coming year; an assessment of ongoing operations, maintenance, and construction activities and the identification of strategies for improved water system and water resource management for the coming year; the identification of significant deviations from the most recent medium-term plan and the explanation why alternate approaches are recommended.

4.3.2 Planning Process and Responsibility for Implementation

4.3.2.1 Comparison of Actual Water Production With Available Forecasts of Water Demand

An initial step associated with the annual plan will be to compare actual water production with the most recent forecasts of average day and maximum day water demands. These forecasts will be contained in the most recent medium term water system plan. An example of these forecasts is presented in Section III, Chapter One, of this water system plan.

This comparison will be made to determine the general adequacy of existing water production facilities to support ongoing and anticipated water demands.

4.3.2.2 Hydraulic Analysis

A hydraulic analysis of the water system will be made using available hydraulic modeling software. It is recommended that the Water Division continue to use Haestad Method's WaterCAD software. The hydraulic analysis will be made to:

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-4-4 evaluate the capacity of the water system to support existing and anticipated water system demands during the next year; identify any system deficiencies, e.g., size of existing transmission lines, needed to meet existing water demands; determine any needed system improvements; determine the growth or decay of substances such as chlorine within the distribution network.

4.3.2.3 Identification of Facility Needs and Required Capital Improvements

Similar to the medium term plan, the identification of facility needs, required capital improvements, and estimated costs should be determined by the Water Division manager and his staff. A list of required capital improvements should be an outgrowth of the hydraulic analysis, the needs identified from those Water Division personnel responsible for the supervision of ongoing operation and maintenance activities, the needs identified by the Water Division's construction supervisor, as well as the insights of executive management.

Once the projects are identified, a cost estimate should be developed for the entire list of required capital improvements. The Water Division construction manager should be assigned this task as his experience and knowledge of project costs will usually surpass the experience of design engineers and off-island consultants.

4.3.2.4 Assessment of Operation, Maintenance and Construction Activities

Initially, the assessment of ongoing operation, maintenance, and construction activities should be made by the supervisors from each of these Water Division groups. The supervisors should identify ongoing operational issues and recommendations for addressing and solving water system and resource management issues, as well as a schedules and responsibilities for implementation.

While the experience of the supervisors is the primary source of information for this evaluation, supervisors should also examine available data from the Management Planning System software that can provide valuable insights concerning the scope and cost of operation, maintenance and construction activities during the past year. The same system can be applied to evaluate the efficiency of existing work crews that might be useful to identify potential reorganization efforts to improve work efficiencies.

The manager of the Water Division, Water Division staff and/or a consultant will subsequently compile and evaluate this information and make any refinements of the recommendations that may be necessary. The Water Division manager should closely coordinate any needed changes to the recommendations with his Water Division supervisors to ensure that all appropriate parties understand the final direction of the Water Division manager. This coordination is essential to sustain a cooperative working relationship between the Water Division manager and his supervisors.

Early construction phase, Vaipito Water Treatment Plant

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-4-5 4.3.2.5 Identification Of Significant Deviations From the Most Recent Medium-Term Plan

One important function of the annual plan is to help keep the Water Division focused on the operation, maintenance and capital improvement strategies outlined in the most recent medium term plan. The identification of potential deviations of the most recent medium term plan will enable the Water Division manager and/or his consultant to:

recognize if the Division is unnecessarily steering away from prior decisions of the Division that were reached a few years before; avoid new recommendations that may contradict other ongoing system management and water resource management activities; and,

make the case for new directions that may be necessary due to unanticipated circumstances, or new opportunities to improve the effectiveness of ongoing water system and resource management.

4.3.2.6 Preparation, Coordination and Refinement of the Water System Plan

Similar to the medium term plan, an initial draft plan report should be developed that summarizes all of the evaluations, conclusions, and recommendations made during preparation of the draft plan. The draft plan should also be summarized in a digital PowerPoint file that enables the Water Division to present and share the plan conclusions and recommendations to executive management, the Water Division manager and supervisors, as well as the manager and selected staff of the Wastewater Division.

Based upon verbal and written comments that are received, the Water Division manager and/or his consultant should revise the Water System Plan document and publish a final plan document for distribution to executive management, ASPA division managers, and Water Division supervisors. Discretion should be used in the circulation of the document to other ASG agencies. While most information contained in the document will provide a considerable amount of useful information to various agencies, the circulation of more sensitive information concerning various regulatory and inter-agency issues should be evaluated by the Water Division manager prior to any circulation of the plan document to other agencies outside of ASPA.

4.3.3 Timing

The planning work associated with annual water system plans is more time-sensitive than the medium term plans. The preparation of annual plans should be made to support the efforts of the ASPA Board of Directors and executive management, ASPA budget requests to the American Samoa Government, as well as required reporting to other agencies such as the U.S. Department of Interior.

4.3.3.1 Needs of the ASPA Board of Directors

A water system plan is an important piece of information that is necessary for the ASPA Board of Directors to become better informed concerning:

the overall direction of the Water Division; the rationale used by the Water Division management to define the direction of future operations, maintenance and construction activities; and, the recommended expenditures needed to support system operations, maintenance, and proposed capital improvements.

The ASPA Chief Operating Officer indicates that a draft budget request is typically prepared in September and October of each year in advance of the ASPA Board of Directors meeting in late November or early December. With approval of the Board of Directors, the budget is refined and subsequently carried to the Fono in January of the following year for their preliminary budget review. ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-4-6

4.3.3.2 The American Samoa Government

The Fono has two sessions each year. The January session reviews, in part, preliminary budget requests from each agency of the American Samoa Government. In June, the Fono approves a final budget that is subsequently forwarded to the Governor for his review and signature. Between the Fono's preliminary review and final budget approval, there is some coordination and negotiation between the Fono and the Governor's Office to gain consensus over various budget issues. During that period, ASPA executive management is occasionally required to discuss utility issues and financial needs with representatives from both the Fono and the Governor's office.

The American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA) has no involvement in the ASG budget process from the standpoint of influencing the operational budget of the American Samoa Power Authority. However, in its capacity as the manager of the Safe Water Drinking Act program, ASEPA has the responsibility to review and approve requests for proposed capital improvement projects. For this reason, it is prudent to keep ASEPA "in the loop" concerning future capital improvements. Consequently, it is recommended that annual plans are circulated to ASEPA for informational purposes. However, the sharing of this information with ASEPA does not impact the timing of ASPA's preparation of the annual water system plan.

The American Samoa Government prepares a five-year capital improvements plan to the U.S. Department of Interior. The American Samoa Department of Commerce (ASDOC), Planning Division, coordinates this effort with various ASG agencies. ASDOC needs to have this information sometime during March of a given year to enable its preparation of the five-year capital improvements plan.

4.3.3.3 U.S. Government

The 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments required the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to conduct a survey of the infrastructure needs that confront every public water system every four years. Results from the survey of public water systems throughout the American Territories, as well as the continental United States, are used by USEPA to develop a formula for the USEPA to allot Drinking Water State Revolving Fund grants.

In the survey, USEPA requires a list of anticipated infrastructure projects for the next 20 years, the type of proposed project, cost of projects, and other relevant information. The ASPA Water Division typically forwards this information to the USEPA Region IX office in San Francisco. The projects identified via the annual and medium term water system plans will make the preparation of Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey considerably easier. However, the schedule for submittal of this information is often highly variable.

4.3.3.4 Annual Plan Schedule

In view of the cumulative information requirements, it is recommended that the annual water system plans are completed by August 1 of ASPA's previous year fiscal year. For example, an annual plan for fiscal year 2005 (October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2005) should be completed by August 1, 2004.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-4-7 SECTION III CHAPTER FIVE: MASTER PLAN, FY 2003-2007

5.1 GENERAL

This chapter summarizes recommended projects to be completed by the ASPA Water Division during the FY 2003- 2007 period. The recommended projects include:

capital improvement projects; system management projects; water resource management projects; and, regulatory management projects.

The recommended projects are drawn from the evaluations, conclusions, and recommendations presented in Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Section III, as well as Chapter 5 of Section II. Consequently, greater detail concerning the rationale and scope for each recommended project can be derived from a review of these prior chapters.

The following summary is intended to facilitate a review of all recommendations contained in the Water System Plan, as well as the subsequent budgeting and scheduling of recommended projects. Each recommended project is summarized with a project title, general scope, responsibility for implementation, and a time schedule for completion.

5.2 CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS

A significant number of capital improvement projects are recommended for completion during the FY 2003-2007 period (Table III-5-1). Recommended projects include improvements to both the central and satellite water systems. These projects are primarily derived from the insights of the ASPA Water Division, as well as the forecasts of anticipated average day and maximum day demands.

5.3 RECOMMENDED SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECTS

A wide variety of system management projects are recommended for implementation during the FY 2003-2007 period (Table III-5-2). These projects, which range from the re-organization of the Water Division to the establishment of an inventory control system, are vital to sustain the financial viability and efficiency of ASPA Water Division operations.

5.4 RECOMMENDED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS

Recommended water resource management projects (Table III-5-3) focus upon the conservation of groundwater resources through the adoption and application of well exploration and production criteria and various other operational standards. Another significant project is the establishment of a long-term water conservation program that encourages ASPA customers to install water-saving fixtures in their homes and businesses.

5.5 RECOMMENDED REGULATORY MANAGEMENT PROJECTS

Four regulatory management projects (Table III-5-4) are recommended for the FY 2003-2007 period. These projects are essential to the start-up of the Vaipito and Fagatogo surface water treatment plants, as well as final transfer of responsibility associated with all groundwater and surface water supplies. One of the projects also addresses a potential opportunity to help lead annual watershed investigations. The fourth project will enable ASPA to take a serious look at the benefits and consequences of its participation in the Safe Drinking Water Program.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-5-1 TABLE III-5-1 RECOMMENDED CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003- FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule Groundwater Explore and produce more groundwater supplies to Water Division FY 2003- Exploration and support demands of the central water system. FY 2007 Production for • Develop four groundwater wells upslope of Central Water System Pago Elementary School and Korea House by FY 2003. • Develop a minimum of three additional groundwater sources in Malaeimi Valley by FY 2004. • Explore and construct 3-4 wells in Pavaiai and Iliili by FY 2007. Surface Water Complete construction of Vaipito and Fagatogo water Water Division FY 2003 Treatment Plants treatment plants. Water Storage Construct more water storage tanks to support Water Division FY 2003- Expansion for Central anticipated maximum day demands for the 2003- FY 2007 Water System 2020 period. 65,000 gallon tank between Fagalii and Maloata by FY 2003. 50,000 gallon tank in Atuu by FY 2003. 100,000 gallon tank in the Tafuna water service district by 2007. New water storage tank in upslope of Aua Village to support a proposed distribution for a third service level and related fire protection system. 45,000 gallon tank between Sailele and Masausi by FY 2005. Central System Design and construct a new booster station in vicinity Water Division FY 2003- Booster Station of Vaipito SWTP. FY 2007 Improvements Rebuild Atuu booster station to support new service in upper elevations of Atuu. Design and construct booster station in Aua to support New water storage tank in upslope of Aua Village to support a proposed distribution system for a third service level and related fire protection system. Central System Design and construct a new 12-inch transmission main Water Division FY 2003- Transmission line between Tafuna and Route 1. FY 2007 Improvements Replace an older 8-inch main that extends from Route 1/Hospital Road intersection to a bridge upslope of LBJ Medical Center. Design and construct a new 16-inch transmission main between Pago Pago Yacht Club and Malaloa. Replace a 10-inch cast iron pipe from the old Pago shaft to Satala. Replace an existing 8-inch cast iron pipe from Utumoa Spring to the old Catholic Church in Pago Pago.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-5-2 TABLE III-5-1 (Page 2 of 3) RECOMMENDED CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003- FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule (continued) Design and construct a transmission main that is Central System necessary to establish a third level zone up to the Transmission line 540-foot elevation in Pago Pago. Improvements Design and construct new transmission main from booster station to upslope areas of Atuu. Central System Reconstruct the entire Pavaiai district distribution Water Division FY 2003- Distribution and Fire system (including service lines), as well as FY 2007 System additional fire hydrants along portions of Improvements distribution system. Replace the distribution system between Freddie’s Beach and the east side of the Vaitogi service district. Replace the distribution system in Fagaalu. Replace the distribution system in Gatavai to a service elevation not greater than 200 feet above MSL. Design and construct a new distribution system in Pago Pago. Abandon an old 8-inch cast iron pipe that extends from Autapini to Fusi. Design and construct a new distribution loop and fire hydrants upslope of Leloaloa Village (up to 200- foot service elevation). Design and construct a distribution and fire protection system that will support a third service level above Aua Village. Afono Satellite Water Construct a new 70,000-gallon water storage tank Water Division FY 2003 System between 2 existing groundwater wells. Construct a new distribution system and fire hydrants from the storage tank to and within Afono Village. Aoa Satellite Water Construct a new transmission main from the Lemafa Water Division FY 2007 System Pass storage tank to the existing transmission main. Construct a new distribution system within Aoa Village. Fagasa Satellite Construct an additional 30,000-gallon water storage Water Division FY 2005 Water System tank. Vatia Satellite Water Design and construct a new 6-inch transmission line Water Division FY 2007 System along the Vatia Bay shoreline, as well as fire hydrants Aunuu Satellite Construct an additional 15,000-gallon water storage Water Division FY 2006 Water System tank. Ofu Satellite Water Reactivate well 201. Water Division FY 2003- System FY 2007

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-5-3

TABLE III-5-1 (Page 3 of 3) RECOMMENDED CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003- FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule Olosega-Sili Satellite Install well casing vent and screen discharge vent for Water Division FY 2003- Water System air relief valve. Modify piping within well FY 2007 enclosure. Install a 45,000 gpd reverse osmosis/brackish water unit to treat elevated chloride levels. Reactivate well 203 to provide backup water supply. Construct an additional 0.1 mg water storage tank. Faleasao-Tau Satellite Modify piping within well enclosure. Explore and Water Division FY 2003-FY Water System construct a new groundwater well upslope of Tau 2007 High School that is not influenced by potential migration of leachate from the Tau solid waste dump. Construct an additional 100,000-gallon water storage tank. Fitiuta Satellite Water Modify piping within well enclosure. Water Division FY 2003 System

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-5-4

TABLE III-5-2 (Page 1 of 2) RECOMMENDED WATER SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003- FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule Reorganization of Water Re-organize Water Division into 3 units: ASPA Chief Executive FY 2003 Division management operations, maintenance, as well as planning Officer and Chief and organizational and construction. Shift Water & Electric Operating Officer structure Operations Mgr. to become supervisor of one of the 3 organizational units. General Financial ASPA executive management will adopt and ASPA Chief Executive FY 2003 Policies for the Water instruct the Water Division manager to Officer, Chief Division implement the general financial policies Operating Officer, outlined in Section 3.3.3 of the Water System Chief Financial Plan. Other financial policies may Officer, and Water supplement the recommended three policies. Division Manager Annual Evaluation of Annually review existing water rates. Evaluate Chief Financial FY 2003- Water Rates and Rate costs associated with utility administration Officer and ASPA FY 2007 Structure and management; system O/M; debt service Consultant on borrowed capital; rehabilitation, replacement and expansion; and resources needed to establish cash reserves (10% of O/M costs). Determine total annual revenue requirements; allocate revenue requirements to Water Division cost components; distribute component costs to customer classes; and adjust existing rates to recover costs from each customer class. ASPA GIS Cleanup data inconsistencies and expand ASPA Consultant FY 2003- available data into attribute tables that can be FY 2007 linked to existing spatial information already contained in the GIS. Provide training to selected Water and Wastewater Division personnel in conjunction with the cleanup of data inconsistencies and expansion of attribute tables. Hydraulic Analysis Make a hydraulic analysis of the water system at Engineer from Water FY 2003- least once per year using WaterCAD Division and ASPA FY 2007 (Cybernet) software. consultant for land use and GIS Maintenance Establish a maintenance management system for Water Division FY 2003- Management System the Water Division using MPS software. Manager and FY 2008 Initially input work orders into the software, supervisors from each schedule work tasks, as well as track the Water Division actual expenditures of labor, equipment, and operating unit. material expenditures associated with each work order. Once integrated into ongoing Division operations, make use of other applications identified in section 3.5.3 of water system plan.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-5-5

TABLE III-5-2 (Page 2 of 2) RECOMMENDED WATER SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003- FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule Inventory Control Segregate responsibility for the management of Chief Financial FY 2004- System materials, special tools, and consumable Officer and Chief FY 2007 supplies to the proposed Water Division Operating Officer; Operations unit. Report procurement needs Water Division well in advance of project schedules for O/M, manager, and Water maintenance, and construction. Division Operations unit supervisor. Water System Standards Establish criteria and standards for the planning, ASPA Consultant and FY 2004 design and construction of all water system Water Division facilities. Assemble design standards being Manager developed for ASPA, selected criteria outlined in the water system plan (Section III, Chapters Two and Three), as well as specifications AWWA, ASTM, and other specialized standards. Capital Asset Maintain detailed capital asset information using ASPA Water Division FY 2003 Information MPS software. Maintain location of most all Manager, Water capital assets using ArcView GIS software. Division unit supervisors & ASPA Consultants Small Tools Purchase and distribute small tool sets to each Chief Financial FY 2005 Management Water Division employee working for Officer, Water Operations, Maintenance, and Construction Division Manager, and units. When small tools are lost, ASPA will Water Division replace missing tools and deduct the cost of Operations unit small tools from employee paychecks. supervisor Booster station motors Replace an existing motor at one of six booster Water Division FY 2004 stations with a variable speed motor. Monitor Operations unit performance of variable speed motor. If supervisor successful, replace existing motors at Pago, Fagaalu, Pavaiai 1,2 and 3, and Tafeta booster stations with variable speed motors. Expansion of Hire and train more personnel to adjust Water Division FY 2004- Operations & groundwater well and storage tank settings, or Manager and Chief FY 2006 Maintenance Crews expand use of SCADA systems (see Financial Officer recommended projects for Water Resource Management). Hire and train additional electricians for system repairs and preventative maintenance. Establish a two- man crew for the repair and monitoring of booster stations. Emergency Power Purchase five portable gasoline generators with Water Division FY 2004 Generation gas tanks for emergency purposes. Each Operations unit generator should be a 60 Kva generator than supervisor can operate on single or 3-phase power. ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-5-6

TABLE III-5-3 (Page 1 of 2) RECOMMENDED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003- FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule Well Exploration & Adopt the well exploration and development ASPA Chief Operating FY 2003 Development Criteria criteria outlined in section 3.7.2.1 of the water Officer and Water system plan and incorporate them into overall Division manager Water Division water system standards (see Recommended Water System Management Projects) Maintenance of ASPA executive management will adopt the ASPA Chief Operating FY 2003 Sustainable Water following recommendations: Officer and Water Production from Future groundwater well production Division manager Tutuila’s Aquifer will take place in the Malaeimi, Pavaiai, Nuuuli and Pago Pago water basins where the greatest possible reserves of ground water appear to be available. Future water production will not exceed “safe yields” estimated for each groundwater basin (see Table III-3-5 in water system plan). Remote Telemetry Expand application of remote telemetry to the ASPA Chief Operating FY 2004- operation of groundwater wells to permit, in Officer, Water FY 2006 part, the continuous monitoring of well levels Division manager, and and pumping rates. A potential option is the Water Divisions expanded monitoring of well levels and Operations unit pumping rates by an expanded water division supervisor operations crew (see system management recommendation). Chlorine Residual Monitor chlorine residual by sampling chlorine ASPA Water Division FY 2004 Monitoring levels at various locations along distribution manager and Water system. Track the growth or decay of Division Operations chlorine as it travels through the distribution unit supervisor network using chlorine data and WaterCAD software. Monitoring of Essential Adopt and carry out groundwater and surface ASPA Chief Operating FY 2003- Water Quality water quality monitoring plan developed by Officer, Water FY 2007 Parameters ACR. Monitor water quality parameters for Division Manager and microorganisms, disinfectants and disinfection Water Division by-products, and the inorganic chemical Operations unit nitrate. Correlate laboratory results with supervisor. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. Respond to indications of contamination. Investigate needed changes to operations and maintenance activities; implement repairs as needed.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-5-7

TABLE III-5-3 (Page 2 of 2) RECOMMENDED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003- FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule Water Conservation Establish a water conservation program that ASPA Customer FY 2003-FY Program encourages residential and commercial customers Service Division 2007 to voluntarily install water-saving fixtures within manager, Water their households and commercial facilities. Division Manager, Purchase selected plumbing fixtures at bulk and Water Division wholesale prices. Distribute fixtures to Maintenance unit residential and commercial customers using one supervisor and or more options outlined in section 3.7.2.7 of water system plan. Encourage use of local plumbers for installation of fixtures or establish ASPA crew to make installations. Prepare effective public service announcements to educate and encourage program participation. Technical Assistance for Continue to provide technical assistance to Water Division FY 2003- Village Water Systems traditional village leaders. Do not provide manager FY 2007 supplies and materials for disinfection and other maintenance activities unless a given village is incorporated into the ASPA system. Provide supplies and materials at a reasonable cost to village councils unless request is made under emergency conditions. Watershed Protection Participate in potential inter-agency efforts to ASPA Sanitary FY 2003- Plan Implementation implement the American Samoa Watershed Engineering FY 2007 Protection Plan. Consultant Designation of Participate in ongoing inter-agency efforts to ASPA Sanitary FY2003- Malaeimi Valley as a establish Malaeimi Valley as a special Engineering FY 2007 SMA management area. Consultant Zoning of Tualauta Encourage ASDOC to establish zoning designations ASPA Sanitary FY 2003- County in Tualauta County that encourage higher density Engineering FY 2007 residential development in areas where Consultant connections to ASPA water, wastewater and electrical power are feasible. Regulation of Soil- Continue to review septic tank applications and ASPA Wastewater FY 2003- Based Wastewater require the construction of related leachfields that Division FY 2007 Treatment provide a sufficient amount of soil-based treatment. Deny applications in areas that are unsuitable for soil-based treatment. Re-evaluate management options when results from Dick Otis study become available.

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TABLE III-5-4 RECOMMENDED REGULATORY MANAGEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003- FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule SWT Operator Finalize draft surface water treatment operator ASPA Sanitary FY 2003 Certification Program certification program in consultation with Engineering ASG Attorney General and ASEPA. Consultant Participate in the development of Territorial statute that may be needed. Safe Drinking Water Evaluate the benefits and costs associated with ASPA Consultant FY 2004 Program Evaluation ASPA's ongoing participation in American Samoa's Safe Drinking Water Program. Subsequently, identify and evaluate potential options with ASPA executive management. Negotiate viable options with USEPA and ASEPA. Make decision. Annual Watershed Offer to prepare annual watershed investigations ASPA Sanitary FY 2004 Investigations for ASEPA. Seek to share some of the funds Engineering that may be sought by ASEPA. Monitor Consultant for changes in land uses, resident population, non- organization of point source contamination of groundwater program with ASEPA. wells and important recharge areas. Consultant for field work, watershed evaluations, and related GIS work. Water Quality Finalize transfer of responsibility for ASPA Sanitary FY 2003 Monitoring Program groundwater and surface water monitoring Engineering with ASEPA. Finalize and gain approval Consultant, *ACR, monitoring requirements. Obtain competitive and Water Division bids for future lab analyses of WQ parameters Operations supervisor. other than bacteriological and chlorine. Organize ASPA Water Division personnel for sample collection, transport, and chain-of- custody.

*Note: ACR refers to Arasmith Consulting Resources, Inc.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page III-5-9 SECTION IV CHAPTER ONE: FUTURE WASTEWATER FLOWS

1.1 THE NEED FOR WASTEWATER GENERATION FORECASTS

With the exception of tuna cannery effluent, the wastewater generated from residential, commercial, industrial and public facilities in American Samoa represents domestic wastewater. The evaluation of the future domestic wastewater characteristics is an important aspect of planning future improvements to the American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA) wastewater system. Future decisions concerning the need to expand ASPA’s wastewater collection system should reflect careful evaluations of the anticipated volume of wastewater generation by residential, commercial, industrial, public and other village facility users. The future design of gravity collection mains, force mains, pump stations, and treatment plants will desirably include consideration of future population, land use and economic trends that will influence the size and location of these facilities. Average daily wastewater flow is the estimated amount of wastewater generation, from residential, commercial, industrial, Pump Station at Tafuna International Airport and public facilities, that is contributed to a centralized wastewater system each day. In the planning of wastewater systems, the design of most wastewater system facilities relies, in part, upon the calculation of average daily wastewater flow, e.g., treatment plant capacity. Consequently, the calculation and monitoring of average daily flow is essential to future wastewater system planning.

1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF A STATISTICAL MODEL TO FORECAST FUTURE WASTEWATER FLOWS In December 1994, ASPA completed a detailed evaluation of potential economic, land use, and population trends in each of American Samoa's 72 village census areas. This evaluation generally included an examination of available population and housing Census data, agricultural Census data, building permit information, the location of undeveloped properties, and a reconnaissance of land uses in each village area. The development of village land use assumptions also considered the financial viability of existing canneries, the prospects for new industries, changing trends in American Samoa's service sector, land tenure trends, the continued transition of American Samoa to a more cash-oriented economy, and the motivation of in-migrants. Subsequently, land use and population forecasts were applied to estimated water consumption rates for specific types of facilities, e.g., households, village stores, offices, and hotels. Water consumption rates reflected actual metered consumption for some types of facilities in 1994, comparable data from other Pacific Island communities, and variable assumptions for water conservation. Potential future leaders of American Samoa A correlation of October 1994 flow records from the Tafuna Wastewater Treatment Plant and the number of service connections in the Tafuna Plains Sewer System indicated that approximately 70 percent of all water consumed in American Samoa is wastewater. With this assumption, anticipated average daily wastewater generation was assumed to represent 70 percent of the average daily water consumption for each facility.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-1-1

Population, land use, water consumption and conservation assumptions were ultimately input onto a Lotus 1-2-3 (Release 5 for Windows) computer spreadsheet that was used to establish a statistical model for the calculation of future average day demands for water consumption and average daily wastewater generation. The model includes an estimate of water consumption and average daily wastewater flow for each village area in 1995 and forecasts for each village in the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. Forecasts were made for each village area even though only 46 of American Samoa's 72 villages are presently connected to ASPA’s central water system. This approach enabled ASPA to be aware of potential demands from villages that might be considered for connection to one of ASPA's centralized wastewater systems. Four different scenarios were analyzed that reflected variable land use, economic and water conservation assumptions. These scenarios reflected, in part, the future operation of the Samoa Packing and StarKist cannery operations, as well as potential public participation in an organized water conservation program. The same statistical model was applied in 2001 to calculate anticipated average daily wastewater flows for the 2000- 2020 period. However, adjustments were made to the model to reflect more recent changes in local economic conditions, existing and anticipated land uses, and more recent trends in water consumption. In addition, Lotus 1-2-3 files were converted into Microsoft Excel software for Windows 98 and subsequently used to run the adjusted statistical model.

1.3 SCENARIOS USED FOR FUTURE WASTEWATER SYSTEM PLANNING

Four different scenarios were originally used in the development of forecasts of future wastewater flows for American Samoa. These scenarios included the following:

• Scenario A - Population, land use, and economic assumptions that anticipate the continued operation of the Samoa Packing cannery through the year 2015, but the closure of the StarKist cannery by the year 2005. Participation in anticipated water conservation efforts would include 25 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2000, 50 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2005, 75 percent of all homes and facilities in 2010, and all homes and facilities in the year 2015. • Scenario B - Land use assumptions that anticipate the continued operation of both the StarKist and Samoa Packing canneries through the year 2015. Participation in anticipated water conservation efforts would include 25 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2000, 50 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2005, 75 percent of all homes and facilities in 2010, and all homes and facilities in the year 2015. • Scenario C - Land use assumptions that anticipate the continued operation of both the StarKist and Samoa Packing canneries through the year 2015. No participation in potential water conservation efforts would occur between 1996 and the year 2015. • Scenario D - May 1995 land use assumptions that anticipate the continued operation of both the StarKist and Samoa Packing canneries through the year 2015. Participation in anticipated water conservation efforts would include 12 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2000, 25 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2005, 37 percent of all homes and facilities in 2010, and 50 percent of all homes and facilities in the year 2015.

After careful evaluation of the four preceding scenarios, ASPA concluded in 1995 that the assumptions identified in Scenario A represented the most probable forecast of future population, economic and land use conditions in American Samoa. At the same time, ASPA selected Scenario C to be the population, economic and land use assumptions that will guide the calculation of its future average day and maximum day demands.

In order to be responsive to existing customers, the ASPA Wastewater Division desires to continue its use of Scenario C that includes no assumptions for implementation of a desirable water conservation program and no

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-1-2 significant declines in economic activities of the Territory. The application of Scenario C assumptions to future wastewater forecasts enables ASPA to maintain "a cushion" for the design of system facilities in the event that future water conservation objectives are not realized and that the anticipated closure of the StarKist cannery does not occur.

The assumptions included in Scenario D are believed to be the most desirable since the continued operation of both canneries and ASPA's implementation of a water conservation program are assumed. Scenario D, in essence, represents the objective that ASPA desires to help bring to reality.

1.4 UPDATE OF WASTEWATER GENERATION FORECASTS AND ASSUMPTIONS

One of the more important features of the water-wastewater demand model is its capability to revise wastewater consumption forecasts as more recent population, land use, economic, water consumption data become available, and revised assumptions are made. The forecasts presented in the 2002 Utility Master Plan represent the first update to the forecasts made by ASPA’s consultant, Pedersen Planning Consultants (PPC), in 1995.

ASPA should periodically update the model in order to maintain a more precise estimate of future water consumption demands on a long-term basis. As discussed in Section IV, Chapter 4, it is recommended that this update take place in conjunction with the preparation of the medium-term wastewater system plans that are prepared once every five years.

The forecasts of future wastewater generation that are presented in this Wastewater Master Plan essentially use the basic model that was developed by PPC in 1994. However, as originally envisioned, the assumptions used in the model were revised to reflect more recent changes in population, land use, and average household size. In addition, Lotus 1-2-3 files were converted to Microsoft Excel files to facilitate greater accessibility and continued use of the forecasts by the Wastewater Division.

Scenario C was again used for the update of the wastewater generation forecasts. This scenario was only slightly revised and incorporated the following assumptions: both the StarKist and Samoa Packing canneries would operate through the year 2020; and, no participation in potential water conservation efforts between 2002 and 2020.

Actual changes in land use and population that occurred between 1994 and the base year of 2000 were derived from: housing units, resident population and the average household size information that was determined by Census 2000 for each village Census area; ASPA water meter records in June 1999; and, a PPC field survey of land uses in Tualauta County in November 1999.

The combined information was also correlated with building permit records of the American Samoa Department of Commerce. However, it was discovered that a significant amount of actual new construction was not reflected in building department records maintained by the ASG Department of Commerce. Consequently, this information was not included in the statistical model.

Village land use assumptions concerning future land use development led to the development of revised forecasts of the anticipated number of future facilities associated with residential, commercial, hotel and visitor accommodations, industrial activities, public facilities, and community facilities. Updated land use forecasts were made for each village census area in the Territory.

Assumptions made concerning future wastewater generation reflect variable rates of wastewater generation for different types of land uses. In essence, PPC re-examined and modified selected wastewater generation rates used in

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-1-3

1994 for the 1995 ASPA Utility Master Plan. Selected wastewater generation rates were revised to reflect changes that became evident through the analysis of more recent water meter records for 1999.

Forecasts of future average daily wastewater flows are presented for 73 village census areas. The forecasts were segregated by the type of wastewater system that primarily serves each village census area. Each village forecast assumes that all households and land uses are connected to one of ASPA's community wastewater systems, a septic tank or cesspool, or use another form of sewage disposal. While a 100 percent connection may never be realized, it is important that ASPA be adequately prepared to meet the anticipated wastewater generation of the Territory.

1.5 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAILY FLOWS

1.5.1 Community Wastewater Systems

By the year 2020, it is anticipated that an average daily flow of roughly 4.7 million gallons per day (mgd) will be treated and disposed by community wastewater systems in American Samoa (Table IV-1-1).

1.5.1.1 Tafuna Sewer System

It is anticipated that the Tafuna Sewer system will treat over 2.8 mgd of average daily flow by the year 2020. In addition to the land use, economic and demographic assumptions presented in previous pages (1.2 through 1.40, this forecast also assumes that the Tafuna Sewer system service area will gradually be expanded to incorporate several other villages in Tualauta County. The new villages will include Iliili, Futiga, Malaeimi, and Pavaiai. It is also assumed that the present collection system will be expanded to other unsewered areas within the existing service area.

1.5.1.2 Pago Pago Harbor System

The Pago Pago Harbor system is expected treat flows of almost 1.5 mgd by the 2000-2015 period and gradually decline during the following 2016-2020 period. This forecast assumes that the collection system within the existing service area. However, expansion of the system to additional villages is not expected.

1.5.1.3 Aunuu Island System

Future average daily flows to the Aunuu Island System are expected to rise to over 53,000 gallons per day during the 2016-2020 period. Similar to other community wastewater systems, this forecast assumes the connection of all land uses in Aunuu Village to the Aunuu Island system.

1.5.1.4 School Systems

The forecasts for Fagaitua, Midkiff Elementary, and Leone High School systems indicate the anticipated average daily flows for the village census area where they are located. In the short-term, the forecasts for these systems are highly over-estimated since the school facilities would only be served by these systems. However, in the long term, e.g., beyond 2007, the gradual incorporation of Fagaitua High School, Midkiff Elementary, and Leone High School flows into small community wastewater systems is already being given some consideration by ASPA.

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TABLE IV-1-1 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAILY WASTEWATER FLOWS COMMUNITY WASTEWATER SYSTEMS 2000-2020

2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 Tafuna System Nuuuli 490,081 557,121 572,360 579,815 588,309 Mesepa 53,851 58,459 66,722 69,642 67,549 Tafuna 784,374 904,722 993,411 995,736 1,013,911 Malaeimi 76,536 81,611 80,540 83,617 81,261 Iliili 203,829 290,599 331,445 394,364 432,079 Faleniu 146,563 199,279 201,021 194,973 193,300 Mapusaga 95,407 120,758 149,579 164,463 166,358 Pavaiai 191,309 229,821 226,496 241,497 242,739 Futiga 50,267 55,628 54,779 60,811 61,167 Subtotal 2,092,217 2,497,998 2,676,353 2,784,918 2,846,673 Pago Pago Harbor System Fagaalu 105,008 121,655 139,510 149,031 145,777 Utulei 147,945 164,844 174,353 193,973 201,136 Fagatogo 237,907 240,054 240,815 240,449 237,108 Pago Pago 409,440 415,361 413,911 404,424 400,122 Anua 419,197 422,451 422,334 428,443 427,975 Atuu 34,224 41,955 41,539 48,293 51,944 Subtotal 1,353,721 1,406,320 1,432,462 1,464,613 1,464,062 Leone System Malaeloa/ 45,054 57,216 68,272 77,632 79,277 Ituau Subtotal 45,054 57,216 68,272 77,632 79,277 Anunu Island System Anunu 40,175 44,305 48,608 52,045 53,331 Subtotal 40,175 44,305 48,608 52,045 53,331 Fagaitua System Fagaitua 40,584 44,995 45,831 49,967 51,995 Subtotal 40,584 44,995 45,831 49,967 51,995 Total 3,755,286 4,246,716 4,477,134 4,633,023 4,700,139 Source: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002 Notes: 1No portions of Futiga, Iliili, Malaeimi, and Pavaiai are presently served by the Tafuna Sewer System. However, planned extensions of this sewer system will gradually incorporate these areas during the 2002-2020 period. 2The Leone community wastewater system actually represents two separate school systems: Midkiff Elementary School and Leone High School. These systems are operated by ASPA for the ASG Department of Education. It is anticipated that a portion of future flows in the adjoining community will be accommodated by the development of a larger community wastewater system during the 2002-2020 period. 3The Fagaitua community wastewater system represents one school system that serves Fagaitua High School. This system is operated by ASPA for the ASG Department of Education. It is expected that a portion of future flows in the adjoining community will be accommodated by the development of a larger community wastewater system during the 2002-2020 period.

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1.5.2 Villages Not Served By Community Wastewater Systems By the year 2020, it is anticipated that roughly 60 of the 73 village census areas in American Samoa will remain unconnected by any community wastewater system. Residents and businesses in these village census areas are expected to generate over 2.0 million gallons per day of wastewater sometime during the 2016-2020 period.

A number of potential exceptions may reduce the number of unsewered villages. ASPA is considering the development of two new community wastewater systems during the next 10 years. These potential systems include the following:

a community wastewater system in west Tutuila that would serve the village census areas of Vailoatai, Leone, Malaeloa/Aitulagi and Malaeloa/Ituau. a community wastewater system in the Pago Pago Harbor area that would serve the village census areas of Leloaloa and Aua.

If these villages were connected to a new community wastewater system, roughly 0.5 mgd of potential wastewater flow in west Tutuila would be diverted from septic tank and cesspool discharges by the 2016-2020 period. In the Pago Pago Harbor area, a new community wastewater system serving Leloaloa and Aua could divert approximately 204,801 gallons per day.

TABLE IV-1-2 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAILY WASTEWATER GENERATION VILLAGES NOT SERVED BY COMMUNITY WASTEWATER SYSTEMS 2000-2020

Village 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 Island of Tutuila Aasu 22,415 27,978 30,354 35,112 37,269 Afao 10,637 12,799 12,620 13,952 13,889 Afono 46,485 47,214 47,910 47,687 46,027 Agugulu 3,242 3,909 4,202 4,413 4,282 Alao 30,023 33,083 35,211 36,814 38,381 Alega 3,128 4,450 4,613 4,909 4,763 Alofau 36,356 36,683 36,858 36,467 35,471 Amaluia 10,069 12,532 12,327 13,179 13,703 Amanave 23,357 26,314 27,810 29,113 30,279 Amaua 6,721 8,085 7,908 8,021 7,795 Amouli 30,867 35,183 36,533 40,062 38,687 Aoa 44,866 50,161 52,711 55,542 53,705 Aoloau 48,564 51,319 53,325 56,060 55,099 Asili 14,717 18,470 20,367 23,468 22,655 Atuu 34,224 41,955 41,539 48,293 51,944 Aua 136,774 147,938 149,288 147,776 149,028 Auasi 7,848 9,349 9,210 10,439 11,568 Aumi 14,657 15,473 15,231 15,821 16,348 Auto 15,630 17,983 19,036 21,607 20,875 Avaio 3,232 3,844 3,781 4,305 4,469 Fagalii 20,937 23,677 25,999 28,127 30,085 Fagamalo 3,157 4,128 5,064 5,854 6,579 Faganeanea 10,436 12,936 12,727 13,794 14,373 Continues – next page

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TABLE IV-1-2 (continued) ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAILY WASTEWATER GENERATION VILLAGES NOT SERVED BY COMMUNITY WASTEWATER SYSTEMS 2000-2020 Village 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 Failolo 7,368 7,699 7,573 7,968 8,004 Fatumafuti 6,439 6,294 6,202 6,006 6,113 Laulii 70,600 71,306 78,047 77,190 74,524 Leloaloa 46,761 47,944 56,320 56,072 55,773 Leone 339,179 374,612 376,451 376,902 369,030 Malealoa/Aitulagi 44,344 51,133 55,102 59,375 59,635 Maloata 1,410 4,691 4,615 4,453 7,296 Masausi 10,078 11,370 11,184 10,788 11,246 Masefau 29,802 32,110 34,146 35,547 36,768 Matuu 31,036 30,312 29,828 28,810 27,829 Nua 13,653 14,667 16,171 18,144 18,366 Onenoa 8,607 9,385 10,209 10,765 10,972 Pagai 6,874 8,049 8,246 8,903 8,588 Poloa 13,570 15,537 17,518 20,979 23,551 Sailele 6,335 7,437 7,356 8,029 8,605 Seetaga 15,880 17,300 17,737 18,841 19,183 Taputimu 50,142 119,519 185,703 256,725 300,052 Tula 27,509 28,435 29,522 30,112 31,133 Utumea East 3,596 4,312 5,034 6,406 6,916 Utumea West 2,492 2,731 2,982 3,162 3,325 Vailoatai 58,505 72,531 76,372 81,355 81,890 Vaitogi 90,743 122,182 124,058 123,508 122,819 Vatia 54,039 57,856 63,415 73,266 23,336 Subtotal 1,519,304 1,762,871 1,888,411 2,024,117 2,022,224 Island of Ofu Ofu 32,971 36,581 41,824 48,285 50,246 Subtotal 32,971 36,581 41,824 48,285 50,246 Island of Olosega Olosega 22,005 23,731 27,146 29,953 31,100 Sili 800 1,560 2,465 2,379 2,674 Subtotal 24,805 25,291 29,611 32,332 33,774 Island of Tau Faleasao 19,588 21,515 21,337 22,976 24,145 Leusoalii 21,695 25,281 27,943 30,167 31,665 Luma 33,894 38,989 45,883 52,003 58,783 Maia 14,160 17,603 21,434 23,632 22,791 Subtotal 91,337 103,388 116,597 128,778 137,384 Swains Island Total 1,486,882 1,732,253 1,870,839 2,029,668 2,038,831 Source: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002 Note: Forecasts represent the total wastewater generation that is expected to be generated from all land uses in each village.

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SECTION IV CHAPTER TWO: EXISTING FACILITIES AND NEEDS

2.1 GENERAL The treatment of wastewater in American Samoa is accomplished in two ways: • community wastewater collection, treatment and disposal systems owned and operated by the American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA); and, • individual onsite septic tanks that are owned and operated by private businesses and individuals. The community wastewater systems primarily include the Tafuna, Pago Pago Harbor, and Aunuu systems (Figure IV-2-1). ASPA also operates three smaller community systems for the American Samoa Government Department of Education. These systems serve Fagaitua High School, Leone High School and Midkiff Elementary School (Leone). There are no ASPA wastewater systems on the Islands of Ofu, Olosega and Tau in the Manua Group. Results from 2000 Census for American Samoa indicate that were 10,052 housing units in the Territory. Census 2000 reports that approximately 4,328 housing units (43 percent) were connected to septic tanks or cesspools. About 31 percent of all housing units (3,162 housing units) were connected to a public sewer system. The remaining 2,562 housing units (26 percent) used some other form of wastewater disposal (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002). The individual onsite systems are, with few exceptions, soil-based treatment systems that rely on the percolation of wastewater flows through the soil to remove pathogens. Variable soil conditions in the Territory impact the effectiveness of onsite wastewater treatment. Inadequate wastewater treatment from onsite systems in some areas may already be contaminating the groundwater supply on the Island of Tutuila. In recognition of a significant need for the long-term conservation of groundwater quality, ASPA has gradually expanded the Tafuna and Pago Pago Harbor systems on the Island of Tutuila. ASPA also continues to encourage and connect more homes and businesses to the collection systems associated with both of these community wastewater systems.

2.2 TAFUNA SEWER SYSTEM

2.2.1 Service Area The Tafuna sewer system serves the villages of Nuuuli, Mesepa, Faleniu, and portions of Tafuna (Figures IV-2-2 through IV-2-4). Since 1995, the Tafuna sewer system has been significantly expanded in Ottoville and Kokoland. The eastern third of Tafuna is now connected to the Tafuna Wastewater System (Hart, 2002). As construction progresses, residences are being connected to the system. The system serves approximately 570 businesses and households. Non-project related connections have also been made to the Tafuna sewer system over the years. The ASPA Wastewater Division, Operations Branch, installs service lines to homes upon request.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-1

FIGURE IV-2-2

Tafuna Sewer Systems

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-3 FIGURE IV-2-3

Tafuna Sewer Systems

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-4 FIGURE IV-2-4

Tafuna Sewer Systems

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-5 2.2.2 Collection System

2.2.2.1 Existing Facilities The diameter of the sewer mains in the collection system varies from 6 to 24 inches. Service lines are nearly all 4 inches in diameter. In general, the older mains near the American Samoa Community College and the Airport are constructed with asbestos-concrete (AC) pipe. More recent residential additions in Nuuuli, Kokoland and Tafuna are polyvinyl- chloride (PVC) pipe. The life expectancy of AC and PVC mains is 75 years or more. Manholes are mainly pre-cast concrete; however, there are some fiberglass units in use. Manholes located in areas that are subject to flooding have been fitted with removable inserts to reduce inflow. There are 11 pump stations supporting the collection system. All are wet well pump stations that operate with a submersible grinder or non-clog type pump (Table IV-2-1). Influent strainer baskets are used at the Vaitele pump station. Pump station discharge force mains vary in size from 1.5 to 8 inches. Most of the sewer service connections were installed under government contract at the time of the construction of the sewer system. New connections are either installed by ASPA or by homeowners or their private contractors. All connections must be installed according to ASPA "Standards for Sewer Service Connections" (Standards) that are available to the public at ASPA offices. The Standards are based on the "Regulations Governing The Use Of Public Sewers in American Samoa" adopted by the American Samoa Government. Privately installed service lines are inspected by ASPA Wastewater personnel to assure compliance with the Standards prior to connection to the sewer system. TABLE IV-2-1 TAFUNA SEWER SYSTEM PUMP STATIONS

Station Name Location Configuration and Capacity Total Dynamic Head Pump Type (gpm) (feet)

Coconut Point #1 Nuuuli Duplex, 140 each 21 Non-clog Coconut Point #2 Nuuuli Duplex, 22 each 21 Grinder Coconut Point #3 Nuuuli Duplex, 19 each 23 Grinder Andy's Nuuuli Duplex, 18 each 40 Grinder Sagamea Nuuuli Duplex, 36 each 42 Grinder Papa Stream Nuuuli Duplex, 390 each 36 Non-clog Vaitele Nuuuli Triplex, 390 each 103 Non-clog Skill Center Tafuna Duplex, 225 each 24 Grinder Lavatai Tafuna Duplex, 155 each2 42 Non-clog Airport Airport Duplex, 570 each 80 Non-clog Freddie's Beach Fogagogo Simplex, 181 Unknown Non-clog

Source: ASPA Wastewater Division, 1995; Hart, 2002 Notes: 1Estimated. 2Design specification, but not necessarily as built.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-6 2.2.2.2 Collection System Needs

Expand Collection System

The primary need associated with the Tafuna Sewer System is to expand the collection system and connect all homes and businesses, as well as community and public facilities, where the collection system is expanded. The maintenance of acceptable groundwater quality in the Tafuna-Leone Plain depends heavily upon the availability of a centralized community system in many areas of Tualauta County where surface soils are largely unsuitable to adequately treat domestic wastewater. Recognizing this need, the ASPA Wastewater Division is already planning a second and a third phase of future improvements to the Tafuna Sewer system (Figure IV-2-5).

Repair and Gradually Replace Older Pump Stations

The ASPA Wastewater Division is planning for the gradual replacement of the Coconut Point Stations 1,2, and 3; Andy's, and the Sagamea pump station. The intent is to replace the five hydromatic pump stations with Flyght pump equipment as inventory is consumed for the hydromatic and the flow rates increase as a result of the build out of the system (Dworsky, 2003).

A mechanical engineering evaluation needs to be made of these and other pump stations in the Tafuna collection system to evaluate pump sizes, identify any mechanical deficiencies, and determine facility repair costs. Wastewater Division representatives are already aware, for example, that the Lavatai pump station will need to be upsized in the near future. The Wastewater Division will continue to monitor pump hours and wastewater flow at the Lavatai and other pump stations to determine when upgrades will become necessary for pumps and motor starters (Dworsky, 2003).

ASPA has retained R&W Engineering in recent years to make periodic inspections of the electrical control systems associated with each pump station. Consequently, the electrical deficiencies in each pump station continue to be identified.

Because of the significant cost associated with pump station replacement, the replacement of all pump stations will represent several years of careful planning, scheduling and budgeting by the ASPA Wastewater Division. In the interim, a number of repairs are necessary to address safety hazards and ensure the reliability of pump station operations.

Required standby pumps are missing at Coconut Point #3 and Sagamea pump stations. In the event that existing pumps malfunction, a sewage overflow will occur (Scholz, 2002). Vaitele pump station has only two of the three pumps installed (Scholz, 2002). Front cover control devices at the Papa Stream pump station are damaged and need to be replaced (Scholz, 2002). Coconut Point Pump Station #1 The floats at Coconut Point #1 and Coconut Point #2 pump stations need to be replaced (Scholz, 2002). The float switches at Vaitele pump station need to be cleaned (Scholz, 2002).

In its September 2001 inspection report, R&W Engineering also recommended that pump station control panels be scheduled for replacement during the 2002-2008 period.

Coconut Point Pump Station #2

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-7 Figure IV-2-5 second and a third phase of future improvements to the Tafuna Sewer system

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-8 Monitor Inflow and Infiltration Flows

Another system need is the long-term monitoring of unwanted flow from surface or groundwater sources. Inflow is water that is discharged into the sewer from sources such as stormwater discharges, drains from swampy areas, cross- connections with stormwater systems, surface water runoff, and ponded water over manhole covers and pump station wet wells. Infiltration refers to the water that enters a sewer system, and related sewer service connections, from the soil. Infiltration flows enter the system through defective pipes and pipe joints, faulty service connections, and cracked manhole walls. Inflow/infiltration (I/I) is the combined quantity of water than enters a sewer system from both inflow and infiltration.

Recognizing these realities, the ASPA Wastewater Division has established a cleaning and repair crew. The crew uses an existing sewer cleaning trailer, a television camera, smoke testing candles, and blowers to inspect and clean existing collection lines to identify locations of infiltration. The crew supervisor coordinates his inspection and cleaning activities with the Wastewater Division manager who establishes a schedule for cleaning and repair activities via the Management Planning System (MPS) scheduler. The cleaning and repair crew supervisor also coordinates construction repairs with the Wastewater Construction group.

Extensions of the existing collection system and the installation of new service connections will likely increase I/I flows in the future. To minimize future I/I flows, the ASPA Wastewater Division will periodically need to make comparisons between wet and dry day flows so that increases in I/I flows can be determined. If and when I/I flows are suspected, the source of the flows should be investigated by the Wastewater Division's cleaning and repair crew. Available smoke and pressure testing equipment, and television camera should continue to be used to locate the sources of I/I. Subsequently, system repairs should be made to eliminate the source of these flows.

Replace Selected Force Mains

Recently, a break was detected in the force main situated between the Airport pump station and the Tafuna Wastewater Treatment Plant. Upon inspection and replacement of the defective portion of the force main, ASPA representatives observed that the thickness of the defective pipe was very thin. It was concluded that either a thin- walled pipe was used during the time of original force main construction, or, that the pipe wall eroded due to the friction of the wastewater pumped through the line.

In view of these conditions, the ASPA Wastewater Division desires to replace force mains from the Airport pump station to the point of discharge with new PVC or PE pipe. The ASPA Wastewater Division is exploring alternate routes for the new force main. At the time of this report, the preferred route is behind the frontage road (along the airport security fence right-of-way) from the airport weather station to the second manhole upstream from the Tafuna WWTP (Dworsky, 2003).

2.2.3 Treatment 2.2.3.1 Location Untreated wastewater that is collected from the Tafuna collection system is ultimately treated at the Tafuna Wastewater Treatment Plant (Tafuna WWTP). The existing plant, constructed in 1971, is located in Fogagogo near the western end of the main runway at Pago Pago International Airport (Figure IV-2-3).

Tafuna Wastewater Treatment Plant in Fogagogo

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-9 2.2.3.2 Capacity The Tafuna WWTP was originally designed to treat an average daily flow of 1.21 mgd. Tafuna WWTP was expanded and upgraded in 1978 and 1994. These expansions increased the average capacity to 3.3 mgd and peak capacity to 9.0 mgd. Average daily wastewater flows into the plant were approximately 1.0 million gallons per day (mgd) in 1999. The volume of average daily flow into the Tafuna WWTP is, in part, influenced by inflow and infiltration (I/I) flows. In 1992, for example, annual rainfall in Tafuna was almost 137 inches and average daily flows into the treatment plant were approximately 1.3 mgd. In contrast, the average rainfall in 1999 was about 127 inches in 1999 and average daily flows (1.0 mgd) were 30 percent less.

Available treatment plant records for 1999 suggest that existing flows use only 30 percent of existing capacity. By the year 2020, PPC anticipates that the Tafuna WWTP will treat average daily flows of roughly 2.9 mgd (Table IV-2- 2). This forecast assumes, in part, that the existing Tafuna collection system will be further expanded and connected to all residential, commercial, and community facilities in Futiga, Iliili, Malaeimi, Mesepa, and Pavaiai. Consequently, the Tafuna WWTP is capable of treating a significant increase in average daily flow through, at least, the next 20 years.

TABLE IV-2-2 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAILY FLOW TAFUNA SEWER SYSTEM 2000-2020 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 Tafuna System Nuuuli 490,081 557,121 572,360 579,815 588,309 Mesepa 53,851 58,459 66,722 69,642 67,549 Tafuna 784,374 904,722 993,411 995,736 1,013,911 Malaeimi 76,536 81,611 80,540 83,617 81,261 Iliilii 203,829 290,599 331,445 394,364 432,079 Faleniu 146,563 199,279 201,021 194,973 193,300 Mapusaga 95,407 120,758 149,579 164,463 166,358 Pavaiai 191,309 229,821 226,496 241,497 242,739 Futiga 50,267 55,628 54,779 60,811 61,167 Total 2,092,217 2,497,998 2,676,353 2,784,918 2,846,673

Notes: 1) Only Nuuuli and portions of Tafuna, Faleniu, and Mesepa are sewered in 2002. ASPA plans to eventually incorporate Iliili, Malaeimi, Mapusaga, and Pavaiai into the Tafuna Sewer System. 2) Forecasts assume the connection of all land uses in each village to the Pago Pago Harbor Sewer System. Source: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002

2.2.3.3 Plant Operation The plant provides primary wastewater treatment only. It is operated as a primary treatment plant under a variance granted by the USEPA. The variance is effective through the year 2008. The plant processes wastewater by directing incoming flow to the headworks that includes two grit channels, a bar rack, comminutor, and pump station. A splitter weir is used to channel flow to one of the three 45-foot diameter clarigesters. The clarigesters separate settleable solids and floating debris from the influent wastewater. Settleable solids sink to the digester compartment where they undergo Tafuna WWTP headworks digestion and eventual removal as sludge.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-10 Sludge, which is removed from the clarigester, is dewatered by means of a 95 by 40-foot covered drying bed that is located adjacent to the clarigesters. The drying bed is divided into 4 bays for operational flexibility. Plant drainage flows from the clarigesters and drying beds to the plant pump station which pumps it back to the headworks. Clarigester effluent flows to the outlet structure that contains a flow measurement weir and flowmeter.

Tafuna WWTP clarigester Tafuna WWTP sludge drying beds

2.2.3.4 Treatment Facility Needs

R&W Engineering made an inspection of the electrical controls and electrical system supporting the Tafuna Wastewater Treatment Plant in September 2001. During this inspection, the need for some repairs was identified. replace fan motor covers for the channel monster. replace intrinsically safe relay at the influent pump station.

The ongoing Tualauta Sewer Project continues to generate additional flows to the Tafuna Sewer System. Forecasts of future wastewater generation, presented in Table IV-2-2, suggest that the existing treatment plant capacity is adequate to support anticipated average day flows. However, the Wastewater Division continues to monitor flows to assess the potential need for additional clarigester units or other improvements that may be needed to accommodate future wastewater flows.

2.2.4 Effluent Disposal

2.2.4.1 Tafuna Outfall The disposal of treated effluent from the Tafuna WWTP is made through the use of an ocean outfall. The Tafuna outfall is a 24-inch polyethylene (PE) discharge line that extends from the outlet structure to the diffuser. The new line extends over 1,500 feet from shore and discharges plant effluent through a linear diffuser assembly at a depth of 95 feet. The maximum capacity of the outfall is approximately 15 mgd.

2.2.4.2 Outfall Needs The ASPA Wastewater Division is not aware of any significant system deficiencies associated with the Tafuna Outfall.

2.3 PAGO PAGO HARBOR SEWER SYSTEM

2.3.1 Service Area The Pago Pago Harbor sewer system serves all villages in the vicinity of Pago Pago Harbor from Fagaalu to Atuu. The villages in this service area include Utulei, Fagatogo, Pago Pago, Anua, and Atuu (Figure IV-2-6 and Figure IV- 2-7).

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-11 Figure IV-2-6 The villages in this service area include Utulei, Fagatogo, Pago Pago, Anua, and Atuu The Harbor sewer collection system extends approximately 50,000 feet (Figure IV-2-6 and Figure IV-2-7). . The location of these force mains is depicted in Figure IV-2-6 and Figure IV-2-7.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-12 Figure IV-2-7 The villages in this service area include Utulei, Fagatogo, Pago Pago, Anua, and Atuu The Harbor sewer collection system extends approximately 50,000 feet (Figure IV-2-6 and Figure IV-2-7). . The location of these force mains is depicted in Figure IV-2-6 and Figure IV-2-7.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-13 The system currently serves approximately 1,059 businesses and households. Approximately 86 percent of these connections (915) provide service to residential facilities. Nine percent or 98 of the service connections are connected to commercial facilities. The remaining five percent (46 connections) serve facilities of the American Samoa Government (Tiumalu, 2002). The ASPA Wastewater Division has installed over 400 new sewer connections since 1994. These installations were made possible through grants from the U.S. Department of Interior. The ASPA Wastewater Division has also made other residential sewer connections in response to requests from some local landowners. 2.3.2 Collection System 2.3.2.1 Existing Facilities The Harbor sewer collection system extends approximately 50,000 feet (Figure IV-2-6 and Figure IV-2-7). The Harbor Sewer Lateral Connection Project has added over 10,000 feet of new 6 and 8 inch diameter gravity sewer mains since 1992. The diameter of the sewer mains varies from six to 24 inches. Pipe materials in use include asbestos-concrete (AC) pipe, fiberglass and polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) pipe. More recent construction of sewer mains have been made using PVC pipe. Force mains vary from 3 to 14 inches in diameter. The location of these force mains is depicted in Figure IV-2-6 and Figure IV-2-7. Service lines are generally four inches in diameter. Manholes are constructed of pre-cast concrete and fiberglass. Similar to the Tafuna system, low-lying manholes have been fitted with removable inserts to reduce inflow when water pools over the lid. The existing system also includes seven wet well pump stations (Table IV-2-3). All of the pump stations are supported with submersible grinder or non-clog type pumps. Influent strainer baskets are used at the pump stations at Malaloa, the Utulei Wastewater Treatment Plant (Utulei WWTP), as well as upstream of the Fagaalu pump station.

TABLE IV-2-3 PUMP STATIONS SUPPORTING THE PAGO PAGO HARBOR SEWER SYSTEM

Station Name Location Configuration Total Pump Type and Capacity Dynamic Head (gpm) (feet) Atuu Atuu Duplex, 150 each 21 Non-clog Satala Satala Duplex, 285 each 17 Non-clog Korea House Siufaga Duplex, 380 each 18 Non-clog Malaloa Malaloa Triplex, 1420 each 29 Non-clog Matafao School Fagaalu Simplex, 75 31 Non-clog Matafao Special Ed Fagaalu Simplex, 75 31 Non-clog Fagaalu Fagaalu Duplex, 310 each 48 Non-clog

Source: ASPA Wastewater Division, 1995

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-14 2.3.2.2 Collection System Needs

Monitor Inflow and Infiltration Flows and Repair System Leaks

Leaks have been prevalent in the Pago Pago Harbor collection system for many years. In 1984, Camp Dresser and McKee, Inc., conducted a sewer system evaluation survey of the collection system at the request of the ASG Department of Public Works and American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency. A large number of system defects were identified by the survey. Tidal and groundwater leaks were discovered in sewer mains and manholes.

The ASPA Wastewater Division took the following actions in response to survey results and consultant recommendations:

Initiated a Harbor sewer rehabilitation project in October 1989. Gravity mains were viewed through use of a television camera and defects and leaks were repaired; Expanded the capacity of the Utulei WWTP to 2.2 mgd in 1994; Continued sewer rehabilitation efforts in February 1994 with the commencement of an in-house smoke testing and leak repair project of service laterals; Performed a basic rehabilitation of the sewer system by 1996. Rehabilitation efforts included a detailed inspection of all mains, as well as the repair of leaks and other structural deficiencies. Carried out smoke testing in the Pago basin in 2000 to identify where leaks were located and determine who was connected to the collection system.

Future extensions of the existing collection system and the installation of new service connections is likely to increase future I/I flows. To minimize future I/I flows, the ASPA Wastewater Division will periodically need to make comparisons between wet and dry day flows so that increases in I/I flows can be determined. If and when I/I flows are suspected, investigations into the source of the flows should be undertaken.

The ASPA Wastewater Division owns a TV camera, smoke testing equipment, as well as a portable high-velocity cleaner that can be used to detect leaks in the collection system. With the availability of this equipment, the ASPA Wastewater Division needs to continue efforts to inspect and test all collection lines in the Pago Pago Harbor system to locate leaks. Subsequently, system repairs should be made to eliminate the source of these flows.

Gradually Replace Pump Stations With the exception of a relatively new pump station at Matafao Elementary School, most all of the pump stations in the Pago Pago Harbor System are nearing 20 years of age. The age of these pump stations and the condition of electrical systems associated at each pump station suggest the need for a detailed mechanical evaluation of all pump stations. Such an evaluation would, at least, identify needed repairs, assess the adequacy of pump sizes, and prepare a preliminary cost estimate for the design and construction of pump station improvements or replacement. In the interim, there are a number of repairs that have been identified by R&W Engineering through its periodic inspection of the electrical controls at each pump stations associated with the Pago Pago Harbor collection system. These repairs are being scheduled by the ASPA Wastewater Division through the use of its ongoing work order system.

Expand the Collection System Within the Existing Service Area and Install More Service Connections A correlation of the existing number of residential sewer connections (915 homes) with Census 2000 data suggests that roughly 618 homes in the Pago Pago Harbor system service area remain unconnected (Table IV-2-4). Considerable improvements in the water quality of Pago Pago Harbor have occurred during the past decade. Sustaining future water quality in Pago Pago Harbor is, in part, dependent upon reducing the amount of septic tanks and cesspool discharges that, in some cases, are inadequately treated by soil-based treatment.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-15 TABLE IV-2-4 HOUSING UNITS CONNECTED TO PAGO PAGO HARBOR SYSTEM REPORTED BY CENSUS 2000 Villages Homes Septic Tank Other Types of Total Connected to Sewage Housing Harbor System Disposal Units Anua 8 3 0 11 Atuu 47 4 8 59 Fagaalu 115 45 44 204 Fagatogo 290 27 42 359 Pago Pago 487 99 156 742 Utulei 134 6 18 158 TOTAL 1,081 184 268 1,533

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002; Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002. The expansion of the collection will require the construction of additional sewer mains in selected areas of the Pago Pago Harbor area. Within the Korea Basin, the upper one third of this service area cannot be served due to the lack of sewer mains. In the Fagaalu Basin, a lift station is needed to extend service to residences located along the west side of Fagaalu Stream (Mareko, 2001). The installation of new service connections should be associated with the construction of any new sewer mains in the Pago Pago Harbor service area. Local residents in the Pago Pago Harbor area should also be encouraged to connect to the Pago Pago Harbor system through ASPA's use of local newspaper and radio advertisements. 2.3.3 Treatment 2.3.3.1 Location

Sewer flows collected from the Pago Pago Harbor collection system are treated at the Utulei Wastewater Treatment Plant (Utulei WWTP). The Utulei WWTP, which was originally constructed in 1963, is generally located near the south end of Pago Pago Harbor. More specifically, the plant is situated in the village of Utulei, east of the BHP fuel tank farm.

2.3.3.2 Capacity

The original plant was designed to treat an average wastewater flow of 0.63 mgd. Expansions and upgrades to the plant were made in 1978 and 1994. Given the inoperable condition of Clarigester 1, the existing treatment capacity of Utulei WWTP is Utulei Wastewater Treatment Plant roughly 1.7 mgd (Yarnall, 2002). Average daily wastewater flows into the plant were almost 1.26 million gallons per day (mgd) in 1999. The volume of average daily flow into the Tafuna WWTP is, in part, influenced by inflow and infiltration (I/I) flows. In 1999, the annual rainfall in the Utulei area was approximately 155 inches.

Available treatment plant records for 1999 suggest that existing flows use approximately 74 percent of existing capacity. ASPA retained Westeck Engineering in August 2002 to prepare design plans for the renovation of

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-16 Clarigester 1. Upon re-activation of Clarigester 1, the average capacity of the plant is expected to be approximately 2.2 mgd. It is anticipated that the peak capacity will be about 6.13 mgd (Yarnall, 2002).

TABLE IV-2-5 ANTICIPATED AVERAGE DAILY FLOW By the year 2020, PPC anticipates that PAGO PAGO HARBOR SEWER SYSTEM the Utulei WWTP will treat average 2000-2020 daily flows of roughly 1.7 mgd (Table 2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 IV-2-5). Consequently, the Utulei Fagaalu 105,008 121,655 139,510 149,031 145,777 WWTP is capable of treating Utulei 147,945 164,844 174,353 193,973 201,136 anticipated average daily flows Fagatogo 237,907 240,054 240,815 240,449 237,108 through, at least, the next 20 years. Pago Pago 409,440 415,361 413,911 404,424 400,122 Anua 419,197 422,451 422,334 428,443 427,975 Atuu 34,224 41,955 41,539 48,293 51,944 Leloaloa 46,761 47,944 56,320 56,072 55,773 Aua 136,774 147,938 149,288 147,776 149,028 Total 1,537,256 1,602,202 1,638,070 1,668,461 1,668,863 Source: Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2002 Notes: Forecasts assume the connection of all land uses in each village to the Pago Pago Harbor Sewer System. 2.3.3.3 Plant Operation Utulei WWTP provides primary wastewater treatment and operates under a variance that is granted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The variance is effective through 2008. The plant processes wastewater by directing incoming flow to the influent pump station, which utilizes 4 constant speed submersible pumps (two 20 hp, 900 gpm pumps and two 35 hp, 1600 gpm pumps). From the influent pump station, wastewater is piped to the headworks which includes an influent screen, grinder and a bar screen. A splitter weir is used to channel flow to three of the four clarigesters that are presently used for primary sludge sedimentation and stabilization. Clarigester 1 and 2 are 35 feet in diameter; clarigesters 3 and 4 are 40 feet in Clarigester 1 at Utulei WWTP diameter. Clarigester 1 is presently inoperable. Sludge is transported by truck to covered drying beds that are located at the Tafuna WWTP. Plant drainage flows from the clarigesters to the influent pump station where it is pumped back to the headworks. Clarigester effluent flows to the outlet structure that contains a flow measurement weir and flowmeter. Effluent is discharged into the 24-inch diameter ocean outfall line that is located adjacent to the plant.

“Honey Wagon” unloading 2.3.3.4 Treatment Facility Needs sewage at Tafuna WWTP.

As stated earlier, the re-design of Clarigester 1 by Westech Engineering is in progress at the time of this report. Concurrent with these re-construction efforts, the Wastewater Division intends to make some improvements to the pump repair building. These improvements will enable test pumping to be performed prior to the installation of pumps, as well as the storage and maintenance of an adequate pump parts inventory.

Other than the re-activation of Clarigester 1 and planned improvements to the pump repair building, ASPA Wastewater Division representatives are not aware of any significant facility deficiencies at the Tafuna WWTP.

2.3.4 Effluent Disposal ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-17 2.3.4.1 Utulei Outfall

The disposal of treated effluent from the Utulei WWTP is made through the use of an ocean outfall. The original outfall at Utulei was constructed in the 1960's when the Utulei WWTP was built. The outfall was 12 inches in diameter and designed for a maximum flow of 2.35 mgd. A new 24-inch outfall was installed in two phases. The reef top portion of this outfall line was replaced with 24-inch polyethylene (PE) pipe in 1993. This new segment extends approximately 600 feet from the plant outlet structure to the edge of the reef. At this point, the original 12-inch cast iron pipe extended down the reef face and along the bottom for approximately 200 feet. However, a new 24-inch outfall was installed in January 1996 to replace the 12- inch cast iron line. The new outfall extends 270 feet out beyond the reef edge and discharges plant effluent through a linear diffuser assembly at a depth of 150 feet. The maximum capacity of the outfall is approximately 15 mgd. 2.3.4.2 Outfall Needs The ASPA Wastewater Division uses a certified diver, on a contract basis, to inspect the outfall. Based upon an inspection of the outfall in 2002, the cathodic protection (anodes) was replaced where needed. Chains and anchors securing the weights were also tightened.

Otherwise, ASPA Wastewater Division is not aware of any significant facility deficiencies associated with the Utulei outfall. However, continued inspection and related maintenance of the outfall should be made on an annual basis.

2.4 AUNUU ISLAND SEWER SYSTEM 2.4.1 Service Area All of Aunuu Village is served by the Aunuu Island sewer system (Figure IV-2-8). One exception is Aunuu Elementary School, which is situated southwest of Aunuu Village. Eighty-four facilities are connected to the Aunuu Island system. These connections include 82 residences and two churches (Tiumalu, 2002). The Aunuu Island system was originally constructed in the 1960's. This system was developed to prevent potential contamination of shallow dug wells in the village that continue to be used by some residents for a potable water supply. The shallow groundwater aquifer was previously contaminated by effluent from septic tanks and cesspools. In 1992, the Aunuu Island system was heavily damaged during Hurricane Val. The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provided funds to repair and upgrade the system. These improvements were completed in January 1994.

2.4.2 Collection System

2.4.2.1 Existing Facilities The system comprises approximately 5,500 feet of 8-inch diameter sewer (Figure IV-2-8). Service lines that transport sewage into the sewer mains are 4 inches in diameter. Manholes are made from high-density polyethylene. Figure IV-2-8 Aunuu Island sewer system

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-18 System improvements completed in January 1994 included the construction of a new pump station that was constructed to facilitate the discharge of wastewater through the outfall and prevent surcharging of the system at high tide. Two 160 gallon per minute (gpm) submersible, non-clog pumps inside the wet well pump station are used to pump wastewater to the Aunuu outfall.

2.4.2.2 Collection System Needs

R&W Engineering made an inspection of the electrical controls and electrical system supporting the Aunuu Island system in September 2001. During this inspection, it was determined that a new pump control panel was needed for the existing pump station.

A new pump station and force main is needed in the vicinity of Aunuu Elementary School to convey wastewater flow from the school to the existing gravity collection system. Once a new pump station is constructed and connected to the existing collection system, the school should be connected to the collection system.

Greater maintenance of the collection system is also needed. The cleaning of wastewater collection lines and maintenance of the existing pump station needs to be scheduled and performed, at least, one time per year. Scheduled maintenance work on the collection system is presently constrained by the shared use of the wastewater system operator with other ASPA divisions.

2.4.3 Effluent Disposal

2.4.3.1 Aunuu Outfall The Aunuu outfall is a six-inch polyethylene (PE) line that extends roughly 280 feet from the shoreline. The outfall is buried in the reef except for the last 50 feet, which is exposed in the nearshore waters. Since its construction in 1994, former surcharging characteristics have been eliminated.

2.4.3.2 Outfall Needs ASPA Wastewater Division representatives indicate that the Aunuu outfall requires no facility improvements.

2.5 SCHOOL SYSTEMS

2.5.1 General The American Samoa Government (ASG) Department of Education (DOE) maintains approximately 29 elementary and secondary schools throughout American Samoa. Each of these schools contains a cafeteria and restroom facilities for school staff and students. Some schools also have science laboratory facilities. Wastewater from all but three of the DOE schools is treated by onsite soil based disposal systems, i.e. septic tank and drainfield systems, or is discharged into the Tafuna or Pago Pago Harbor sewer systems. Manulele Elementary, Tafuna Elementary , Tafuna High school, and Nuuuli Technical School are connected to the Tafuna sewer system. Matafao Elementary, Pago Pago Elementary, and Samoana High School use the Pago Pago Harbor sewer system. In 2002, the ASG Department of Education purchased a truck-mounted pumper unit, which is primarily used to pump out school grease traps and septic tanks at ASG schools. In addition, there are two locally owned companies that also provide septic tank pumping services. Five of the DOE schools, Fagaitua High School, Leone High School, Midkiff Elementary School, Aua Elementary School and Alataua Elementary School, utilize ocean outfall systems for disposal of wastewater. These systems use pump stations, or gravity flow, to convey the wastewater from existing septic tanks to the outfalls. Upon request, the ASPA Wastewater Division provides occasional maintenance of the Aua Elementary School and Alataua Elementary School systems.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-19 2.5.2 Fagaitua High School 2.5.2.1 Existing System The Fagaitua High School wastewater system serves the school's cafeteria, bathrooms, science lab and one on- campus living quarters. The system consists of a 4-inch AC collection system, concrete combination septic tank and pump station wet well, a 4-inch AC buried force main, and a 6-inch PVC ocean outfall. A grease trap is used to remove oil and grease from the cafeteria wastes. The outfall discharges at the edge of the coral reef in Fagaitua Bay approximately 2,000 feet from the shoreline. A 2.3 hp Flyght submersible pump is installed in the wet well. The pumping rate of the pump is approximately 250 gpm. The system was originally designed for duplex pumping but only one pump is presently maintained. The pump control panel is housed in a small plywood structure that is situated immediately adjacent to the septic tank/wet well. The septic tank/wet well has 3 chambers; the final chamber serves as the wet well. No security fencing is installed around the wet well structure. Periodic maintenance of this system consists of septic tank cleaning and occasional pump repair. An 8-foot deep dry pit that is recessed into the third chamber of the septic tank provides access to the pump. Openings in the floor of the dry pit are used to pull the pump out for servicing. In 1989, a break in the outfall line was repaired by ASPA Wastewater Division maintenance crews. Some reported deficiencies in the outfall discharge line may require rehabilitation or replacement of the Fagaitua High School outfall. 2.5.2.2 System Needs Some reported deficiencies in the outfall discharge line may require rehabilitation or replacement of the Fagaitua High School outfall. An evaluation of options and costs is needed to rehabilitate or replace the existing outfall. This study should be supplemented by a feasibility evaluation of incorporating more homes, businesses, and community facilities in Fagaitua Village to the High School wastewater system. PPC expects that future wastewater flows in Fagaitua Village will be approximately 51,995 gallons per day during the 2016-2020 period.

2.5.3 Leone High School 2.5.3.1 Existing System The Leone High School wastewater system is connected to school restrooms, cafeteria, science lab. Four-inch AC pipes convey waste from the school cafeteria, bathroom, office and WVUV studio. Some school wastes pass through a concrete septic tank before entering the wet well. Cafeteria wastewater also passes though a grease trap. The radio station and science lab wastes pass directly into the wet well. A 6-inch PVC line connects the new bathroom facility and the science lab to the wet well. The wet well is approximately 16 feet long, 8 feet wide and 9 feet deep. It includes a baffle wall that divides the structure roughly in half. Solids settle out in the first chamber. One submersible pump is located in the second chamber. The pump control panel is housed in a plywood structure at the wet well site. The 3-inch GIP sewer force main extends west approximately 1,700 feet to the shore near Faleapoi Point north of the village of Vailoatai. The wastewater is discharged directly into the ocean from the rocky shore at this location. The force main pipe is supported on concrete piers. The effluent falls about 10 feet into the ocean. ASPA periodically maintains the septic tank, pumps and controls. The submersible non-clog pumps are fitted with quick-disconnects that enable the raising of the pumps to ground level (on guide rails) during servicing.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-20 2.5.3.2 System Needs

The ASPA Wastewater Division needs to investigate the feasibility and potential costs associated with three options for the improvement of the Leone High School system. These options include: Extending the present outfall at Leone High School; or, Combine the flows from Leone High School and Midkiff Elementary School and discharge the effluent from one outfall that serves both schools; or Combine the flows from Leone High School and Midkiff Elementary School and discharge flows from one outfall that serves both schools, as well as portions of the adjoining residential area. Construct collection lines that enable the connection of portions of the adjoining residential area between both schools.

2.5.4 Midkiff Elementary School 2.5.4.1 Existing System Midkiff Elementary School is located approximately 0.5 mile northwest of Leone High School. The Midkiff Elementary School system serves approximately 1,088 students (DOE, 1994). The system collects wastewater from the school restrooms and cafeteria. Four-inch PVC pipes convey waste to a concrete septic tank. The cafeteria wastewater passes through a grease trap that is located upstream of the septic tank. Septic tank effluent flows into a two-chamber wet well that is 12 feet long and 10 feet wide. It includes an interior wall that divides the structure roughly in half. The first chamber acts as a settling chamber. There are no pumps in the wet well. Effluent flows by gravity approximately 1,800 feet west through a 3-inch GIP pipe to the shore near Logologo Point that is south of Leone Village. The wastewater is discharged onto the rocky beach from a height of about 15 feet. Periodic maintenance of the system is performed by the ASPA Wastewater Division. Maintenance activities include the cleaning of the septic tank and wet well. 2.5.4.2 System Needs The ASPA Wastewater Division needs to investigate the feasibility and potential costs associated with three options for the improvement of the Midkiff Elementary School system. As stated earlier, these options include: Extending the present outfall serving Midkiff Elementary School; or, Combine the flows from Leone High School and Midkiff Elementary School and discharge the effluent from one outfall that serves both schools. Combine the flows from and Midkiff Elementary School and Leone High School, and discharge flows from one outfall that serves both schools, as well as portions of the adjoining residential area. Construct collection lines that enable the connection of portions of the adjoining residential area between both schools.

2.6 ONSITE WASTEWATER SYSTEMS 2.6.1 General The use of individual onsite systems continues in almost every village in American Samoa (Table IV-2-6). Available 2000 Census data suggests that about 69 percent of all housing units in American Samoa use individual onsite systems for wastewater treatment and/or disposal. Unfortunately, available data from Census 2000 under-estimates the extent of septic tank and cesspool use. Various villages such as Alega, Alao, and Leone do not contain any public sewer facilities.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-21 TABLE IV-2-6 USE OF INDIVIDUAL ONSITE WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IN AMERICAN SAMOA APRIL 2000 Village Homes Connected to Septic Tank Other Total Public Sewer or Cesspool Means Housing Units Tutuila Island Aasu 0 38 19 57 Afao 0 16 7 23 Afono 0 78 38 116 Agugulu 0 7 1 8 Alao 5 49 50 104 Alega 3 8 2 13 Alofau 1 62 23 86 Amaluia 0 28 13 41 Amanave 0 19 39 58 Amaua 5 14 4 23 Amouli 0 53 23 76 Anua 8 3 0 11 Aoa 3 42 51 96 Aoloau 1 105 56 162 Asili 0 23 13 36 Atu’u 47 4 8 59 Aua 18 262 106 386 Auasi 0 15 4 19 Aumi 1 32 4 37 Auto 3 32 10 45 Avaio 0 8 1 9 Faga’alu 115 45 22 182 Faga’itua 7 71 12 90 Faga’ ili 0 15 23 38 Fagamalo 0 5 9 14 Faganeanea 3 24 4 31 Fagasa 26 73 38 137 Fagatogo 290 27 42 359 Failolo 0 21 8 29 Faleniu 51 131 133 315 Fatumafuti 6 8 5 19 Futiga 3 80 22 105 Ili’ili 79 296 95 470 Lauli’i 2 126 27 155 Leloaloa 8 67 18 93 Leone 29 460 111 600 Malaeloa/Aitulagi 1 70 22 93 Malaeloa/Ituau 0 66 21 87 Maloata 0 5 0 5 Mapusagafou 14 159 112 285 Masausi 0 12 23 35 Masefau 1 43 29 73 Matu’u 6 63 2 71 Mesepa 56 9 15 80 Continues – next page

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-22 TABLE IV-2-6 (continued) USE OF INDIVIDUAL ONSITE WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IN AMERICAN SAMOA APRIL 2000 Village Homes Connected to Septic Tank or Other Means Total Housing Units Public Sewer Cesspool Tutuila Island (continued) Nua 0 18 10 28 Nu’uuli 584 84 237 905 Onenoa 0 18 11 29 Pagai 1 15 4 20 Pago Pago 487 99 156 742 Pava’ia’i 39 252 110 401 Poloa 0 16 21 37 Sa’ilele 0 9 9 18 Se’etaga 0 33 11 44 Tafuna 996 224 268 1488 Taputimu 8 63 29 100 Tula 3 46 32 81 Utulei 134 6 18 158 Utumea East 0 10 3 13 Utumea West 1 6 2 9 Vailoatai 3 109 47 159 Vaitogi 11 162 70 243 Vatia 0 89 32 121 Aunuu Island Annuu 31 17 40 88 Tau Island Faleasao 1 34 2 37 Leusoalii 0 31 3 34 Luma 2 51 5 58 Maia 1 25 4 30 Malaeimi 65 56 68 189 Siufaga 3 19 0 22 Olosega Island Olosega 0 22 40 62 Sili 0 4 1 5 Ofu Island Ofu 0 58 17 75 Swains Island Swains Village 0 1 7 8 TOTAL 3,162 4,351 2,522 10,035 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-23 Many parts of Tutuila, Aunuu, and Manua contain thin surface and subsoil layers, as well as rapid soil percolation rates. In these areas, soils are often inadequate to treat wastewater that has been disposed into septic tanks that are connected to adjoining leach fields. More significantly, wastewater discharged into cesspools is afforded virtually no treatment. The cumulative impact of inadequate wastewater treatment in soils, which are inappropriate for soil-based disposal systems, poses a significant long-term impact upon groundwater quality. Results from the 2000 Census for American Samoa suggest that, at least, 26 percent of the homes in the Territory may be using methods of wastewater disposal that may provide little or no wastewater treatment. An undetermined volume of poorly treated or untreated wastewater effluent recharges into the basal lens of all inhabited islands of the Territory. 2.6.2 Septic Tanks The construction of septic tank and onsite soil absorption systems in American Samoa is regulated by the U.S. Public Health Service Regulations (USPHS Regulations), which have been adopted by the American Samoa Environmental Quality Commission. The USPHS Regulations stipulate requirements for septic tank/drainfield systems. Cesspool construction is not allowed by these regulations. Local enforcement of the USPHS Regulations is the responsibility of the American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA). However, ASPA has cooperatively undertaken the actual inspection of all new facilities. ASPA began inspections of new onsite systems in 1991. At that time, ASPA adopted the policy that required all new applicants for water or power service, who resided outside the ASPA sewer service area, to have an approved onsite wastewater disposal system. Water or power service was denied until this condition was met. 2.6.3 Cesspools Many households in American Samoa continue to use leaching type cesspools that were built prior to 1991 (Table IV-2-6). Cesspools in American Samoa are typically closed pits where untreated wastewater essentially leaches into the surrounding soil and rock material. These devices provide little opportunity for adequate treatment of the wastewater. Cesspool discharges in thin soils and underlying fractured rock are common to American Samoa. Consequently, the cesspool frequently provides a direct conduit for the transmission of contaminated wastewater into the water table. In order to encourage public compliance, ASPA prepared a septic system "Reference Guide" that details construction requirements for sewer pipes, septic tanks, and effluent drain field systems. ASPA continues to make this guide available to the general public. Because of ASPA's enforcement of the USPHS Regulations, the number of properly designed septic tank/drainfield systems has gradually increased. ASPA has also retained sanitary engineering consultant, Dick Otis, to review ASPA's design and construction criteria for septic tanks and drainfields. ASPA's intent is to move toward the development of a new septic tank manual. The same consultant will also explore other feasible options for onsite treatment and disposal. The information derived from this study will provide a valuable public service that could play an important role in helping to conserve the basal aquifers of Tutuila, Aunuu, Ofu, Olosega, and Tau. Available soils information, published in 1984 by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (now called the Natural Resources Conservation Service), provides some useful indications of where soils are generally not suitable for septic tank applications. For example, 17 soil classifications were identified by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service for the lands comprising Tualauta County (Figure IV-2-9). The Tafuna-Leone Plain, which comprises much of Tualauta County, is the primary groundwater recharge area on the Island of Tutuila. Sixteen of the 17 soil classifications in Tualauta County identified and examined by the Soil Conservation Service were considered unsuitable for soil-based wastewater treatment (Table IV-2-7).

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-24

TABLE IV-2-7 SELECTED SOIL CHARACTERISTICS TUALAUTA COUNTY

SCS Name Typical Flood Runoff Erosion Soil Depth To: Land Use Suitability Soil Slope High Bed Soil Based Subsistence Unit (percent Water Rock WW Treatment Ag. ) (feet) (Inches) Potential 1 Aua very stony silty 15-30 None Med Med >6 <60 Severe Slope Moderate clay loam 2 Aua very stony silty 30-60 None Rapid Severe >6 >60 Severe Slope Poor clay loam 3 Fagasa-Ofu silty 30-60 None Med to Med to >6 20-40 Severe Slope Depth Moderate clays Rapid Severe 4 Fagasa family-Lithic 70-130 None Very Very >6 20-40 Severe Slope Depth Limited Hapludolls-Rock Rapid Severe outcrop assoc. 5 Iliili extremely stony 3-15 None Slow Slight >6 8-20 Severe Depth in Poor mucky clay loam rock, Large stones 8 Leafu silty clay 0-3 Occ Slow Slight 3-5 >60 Severe Flood Moderate Wet 9 Leafu Stony Silty 0-3 Occ. Slow Slight 3-5 >60 Severe Flood Moderate Clay Wet 20 Oloava silty clay 12-25 None Slow to Slight to >6 >60 Severe Good loam Med Moderate Poor Filter Slope 21 Oloava silty clay 40-100 None Rapid Severe >6 >60 Severe Poor loam Poor Filter Slope 23 Pavaiai stony clay 6-12 None Slow to Slight to >6 38 Severe Moderate loam Med Moderate Depth to Rock 24 Pavaiai stony clay 12-25 None Med Moderate >6 38 Severe Moderate loam Depth to Rock Slope 26 Puapua-rock outcrop 40-100 None Rapid Severe >6 10-20 Poor Depth to Rock Poor complex 28 Sogi-puapua clay 0-6 None Slow Slight >6 10-40 Poor Depth to Rock Moderate loams 29 Sogi-puapua clay 6-20 None Slow to Slight to >6 10-40 Poor Filter Moderate loams Med Mod Depth to Rock 32 Tafuna extremely 0-6 None Very Slight >6 40-0 Severe Poor Filter Poor stony muck Slow Large Stones 33 Trophortents 0-6 N/A Slow to Slight N/A N/A N/A N/A Med 35 Urban land- 0-5 Occ. Slow Slight .3.5 >60 Severe Flood Poor Ngedebus complex Brief Wet Poor Filter

Source: U. S. Soil Conservation Service, 1984

2.6.4 Onsite Wastewater System Needs 2.6.4.1 Continued Community Education ASPA needs to continually make efforts to encourage local residents to replace cesspools with: connections to existing community wastewater systems; or, the installation of septic tanks and drainfields, or other effluent dispersal options, where potential opportunities for soil-based treatment appear to be effective. ASPA needs to assign one person in its Customer Service Division or Wastewater Division to prepare a series of short articles and public service announcements for the Samoa News, as well as local radio and TV stations. The information should discuss cesspools and their impact upon groundwater and surface water supplies, as well as the nearshore waters, of American Samoa. Potential opportunities for the installation of septic tanks or connections to existing community wastewater systems should also be identified.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-26 2.6.4.2 Installation and Construction of Future Onsite Wastewater Systems by ASPA Since its inception, the American Samoa Power Authority has been aware of the potential impact of onsite wastewater systems upon the water quality of local streams and groundwater resources. Because of its involvement in the review and approval of onsite wastewater disposal systems, the Wastewater Division is very familiar with the type of septic systems that have been installed in the Territory for several years. One of the primary challenges to septic tank installations in the Territory is the variability in local soil conditions. This variability hampers the application of septic tank standards, particularly for effluent drainfields. At the same time, there are a wide variety of Discharged sewage along Papa Stream effluent dispersal methods that can operate effectively under various June 2000 site constraints (Table IV-2-8).

TABLE IV-2-8 EFFLUENT DISPERSAL OPTIONS

Soil Permeability Depth to Bedrock Depth to Water Slope Small Lot Table Size Very Rapid to Slow to Shallow Shallow and Deep Shallow Deep 0-5% 5-15% 15%+ Rapid Moderate Very and Non-Porous Slow Porous Trenches X X X X X X X X Beds X X X X Pressure/Low- X X X X X X X X X Pressure Pipe System Contour Trench X X X X X X X X X X Drip Irrigation X X X X X X X X X X X Spray Irrigation X X X X X X X X Gravelless/ X X X X X X X Chamber System Mound System X X X X X X X X X X At-Grade System X X X X X X X X X X X Evapotranspiration X X X X X X X X X X X Trench Evapotranspiration- X X X X X X X X Absorption Trench Source: West Virginia University, National Small Flows Clearinghouse, 2001

One approach to enhancing the quality of future septic tank installations is to provide greater scrutiny of proposed system designs and installations. However, this approach would likely generate more community frustration with greater government interference in residential and commercial construction projects. A more pro-active approach is for the ASPA Wastewater Division to install and construct all onsite wastewater systems in the Territory. To accomplish this objective, the Wastewater Division needs to initially evaluate what type of septic tank could most effectively be constructed in American Samoa. Upon completion of this evaluation, ASPA would design the selected septic tank and organize labor and materials for one of two options: construct the septic tank onsite, or, manufacture septic tanks on-island and install them at desired locations. Onsite construction of the septic tanks could be accomplished through the use of lightweight frames that would be erected on-site. Subsequently, a ready-mix concrete batch truck would come to the site and pour concrete into the frames. The forms would be disassembled by ASPA personnel and moved to the next septic tank installation site (Dworsky, 2003).

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-27 The local manufacture of septic tanks could be made through the application of fiberglass or concrete molds. A concrete or fiberglass mold would be developed for the selected septic tank design. ASPA already has the capability to develop a septic tank mold. ASPA currently makes all of its own concrete manholes using molds (Dworsky, 2003). Subsequently, the Wastewater Division would transport the manufactured septic tank to the project site for installation and connection to an appropriate effluent dispersal system.

The construction, manufacture and installation of future septic tanks should be regarded as a potential opportunity to enhance groundwater quality and a potential source of revenue. Under either option, ASPA customers would ultimately be invoiced for the cost of the septic tank, as well all labor and material expenses associated with delivery and installation. Delivery costs to the customer would vary; however, the cost of septic tank construction, manufacture and installation should represent a more consistent cost. As this program continues, construction, manufacturing and installation costs would be monitored and adjusted, as necessary, to sustain an effective and profitable service to its customers. 2.6.4.3 Continued Review, Inspection and Approval of Onsite Wastewater Systems The Wastewater Division will need to continue this review process until, at least, the feasibility of manufacturing and installing septic tanks and effluent dispersal systems can be evaluated in greater detail. From a legal perspective, it is also possible that the recommended installation of future septic tanks and related effluent dispersal systems by ASPA may need to be an option rather than a requirement imposed upon all future onsite wastewater systems. In this case, the review and approval process of onsite wastewater systems may need to continue indefinitely.

2.7 FUTURE COMMUNITY WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

One of the more promising methods of water resource conservation is the gradual development of smaller community wastewater systems in other villages that are a considerable distance from the Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna Sewer systems. Smaller community wastewater systems would ideally be located in villages where there is a somewhat larger resident population, some existing public facilities, and commercial business activity. Potential candidates include the Leone-Taputimu area in west Tutuila, Aua Village on the east side of Pago Pago Harbor, and Fagaitua Village in east Tutuila. Each of these village areas contain: somewhat larger resident populations that are expected to experience some growth during the next 20 years; public school facilities; community facilities; and, some commercial retail trade facilities.

2.7.1 Potential Expansion of Existing School Systems

Previous recommendations associated with school wastewater systems (see 2.5 School Systems) at Fagaitua High School, Leone High School, and Midkiff Elementary call for evaluations of:

consolidating future wastewater flows at Leone High School and Midkiff Elementary into one outfall, and incorporating additional flows from the adjoining residential area between both schools. combining Fagaitua High school flows with wastewater generated from adjacent residential and commercial facilities in Fagaitua Village.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-28 2.7.2 Potential Community Wastewater System in Aua

A recent resolution by the Fono requested ASPA to begin providing wastewater service to the villages of Aua and Leloaloa. The Wastewater Division has previously considered the potential consolidation of flows from Aua Village into the Pago Pago Harbor system. However, the hydraulic capacity of the existing Pago Pago Harbor collection system will be inadequate to accommodate these flows.

For this reason, the Wastewater Division has retained Hart Pacific Engineering to prepare a feasibility study that examines potential options for providing service to the village of Aua. It is likely that service to Aua and/or Lealoaloa will require the construction of a new secondary treatment plant, as well as a second outfall into Pago Pago Harbor.

PPC estimates that future average daily flows in Aua will generate roughly 149,028 gallons of wastewater per day during the 2016-2020 period.

2.7.3 Implementation

To pursue this development concept, ASPA should investigate potential funding from the Rural Utility Service and other sources to support the construction of a new sewer collection system, and the installation of sewer laterals to homes and businesses, the construction of a new wastewater treatment plant, and an ocean outfall. The development of improved outfall facilities will become more feasible if the ASG Department of Education would contribute to the cost of future outfall improvements in Leone, Fagaitua and Aua. In turn, ASPA could construct sewer collections lines and increase the number of connections that could be served by each outfall. This approach would help ASPA build a future customer base to support future operation and maintenance costs.

The Wastewater Division should also consider the potential cost of annual operation and maintenance of each community wastewater system. Even if external sources of funds are located for initial outfall improvements and the construction of collection systems, the ASPA Wastewater Division will also need to obtain reliable funds for the annual operation and maintenance of the community wastewater systems. Sewer fees will need to be adopted, and in place, to support these additional costs. Otherwise, the development of new community wastewater systems will only erode the overall financial viability of the Wastewater Division.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-2-29 SECTION IV CHAPTER THREE: WASTEWATER SYSTEM AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

3.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA) assumed responsibility for the operation and maintenance of American Samoa's wastewater system in October 1988. Former Governor A.P. Lutali authorized ASPA to manage, operate, and maintain the wastewater system that was previously managed by the American Samoa Government, Department of Public Works. Since the assumption of this responsibility, ASPA has demonstrated its capability to reliably collect, treat, and dispose wastewater generated by residents, businesses, and public agencies in American Samoa By the late 1980's, the American Samoa Government, Department of Public Works, had already expanded the Pago Pago Harbor Sewer system and the Tafuna Sewer system. The Pago Pago Harbor system extended from Atuu to Fagaalu. The Tafuna Sewer system served portions of the Mesepa-Mapusaga area, Nuuuli, the Tafuna Industrial Park, the ASG housing area on the west side of Pala Lagoon, and Tafuna International Airport. The number of connections to both systems was limited. The ASPA Wastewater Division initially followed a wastewater facilities plan that was originally prepared by CH2M Hill in 1976 and updated by the same firm in 1985. This plan recommended, in part, to: increase the number of service connections in the Nuuuli area. rehabilitate sewer mains in the Pago Pago Bay area. expand and renovate the Utulei WWTP and outfall. expand the Tafuna WWTP and collection system. expand the Pago Pago Harbor system to serve Aua, as well as greater portions of Utulei, Fagatogo, and Pago Pago.

Recognizing the need to conserve the groundwater supply in the basal aquifer underlying the Tafuna-Leone Plain, a high priority of the ASPA Wastewater Division has been given to the expansion of the Tafuna WWTP and collection system. These continuing efforts are essential to the conservation of Tutuila's groundwater sources, which continues to experience increased residential and commercial expansion. Extensive personnel training and orientation, system planning and organization, and the concerted dedication of ASPA management and employees led to the achievement of ASPA’s early mission statements. These efforts led to the establishment of a well-organized Wastewater Division that now uses sophisticated approaches to the management, operation and maintenance of several community wastewater systems in American Samoa.

3.2 SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

3.2.1 General Organization and Lines of Authority

Community wastewater systems in American Samoa are operated and maintained by the ASPA Wastewater Division. The Wastewater Division is managed through the coordination and interaction of the ASPA Board of Directors and several key ASPA personnel. Their roles and responsibilities generally include the following:

The ASPA Board of Directors provide overall direction and guidance to the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer; The Chief Executive Officer provides direction to all divisions of ASPA, as well as provides insights and vision to the Board of Directors; The Chief Operating Officer, who reports to the Chief Executive Officer, oversees the operations of the power, water, wastewater and solid waste divisions;

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-1 The Chief Financial Officer, who reports directly to the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer, provides information concerning the revenues and expenses generated by the Wastewater Division, and monitors the adequacy of existing revenues to support long-term operation and maintenance activities; The Wastewater Division Manager, who reports to the Chief Operating Officer, is responsible for the day-to- day management of the community wastewater systems and all other Wastewater Division activities; and, The U.S. EPA Construction Grant Coordinator oversees the construction of ongoing expansions of the Tafuna Sewer system, supervises the installation of new service connections, coordinates with federal agencies providing financial support for the project, and coordinates the progress of construction with the Wastewater Division Manager. The Coordinator also supervises personnel who review permit applications associated with septic tank installations.

The general organization and lines of authority associated with the management of the Wastewater Division reflect a traditional approach to utility management. One exception would be the U.S. EPA Construction Grant Coordinator who, more typically, would represent a director of engineering and construction.

3.2.2 Roles and Responsibilities Associated With Operation and Maintenance

3.2.2.1 Division Management

The Wastewater Division manager supervises approximately 29 personnel that operate and maintain pump stations, treatment plants and sewer outfalls, as well as repair leaks to sewer mains and service connections. The Wastewater Division manager holds weekly meetings with the operations and maintenance personnel to discuss operational and maintenance issues and priorities.

The Wastewater Division manager and selected staff prepare work orders two weeks in advance of scheduled work tasks; work orders are input into a Management Planning System (MPS) software program. Subsequently, work orders are provided to appropriate operation and maintenance crews. The Wastewater Division manager monitors the completion of each work order with appropriate information eventually input into the MPS program (Mareko, 2001). 3.2.2.2 Wastewater Operations and Maintenance One two-man crew maintains the pumps and collection system for the Pago Pago Harbor system. A similar two-man crew maintains the pumps and collection system associated with the Tafuna Sewer system.

Maintenance of the two collection systems generally includes the periodic flushing of collection mains. The interior of pump station wet wells are periodically cleaned. The mechanical parts, electrical system, and hydraulic characteristics at each pump station are also inspected. In Remote control system at Utulei WWTP addition, grassy areas surrounding the lift stations are regularly maintained.

ASPA employs a system of remote sensing to monitor fluid levels in selected pump station wet wells. The system consists of remote terminal units (RTU) with telephone modems at each equipped pump station. The RTU's relay information to the central control area located at the Utulei WWTP. An audio and visual alarm is activated on the central control board at the treatment plant when a high water condition is sensed at the pump station.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-2 Maintenance at the two primary treatment plants at Tafuna and Utulei are similar since both treatment plants contain the same type of mechanical treatment processes. Maintenance activities at these treatment plants include: maintenance of the building exterior; cleaning of the baffles and weirs of the clarigester; withdrawal of supernatant; and, hauling of sludge to sludge drying beds in Tafuna.

Three personnel work shifts operate the treatment plant at Utulei. The Tafuna Treatment Plant is manned only during daytime hours. Additional wastewater treatment operators may be added to the Division to provide 24-hour manned operation of the Tafuna Treatment Plant.

The control of inventory and parts and selected tools is performed by an inventory control manager at the Utulei Wastewater Treatment Plant. Trouble calls for the Wastewater Division are received by the on- duty operator who works at the Utulei Treatment Plant.

3.3 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

3.3.1 The Need for Greater Financial Stability

The ASPA Wastewater Division juggles several important utility functions: a significant expansion of the Tafuna Sewer collection system; the connection of more residential and commercial service connections in the Tafuna and Pago Pago Harbor systems; the identification and repair of system leaks; as well as, the continued operation and maintenance of sewer mains, pump stations, and treatment plants.

While the American Samoa Government has made significant efforts to plan and carry out various programs that support groundwater conservation, the operation and expansion of community wastewater systems by the American Samoa Power Authority continues to represent the most significant conservation effort. Unfortunately, this reality is not adequately understood by the community-at-large and the American Samoa Government. The lack of public understanding relates to the importance of ASPA's community wastewater systems to support future land uses and lifestyle, the conservation of groundwater resources, as well as the costs needed to expand collection systems and support long-term operation and maintenance.

The American Samoa Power Authority must continue to make serious efforts to educate and gain the political support of local residents and its elected leaders for future systems expansions, greater connections to the community wastewater systems, and their participation in bearing the costs associated with long-term wastewater operations and maintenance. In the absence of their understanding and support, all operating divisions of ASPA are jeopardized. At the present time, revenues for the Wastewater are gained through a distribution of Water Division revenues. ASPA customers are paying a combined water and wastewater bill and are unaware of the costs associated for either service.

Some serious consideration is being given to the establishment of sewer fees to local businesses. However, sewer fees should be imposed upon all customers. Otherwise, the general public will continue to view ASPA wastewater services as a community benefit gained from residency rather than a community asset that requires community financial support.

The lack of financial capital needed for system expansions and sewer connections has been met, in part, by grants from various public agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Interior. Any future expansions to community wastewater systems will realistically need to rely upon the support of these and other external sources of funding.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-3 Future operation and maintenance costs will only increase as the collection systems associated with the Tafuna Sewer and Pago Pago Harbor system become fully developed and more service connections are installed. Consequently, the ASPA Wastewater Division needs to increase its focus upon community education, make the case for a greater financial commitment, and present reasonable options to the general public that establish separate wastewater service rates for residential, commercial and industrial customers.

3.3.2 Profit and Loss

The general financial condition of any quasi-public utility ultimately reflects a relationship between revenues and expenses. When ASPA originally assumed responsibility for the Tafuna and Pago Pago Harbor wastewater systems in 1988, operating expenses were not offset by any revenues. ASG had made no attempt to gain legal authority to establish a rate structure and collect fees. Similarly, ASPA has also made no attempt to impose or collect separate wastewater fees. The Wastewater Division fears that such fees will hinder continuing efforts of ASPA to acquire easements that are required for the expansion of the Tafuna Sewer system (Dworsky, 2002). Revenues of the ASPA Wastewater Division are primarily derived from the transfer of some Water and Power Division revenues to ASPA, as well as grants from various U.S. Government agencies. Section 12.049 of ASPA's Public Sewer Regulations require, in part, the following: "Sewer service charges shall be taken from the water service charge by the Executive Director, and must generate sufficient revenues to offset the cost of all treatment works operation and maintenance expense". Available financial statements for FY 1997 through FY 2000 indicate that the ASPA Wastewater Division incurred between $2.6 million and $3.2 million in operating expenses (Table IV-3-1). Even with the transfer of a portion of revenues from other ASPA divisions, financial statements reported annual net losses for the Wastewater Division ranging between roughly $1.3 million and $2.0 million per year. In the absence of transferred revenues, annual Division losses would more accurately range between about $2.5 million and $3.1 million. 3.3.3 Cash Flow Available cash flow information for FY 1998 indicates that the Wastewater Division had a positive cash flow of $307,346. More recently, however, the Division had no available cash flow throughout FY 2000 to support operations in FY 2001 (Table IV-3-2). True cash flows for the Wastewater Division are difficult to assess since ASPA transfers revenues from the Water and Power Divisions to the Wastewater Division. The lack of revenues to meet operational expenses of the Wastewater Division clearly imposes a stress on the cash flow of the American Samoa Power Authority. The potential opportunity to establish user service rates is also hampered by section 12.049 of ASPA's Public Sewer Regulations that require the water rates to include wastewater services. Consequently, the option to establish separate wastewater service rates is excluded unless the Sewer Regulations are revised. The lack of adequate cash flow also poses a significant constraint to Wastewater Division operation and maintenance activities. It is a potential deterrent to the performance of a regular, preventative maintenance program that is needed for the Division to operate within a predictable and sustainable operating budget from year to year. Inadequate cash flow can delay needed system repairs and improvements, as well as the procurement of required materials, equipment, and tools. Consequently, the "life" of existing system assets are reduced through increased facility and equipment deterioration. The uncertainty in cash flow has forced ASPA to pursue more grants from the U.S. Government, and other sources of short-term revenue. Federal grants for capital improvements have clearly supported most of the capital improvements that have been required for expansion of the Tafuna and Pago Pago Sewer systems. Sometimes even federal grant receipts fail to meet the costs associated with new capital improvements. The cash flow statement for FY 2000 reveals that this situation occurred during FY 2000. In contrast, federal grant receipts exceeded capital improvement costs in FY 1999.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-4 TABLE IV-3-1 AMERICAN SAMOA POWER AUTHORITY WASTEWATER DIVISION PROFIT-LOSS STATEMENTS FY 1997 THROUGH FY 2000

1997 1998 1999 2000

OPERATING REVENUE: $ 3,341,430 $ 3,222,937 $3,209,106 $ 3,531,750

OPERATING EXPENSES: Operating and Maintenance 2,321,755 2,421,616 2,283,798 2,513,565 Depreciation 778,368 862,296 914,472 999,718 General, administrative, and other 556,413 600,055 585,592 772,995 Bad debt expense (recoveries) 40,949 (145,450) 33,479 56,615

Total operating expenses 3,697,485 3,738,517 3,817,341 4,342,893

Loss from operations (356,055) (515,580) (608,235) (811,143)

NONOPERATING REVENUE: Gain (loss) on sale of assets 5,300 (32,338) Federal operating grants 33,709 93,602 19,791 30,243 Investment income ______691 ______10,762

Total nonoperating revenue 39,009 61,955 19,791 41,005

NET LOSS: (317,046) (453,625) (588,444) (770,138)

DEPRECIATION ON ASSETS CONRIBUTED BY U. S. GOVERNMENT OR PURCHASED WITH FEDERAL CAPITAL GRANTS 683,516 722,017 851,113 858,288

RETAINED EARNINGS: Beginning of year 2,063,199 2,429,669 2,698,061 2,960,730

End of year $ 2,429,669 $ 2,698,061 $ 2,960,730 $ 3,048,880

______Source(s): Kenneth Kuhns & Co., 2001; Deloitte & Touche LLP, 2000.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-5 TABLE IV-3-2 AMERICAN SAMOA POWER AUTHORITY WASTEWATER DIVISION CASH FLOW STATEMENTS FY 1998 AND FY 2000 1998 2000 OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Income (loss) from operations $ (515,580) $ (811,143) Adjustments to reconcile income (loss) from operations to net cash provided (used) by operating activities: Depreciation 862,296 999,718 Bad debt expense (recoveries) (145,450) Cash provided (used) by changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable 168,022 (145,830) Other accounts receivable (8,535) 11.915 Interdivisional loans (472,329) 534,834 Due from ASG 60,521 (105,620) Due from semi-autonomous ASG agencies (10,449) Due from ASDRO (112,461) 157,071 Materials, supplies and fuel (82,855) 79,108 Prepaid expenses and other assets (155,068) (83,313) Unbilled revenue 10,768 (10,654) Accounts payable (5,306) 79,105 Accrued expenses (56,124) (33,785) Total adjustments 1,158,607 Net cash provided (used) by operating activities (452,101) 347,464 CAPITAL AND RELATED FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Additions to utility plant and construction work in progress (1,439,053) (1,670,818) Proceeds from disposal of fixed assets 2,030 -- Receipt of federal capital grants 1,976,215 1,305,189 Repayment of long-term debt -- Interest payments ______Net cash provided (used) by capital and related financing activities 539,192 (365,629) NONCAPITAL AND RELATED FINANCING ACTIVITIES Receipt of federal operating grants 93,603 30,243 Net cash provided (used) by noncapital and related financing activities 30,243 BALANCE, carried forward 180,694 12,078 BALANCE, brought forward 180,694 12,078 INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Investment or interest income 691 10,762 Purchase of or increase in investments ______22,840 Net cash provided by investing activities 691 (12,078) NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH 181,385 EQUIVALENTS CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS: Beginning of year -- End of year $ 181,385 -- --

______Source(s): Kenneth Kuhns & Co., 2001; Deloitte & Touche LLP, 2000.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-6 3.3.4 Need for General Financial Policies

The long-term viability of the ASPA Wastewater Division is presently dependent upon the ability of: Financial the ASPA Power and Water divisions to generate adequate revenues Policies that enable transfers of operating funds to the ASPA Wastewater $ Division; and, ASPA to secure potential grant funds from the U.S. Department of Interior and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for wastewater system expansion.

Once easements required for the Tafuna System expansion are acquired, ASPA must be prepared to establish a self-sustaining operation that is dependent upon revenues gained from residential, commercial and industrial customers. In the interim, general financial policies should be established by ASPA executive management to guide and monitor the management of the Wastewater Division, as well as the day-to-decisions of the Wastewater Division manager and the Customer Service manager. These financial policies differ from accounting and procurement procedures and required authorizations for Division expenditures. General financial policies should, in part, guide Wastewater Division management decisions concerning future operations and maintenance activities, as well as capital improvement projects. The development of general financial policies guiding the Wastewater Division should represent a long-term process. These policies should initially be developed by executive management and coordinated closely with the managers of the Wastewater Division and Customer Services Division. An internal review of the general financial policies should be made on an annual basis.

Once these policies are established, the Wastewater Division manager and Customer Service manager must be held accountable by the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer to ensure that financial policies are followed. Otherwise, the long-term financial viability of the Wastewater Division will never be achieved and the sustainability of the Wastewater Division operations will be in jeopardy.

It is recommended that the following general financial policies be initially considered by executive management for implementation: 1. Operating budgets for the Wastewater Division will not exceed anticipated operating revenue transfers that are anticipated by the Chief Financial Officer for each fiscal year. 2. Capital improvement projects will not be undertaken unless there is sufficient cash generated from operating revenue transfers or funds can be obtained from government grants or other sources.

3.4 WASTEWATER RATE STRUCTURE 3.4.1 Existing Rate Structure In 1982, the American Water Works Association adopted a policy concerning water utility financing and water rates. This policy stated, in part, that the general public is best served by self-sustained enterprises that are adequately financed with rates based on sound engineering and economic principles (American Water Works Association, 1983). While most utilities in the continental United States operate and serve a more diversified economy, this policy continues to be appropriate and relevant to the ASPA Water Division. ASPA Water Regulations, in essence, reflect the AWWA policy. The ASPA Water Regulations stipulate that commodity and monthly service fee revenues must be used for the: • operation and maintenance of the water system;

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-7 • operation and maintenance of the wastewater system; and, • capital expenditures to protect and manage the water resources of American Samoa.

One exception, however, is the incorporation of wastewater fees into the monthly water charges. This approach was originally taken by ASPA because of a serious community need to connect residents to a central sewer system and, thereby, avoid potential contamination to the nearshore waters and the groundwater aquifer of the Tafuna-Leone Plain. The Wastewater Division did not want to discourage village residents from connecting to the central sewer system.

ASPA consumers presently receive a monthly utility bill that is issued by the ASPA ASPA Customer Service Division. This bill is formatted to include separate charges for Monthly Utility Bill electric, water, sewer, and solid waste services. However, the water charges actually To: Mr. xxxxx xxxxxxxxxx represent a combined charge for water and sewer services. P. O. Box #### xxxxxxx, American Samoa 96799

Monthly bills for residential and commercial water service primarily reflect a Electricity $ xxxxxx commodity charge for water consumption. The monthly commodity charge is based Water xxxxxx Sewer xxxxxx upon individual metered consumption for each residential, commercial, and industrial Solid Waste xxxxxx customer. Total Charges: $ xxxxxx

3.4.2 Segregation of Wastewater Charges from Water Rates

Since formation of the ASPA Water Division in 1988, ASPA has not established separate rates for wastewater service. This option was, in part, considered in a Comprehensive Water and Wastewater Rate Study, which was prepared by Economic and Engineering Services, Inc. in December 1990. However, a proposed sewer rate was never adopted by ASPA executive management; one of ASPA's primary concerns was the potential discouragement of connection to the wastewater system.

At the time of this report, the Wastewater Division continues to seek and negotiate utility easements with local landowners and/or traditional chiefs for lands in selected areas of Tualauta County, Taputimu, Leone and other areas that eventually may be served by the Tafuna Sewer system or other community wastewater systems (Dworksy, 2001). The Wastewater Division is also continuing its connection of homes and commercial enterprises within areas already served by the Pago Pago and Tafuna wastewater systems. In this context, ASPAWastewater Division representatives fear that the imposition of separate wastewater rates will:

hamper negotiations for future utility easements across selected lands in Tualauta County and other future service areas; and, discourage future customer connections to the Pago Pago and Tafuna wastewater systems.

The primary purpose of the wastewater system is to conserve the groundwater quality of the basal lens beneath the Island of Tutuila. Until greater connections are made and the Tafuna system is expanded to serve most of Tualauta County, the imposition of separate wastewater rates may jeopardize the achievement of this water resource conservation objective. Consequently, there is ample justification for the continued use of a combined water/wastewater rate while expansion of the ASPA wastewater system continues.

The existing utility bill that is mailed to ASPA customers presents separate charges for water, wastewater, power, and solid waste. The combined bill and segregation of separate charges from each ASPA division enables customers to review and better understand utility charges, as well as ascertain changes in household activities that influence utility consumption. Greater clarity in customer charges will instill greater consumer confidence.

However, once planned expansions of the Tafuna wastewater system in Tualauta County are completed, ASPA should establish a separate user service rates for wastewater services. Flat rates can be easily calculated for residential and commercial facilities, industrial operations, as well as public and community facilities. Such rates would typically be expressed as basic user service charge for every 1,000 gallons of treated domestic wastewater (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992). When and if the treatment of industrial wastes is anticipated, the

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-8 wastewater rates could be expanded to include a separate industrial wastewater rate.

Once adopted by the ASPA Board of Directors, wastewater rates should be re-evaluated annually. This evaluation would reflect, at least, water consumption associated with wastewater, the cost of wastewater operations and maintenance, anticipated service revenues, and required capital improvements. The calculation of revised wastewater service rates would be made when existing rates are proven inadequate to support operations, maintenance and anticipated capital improvements. Any adjustments in wastewater service rates would be:

determined by the Wastewater Division; coordinated with the Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, and Chief Executive Officer; and, ultimately submitted to the ASPA Board of Directors for approval.

3.4.3 Cost Accounting System 3.4.3.1 Present Use ASPA uses an integrated computer software program called DAFFRON for cost accounting purposes. This program is generally used to identify cumulative operation and maintenance costs by accounting codes, and correlate actual costs with annual budget estimates. The software program stores accounting codes for labor, equipment and materials and other data input into Customer Service Orders.

3.4.3.2 Recommended Approach to Future Cost Accounting For accounting purposes, the most reasonable approach to utility-wide accounting can be derived from more detailed expenditure and budget information that is generated from a division-level, utility management system. Software associated with these type of systems, e.g., Management Planning System, typically include cost, asset, equipment, material codes that enable the monitoring of all costs associated with system operation, maintenance, system repairs and new construction. Summaries of selected information gained from expenditures for labor, equipment, tools, materials, and consumable supplies can be derived from summary tables generated within most work management software. Summarized information can then be shared with other ASPA Divisions, or input into another software program that summarizes expenditures for each division of ASPA. It is important that accounting codes used for general accounting of the American Samoa Power Authority are directly linked to a division-level information system that generates the most detailed data concerning Water Division expenditures.

3.5 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT In recent years, ASPA has established various information tools that enable ASPA to more effectively manage the operation and maintenance of its wastewater system. For example, the application of global positioning system technology and state of the art surveying techniques have significantly improved ASPA's ability to locate and map system improvements. SCADA technology has enabled the ASPA Wastewater Division to continually monitor the operation of the Fogagogo Treatment Plant and respond more effectively to treatment system failures. In the following paragraphs, various other opportunities for improving the effectiveness of Wastewater Division operations management are presented for consideration. Strategies are also recommended for the incorporation and application of these opportunities into future Wastewater Division planning, operations, and management.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-9 3.5.1 Geographical Information System (GIS)

ASPA’s development of relevant digital information during the past decade has established a new level of operational performance within the utility. The availability of this information has enhanced the quality of staff efforts associated with customer service orders, system repairs, operation and maintenance, engineering design and related field work, as well as the sharing of information with various ASG agencies.

In the 1990s, AutoCad software was used by ASPA to establish a new map grid and series of base maps for the most populated areas of the Island of Tutuila. However, the Islands of Aunuu, Ofu, Olosega, and Tau were not initially digitized.

Subsequently, ASPA digitized various types of spatial information for developed lands on the Island of Tutuila using AutoCad software. Digital overlays were developed and periodically revised by the ASPA Water Division to maintain an up-to-date location of all water sources, water transmission and distribution lines, water meters, water storage tanks, booster stations, and other system characteristics. Similarly, AutoCad was used by the ASPA Wastewater Division to maintain up-to-date digital overlays for sewer collection, pump station, and treatment facilities associated with both the Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna Sewer systems.

The ASPA Power Division also employed AutoCad to maintain its files of the ASPA Power System. However, the Power Division applied CableCad, a software extension of AutoCad, to develop and store attribute tables that are associated with various features in AutoCad.

In 2001, Pedersen Planning Consultants (PPC) developed a basic geographical information system (GIS) for the ASPA water and wastewater systems using ArcView 3.2 software. The ASPA GIS was established using available 1990 aerial topography, digital files created by the ASPA Water Division and Wastewater Division, as well as numerous other digital overlays that were developed by PPC in the mid to late 1990’s for the American Samoa GIS. The new GIS for ASPA represents only a starting point as various attribute tables within the GIS will need to be expanded and regularly updated to maintain relevant information concerning detailed system characteristics.

The new geographical information system for ASPA offers new opportunities to correlate available system characteristics in digital form with other spatial land use and resource information for the Territory. However, in light of rapid developments in GIS technology, ASPA can begin to look beyond the basic functions of geographical information systems for mapping, as well as the documentation and storage of system data. For example, smaller water utilities around the world are increasingly making new applications of GIS. One of the more practical applications of GIS for wastewater utilities is to integrate available digital information with compatible software programs to help perform hydraulic analyses of their collection and treatment systems.

In the short term, it is recommended that an experienced GIS technician from Pedersen Planning Consultants work with the ASPA GIS Manager and the Wastewater Division staff to clean up data inconsistencies associated with the water system, and expand available data into attribute tables associated with new ArcView 3.2 files. The completion of these tasks will enhance management of existing system characteristics and help prepare staff for the application of GIS to other planning and management functions.

Once the basic GIS contains an accurate data set and selected staff gain sufficient technical capability, the Wastewater Division can be trained to integrate the GIS with future hydraulic analyses. Subsequently, the Wastewater Division can also purchase ArcGIS software, which is the most recent software platform that has been developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), the manufacturer of ArcView GIS.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-10 3.5.2 Hydraulic Analysis and Sanitary Sewer Modeling The performance of a periodic analysis of sewer system hydraulics is needed to gain an up-to-date picture of gravity and pressure hydraulics and the adequacy of the collection system to support ever-changing rates of wastewater generation. The hydraulic capacity analyses can be applied to different economic and land use scenarios to evaluate how the collection system will react to anticipated average daily wastewater generation. Various sewer modeling software products are available. SewerCAD, which is developed and continually refined by Haestad Methods, is often applied to the evaluation of smaller wastewater systems. Recent modifications to this software by Haestad Methods enables users to integrate its sewer system modeling capabilities with GIS data. Available digital files in ArcView GIS and AutoCAD, as well as forecasts of future average day and maximum day demands (Section IV, Chapter One), provide a starting point for examining future economic and land use scenarios. One trained technician, or experienced civil engineer, can input system characteristics and assumptions into an available software program such as SewerCAD. However, the person selected to input the information may need to supplement their capabilities prior to the input of required data and following the generation of model results to make full use of available capabilities of modeling software. Supplemental capabilities that may be required might include one or more of the following: • an experienced civil engineer or technician who is already familiar with the use of the selected modeling software; • an ASPA Wastewater Division technician familiar with the Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna Sewer systems; • ASPA's GIS manager and/or other GIS technicians who can integrate available files from ASPA’s GIS into the selected modeling software; and,. • a land use planner knowledgeable with existing and anticipated land uses in the Territory.

3.5.3 Maintenance Management System Effective long-term management of the ASPA wastewater system requires: a vision of the tasks, resources and personnel capabilities needed to carry out a preventative maintenance program; knowledge and ready access to available inventories of materials, equipment, tools, and consumable supplies to support operations, maintenance, repairs and new construction. readily-accessible information concerning ongoing expenditures of labor, material, equipment, tools and consumable supplies for operations, maintenance, repairs, and new construction. Computerized maintenance management systems are a convenient and effective way to organize and schedule, and monitor regular operation and maintenance activities, unexpected repairs, emergency calls, and planned system improvements. Most available software programs link scheduled work orders; track expenditures of labor, equipment, materials, and supplies; and enable comparisons with initial job estimates. Various programs also link expenditures of equipment, materials, and supplies with inventory control capabilities. Work order history, expenditure data, and inventory control information provides essential information that is needed to prepare realistic annual budgets for operation and maintenance, as well as compare actual expenditures with estimated costs. Some work management software, e.g., Azteca's Cityworks, are also integrated with geographical information system programs such as ESRI's ArcGIS software. In recent years, the ASPA Wastewater Division has made use of Management Planning Systems (MPS) software. The software applications made by the Wastewater Division include: the preparation of work orders and weekly work schedules; and,

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-11 the tracking and comparison of actual labor, material and equipment expenditures with original estimates reflected in work orders; and, to some extent, inventory control of small parts, tools and selected equipment. The increased capacity of Wastewater Division to use and apply MPS software to organize and plan operation and maintenance activities will continue to facilitate the Wastewater Division's performance of an effective operation and maintenance program. However, greater application of this program can also derive increased benefits to the management of the Wastewater Division. Physical assets associated with both the Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna Sewer systems can be maintained through an asset management module that is part of the MPS program. This information can be obtained and input by Wastewater Division personnel. However, if scheduled operation and maintenance tasks do not enable the availability of personnel for the completion of this task, consultants familiar with both wastewater systems should be contracted to input this information into the MPS asset management database. The MPS program can also be used to help determine appropriate budget estimates for operation and maintenance activities. It is important that budget estimates reflect, in part, the level of expenditures that are needed to support scheduled operation and maintenance activities. To accomplish this, the Wastewater Division needs to make the Chief Operating Officer aware of annual operation and maintenance expenditures, as well as the costs associated with other planned system repairs that may be needed to support the upcoming operation and maintenance expenditures for the coming year. In turn, the Chief Operating Officer should not develop operation and maintenance budgets for the Wastewater Division in the absence of this information. The development of future budgets for small tools, parts, consumable supplies can also be enhanced through use of the MPS inventory control system that tracks the issuance of small parts, parts on hand, and, ultimately, what parts are needed to maintain an adequate parts inventory. If the small parts inventory module is used to track the issuance and receipt of small parts, reasonable estimates of the required expenditures for a given year can be made by the Wastewater Division manager and provided to the Chief Operating Officer. 3.5.4 Inventory Control System An inventory control system is already part of the operational procedures of the ASPA Wastewater Division. The issuance and storage of small parts, tools and selected equipment is made at the Utulei Wastewater Treatment Plant. One person in the Wastewater Division manages the inventory control system. 3.5.5 Management of Capital Asset Information

In the United States, local and state governments and municipal utility districts annually spend $140-$150 billion for the construction, improvement and rehabilitation of capital assets such as water lines, sewers, bridges and highways. Sometimes these funds are expended on assets that are beyond repair, and assets in need of change are overlooked or delayed. In some cases, such decisions are the result of improper planning and management of capital assets.

In recognition of these management issues, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) saw a need for change. The GASB enacted Statement No. 34 that requires governments to, in part, include information about their public infrastructure assets. Public agencies and utility districts are to maintain an up-to-date inventory of infrastructure assets. Various types of asset management tools, e.g., geographic information systems, have been used for many years by various public works agencies and utilities to help provide a systematic approach to the management of public infrastructure.

The applicability of Statement No. 34 to the Territory of American Samoa is likely in light of American Samoa’s territorial status and ASPA’s organization as a quasi-public utility. In either case, there is little doubt that ASPA wastewater system management activities, as well as ASPA's coordination with utility insurance carriers, could only be enhanced by the regular maintenance of relevant records for all Wastewater Division assets. As stated earlier, the maintenance of capital asset information for the Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna Sewer systems is presently not documented in any detail. Some information concerning most capital assets was input into

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-12 Management Planning System software program by Arasmith Consulting Resources, Inc. in cooperation with the Wastewater Division. However, the input of more detailed information is needed for each system asset. This task can be gradually accomplished by Wastewater Division staff.

3.6 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

3.6.1 General The responsibility for the management, operation, and maintenance of community wastewater systems in American Samoa must also be linked directly with responsibilities for long-term water resource management. This linkage prompted the original formation of the Wastewater Division and it is essential to conserve the groundwater resources of American Samoa.

Section III of the Utility Master Plan (Water Master Plan) outlines various recommendations for continued groundwater conservation. The implementation of these recommendations are considered to be, in part, the responsibility of the ASPA Water Division.

In Chapter 2 of Section IV, recommendations are presented concerning potential opportunities for the ASPA Wastewater Division to manufacture and install future septic tanks and effluent dispersal systems, as well as continue public educational efforts concerning the importance of effective onsite wastewater treatment and disposal.

ASPA Wastewater Division can also foster water resource management through its continued participation on various ASG boards, committees, and commissions. These activities can help encourage the consideration of wastewater management issues and the implementation of practical solutions to long-term water conservation and resource management. Some of the potential water conservation opportunities that can be achieved through these ongoing activities are presented in the following paragraphs.

3.6.2 Watershed Conservation As land use development continues throughout the Territory, it is essential that the ASPA Wastewater Division continue to participate on local boards and committees that have been, or will be, established to conserve water resources in the watersheds of American Samoa.

The American Samoa Watershed Protection Plan, published in January 2000, organized and compiled spatial information and tabular data for 41 watershed planning areas in the Territory. In addition, the Watershed Protection Plan outlined various resource management issues, as well as a point of departure for future technical assistance within each watershed planning area.

Since the completion of this plan, no concerted attempt has been made by the American Samoa Government to establish a recommended Territorial Watershed Resource Management Board. It is believed that the establishment of such a board is needed to facilitate cooperative efforts that consider watersheds comprehensively in the true sense of watershed conservation. Otherwise, American Samoa will tend to concentrate more upon singular resource management issues, e.g., preservation of endangered species and unique natural resources, rather than an integrated resource management approach that concurrently addresses various inter-related watershed issues. Resource management programs will more frequently reflect the scope of granting agency guidelines more than the issues and priorities that are relevant to each watershed.

Through its participation on various ASG boards and commissions, ASPA representatives can help promote a more comprehensive approach to future watershed management. An integrated resource management approach of various watershed issues and priorities should enable a greater consideration of water resource conservation, as well as

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-13 related wastewater treatment and disposal issues, that are relevant to the operation of the ASPA Wastewater and Water Divisions. 3.6.3 Land Use Development Incentives for Areas Served by the ASPA Wastewater Systems Future land use development should be encouraged and concentrated where there are existing or planned extensions to ASPA wastewater collection and water distribution systems. This is particularly true for Tualauta County which experienced a 66 percent increase in resident population between 1990 and 2000. In the Tualauta County Land Use Plan dated October 2000, Pedersen Planning Consultants concluded that residential densities of greater than two dwelling units should be encouraged in locations within Tualauta County where: a building site is accessible via private roads that have a public easement, or are immediately accessible to primary and secondary collector roads of the American Samoa Government; connections to ASPA water, wastewater and electrical systems can feasibly be made; and, connections to ASPA water, wastewater and electrical systems are required to secure a building permit. “ASPA's planned expansion of ASPA's Tafuna collection system provides considerable guidance concerning where connections to ASPA water, wastewater and electrical systems will be feasible to support existing and future residential land uses. For example, future expansion of the Tafuna wastewater collection system will extend service east of the Fatu O Aiga complex, as well as from Ottoville to Pavaiai. Wastewater collection will also be provided within Faleniu, the lower elevations of Malaeimi, and between the 200 and 400-foot elevation in Pavaiai. A small extension of the collection system will also be made in the northwest part of Iliili. Greater residential densities should be encouraged in these areas. Service connections to ASPA water, sewer, and electrical systems should be required prior to the issuance of future building permits on sites that would contain residential densities greater than two units per acre (Pedersen Planning Consultants, 2000).” The preceding recommendations were eventually deleted from subsequent drafts of the Tualauta County Land Use Plan. Some planners within the American Samoa Government Department of Commerce felt that these recommendations were too specific and should not be incorporated within a community land use plan (Seitz, 2000). This conclusion was unfortunate in view of the growing impacts of inadequately treated sewage effluent, from some onsite wastewater systems, upon the groundwater resources located beneath the Tafuna-Leone Plain. There are 12 general soil classifications within Tualauta County that were defined by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service in 1984. Most of these soils have "severe" limitations or other characteristics that make them unsuitable for traditional septic tank and drainfield installations. While unsuitable for traditional septic tank and drainfield installations, other methods of effluent disposal may be feasible in some of these locations (Table IV-2-8). If zoning and related zoning maps are eventually implemented within Tualauta County, the same recommendations that were made in the Tualauta County Land Use Plan (October 2000) could be used to help establish criteria for different residential zoning districts. The potential use of increased residential densities in areas that will be served by the Tafuna collection system would enable ASG to encourage greater residential and commercial development on more developable lands in Tualauta County. At the same time, it would help reduce the amount of potential contamination of groundwater resources beneath the Tafuna-Leone Plain. In the absence of this incentive, there is little incentive for landowners to pursue residential and commercial development in areas that are, or will eventually be served by, the Tafuna collection system.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-14 3.6.4 Improved Village Sanitation “The primary health concern associated with domestic sewage are the various pathogens that are derived primarily from human and animal feces....The significance of public exposure to pathogenic microorganisms is generally dependent upon the general health of the resident population, the presence of disease carriers, and the ability of viruses, bacteria, and protozoa to survive outside of their host carriers” (Parsons Overseas Company, 1994). Despite an encouraging decline in the number of citations for poor sanitation practices, continued diligence in the maintenance of village sanitation in American Samoa will continue to be a long-term wastewater management objective of the Territory. Tropical environmental conditions and a suitable environment for the growth of various pathogens provide two of the essential ingredients necessary to generate an outbreak of one or more waterborne diseases. While the public health of American Samoa is generally good, the presence of disease carriers coming to American Samoa is always possible because of the significant in and out-migration of residents, visiting relatives, and expatriate workers. In the villages of American Samoa, a potential combination of poor sanitary practices poses the greatest threat to public health. The outbreak of a waterborne disease could easily be generated through the continued use of a poorly- constructed septic tank and drainfield, the presence of poor site drainage and stagnant water around a household, an uncovered supplemental water catchment system used for potable purposes, and a visiting relative who unknowingly is a carrier of waterborne disease. The continued performance of sanitation surveys will help enable ASG to identify and respond to undesirable sanitary conditions, as well as encourage a positive community response. However, the effectiveness of such efforts are highly dependent upon the motivation, knowledge, and skill of sanitation inspectors to communicate and encourage desirable sanitation practices to village residents. In most villages, it is believed that selected local residents would, in most cases, be more effective inspectors because of their knowledge of local residents and traditional village leaders, as well as their understanding of local environmental conditions. In this context, it is recommended that the American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA), in cooperation with the Department of Health and the ASPA Wastewater Division, train, hire, and certify local sanitarians in each village of American Samoa. ASPA envisions that a sanitation committee of not less than two sanitarians in each village would periodically:

make inspections of local homes and commercial enterprises in each village; report findings to the village council, ASPA, ASEPA and the Department of Health; encourage desirable sanitation practices; and, assist homeowners and business owners with the design and inspection of appropriate septic tanks and effluent dispersal systems.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-3-15 SECTION IV CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM PLANNING

4.1 GENERAL

Future planning for the ASPA Wastewater Division should represent an ongoing process that guides long-term operations, maintenance, design, and construction activities. Future planning must also support the information needs of ASPA executive management who integrates the activities of the Wastewater, Water, Power, and Solid Waste Management divisions and balance the expenditures of resources to support them.

Future system planning needs to include a structured and predictable process for decision-making within the Wastewater Division. A recommended approach to short and long-term planning for the Wastewater Division is presented in sections 4.2 and 4.3. This planning process parallels the planning process for the Water Division that is presented in Section III.

This recommended approach will help enable more informed decision-making and coordination by those persons in the Division who are best equipped to provide and evaluate relevant information. A more structured process will also help ensure that appropriate information is regularly developed that can be used for a variety of applications.

A combination of short, medium, and long-term planning is necessary to meet the needs associated with determining Wastewater Division priorities and annual Division budgets. Future planning is also essential for ASPA to prepare annual budget transmittals to the American Samoa Government, applications for grants to external organizations, and facility plans to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

4.2 MEDIUM-TERM PLANS

4.2.1 Frequency and Scope

Medium-term plans should be prepared by the Wastewater Division once every five years. This plan should be similar to the content of the Water System Plan that is presented in Section III. The scope of the medium-term plan should include the following:

An evaluation of regional demographic, economic, land use, and regulatory issues impacting the collection, treatment, and disposal of wastewater in American Samoa; a hydraulic analysis of the wastewater system and the related determination of needed system improvements; the evaluation and update of anticipated wastewater generation for a 20-year period; the identification of facility needs, proposed capital improvements, and estimated capital improvement costs for the following five-year period; and, an assessment of ongoing operations, maintenance, and construction activities and the identification of strategies for improved wastewater system and water resource management for the following five-year period.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-4-1 4.2.2 Planning Process and Responsibility for Implementation

4.2.2.1 Evaluation of Land Use, Economic and Regulatory Issues

An off-island consultant who is knowledgeable about land use, economic, and regulatory issues influencing future water delivery in American Samoa should ideally perform the evaluation of regional land, economic, and regulatory issues. Information gained from this evaluation can also be applied to the medium-term plan for the ASPA water system.

The cost of this evaluation can be reduced somewhat if an agency in American Samoa maintains a land use database that identifies the type of primary land uses in each village of American Samoa. Annual field monitoring of land uses in each village is the most reliable source of baseline information. Pedersen Planning Consultants has determined through other planning efforts that local building permit records of the American Samoa Government do not reflect a significant amount of new construction.

The statistical model developed by PPC, which forecasts anticipated average daily wastewater flows and average day water demands, already contains a considerable amount of baseline information from the 2000 U.S. Census and past field observations in each village. Recent ASPA water meter records are also a valuable source of information that can also be used for the land use analysis.

It is recommended that the detailed land use database be maintained by ASPA, or its consultant. Other ASG agencies should be encouraged to provide some financial resources to support the effort. If detailed land use information is maintained by ASPA, the same information could be readily integrated into the new geographical information system that has been recently developed for ASPA by PPC.

4.2.2.2 Hydraulic Analysis The hydraulic analysis of the wastewater system is an effort that would ideally be performed by the ASPA Wastewater Division. However, if adequate technical resources and time are not available within the Division, an off-island consultant who is familiar with the ASPA wastewater system should be used to make the analysis and determine needed system improvements. As mentioned in Section IV, Chapter 3, various generic water modeling software products are widely available. SewerCAD, which was developed and continually refined by Haestad Methods, is often applied to the evaluation of smaller wastewater systems. Recent modifications to this software by Haestad Methods also enable users to integrate SewerCAD modeling capabilities with GIS data and extensions. The hydraulic analysis will be made to:

evaluate the capacity of the wastewater system to support existing wastewater flows, as well as anticipated wastewater generation for the next 20 years; identify any system deficiencies, e.g., capacity of existing collection systems, to meet anticipated wastewater flows during the next five years; and, determine any needed system improvements for the coming five-year period.

4.2.2.3 Evaluation and Forecast of Anticipated Wastewater Generation

The evaluation and forecast of anticipated wastewater generation is an important planning task. This information is essential for the input of anticipated wastewater flows into hydraulic modeling software programs such as Haestad Methods SewerCAD, the calculation of future sewer collection line sizes and pump stations, as well as the design of wastewater treatment facilities.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-4-2 Through its participation in the 1995 and 2002 Utility Master Plans, PPC has learned that the continued use of a statistical model, which considers land use and economic development trends, selected demographic characteristics, and water consumption, is an effective planning tool that can be used to reliably forecast and anticipate future average daily wastewater generation. This forecast should be made, at least, every five years in conjunction with the preparation of the five-year wastewater system plan update.

4.2.2.4 Identification of Facility Needs and Required Capital Improvements

The identification of facility needs, required capital improvements, and estimated costs should ideally be determined by U.S. EPA Construction Grant Coordinator and his staff for inclusion into the medium-term wastewater plan. A list of required capital improvements should be an outgrowth of the hydraulic analysis, discussions between the Wastewater Division manager and the U.S. EPA Construction Grant Coordinator, discussions with appropriate ASPA contractors, as well as the insights of executive management.

Once the projects are identified, a cost estimate should be developed for the entire list of required capital improvements. The U.S. EPA Construction Grant Coordinator assumes responsibility for the completion of this task on an annual basis. His experience and first-hand knowledge of project costs will usually surpass the experience of design engineers and off-island consultants.

4.2.2.5 Assessment of Operation and Maintenance Activities

The assessment of ongoing operation and maintenance activities is an ongoing activity that should continue to be made by the Wastewater Division manager on a weekly or monthly basis.

However, the assessment made for the medium-term plan attempts to step back from ongoing operation and maintenance activities with a vision toward how overall operation and maintenance activities can be carried out more effectively and be made more cost-efficient.

The assessment of the medium-term plan should be based upon:

the experience of the Wastewater Division manager and his familiarity with issues associated with the Tafuna, Pago Pago Harbor, and school wastewater systems; the review of past work orders and related labor and material expenditures; input and recommendations received from other Wastewater Division personnel; and, information gained from annual inspections of pump stations, outfalls, and treatment plants.

This evaluation may provide conclusions concerning a wide variety of operation and maintenance issues such as:

the organization of existing operating units and work schedules within the Wastewater Division; the potential application of new technologies to future operation and maintenance activities; training needs to improve the capacity of Division personnel; and, the scope of future operation and maintenance activities.

4.2.2.6 Preparation, Coordination and Refinement of the Wastewater System Plan

Whether or not the medium-term plan is prepared in-house and/or by a consultant, an initial draft plan report should be developed that summarizes all of the evaluations, conclusions, and recommendations made during preparation of the draft plan. The draft plan should also be summarized in a digital presentation, e.g., PowerPoint, that enables the Wastewater Division to present and share the plan conclusions and recommendations to executive management, the Wastewater Division manager, the U.S. EPA Construction Grants Coordinator, and other Wastewater Division personnel.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-4-3 Based upon verbal and written comments that are received, the Wastewater Division manager and/or his consultant should revise the Wastewater System Plan document and publish a final plan document for executive management and ASPA division managers. Discretion should be used in the circulation of the document to other ASG agencies. While most information contained in the document will provide a considerable amount of useful information to various agencies, the circulation of more sensitive information concerning various regulatory and inter-agency issues should be evaluated by the Wastewater Division manager prior to any circulation of the plan document to other agencies outside of ASPA.

4.2.3 Timing

2007 The next medium-term plan should begin in early 2007. This will enable plan preparation to update the statistical wastewater generation and water demand model to use mid-Census population and housing estimates for each village in the Territory. These estimates are developed by the American Samoa Department of Commerce, Statistics Division and are based upon a 10 percent sample of the Territory's overall population.

A lag of two years beyond the decennial census in 2010 is also desirable to enable the processing of population and housing characteristics by the U.S. Census. During the present planning effort, PPC waited until February 2002 before detailed village census statistics were made available from Census 2000, which reflected conditions in April of 2000.

4.3 SHORT-TERM PLANS

4.3.1 Frequency and Scope

The preparation of annual wastewater system plans is also recommended to guide annual budget requests to the American Samoa Government, as well as facilitate the preparation of various grant applications to the U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Economic Development Administration, and other potential funding agencies. The annual wastewater plans should be limited to the following information:

a comparison of actual average daily wastewater flows to available forecasts in the most recent medium-term plan; a hydraulic analysis of the Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna Sewer systems and the related determination of needed system improvements; the identification of facility needs, proposed capital improvements, and estimated capital improvement costs for the coming year; an assessment of ongoing operations and maintenance activities; the identification of strategies for water resource management and the management of onsite wastewater systems for the coming year; the identification of significant deviations from the most recent medium-term plan and, when necessary, an explanation why alternate approaches are recommended.

4.3.2 Planning Process and Responsibility for Implementation

4.3.2.1 Comparison of Actual Wastewater Flows With Forecasts of Wastewater Generation

An initial step associated with the annual plan will be to compare actual wastewater flows that are treated by the Utulei and Fogagogo wastewater treatment plants with the most recent forecasts of average daily wastewater generation. These forecasts will be contained in the most recent medium term wastewater system plan. An example of these forecasts is presented in Section IV, Chapter One, of this wastewater system plan. This comparison will be made to determine the general adequacy of the Tafuna and Pago Pago Harbor systems to support ongoing and anticipated wastewater generation. ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-4-4 4.3.2.2 Hydraulic Analysis

A hydraulic analysis of the wastewater system will be made using available hydraulic modeling software. It is recommended that the Water Division continue to use Haestad Method's SewerCAD software. The hydraulic analysis will be made to:

evaluate the capacity of the Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna Sewer collection systems, as well as the Utulei and Fogagogo treatment plants, to support existing and anticipated wastewater generation during the next year; identify any system deficiencies, e.g., size of existing sewer lines and force mains, needed to collect and treat wastewater flows; and, determine any needed system improvements to collection systems and treatment plants.

4.3.2.3 Identification of Facility Needs and Required Capital Improvements

The identification of facility needs, required capital improvements, as well as costs for design and construction, represents essential information that should be incorporated into the annual wastewater system plan and reflected in annual ASPA budgets. The U.S. EPA Construction Grant Coordinator should take the lead role in developing the list of required capital improvements. However, his efforts should be coordinated closely with the Wastewater Division manager to gain additional insights from the perspective of ongoing operation and maintenance. The identification of facility needs and required capital improvements should also reflect information Develop list of required capital gained from the most recent hydraulic analyses of the Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna improvements Sewer systems. Hydraulic analyses of both sewer systems should be made on an annual basis by ASPA personnel or an ASPA contractor.

Upon completion, the U.S. EPA Construction Grant Coordinator will need to forward a summary of facility needs, required capital improvements, as well as costs for design and construction to both the Wastewater Division Manager and ASPA's Chief Operating Officer. The Wastewater Division manager should incorporate this information in his preliminary annual budget for the Wastewater Division. This preliminary budget should subsequently be transmitted to the ASPA Chief Operating Officer.

4.3.2.4 Assessment of Operation, Maintenance and Construction Activities

The assessment of ongoing operation and maintenance activities is an ongoing activity that should continue to be made by the Wastewater Division manager on a weekly or monthly basis. This assessment should be based upon:

the experience of the Wastewater Division manager and his familiarity with issues associated with the Tafuna, Pago Pago Harbor, and school wastewater systems; the review of past work orders and related labor and material expenditures; input and recommendations received from other Wastewater Division personnel; and, annual inspections of pump stations, outfalls, and treatment plants.

The Wastewater Division manager and selected staff should continue to input preventative maintenance activities, minor repairs, and emergency repairs into the existing work order system.

MPS software is used to facilitate the preparation and tracking of work orders for the Wastewater Division.

An annual assessment of labor and material expenditures for past work orders should also be made by the Wastewater Division manager. The completion of this task enables the Wastewater Division manager to:

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-4-5 estimate the cost of operation and maintenance activities for the coming fiscal year; and, prepare annual budget requests for the operation and maintenance of the Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna Sewer systems, as well as the three school systems.

This information should be combined with required capital improvements to form an overall budget for the Wastewater Division. Upon completion, the preliminary budget should subsequently be transmitted to the ASPA Chief Operating Officer.

4.3.2.5 Identification Of Significant Deviations From the Most Recent Medium-Term Plan

One important function of the annual plan is to help keep the Wastewater Division focused on the operation, maintenance and capital improvement strategies outlined in the most recent medium term plan. The identification of potential deviations of the most recent medium term plan will enable the Wastewater Division manager and the U.S. EPA Construction Grant Coordinator to:

recognize if the Division is unnecessarily steering away from prior decisions of the Division that were reached only a few years before; avoid new recommendations that may contradict planned operation and maintenance activities, the management of onsite wastewater management and related water resource management activities; and, make the case for new directions that may be necessary due to unanticipated circumstances, or new opportunities to improve the effectiveness of ongoing wastewater management.

4.3.2.6 Preparation, Coordination and Refinement of the Wastewater System Plan

Similar to the medium-term plan, an initial draft plan report should be developed for the annual wastewater plan that summarizes all of the evaluations, conclusions, and recommendations made during preparation of the draft plan. The draft plan should also be summarized in a digital form, e.g., PowerPoint presentation, that enables the Wastewater Division to present and share the plan conclusions and recommendations to executive management and Wastewater Division staff.

Based upon verbal and written comments that are received, the Wastewater Division manager and/or his consultant should revise the Wastewater System Plan document and publish a final plan document for executive management and ASPA division managers. Discretion should be used in the circulation of the document to other ASG agencies. While most information contained in the document will provide a considerable amount of useful information to various agencies, the circulation of more sensitive information concerning various regulatory and inter-agency issues should be evaluated by the Wastewater Division manager and executive management prior to any circulation of the plan document to other agencies outside of ASPA.

4.3.3 Timing

The planning work associated with annual wastewater system plans is more time-sensitive that the medium-term plans. The preparation of annual plans should be made to support the efforts of the ASPA Board of Directors and executive management, ASPA budget requests to the American Samoa Government, as well as required reporting to other agencies such as the U.S. Department of Interior.

4.3.3.1 Needs of the ASPA Board of Directors

The annual wastewater system plan is an important piece of information that is necessary for the ASPA Board of Directors to become better informed concerning:

the overall direction of the Wastewater Division;

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-4-6 the rationale used by the Wastewater Division management to define the direction of future operations, maintenance and construction activities; and, the recommended expenditures needed to support system operations, maintenance, and proposed capital improvements.

The ASPA Chief Operating Officer indicates that a draft budget request is typically prepared in September and October of each year in advance of the ASPA Board of Directors meeting in late November or early December. With approval of the Board of Directors, the budget is refined and subsequently carried to the Fono in January of the following year for their preliminary budget review.

4.3.3.2 The American Samoa Government

The Fono has two sessions each year. The January session reviews, in part, preliminary budget requests from each agency of the American Samoa Government. In June, the Fono approves a final budget that is subsequently forwarded to the Governor for his review and signature. Between the Fono's preliminary review and final budget approval, there is some coordination and negotiation between the Fono and the Governor's Office to gain consensus over various budget issues. During that period, ASPA executive management is occasionally required to discuss utility issues and financial needs with representatives from both the Fono and the Governor's office.

The American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA) has no involvement in the ASG budget process from the standpoint of influencing the operational budget of the American Samoa Power Authority. However, in its capacity as the manager of the Safe Water Drinking Act program, ASEPA has the responsibility to review and approve requests for proposed capital improvement projects for wastewater. For this reason, it is prudent to keep ASEPA "in the loop" concerning future capital improvements. Consequently, it is recommended that annual wastewater system plans be circulated to ASEPA for informational purposes. However, the sharing of this information with ASEPA does not impact the timing of ASPA's preparation of the annual wastewater system plan.

The American Samoa Government prepares a five-year capital improvements plan to the U.S. Department of Interior. The American Samoa Department of Commerce (ASDOC), Planning Division, coordinates this effort with various ASG agencies. ASDOC needs to have this information sometime during March of a given year to enable its preparation of the five-year capital improvements plan.

4.3.3.3 U.S. Government

ASPA needs to keep selected federal agencies of the U.S. Government aware of its progress for ongoing capital improvements and its planned strategies for future wastewater management. This information is necessary for ASPA personnel and consultants who are seeking new grants for ASPA, as well as reporting progress for grants that are already received. Consequently, agencies such as the U.S. Department of Interior, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Economic Development Administration should be provided copies of the annual wastewater system plan.

4.3.3.4 Annual Plan Schedule

In view of the cumulative information requirements, it is recommended that the annual wastewater system plans be completed by August 1 of ASPA's previous year fiscal year. For example, an annual plan for fiscal year 2005 (October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2005) would ideally be completed by August 1, ASPA Annual Plan 2004. Oct 2004 to Sep 2005

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-4-7 SECTION IV CHAPTER FIVE: MASTER PLAN, FY 2003-2007

5.1 GENERAL

This chapter summarizes recommended projects to be completed by the ASPA Wastewater Division during the FY 2003-2007 period. The recommended projects include:

capital improvement projects; system management projects; and, water resource management projects.

The recommended projects are withdrawn from the evaluations, conclusions, and recommendations presented in Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Section IV, as well as Chapters 4 and 5 of Section II. Consequently, greater detail concerning the rationale and scope for each recommended project can be derived from a review of these prior chapters.

The following summary is intended to facilitate a review of all recommendations contained in the Wastewater System Plan, as well as the subsequent budgeting and scheduling of recommended projects. Each recommended project is summarized with a project title, general scope, responsibility for implementation, and a time schedule for completion.

5.2 CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS

A significant number of capital improvement projects are recommended for completion during the FY 2003-2007 period (Table IV-5-1). Recommended projects included improvements to the Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna collection systems, as well as the ASG school wastewater systems.

5.3 RECOMMENDED SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECTS

A wide variety of system management projects are recommended for implementation during the FY 2003-2007 period (Table IV-5-2). These recommendations include a range of projects that will enhance the facility life of wastewater system assets and improve the efficiency of wastewater operation and maintenance activities.

5.4 RECOMMENDED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS

Recommended water resource management projects (Table IV-5-3) focus upon potential opportunities for ASPA Wastewater Division personnel to encourage measures that can foster the conservation of groundwater resources. These measures can be encouraged through the Wastewater Division's continued participation on various ASG boards and commissions. One additional project involves consideration of a potential opportunity for the ASPA Wastewater Division to manufacture septic tanks on-island, as well as installing new septic tanks and effluent dispersal systems where connections to existing wastewater systems are not feasible.

5.5 RECOMMENDED REGULATORY MANAGEMENT PROJECTS

No regulatory management projects for the Wastewater Division are recommended for the FY 2003-2007 period. However, as the rules and regulations of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency continue to change, projects associated with regulatory management can be expected in future planning periods.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-5-1 TABLE IV-5-1 (Page 1 of 2) RECOMMENDED CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003- FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule Tafuna Sewer System Complete ongoing phase of collection system Wastewater FY 2003- Expansion expansion and the connection of all homes, Division FY 2007 business, community and public facilities within the expanded service area. Complete design plans, specifications, and cost estimates for Phase 2 and 3 extensions. Prepare bid documents and procure building contractors. Begin construction of Phase 2 and 3 extensions and service connections. Pago Pago Harbor Make repairs necessary to address safety hazards Wastewater FY 2003- Pump Station Repairs and ensure the reliability of pump station Division FY 2007 operations (see Chapter 2, Section 2.2.2.2). Replace pump station control panels. Pago Pago Harbor Gradually replace all pump stations except for the Wastewater FY-2003- Pump Station new pump station at Matafao Elementary School. Division and FY 2007 Replacement Schedule replacement of one pump station every ASPA contractors two years.

Determine new pump station requirements in the context of anticipated wastewater flows, hydraulic capacities, and other operational and maintenance considerations. Prepare detailed plans, design drawings, specifications and cost estimates for new pump stations. Procure contractor and construct new pump stations Pago Pago Harbor Continue to expand within the existing service area Wastewater FY 2003- Collection System and install more service connections. Division FY 2007 Expansion Design and construct additional sewer mains in selected areas of the Pago Pago Harbor area, e.g., upper third of Korea basin and west side of Fagaalu Stream. Encourage service connections through radio, newspaper advertisements, and informal presentations to village councils and community service organizations. Install new sewer connections that are requested by local residents, businesses, community organizations, and government agencies.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-5-2

TABLE IV-5-1 (Page 2 of 2) RECOMMENDED CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003- FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule Utulei WWTP Re-activate operation of clarigester 1. Wastewater FY 2003-

Improvements Complete design plans, cost estimates Division, Westech FY 2005 specifications, and bid documents for Engineering, and clarigester 1 improvements. other ASPA Procure contractor and construct contractors improvements. Test functionality of new improvements and re-activate operation of clarigester 1. Aunuu Pump Station Replace pump station control panel. Wastewater FY 2003 Improvements Division Aunuu System Design and construct a new pump station and force Wastewater FY 2005-FY Expansion main to enable the connection of Aunuu Division and ASPA 2007 Elementary School to the Aunuu Island system. contractors Complete design plans, cost estimates specifications, and bid documents for clarigester 1 improvements. Procure contractor and construct improvements. Test functionality of new pump station and force main. Fagaitua Community Evaluate options and determine potential costs to Wastewater FY 2004 Wastewater System rehabilitate or replace existing outfall that Division and ASPA discharges effluent from Fagaitua High School. contractor The study will also consider the feasibility and cost of connecting other homes, businesses, and community facilities in Fagaitua Village to establish a small community wastewater system. Leone High Evaluate options and determine potential costs Wastewater FY 2006 School/Midkiff associated with improvements to: Division and ASPA Elementary School extend the Leone HS outfall; contractor Improvements extend the Midkiff Elementary School outfall; or, combine flows from both schools, as well as adjoining residential area flows, into one outfall. Aua Community Evaluate the facility requirements, options and costs Wastewater FY 2005 Wastewater System associated with the construction of a community Division and ASPA wastewater system in Aua Village and the related contractor construction of a new outfall into Pago Pago Harbor.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-5-3 TABLE IV-5-2 (Page 1 of 2) RECOMMENDED WASTEWATER SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003- FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule Inflow/Infiltration Make comparisons between wet and dry day Wastewater Division FY 2003- Monitoring flows on an annual basis to determine FY 2007 potential increases in I/I flows for the Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna Sewer systems. If I/I flows are suspected, investigate source of the flows. Use available smoke and pressure testing equipment and television camera to locate source of I/I flows. General Financial ASPA executive management will adopt and ASPA Chief Executive FY 2003 Policies for the Water instruct the Wastewater Division manager to Officer, Chief Division implement the general financial policies Operating Officer, outlined in Section 3.3.4 of the Wastewater Chief Financial System Plan. Other financial policies may Officer, and supplement the recommended three policies Wastewater Division and be re-evaluated on an annual basis. Manager Wastewater Rate Upon completion of Tafuna Sewer System Chief Financial FY 2007 Structure improvements, calculate and establish Officer, ASPA Board wastewater service rate structure. of Directors, and

Evaluate costs associated with ASPA consultant wastewater utility administration and management; system O/M; debt service on borrowed capital; rehabilitation, replacement and expansion; and resources needed to establish cash reserves (10% of O/M costs). Determine total annual revenue requirements; allocate revenue requirements to Wastewater Division cost components; distribute component costs to potential customer classes. Prepare rate structure for approval by ASPA Board of Directors. Cost Accounting Link cost accounting information in DAFFRON Wastewater Division FY 2003 Integration system with labor and material expenditures and ASPA Chief input into MPS software. MPS software is Financial Officer used by the Wastewater Division to issue and schedule work orders, as well as monitor labor and material expenditures for each work order. Hydraulic Analysis Make a hydraulic analysis of the water system at Engineer from Water FY 2003- least once per year using SewerCAD software. Division and ASPA FY 2007 consultant for land use and GIS

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-5-4 TABLE III-5-2 (Page 2 of 2) RECOMMENDED WASTEWATER SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003- FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule ASPA GIS Cleanup data inconsistencies and expand ASPA GIS Manager, FY 2003- available data into attribute tables that can be Wastewater Division, FY 2007 linked to existing spatial information already and/or ASPA contained in the GIS. Provide training to consultant selected Wastewater Division personnel in conjunction with the cleanup of data inconsistencies and expansion of attribute tables. Management Planning Expand the application of MPS software for Wastewater Division FY 2003- System (MPS) Software wastewater management. or ASPA consultant FY 2005 Improvements Input physical assets of the Pago Pago Harbor and Tafuna Sewer systems into the MPS asset management database. Use software to help determine operation and maintenance costs for next fiscal year. Apply software to track the issuance and return of small tools, parts, and consumable supplies. Annual Inspection of Make an annual inspection of pump stations, Wastewater Division FY 2003- Pump Stations, Outfalls, treatment plants, and outfalls. Identify and and/or ASPA FY 2007 and Treatment Facilities document potential system deficiencies and consultant needed facility repairs.

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-5-5 TABLE IV-5-3 (Page 1 of 2) RECOMMENDED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003- FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule ASPA Septic Tank Evaluate the potential opportunity for the ASPA Wastewater Division FY 2004 Manufacturing and Wastewater Division to manufacture septic and ASPA consultant Installation Program tanks and install appropriate effluent dispersal systems. Determine costs associated with local manufacture of septic tanks. Determine costs associated with the installation of alternate effluent dispersal systems. Estimate potential demand for septic tank and effluent dispersal services. Prepare financial analyses to determine potential costs and revenues. Investigate legality of requiring residents to purchase septic tanks and effluent dispersal systems from ASPA. Regulation of Onsite Continue to review applications for onsite ASPA Wastewater FY 2003- Wastewater Systems wastewater systems and require the Division FY 2007 construction of related leach fields that provide a sufficient amount of soil-based treatment. Deny applications in areas that are unsuitable for soil-based treatment. Re- evaluate effluent dispersal options when results from Dick Otis study become available. Watershed Protection Participate in potential inter-agency efforts to ASPA Wastewater FY 2003- Plan Implementation implement the American Samoa Watershed Division FY 2007 Protection Plan. Encourage Governor's formation of a Territorial Watershed Resource Management Board. Encourage an integrated resource management approach to various watershed issues. Promote greater consideration of wastewater treatment and disposal issues. Land Use Development Participate in potential inter-agency efforts to ASG Department of FY 2003- Incentives establish land use development incentives for Commerce, Planning FY 2007 areas served by ASPA Wastewater Division. Division Encourage incentives in Tualauta County. This area contains a considerable amount of developable land and connection to the Tafuna Sewer system is feasible in many areas of the County (See Chapter 3, section 3.6.3)

ASPA Utilities Master Plan July 2003 Page IV-5-6

TABLE IV-5-3 (Page 2 of 2) RECOMMENDED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS FY 2003-FY 2007 Project Title General Scope Responsibility for Completion Implementation Schedule Village Sanitation Encourage the hiring, training and certification of American Samoa FY 2004- Program local sanitarians in each village of American Environmental FY 2007 Samoa. Sanitarians would perform more frequent Protection Agency sanitation surveys in each village, and work with in cooperation with village councils and local residents to address the ASG local sanitation issues. Department of Health.

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