Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms
Elena Kronberg (Raum 442) [email protected]
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 1 / 41 Definition Source: Wikipedia
A substorm is a brief disturbance in the Earth’s magnetosphere that causes energy to be released from the “tail” of the magnetosphere and injected into the high latitude ionosphere. A geomagnetic storm is a temporary disturbance of the Earth’s magnetosphere caused by a solar wind shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field that interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field. The increase in the solar wind pressure initially compresses the magnetosphere. The solar wind’s magnetic field interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field and transfers an increased energy into the magnetosphere. Both interactions cause an increase in plasma movement through the magnetosphere (driven by increased electric fields inside the magnetosphere) and an increase in electric current in the magnetosphere and ionosphere.
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 2 / 41 Dungey Cycle Baumjohann&Treumann
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 3 / 41 Key question: What is the difference between a magnetospheric substorm and a storm?
Elena? Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 4 / 41 1st Difference: cause
substorms: regular southward turning of IMF vs storms: prolongated southward turning of IMF (during CME)
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 5 / 41 2nd Difference: duration
substorms: ∼3 hours vs storms: several days
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 6 / 41 3rd Difference: location of magnetic disturbances at the ground
Polar region: Substorms and Storms Equatorial: Storms
Location of magnetic field observatories Source: World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 7 / 41 4th Difference: associated physical phenomena
Aurora: Substorms and Storms Ring Current: Storms
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 8 / 41 5th Difference: size of the disturbance
ENA images of the fluctuation of Earth’s ring current during July 1516, 2000 geomagnetic storm made by the IMAGE HENA Instrument
Source: Wikipedia
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 9 / 41 6th Difference: location and size of the aurora
Nightside: Substorms Almost all auroral oval: Storms
Credit: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 10 / 41 Substorm phases Baumjohann&Treumann Duration ' 3 hours energy loading
energy unloading
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 11 / 41 Substorm phases: before and after the onset
Copyright Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 12 / 41 Substorm expansion phase
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 13 / 41 Current Wedge: underlying physics
The substorm current wedge diverts part of the neutral sheet current along magnetic field lines through the ionosphere
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 14 / 41 Substorm: visualization
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 15 / 41 Auroral Elecrojet
Total current ∼106 A Disturbance of the magnetic field (∆B): 100 . . . 1000 nT, may reach 3000 nT, '5% of dipole field at high latitudes
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 16 / 41 AE, AU, AL indeces
Measure of global auroral electrojet activity 12 observatories between λ ' 65◦ and 70◦
AU(t) = max{H(t) − H0}i i=1,12
AL(t) = min {H(t) − H0}i i=1,12 AE(t) = AU(t) − AL(t) AU – eastward electrojet current AL – westward electrojet current AE – the total maximum electrojet current
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 17 / 41 Pi Pulsations
Magnetic disturbance due to switch-on of a current generator
Baumjohann&Treumann
20 x GSM 0 y GSM [nT] 20 z GSM
M. field, Cl2 40
20:00 20:10 20:20 20:30 20:40 20:50 Time, UT
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 18 / 41 Wavelet analysis
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 19 / 41 My experience: Tromsø, Norway
Cluster Workshop Conference Geomagnetic Latitude, Longitude: 67.25, 116.0
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 20 / 41 Magnetic field observations at TRO and by ACE
(a) 5
0
5 IMF Bz, nT (GSM) 10 (b) 4 growth phase expansion recovery 3
2
1 Solar wind pressure, nPa (c) 400
200 N E 0 Z TRO, nT 200 start onset end 400 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 Time, UT
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 21 / 41 Measurements in the magnetosphere: Cluster orbits
Regions passed by satellites approximately map to the location of Tromsø
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 22 / 41 Cluster observations
2013-09-18T20:00:00Z / 2013-09-19T02:00:00Z
growth expansion recovery
start onset end
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 23 / 41 Cluster and aurora observations
2013-09-18T20:00:00Z / 2013-09-19T02:00:00Z 22:58 UT
23:27 UT
23:34 UT
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 24 / 41 Ground-based observations: polar plots of SUPERMAG data
before substorm expansion phase
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 25 / 41 Why do we observe auroral spiral?
Dipolarization fronts moving Earthward produce vortices (KHI) Vortices lead to magnetic field twist This corresponds to a field-aligned current Energetic electrons flowing in this current produce aurora Electrons trapped in the magnetic field reflect the vortex pattern in the atmosphere The current is called “upward” because ions flow towards the tail (electrons flow towards the ionosphere)
Keiling+09
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 26 / 41 Magnetic Storms: Ring Current
Particles from the tail move towards the Earth A particle in a dipole field will gyrate, bounce and drift at the same time The average equatorial drift velocity is
6L2W vd ' (0.35 + 0.15 sin αeq) qBERE
vd . . . the average drift velocity, W . . . energy of particle, q . . . particle charge, RE . . . Earth’s radii, αeq . . . equatorial pitch angle, L . . . L-shell
Baumjohann&Treumann
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 27 / 41 Ring Current
Azimuthal current in westward direction is 3L2nW jd ' BERE n . . . ion density The total ring current is 3U L ' L IL 2 2πBERE R where ILdl = jddV, UL = nWdV . . . energy of all ions and electrons, R dl = 2πLRE . . . total circumference
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 28 / 41 Magnetic field disturbance: contributor I – drifting particles
From Biot-Savart’s law of a circular current loop , µ I Z dr0 × (r − r0) ( ) = 0 B r 0 3 , 4π C |r − r | the magnetic field disturbance at the Earth’s center is µ I µ 3U = − 0 L = − 0 L δBd 3 . 2LRE 4πBERE
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 29 / 41 Magnetic field disturbance: contributor II – gyrating particles
The diamagnetic field at the center of Earth induced by orbiting charged particles is µ µ δB = 0 . µ 3 3 4π L RE Here we used the particle’s magnetic moment µ instead of Earth’s moment ME in the formula for Earth’s dipole in Lecture 4, assuming ◦ αeq = 90 . W⊥ Using magnetic moment µ = B and definition of the dipolar field 3 B ' BE/L , the diamagnetic field disturbance is µ W = 0 δBµ 3 4π BERE
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 30 / 41 Ring current effect on the ground: magnetic storm
Total magnetic field depression: µ U = + = − 0 R (1) ∆BR ∆Bd ∆Bµ 3 2π BERE UR . . . the total energy of the ring current Disturbance storm time (Dst) index homepage: wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dst realtime/presentmonth/index.html Measured by stations at λ ' ±20◦ . . . 30◦ Duration can be several days, Dst <-50 nT, total current ∼ 107A
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 31 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Ring Current Protons ← →
Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) Energy density, 3 days, May 2–4, 1998
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 32 / 41 Aurora during magnetic storm
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 33 / 41 Example of a magnetic storm: Sep 27 – Oct 4, 2002
(a) 40 20 0 20
Bz, nT (GSM) 40 (b) 600 500 400 300
Speed, km/s 200 (c) 15 10 5
Pressure, nPa 0 (d) 2000 1500 1000 500
AE-index nT 0 (e) 100 0 100
SYM-H, nT 200 initial phase main recovery 27 28 29 30 01 02 03 04 05 Day of month
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 34 / 41 Example of the magnetic storm: Sep 27 – Oct 4, 2002
(a) 40 20 0 20 Cluster tail ring current
Bz, nT (GSM) 40 (b) 600 500 400 300
Speed, km/s 200 (c) 15 10 5
Pressure, nPa 0 (d) 2000 1500 1000 500
AE-index nT 0 (e) 100 0 100
SYM-H, nT 200 initial phase main recovery 27 28 29 30 01 02 03 04 05 Day of month
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 35 / 41 Location of the satellites in the inner magnetosphere
10
5
0
YGSE [RE] Cluster-1 Sep 28, 06--09 UT 5 Oct 2, 12:40--14:00 UT Sep 29, 11--15 UT Oct 1, 21--24 UT 10 20 15 10 5 0 5 XGSE [RE] Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 36 / 41 10
5
0 ZGSE [RE]
5
10 20 15 10 5 0 5 XGSE [RE] Plasma pressure in the tail before and after the magnetic storm
0.6 CIS H RAPID H + CIS O + RAPID O + CIS He + RAPID He 0.6 CIS H RAPID H + CIS O + RAPID O + CIS He + RAPID He 0.5 CIS H RAPID H + CIS O + RAPID O + CIS He 0.5 CIS H RAPID H + CIS O + RAPID O + CIS He CIS H RAPID H + CIS O + RAPID O CIS H RAPID H + CIS O + RAPID O 0.4 CIS H + RAPID H + CIS O 0.4 CIS H + RAPID H + CIS O 0.3 CIS H + RAPID H 0.3 CIS H + RAPID H CIS H CIS H 0.2 0.2 Model
Pressure [nPa] 0.1 Pressure [nPa] 0.1 0.0 0.0 40 40 Bx 20 20 Bz Bz 0 Bx 0 B [nT] -20 By B [nT] -20 By -40 -40 06:30 07:00 07:30 08:00 08:30 12:48 13:00 13:12 13:24 13:36 13:48 Time, UT Time, UT CIS<40 keV RAPID>40 keV
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 37 / 41 Plasma pressure in the ring current before and after the magnetic storm
8 CIS H RAPID H + CIS O + RAPID O + CIS He + RAPID He 8 CIS H RAPID H + CIS O + RAPID O + CIS He CIS H RAPID H + CIS O + RAPID O 6 CIS H + RAPID H + CIS O 6 CIS H + RAPID H 4 CIS H 4
2 2 Pressure [nPa] Pressure [nPa] 0 0 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 21:00 21:30 22:00 22:30 23:00 23:30 24:00 Time, UT Time, UT
CIS<40 keV RAPID>40 keV
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 38 / 41 Exercise
Estimate the magnetic field depression for this event during the main phase 1 considering only protons 2 and considering protons, helium and oxygen.
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 39 / 41 Summary
The magnetosphere is a highly dynamical system that undergoes a more or less predictable sequence of changes in response to an energy loading. This sequence called a magnetospheric substorm. When the energy loading remains for an extended interval, auroral currents become continually disturbed and the ring current grows with time. The ring current causes a strong decrease in the equatorial magnetic field, a signature that is known as a magnetic storm.
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 40 / 41 Literature
W. Baumjohann and R. Treumann, Basic Space Plasma Physics, 1996 A. Keiling et al., Substorm current wedge driven by plasma flow vortices: THEMIS observations, JGR, 2009
Elena Kronberg: Space Weather Lecture 7: Magnetospheric Substorms and Storms 41 / 41