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, TITO AND THE " " Lo"t"IS .o\DAII'IC Y ~~~~~\\~' tbe\-~;:!e:! p'!!~~~ ~~:o~11~P~~ 6~ of a eapitulatiOil ~ment •lith th" Oennao HigbComm&Dd. ~!0011 of the k'lv .. mml'lll, 111ith the king and his cutourac:e. fl,o:J 11•• -utcy,l.,..,-inll' it to bit>, eh11011 and the enemy. But the YUI!osla\ J>OOp!t• did not eapitulate. tn~tud, they sre WTitilll'-"fthem• .,.t IDAf(lliHI'ent('hapter~~in thehi~tory(lf human UAnd••ur.

Tb•· ch•P~t l'tiAJiy Letrin• on Mlll"Cb 'l7. 111·11. 'll"hen tlw Yuro$t.n. sa~T<•uud.-d on all ~ide~~ by the AID, •uddenly onr­ tl\Nluade, a dietatonhip which b·o day'!~ Nrlil'f' had R£tt,.J a pa.et v1ith Hitler. In the )!al't'b r<·~ti•Hl of •·nllnhuratinn. and the April nofuMlto yield to fo~. tir ,,_ ~~ of th•· ~tn-root -Liberation movement, wbi..J.1 t·llrril' within it. !ort•upatiun foree. tooth and nail, hy Uay anJ loy niltlll. with bloud, blutr. in~nuity IUid C'OllJ"'Ct' To-da1 the :\atroua.l Libc:ra.tion .\.rmy and P&rtiMn JX,tachmooh .,f Yug!ll'lavia. i.ltltt<·r kuo.,·n u Partisalll!l, number i.M'l"'et~ll 250,000 &n~ 31XJ.UOO. Tbt•y ba•·e freed ap])rotimlltely half of Yuphnia; th1y ban• vith~tood lli.J: major Axia oft'ensive~<. '"""' .,. ...,. flt:htillll' mon> :\"uilrool)51banarethecombined Fifth and Eighth .\rm$1 in ltaly. ,\I)C•nrdilllt to Brili~h 10urce• tNy ~about 'l .\xia divi~

tion and insecurity, of brutality, theft. •tar,·ation. kidn&Jlpin¥ aud murder. di!l('owred an infinitely powerful motive and nwthod, and an extraordinarily abltl leader. The rnotiH~ is rlnuble: to rid the land of the 1\II.Zis. theircollnbotaton and all thl'ir work\!: and to l\'make Yuto~lavia into a country whetfl 1'\erybody will have the chan~e to dev~:lop to hi'l fullesteapu.city. The method is the application of militant dtmocrocy. The leader is Jollip llrowvieh. known to the world ru; Tito. F'oralong time the Welt bdievcd that Yugmta.via'samuin,~t n-•istance wu due to (:em•ral Dradua :\likhailovich, miniucr nf wa.r in the ~v gOI·errunent.-in..exill'. During the llll>t ,.ixtnontbs.howe~er. thef~Wbbtwebegun l.neml'rgeintheJJTfl811. aud with them, the retWll\8 for the fal~o "hulld-up" of Mik­ hailovieh. To undel'lltand what ha@ \)('ol'n going Oil. "''-' have to Uike a quiek look at pre-wnr Yugoslavia. Sineu l\.129 the country h11d bf.en a dictatol'l:!hiJI with all th(l trimmillp: all e:J[II'l'm~y Nllltrictcl fra.nehii!O, n la.r~. wel!-organi~M u'<'rf't Jmlice. 11 divido-aud-ruleU'Chniqucl'l·hit'b bre111'eddiseordaud JM't-.e~:ution ILIDOng national aud rt•ligiou~ gtoUpii, •ettin11 Serhmn again~t Croatian and Slovellian. setting Roman Catholie against r;n'f'k Orthodox. Thrre were other limm of clca."a.gf· Yugo~la\·ia '' ttn a!{ricultural t"ountry. B.bout I'>(] per <'<'nt. of whose pooplr are p.:Mants. Thel'l'wa:;aterrille!,'lfthl' Jl"a.s&Dtf> aml tb.s wa~ not tntircly it• uwn mn..ter f'itht•r ful'('iWJ diplomatir pre<.•ul'll!l, fon-ifCll •·apita.l and int~re..t~. twitchr·d a good many Hlrings in Yugu>lana ..\ mrm rouldn't ~limb to the top uule. he hlid tho "right ~mnt'l·lion~" at home and ahro111d ..\nd.in the ..ernmble to'I<'IU'd !ute-. be had to imitate tho "rigltl poople": halwltollxploit hi" own t'OUntry­ llWII. That 1>.11~ inevit.. ble in tbe life of the pre-wa.r Balkan~. There.,..~.~; another r~tor. Pr~ti\·ally tJI the army om~n wtre Serbian". So 1\'t!re most of the key men ill government and bu~ines!. To tb- men, ~. \\'ail the heart, the central eore, of Yugo~lavia. To them, the country ,-;as only a "Gff'ater Serbia," and they had little use for ('r<;>lltittnli nnrbia" fantuy had a lot to do with the :\lik· YUOOSU.\'IA, T ITO AXD "PARTIS.\NS'' hailo.-icoh lt~nd. -itluow;ly <-·tonstru<'led l>y the government­ in-e~le. t:nd~r the apJI&I'Cntly ,ntooth dictatorial 8urf&<'e. pre-war 'litlf'o;la~ia 'fi'M tom in oountll'"" directions by all sorts of ooll­ llioeting. divitling tof('~; l'(lki<.mal and religiou~ diserimination. craft. OOITU IIt !}OiiticJ, capital-labor ~tn1ggles. car[lialll'iiiMion. llut there 'fl'ero al110 democratic f-whit·h had lung IM!4'n !!IlK~ in ad~. UJihilllitruarle tot a 11mrkahlto oon~titution. for a bill of rightij, for union. And thenwe""tht'plainpooplf',the~atbulkofthepopulAIIon. •bOil& Nfu.llapse. Among the1101dil'ft in the hill~ 11i'IJI Druha Mikhailo\'idt. then a o:olonel aad lbe. ebie.f ofll<'fuut re<>ruitint:ch·ilian~. Ht~ b aaiO tn ban' had at toll<' tim~ a fol'fil or 300,000 m~o. Uut bia lllloin t~tit:al idt'lll ... -a~ to h"ld toff •~ mueh .. t~ible from lrhlinc lha in\·atil'l'll, and to oonl'eotrat" on traioinK an army •lioh •ould go in!<) ll'tion wht·n and if the Anglo-.\nwrican• .aaoald open a l'&m!»!ign in Yugt-.hwia.. Mikhailovich's politieal kill..-... ria:bt in line "·ith that nf the govemment--in-£'~\('; to Ntuna to tb11 .-.-ar ~me in Yug..-.;lavt., 'fl'hich II'U to ~ll!.ol'l!ofa"GrMterSerhia"thantover.

,.._. ~ 1-.> idii!IA did not satisfy the Yug011lav JK'Ople it IIDJI1 d.Dun•tral.fd by the hi"tory and pm... l'nt •tatus of the Jll.k!WJoviob-the royal government- mOHml'nl. Let u~ •wDitlleBriliahbavettlP.Yahoutit. SineetheBrili'h u4 ~ pvernmenh havl'l done tl\'erything J)O~~ible to t.ek dtl Yuroelav rovt"nunen~in-(:xilE', they cannot be &C<'USed TilE DALIIOUSIE REVIF.W

of undue prt'judiee ag&illJI~ )likbailovieh &nd piU'tiality for the Partillallll.. lbther latdily and .,;jtb tome reluetanee, they have reaently admitted that, in the 1II1JI'Ib of ) lr. Chun.'hill, "Of coune, the partisana of .Manhal 'l'il.o are the only people •bo are doing any efreetive fighting ap.ina~ the German~~ now:· Tba\ " no'lli'" ia slightly mi&leadior; it U ..,-ell o••cr two ylliU'll ~~.moo :\likhailo•lch ha.s done 4/lY e!l()(:tive fl~hting againBt the OennaiU. hll!tee.d. and again in )lr. Cburehill'a words. "R-ome of bit; oomruanden made all<.'<.lmruodatioD.i "'ith l t.alian and German troops." "Partisan &etivitie-r; u~\ hi1 eommand<'n' aetoom.modatiollJI with the enemy. He endea•·ored to ~upp~ thtl01." 'l'hi• mean~ that 11010•• ol M.ikhaild by a famoWI PartU.n ~tory. In Oct.oht•r '41. before 'l'ito'• DIUll€' .,..., a houoh i& aaid to have thought him a R\UII!ian rcnt•ral and, when infonneJ of tho troth MUle time later. to haveexclatmed, "If I'd lmuwn who he .....,. l y;ould ban~ ;,hot. the lW. •· Moreo•·'ll', it IDWI~ be -.dmitted that until the 'nmm11r of '43 neither the Brit~h Foreign Of!iOt>. through "'l'hi .. h ~ th11 di..>pat.che~ releuod by the govef'IUllent.-io-«~:ile, nor tht British and AmerictLD pr~. ma.U11 any etr!niaus, MIICOOoniaoa. Montooegrins; Catholie., Orthodox, M011lema, J11W11; peopkl ot different partie.; Dcmocrata. lndependentt, Agrarian•, Soeiali•t.. Communis-tl; men and women, boys nnd girlt; J)('&~ts, worken, Yt"OOSU\"1.\, TITO .-\ND "PARTISANS''

.nun, ~. ~hen., fl!!.hennen, lawyer., hoWie1ri\·et with babit8. doetoro.. prie~~l.f> - poople by the thou~~and11, tben t...a ..t thna~~~ado.. thl'll bundr...d~ of thoull&lldJ. Thi'Y arm""! tb.. m-el.ves hy raidin~ IO<'~I ~odarmeril'!', ut' hili~ a G.-man or ltahan and takm~ h1a ll"etopon•. In K1'111r1Q'P\"Itt ,,..,, rueu with I'Olply rifiN held up lt'Tl quilllil!£ ~ ud -te .,ft' with th•·ir KIJOI •?d hullet11.. Som• 'l"hl'l'<' e!>rd,.,. '" 1'·1. arm~. EvPl'yWbt·n• the CIIPITiolall ~ tlwo m\ad<>r. tmlplflg at IUm.•littin&; b11 Llfroat hPhind a heol~t~·· """'"op;ngdu..-n on hln• at uu~peel.ed tllliu• a~~ ply train~, ~~~ tots pnvilinrtA. and ai"N:>)'ll '"'-IJ>inl!! th('ru8f'h-f!ll to _I.U mumUtll\11 cof war. it ll"a&. noot an•l l>ranrh. thl' ma• UJ>r•-mg of • Pf'OPIO\. .\nd it 11.- ~aine.-1 a Jl<"li>lo's m"wmt'nt nn April?.!. '!I. th·••

T1lo,l Jo>S'ip l!rwo\'ich ,.. .._, •-~n foQUippM for the ta..;k. H<' .-u burn LD I Mill I'tly-.stril'l;.en JM'&I;BDI family_ Hill fathlor ••• l'n.tian. bill m"lh11', :Sion•nian. Ju 1914 h11 ..-o.s draltM int•l th" .\uo.trn--llun~au anny. Taken pri»>UI'f" and _,ID Ru,.ia, hfl joined the ('ornmuni~t.-. and follf(ht in 1hn Ru.aan Utn. 111 19:.!~ bt> Tt"IUmtd to YugOII]avi.a. t-Ill~ h~ ,.r th• n>eta.l "'"r~oer~· union. t.o ..k th"' uudo>rground .- .:>f Tito othla•· Comlnuni~t Party had '-'n OUt• Jawed 10 I !I!\ I. t"hl' Yllillnlat<'T h"' "'~'~~' am-.;tOO by thto Relf(Tilode roerizM"s -nt t>nlio·<", und<'no'f'tll thf'ir ~pt'<·i-.1 Ornnd of t in 11ri11on. On hi:c r~!f!IIIS(', he ~ent ahrood &pia. •hero ba brlt><"" tbto lnl-f'rnatiun-.1 Rri!tadM vll-hel'lpiUlilh Ci\·il War. t'inully her.-tnmed to \"ugo.!avia, to ll"'l*l't &~t&in•t ''~ T;(l. Addfd 1-<1 thit h&rd--•on t•xperient't'. inqliuable to Yugo;.la\' ...... _, T11u hao; quahtitM whi<>h 110ulr.intec.,"l'it yandprinl'ipiE>..-hieh Amlrioaa:IM.Il''flllot""l loy hi- fullul'l"lft. lligh oflll'iala of 1IK> Allil'l! .at~ bellbo'" uneanny genfoJ·lli~hip. '!'bat be hu rallied logdher .,_..,. i.u -.11 bruwbl'fl of Yugoslav life indi~t~ the qualit) 'l'IH~ DALHOl'SlE REY!Jo:W ot hi~ ~latf:sllllloiUhip. :\!(>lit important or aU. bo~e\'er, hi' ..aw from the beginninlt' that t!Us iJ!a people'• war. and he roul:"ht it &<"('Qnlinf(ly. Thi~ is the one poillt on whil"h 'l'i\.0 i.; eompletely un~umpn>mi.o.ing. To the~~ or the world. perhap11 h11 ~igm•l :ij•hievement or Jong-n.nf(e ioHuent>e i. thl' d<'ruon~trauon that Co>mmuni"b ll!fd non-C'ommuni,.lfl'an III'Qrk ell'<.:di•·ely tlljlether In \lay of '11. Tito. aln.oady batlly wantN by Himmler. who knew hi~ n>e<>rd, made hi~ ~·ay to a B<:>lgratle flat. through ~~~~ Jmtrollod by :-.'azis witli tommy-guns. to confer ~·ith lfl. hr.n Hib&r. wid('!y known u a pi"'Orf"'...ivfl membfr of the Democratil.' p&r"ty, and a few other leat.lera. A programme wu dntm up; !ia. By ~ovt'lnber of the following yNI.r, the mon•met1~ h&d gro~·n -a •lronst that the Partill&n~ e~ted a regular army from th~ previou~ looee guerrilla unita. At the ~~ame time, a.n "Antt­ •• ...,.i~t Aost>mhly tor the Pooplf''l Libe-ration in \'ugowla>"":ia" e~tedexaeutiveand li'gi,Ja.th·epn.M'i<'l mi»inn of 2:.! o!ll('t'n. und~r Lieutcnaot..(ienl'ral Kornt'yeJY. a ..,ell-known Ru...Pan Arl:n1 commlltlllcr. Mrin'<•ii{Ued to the AUiPd headquarten for tbl i\liddlt> Eo.~t. Tito's milit.&ly ami pOlitieal idea. 11re aptly ~ummed up iD the f'artiun-l.ibention ~"ronl lllogan: "Death to Fa.aci~m. Liberty to the Poople." 'l'hf' Pvtisan~didn't 'OI'ait for an AD,. AmtJri<'lln inva>Uon: thlly went oo the prineiple: "Hit the X~ ~·herever and whenever you llnd him." Thill taket higbly Yl'tiOSI.A\'L\. TITO ,\:\D "I'AHTI~.\~S"

J~~ubil'-' tr'"'ps; in IL yea.r uno briJ(nde CU><"I'{l(l 2.-'iOO miles nu foot, -.nntbl'r ha• mareh"ol ;:; mil~~ in 3U hounro\'l'r mnuntaim>ua territory with uno• bait·hour 5lnp. Tilo u..ro the regular army !nt while hi~ JrUerrilho. unitij bh Uie.111 in lM I'Nlr with ~"ift, ll'rribl;> pundlt'l. Somt• M hi~ Partian dPL&I'hmtonta tu'\• now HR:hting mile,; v•ithin &Dd Hungary. Tbe anny. a• W(> hrwe •t>en. hiLl! I he hroade•t po~~>ihle lrn'"· hi. opMIIo ewTyb..H'Iy who i• "'illinR: l.u fight ).;ui•. Ita rank& an SUed with people or all religion~. nalionahtie-. !Wllitieal tllad• (ell''-'PI th11 tlie-hard ~upporten1 or the pre>-wnr regimll). 0Yw half -.~ per <'('Ut at!' &·rbian. AOOm one-quarter IU'O ,._, a f.,. uf "·hom are e.ompany eummandcN. Thl'y dn·,~ ud l(bt likt~ tho ml'n, and endure the l>llme hnrd~hipH. TH blllk of the army'• equipment 11'11.11 eaptured from tho ....,, allboqh 11 fe'lll' Parti!!an factorillf' are tnrning out mine-s . .-~M and lltllllll ammunition, ami Allied ouppliCH have now ..... \otriridl'in. Sincf'thcMtnyhll.lpracti.. a.llynoairforel'• .... o.r-.asdidn't needanti..airl'ra.l't weapon,.: and the Partisan• ban liU~ 1ritb whi~h to ward on: Ge1'1Dan air atta<"b. Thl'y ban 11 r.... aati·tank ~tun~ and a ~mnll numOOr of tank•. ~"'lwl 61wklU,rt~~pt!tn'tl •t.,..k. The army i~ moderott'ly 11tl'll N)UipJii:'nwmtinn of g&rrnent~. What t&ailorm~ thl'y p.-..; haw i>e<•n eaptul"'ld Ol' J)il'ked up 1>00\f'-­ M: O.rman. Italian, l'~ta.ttwo lto.n'rilahutnlctionho•fnrelht•yarl•N'adyforaction;und{'r ll,...,.andrill«lfurthroow~k•. Offiel'l'l!,bowever,arotraiotd ....fir Wo JQOD.thl in 0011 nl seveTa.l militory ~ademie~~ 1'ito hu THE DALHOUSIF. RE\TlEW

Casualties inea~itated for further flghtiuc an &Migned to do war ~~rork in their home village10, or to an organiu.tion ea.Ued ''Mili~ry Forr oo!T('('. DurinK 110nu• of thl' t<:>ugb~t momt'nt.l, 'l'ito 1uod hw mldi<'n. h&H! •nb8i4ed on ra~~r meat, 11'&\e. and gi'a"''. Once an Allied uml'er .-ith lht-m ha.-t to the f<•r 21 boW'> on three appl111. Whtu foOO runa N)fo('ially •h<~rt, thl' mNJ Not lint, tb~:>n the Oifo<'l'f'K, then thf' hid! rnmDl.L!Id. On the mart'h, in battle. and at re-t, the Pnrti><1u1 anni('IO lli .g. Blood-l'urdlin~r I'ODI'!~ abou' 11·hat tb<>}' •ill do to the S"tuia; "<