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Yugoslavia, a Country with a Population of About 20,000,000, Has Asofficial Languages Macedonian, Slovenian, and Serbo-Croatian

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Yugoslavia, a Country with a Population of About 20,000,000, Has Asofficial Languages Macedonian, Slovenian, and Serbo-Croatian DOCUMENT RESUME ED 024 915 AL 001 172 By-Magner, Thomas F. Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia. Note-16p. Journal Cit- Canadian Slavic Studies; vl n3 p333-47 Fall 1967 EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC-$0.90 Descriptors-Bilingualism, Cultural Factors, Cyrillic Alphabet, Dialect Studies, Diglossia, GeographicRegions, Language Role, *Language Standardization,*Multilingualism, MutualIntelligibility, Nonstandard Dialects, *Official Languages, *Regional Dialects, *Serbocroatian, Slavic Languages, Sociolinguistics Identifiers-Macedonian, Slovenian Yugoslavia, a country with a population of about 20,000,000, has asofficial languages Macedonian, Slovenian, and Serbo-Croatian. The latter is the causeof much controversy, for while Croatian and Serbian indisputably have a common linguistic base, the political arid economic tensions between the two"nationalities" augment disagreement on the different usage of the twodialects and prevent the establishment of a single "standard" for the entire republic. The author concludesthat "scholarly work in Serbo-Croation/Serbian/Croatian linguistics has come to avirtual standstill" and tha1 future contributions will come "from outside the country."(MK) THOMAS F. MAGNER Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION 115 POSITION OR POLICY. "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS itV 0110161410 MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED C2 By Ui TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REQUIRES PERMISSION OF IHE NOIRROKT OWNER." Reprinted from: Canadian Slavic Studies, vol. I, no. 3, Fall 1967 AL 001112 Canadian Slavic Studies, 1,no. 3 (Fall, 1967) 333-347 THOMAS F. MAGNER Language and Nationalism in Y ugoslavia Yugoslavia, a small country withan estimated population for 1966 of 19,756,000,' hasa rather large number of constituent nation- alities. Using the 1961census figure of 18,549,000 as a base, the statistical handbook lists thefollowing nationalities havingover 100,000 members:Serbs- 7,806,000; Croats - 4,294,000; Slo- venes - 1,589,000; Macedonians- 1,046,000; Moslems - 973,- 000; Albanians- 915,000; Montenegrins - 514,000; Hungarians - 504,000;Yugoslays non-specified- 317,000; and Turks - 183,000. The other nationalities,ranging in numbers from 86,000 (Slovaks) to 1,000 (Austrians)include Slovaks, Bulgarians,Ruma- nians, Ukrainians,Gypsies, Czechs,Italians, Germans, Russians, Vlachs, Poles, Jews, Greeks,and Austrians. Of the largergroups the Albaniansor Shiptars are located in theirautonomous region of Kosovo-Metohijain southern Serbia and incontiguous areas of Macedonia and Montenegro(see map); the Hungariansare mainly in Vojvodina,an autonomous region of northern Serbia;and the Turks are mainly inMacedonia. The distribution ofthe other major groupsamong the six republics of Yugoslavia isshown in the following table. Serbia Croatia Monte- Bosnia Slovenia Macedonia negro and Herzego- vina Serbs 5,705,000 625,000 14,0001,406,000 14,000 43,000 Croats 196,0003,340,000 11,000 Montenegrins 712,000' 31,000 4,000 105,000 7,000384,000 13,000 1,000 3,000 Moslems 93,000 3,000 31,000 Yugoslays 842,000 9 3,000 non-specified 20,000 16,000 2,000 276,000 3,000 1,000 Slovenes 20,000 39,000 1,000 Macedonians 6,0001,522,000 1,000 36,000 4,000 1,000 2,000 1,0001,001,000 The Montenegrins, whohave historically consideredthemselves to be both Montenegrins andSerbs, are now officially classifiedsimply as Montenegrin3;2 their distribution,as shown above, bears out the 1. Statistieki kalendar Jugoslavije1966 (Belgrade, 1966),pp. 20-25. 2. Milovan Djilasnow feels that there is no such thingas a "separate Monte- negrin nationality"; zeepp. 420-421 of his latest book, NjegoS (Naw York.1966). AUSTRIAst.OVE"I HUNGARY OLJUILJANA0 ZAGRESCROATIA VOJVODINA RUMANIA WIAAPIIINANANA011~1.16.wiNwAillift~~01101~4101\AulisONANANWINAL 401NALdob-1.1,r40444.vilkt":VOA.4110. 11.JO \ BOSNIANERZEGOVINA SELGRAOE 'ANA101.C:No" , SARAJEVO 0 atiosgAgillke" WON. SERBIA BULGARIA ITALY ~1.01.0.0400010140110411101111100111NANANIINNINO- 11015 .MONTENEGROTp. KosmET %OWN.AAlINA Onome 1110A01011011.5001001110.01110.111.111.11.1.111.11.6011.41.--.w-.h-*-000iosmansAwouououoaftrokrlowikitooftoiooAttroviii..."0.0.04.0.0801.0e..00.0***/*/"00100worimmouorovikourotroweik"."1"1"010.00%.witormorkotribooloaArimftworsowwwwALBANIA OSKOPLJE ANANANANAINI....14~~,ANOWIAIIIA Noroloolowilloo.00.010wwwwwirooriaftowkoiskeallaikournuitiow04000110110104000040"."wilowil#110~."0110.010040001000040001404040wirmisolositoriuftourkft"000#4041ftwovortolookestwourne~sekelaiiellowisoftork...411001~40/001/111110Ifit MACEDONIA ~*414P 41011111.1111110.1.10111140,411104041.1410111011101.101,--11180110101100111811~001~11/11~.01011104001011011~011.11AA GREECE -110- %NW. 1111134110.1 LANGUAGE AND NATIONALISM INYUGOSLAVIA 335 usual comment thatone out of every five Montenegrins ;s outside the republic while the large numberof them in Serbia gives credence to the current jest that Belgrade isnow the largest city in Monte- negro. The Moslem category in thecensus is the only one, save that of the Jews, basedon a criterion of religion; the census category of "Yugoslav non-specified" isfor the most part an escape mechanism for Yugoslays of Moslembackground who do not wish to beso labeled. If one adds the 276,000 "Yugoslav::non-specified" in Bosnia and Herzegovina to the 842,000Moslems itz that republic,a new grour emerges, one larger than the Macedonianswho have their own _epublic. Against this multi- iational backgroundI plan in thispaper to discuss problems of language andnationalism chiefly as they relate to the speakers of Serbo-Croatian, thelanguage which is spoken by some three-fourths of the population.Serbo-Croatian is one of the three major Slavic languages inYugoslavia, the other two being Slovenian and Macedonian, whichare spoken in the republics so named. Serbo-Croatian is then the nativelanguage of Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins, Moslems,' and most of the"Yugoslays non-specified", particularly those in Bosnia andHerzegovina. The foundations of the Serbo-Croatianstandard languagewere laid in the first half of the nineteenthcentury principally by Vuk Stefanovif: KaradYi.(1787-1864), a Serb, and Ljudevit Gaj(1809- 1872), a Croat; Karadior Vuk, as he is commonly referred to, made the lirr' importantcontribution to the codification ofSerbo- Croatian with the publicationin Vienna of his Serbian dictionary (and gramm ar) in 1818. Asthe basis for his descriptionof the grammar and lexicon, Vuk used hisown dialect,' that of TrliC in 3. It is, of course, possible to be of the of the Moslem "nationality", Moslem faith and not bea member e.g. many Yugoslav Albanians (Shiptars)are Moslem in their religion. Serbs andCroats also refer to Serbian Moslemsand Croatian Moslems in Bosniaand Herzegovina, but such referencesare unsup- ported by exact data. Given thepresent census categories a person of the Moslem religion in Bosnia andHerzegovina can define himselfas a Serb, a Croat, a Moslem, or a "Yugoslavnon-specified", and hecan redefine his nation- ality status at a succeedingcensus. The movement of some'Moslems in Bosnia and Herzegovina from nationalitycategory to nationality category, depending on perceived interests, has earned them the types. name of suncokret, "sunflower", 4. Serbo-Croatian dialectsare traditionally classified as Stokavian, Sakavian, or kajkavian, the name deriving froma dialect's choice of form for the interro- gative pronoun "what": &co; au,or kaj. Serbo-Croatian dialectscan also be distinguished according to theirrepresentation of Common Slavic"jet",for example, Corn. SI. mako, "milk",> S-Cr. rnlijeko (ijekavian)/m/eko(ekavian)/ mliko(ikavian); Corn.SI.trAsto, "place", > S-Cr. mjesto(ijekavian)/mesto (ekavian) / misto (ikavian). Vuk'sdialect was, then, Stokavian-ijekavian;modrn Serbo-Croatian is Itokavian-ijekavianin Croatia, Bosnia andHerzegovis a, end Montenegro, but Itokavian-ekavianin Serbia. The two alphabetsin use, one Cyrillic and one Latin,are mutually convertible;all school-children in the Serbo-Croatian speech area learn bothalphabets but, in practice, theuse of the Cyrillic alphabet is limitedto Serbia and Montenegro. 336 REVUE CANADIENNE DITUDES SLAVES western Serbia, which represented the more general type of eastern Herzegovina, the home of Vuk's ancestors. Vuk's disciple, Djuro Dani&C (1825-1882), helped in refining the grammatical canon and in norming the accentuation. In the year 1850 Vqk andDanitl, representing the Serbs, signed aKnjaevni dogovor, "Literary Agreement," in Vienna along with the representatives of the Croats, Dimitrije Demeter, Ivan1<ukul- jevie° and Ivan Mauranil. The substance of the agreement was that the Croats and Serbs would both use the same dialect of Serho- Croatian, specifically Vuk's dialect, as the basis for a common standard language. The Croats of the Illyrian movement, led by Gaj, had already in 1836 abandoned their kajkavian dialect in favor of gtokavian, which was the more wide-spread dialect in the Serbo- Croatian speech area; by this new agreement the Croats and the Serbs were simply agreeing to select one of thegtokavian dialects, namely ijekavian rather than ekavian or ikavian. The decision of the Illyrian Croats to jettison kajkavian(-ekavian), a literary language with some 300 years of tradition, and then to select%tokavian(-ijeka-
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  • Gustavplaybook.Pdf
    GustavUnder theAdolf Lily the Banners Great 11 Dirschau 1627 • Honigfelde 1629 • Breitenfeld 1631 • Alte Veste 1632 • Lützen 1632 PLAY BOOK Table of Contents All Scenarios .................................................................. 2 Dramatis Personae.................................................. 36 Polish Wars Special Rules.............................................. 4 Swedish Kings and Queens .................................... 37 Dirschau / Tczew ............................................................ 5 The Swedish-Polish Wars of the 17th Centure ...... 38 Honingfelde / Trzciano................................................... 9 Polish Army of the 1620s ....................................... 38 Breitenfeld ...................................................................... 12 The Swedish Army of Gustav Adolf ...................... 38 Alte Veste ....................................................................... 20 Game Tactics III ............................................................. 41 Lützen .......................................................................... 26 Bibliography ................................................................... 44 Edgehill Variant .............................................................. 33 Counterscans .................................................................. 45 Historical Notes .............................................................. 36 Charts and Tables ........................................................... 48 GMT Games, LLC 0602
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