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latawski+smith.cov 29/4/03 12:20 pm Page 1 of post-Cold War European security of post-Cold War The Kosovo crisis and the evolution HIS BOOK looks at the legacy of the 1998–99 Kosovo crisis for European security affairs. It The Kosovo crisis Texamines the debates about the nature and justification of intervention in the affairs of sovereign states. It also considers the impact of the and the evolution crisis on NATO and on relations between western states and Russia both during and since Kosovo. of post-Cold War Well-known ‘facts’ are critically assessed and challenged. The authors argue, for example, that European security the NATO attacks on Serbia were not a ‘war’, nor did the crisis directly lead to moves to endow the European Union with its own military dimension. PAUL LATAWSKI AND MARTIN SMITH The authors also look at key issues and debates that have, so far, often been neglected. They consider the difficulties of entrenching ‘western’ norms and values in areas where ethnic conceptions of national identity are dominant. They also place the Kosovo crisis in the context of the long-term evolution of a transatlantic LATAWSKI LATAWSKI ‘community of values’ between Europe and North America. PAUL LATAWSKI AND MARTIN SMITH AND ARE BOTH SENIOR LECTURERS IN DEFENCE SMITH AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AT THE ROYAL MILITARY ACADEMY, SANDHURST Lat 00 22/4/03 8:47 pm Page i The Kosovo crisis and the evolution of post-Cold War European security Lat 00 22/4/03 8:47 pm Page ii Lat 00 22/4/03 8:47 pm Page iii The Kosovo crisis and the evolution of post-Cold War European security Paul Latawski Martin A. Smith Manchester University Press Manchester and New York published exclusively in the USA by Palgrave Lat 00 22/4/03 8:47 pm Page iv Copyright © Paul Latawski and Martin A. Smith 2003 The right of Paul Latawski and Martin A. Smith to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by Manchester University Press Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9NR, UK and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk Distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA Distributed exclusively in Canada by UBC Press, University of British Columbia, 2029 West Mall Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 0 7190 5979 8 hardback 0 7190 5980 1 paperback First published 2003 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Typeset by Helen Skelton, Brighton, UK Printed in Great Britain by Bookcraft (Bath) Ltd, Midsomer Norton Lat 00 22/4/03 8:47 pm Page v Contents Preface page vii Notes on the authors viii List of abbreviations ix Introduction 1 1 NATO, Kosovo and ‘humanitarian intervention’ 11 2 Kosovo and NATO’s post-Cold War adaptation 39 3 South East European settlements? Democratisation, nationalism and security in former Yugoslavia 66 4 Kosovo, NATO and Russia 92 5 The EU’s military dimension: a child of the Kosovo crisis? 120 6 The evolution of the ‘Atlantic Community’ 143 Conclusion 170 Key documents 182 Select bibliography 215 Index 224 Lat 00 22/4/03 8:47 pm Page vi Lat 00 22/4/03 8:47 pm Page vii Preface The origins of this book are rooted during Operation Allied Force in 1999. Even as that conflict raged, the two authors debated the issues and decided that a book was necessary in order to examine a number of the fascinating and important questions spawned by the Kosovo crisis. After considerable deliberation, the present structure was adopted for considering the crisis within the continuum of develop- ments in post-Cold War European security. The book has been greatly assisted by the inputs of a number of people who deserve special mention and our thanks. Dr Christopher Donnelly, the Special Advisor to the Secretary-General of NATO, kindly arranged a series of very valuable interviews with NATO offi- cials. These greatly illuminated a number of issues examined here. Similarly, Mrs Anne Aldis and other members of the Conflict Studies Research Centre at Camberley assisted the authors in the preparation of our material. An expression of well-deserved appreciation is neces- sary to Andrew Orgill and his team at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst library. They were very helpful in addressing our biblio- graphic requests and pointing us in the direction of books, articles and other material useful for coming to grips with the complicated issues raised by the Kosovo crisis. Finally, family and friends gave considerable encouragement and support and they receive our heartfelt thanks – particularly Dorina Latawska who patiently endured much ‘shop talk’ from the authors during the gestation of this book! The final task to be performed here is to note that the analysis, opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this book are those of the authors alone. They do not necessarily represent the views of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, the UK Ministry of Defence or any other government agency. Paul Latawski, Martin A. Smith Lat 00 22/4/03 8:47 pm Page viii Notes on the authors Paul Latawski is Senior Lecturer in Defence and International Affairs at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He is also an Associate Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute in London. His princi- pal research interests include contemporary Poland and security in Central and South East Europe. Recent publications in these areas include The Transformation of the Polish Armed Forces: Preparing for NATO (RUSI, 1999) and Britain, NATO, and the Lessons of the Balkan Conflicts 1991–1999, co-edited with Stephen Badsey (Frank Cass, 2003). Martin A. Smith is Senior Lecturer in Defence and International Affairs at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. His main research interests are in the fields of international and European security. Recent books include NATO in the First Decade after the Cold War (Kluwer, 2000) and Uncertain Europe, co-edited with Graham Timmins (Routledge, 2001). He is currently collaborating on book projects on the European Union, NATO and Russia, and an introduction to the theory and practice of European security. Lat 00 22/4/03 8:47 pm Page ix List of abbreviations AFOR Albania Force CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CJTF Combined Joint Task Force EAA Euro-Atlantic Area EAPC Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council EC European Community EDC European Defence Community EEC European Economic Community ESDP European Security and Defence Policy EU European Union FRG Federal Republic of Germany FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia G8 Group of Eight ICG International Crisis Group IFOR Implementation Force KFOR Kosovo Force KLA Kosovo Liberation Army (UCK in Albanian) KVM Kosovo Verification Mission NAC North Atlantic Council NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NOD Non Offensive Defence NRC NATO-Russia Council OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe PfP Partnership for Peace PJC Permanent Joint Council (NATO-Russia) RNAC Russia-North Atlantic Council SACEUR Supreme Allied Commander Europe Lat 00 22/4/03 8:47 pm Page x x ABBREVIATIONS SFOR Stabilisation Force TEU Treaty on European Union UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNMIK United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force UNSC United Nations Security Council US United States USAF United States Air Force USEUCOM United States European Command WEU Western European Union XFOR Extraction Force Lat 00 22/4/03 8:47 pm Page 1 Introduction The structure and purpose of this book This volume does not seek to offer a detailed account of the back- ground to and course of the Kosovo crisis, which reached its peak of intensity in 1998–99. A number of highly competent such studies have already been published.1 Nor are the discussions that follow framed principally as a ‘lessons learned’ analysis. The main objective here, rather, is to examine and assess the impact of the Kosovo crisis on the continuing evolution and development of key issues relating to post- Cold War European security overall. In measuring this impact the discussions begin, logically, with the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). This was the chosen instrument through which its member states sought to achieve their objective of compelling the government of President Slobodan Milosevic in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) to cease and desist from what the former considered to be unacceptable activities in Kosovo province. Further, the FRY was also compelled effectively to cede authority over Kosovo to an international protectorate. NATO thus sits at the nexus of a number of important debates. Perhaps the most controversial concern the nature of its intervention and the circumstances in which such interventions in international affairs may be considered justifiable and legitimate. Reflecting their importance in most assessments of the Kosovo crisis, these issues are examined here in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 considers structural issues and looks at the impact of the conduct of Operation Allied Force – the NATO bombing campaign of March–June 1999 – on both the internal workings of NATO and the expansion of its geographical areas of interest and remit within Europe. Lat 00 22/4/03 8:47 pm Page 2 2 THE KOSOVO CRISIS This is followed, in Chapter 3, by an assessment of the premises, assumptions and ultimate prospects for success of western-led attempts, through NATO and other international institutions, to bring about social, political and economic reconstruction in South East Europe.2 Such efforts are being undertaken on the basis of trying to transplant western norms and values relating to, for example, liberal democracy and an inclusive – or ‘civic’ – national identity.

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