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Laser Fuion with Green and Blue Light Laser Fu ion with Green and Blue Light We will use a frequency-conversion subsystem to produce green and blue light with the Laboratory's Novette and Tova lasers to improve substantially the performance of Fo r further informatIO n ontac Da\ id fimer' ( <1S) 422--505 inertial-confinement fusion targets. 18 INERTIAL FUSION In inertial confinement fusion, tiny shorter wavelengths (0 .53 and 0.35 ~m) but powerful thermonuclear explosions both increase the maximum absorption are produced by focusing a laser beam and cause more of the incident light to on microscopic (0.1 to 5.0 mm) be absorbed at high intensities. Analy­ deuterium-tritium (D-T) targets. Be­ sis of these results indicates that the cause the laser beam is very intense absorption of laser light is improved 7 2 (l05 to 10 GW/cm ), it generates a because inverse bremsstrahlung is more dense plama where it impinges on the efficient at shorter wavelengths. target material. This plasma interacts Shorter wavelengths also affect pre­ strongly with the laser beam. Recent heating of the fuel in these laser-driven experiments on laser-plasma interac­ targets. The Pd V work necessary to tions have confirmed theoretical predic­ compress a gas such as a D-T mixture tions that target performance improves increases with the gas temperature. at laser wavelengths shorter than Therefore, any heating of the fuel be­ 1 ~m , the wavelength of most target­ fore compression increases the work irradiation studies at LLNL,I This result (i.e., the laser energy) required to com­ has encouraged us to develop short­ press it. High-velocity suprathermal wavelength target-irradiation facilities. electrons produced by collective laser­ The desired wavelengths can be most plasma interactions may preheat the efficiently achieved by converting the target before compression by penetrat­ fundamental wavelength produced by ing to the fuel, where they deposit their current neodymium-glass lasers. The kinetic energy. Recent experiments have Laboratory's Nova laser, now under shown that at shorter wavelengths, the construction, is a neodymium-glass sys­ number of suprathermal electrons is re­ tem that will produce a beam of 80 to duced significantly. Thus, by reducing 120 kJ.2 A frequency-conversion subsys­ preheating, shorter wavelengths make tem between the output beam and the another contribution to reducing the target will enable Nova to operate at laser energy required for ignition. shorter wavelengths. We plan to con­ duct target-irradiation studies with Generating Shorter Nova to measure quantitative improve­ Wavelengths ments in target performance at The foregoing experimental results wavelengths of 1.052, 0.53, and 0.35 ~m. indicate that target performance should We review, here, the physics of laser­ improve as the wavelength of the laser plasma interaction at shorter wave­ drive is reduced below 1 ~m . There are, lengths and describe the frequency­ however, several fundamentallimita­ conversion system to be used with tions on the range of operating Nova. wavelengths for technically feasible laser systems.3 These include the avail­ Laser-Plasma Interaction ability of a lasing medium, the effects Studies of light propagation in optically non­ Two effects lead us to believe that linear materials, and the damaging ef­ the performance of directly driven fects of intense, short-wavelength light fusion targets will improve at shorter pulses on optical materials. wavelengths of incident laser light: the Because of these constraints, the target absorbs more light, and the dele­ shortest wavelength generally consid­ terious preheating of the fuel by fast ered practicable for laser drivers is electrons is reduced. These effects de­ about 0.25 ~m. In contrast, the most pend on the highly nonlinear physics powerful existing target irradiation fa­ of plasma instabilities and their excita­ cilities use lasers that operate either tion by an intense electromagnetic near 10 or near 1 ~m . As a practical wave. matter, then, we decided to reduce the Recent experiments have studied the wavelength of the driver up to a factor absorption of light in various materials of four. By interposing a frequency­ as a function of intensity and wave­ conversion subsystem between the length.I The experiments revealed that output ports of the laser arms and the 19 target, we can shorten the wavelength media, which requires no auxiliary in­ of the laser output. This approach has puts and thus has the virtue of simplic­ proven to be most cost effective with ity and economy. This process is the neodymium-glass lasers and is the one best understood frequency-conversion we have adopted. technique and also provides the most control over the beam quality of the converted light. Harmonic Generation Recent experiments on laser-plasma Harmonic-conversion techniques are interactions have confirmed theoretical well understood and are routinely im­ plemented in small-aperture commer­ predictions that target performance cial lasers.4 Very intense laser light inci­ dent on a transparent medium interacts improves at laser wavelengths shorter with the material's atomic structure to generate electromagnetic radiation with than 1 ~m ... frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency of the incident light, w (see box on p. 22). These are known as harmonics of the funda­ Frequency Conversion mental frequency. The strongest of In principle, any physical phenome­ these is at 2w, and the next strongest is non that changes the frequency of light at 3w. For high conversion efficiency, is a candidate for frequency conversion. the phase velocities of the waves must In practice, however, other require­ be commensurate; the process that ments limit our choice. These include: achieves this is called phase matching. • A focusable output (less than 20 Phase-matched conditions generate times the diffraction-limited spot size). high-power harmonics of the funda­ • A high conversion efficiency mental wave that have a focal spot ap­ (greater than 70%). proximately the same size of that of the • A high damage threshold (above fundamental wave. 2 5 J/cm ). In negative uniaxial crystals such as • Simplicity. potassium dihydrogen phosphate • Availability of materials. (KDP), we can phase match in one of With regard to conversion efficiency, two ways (called type I and type II), for example, there would be no cost ad­ depending on the orientation of the vantage to a technique that requires a polarization of the waves relative to the larger neodymium-glass laser facility to crystal axis and to the direction of reach ignition with frequency conver­ propagation (see box on p. 22). Phase sion than without it. matching thus requires precise orienta­ To satisfy these conditions, frequency tion of the crystals. Our design for a conversion must be based on a physical KDP frequency-conversion subsystem phenomenon that is coherent, satu­ uses type-II phase matching and a rable, and virtually lossless. Among novel arrangement of the crystals to such phenomena are stimulated provide maximum flexibility for the multiphoton Raman scattering, the gen­ laser system. eration of a sum frequency by two-, three-, or four-wave mixing, and the KDP as a Conversion generation of harmonics in optically Medium nonlinear media. Each of these has its Many materials exhibit the properties own impact on laser system design. needed for frequency conversion. The Where the input for the conversion most commonly used are the crystalline process requires waves of different fre­ solids potassium dihydrogen phosphate quency, the effect on the laser system is (KDP), ammonium dihydrogen phos­ considerable. We have decided to use phate (ADP), and their deuterated harmonic conversion in nonlinear isomorphs. These materials also have 20 INERTIAL FUSION the properties, listed above, essential to harmonic is required, another attractive the fusion application. (We considered candidate material is CDA (cesium other materials, such as atomic vapors, dihydrogen arsenate). Phase matching vapors of asymmetric molecules, and is much easier with CDA than with various solid and liquid media; none, KDP, so long as the crystal temperature however, proved as readily adaptable is well controlled. We are continuing to to the neodymium-glass laser.) examine other candidates for future KDP was the first material found to laser systems to increase system flex­ exhibit phase-matched generation of ibility and to decrease the cost of the the second harmonic.s Although the frequency-conversion subsystem. number of such materials has since climbed into the hundreds, KDP re­ Frequency Conversion in mains a primary choice. During the N ovette and Nova 1970s, the development of KDP for use The Laboratory first applied KDP in Pockels cells (a type of optical crystals to harmonic conversion with its switch) led to the production of crystals Argus laser. With both the upgraded of excellent optical quality with a clear Argus (Novette) and the high-power aperture approaching 10 cm in diame­ Nova neodymium-glass lasers, we will ter. Major crystal growers are continu­ use KDP to generate second and third ing their efforts to increase aperture harmonics for studies of the irradiation diameter, now emphasizing the undeu­ of fusion targets. Our objective is to terated form. Undeuterated KDP crys­ convert the infrared (1.053-.um) light tals have an optical quality superior to produced by these lasers to visible the deuterated form, do not require as green (0.53-.um) or blue (0.35-.um) light. expensive a growth facility, and have This conversion entails five major de­ provided most of the growers' sign requirements: experience. • High conversion efficiency from Compared with other candidate ma­ the fundamental frequency to the sec­ terials, KDP is resistant to laser-induced ond and third harmonics. damage, has an adequately high • Harmonic generation with a large harmonic-generation coefficient and a (74-cm) aperture. very low self-focusing index, and trans­ • Multiwavelength flexibility at mits ultraviolet frequencies well. It can minimum cost. be grown from solution to unusually • Integration with the target align­ large sizes and can be phase matched ment and diagnostics systems.
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