docomo mo national news spring 2003
INSIDE PUERTO RICO’S TROPICAL MODERNISM WELCOME, p. 2 The buildings and natural landscape of the University of DOCOMOMO 2004 CONFERENCE, p. 3 Puerto Rico—Río Piedras, embody Hispanic tradition, the principle root of Puerto Rican culture. They are symbolic of CHAPTER UPDATES, p. 3 the permanent presence of that tradition and of the con- stant struggle to preserve and extend it. The campus has been the cradle of ideas, initiatives, and plans of Puerto Rico’s coming of age politically, socially and economically. Its architecture heralded the fusion of modernism with the CONFERENCES tropical climate of the Island. With the general loss of many significant structures from the recent past, conserving the Society of Architectural Historians, architecture and open spaces of the campus is of great 56th Annual Meeting, Denver, importance. Colorado, April 23–27 Although founded in 1903, the first 20 years after the second World War saw the greatest physical growth of the SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AACUPR, 28th Annual California Preservation campus, when the Hispanic Revival style was discarded in FACULTY CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO, HENRY KLUMB, 1948. Foundation Conference, Santa favor of a modern vision of Puerto Rico. The new architec- ings. He created a tropical modernism for Puerto Rico using Barbara, California, April 24–27 ture of this period was the product of an innovative archi- horizontality, spaciousness, and a fluidity of space, promot- tect, Henry Klumb, who worked on the master plan and many ing natural ventilation and illumination. Klumb’s buildings AIA 2003 National Convention and buildings between 1945–1965. Klumb arrived in Puerto Rico were the first to bring international attention to the campus, Exposition: “Design Matters,” after emigrating to the United States and working with Frank appearing in Progressive Architecture, Architectural Forum, San Diego, May 8–10 Lloyd Wright. His campus master plan aligned new buildings Interiors, AIA Journal, and Fortune Magazine, among others. orthogonally to the original quadrangle. Beyond this quad- The Student Center is his most significant work on APT International Annual Conference: rangle Klumb generated a new rotated organizational grid campus. Designed in 1948, it is one of the ten best modern “21st Century Preservation— more in keeping with the dictates of the hot, humid tropics. buildings in Puerto Rico. It embodies his design fundamen- Conservation and Craftsmanship,” The 26 buildings that Klumb designed, 19 of which were tals: liberty of movement, continuity between interior and Portland, Maine, September 17–20. built, were radically distinct from the original campus build- continued on page 5 EXHIBITS Windshield: Richard Neutra’s House for the John Nicholas Brown Family Carnegie Museum of Art - The Heinz Architectural Center, Pittsburgh, PA March 1 to May 11 In Our Time: Modernism in Litchfield 1949–1970, Litchfield, CT, April 11– November 30 (see article, p. 9)
DOCOMOMO US contact information: E-mail: [email protected] Mail: P.O. Box 230977 New York, NY 10023 AACUPR, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AACUPR, www.docomomo-us.org STUDENT CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO, HENRY KLUMB, 1948. MODERN MINNEAPOLIS: ALWAYS NEW, NOW AT RISK WELCOME Throughout the twentieth century, Minneapolis. The library complex fea- Sadly, though, floors have been filled Minneapolis took pride in always look- tured a straightforward form-follows- in beneath the suspended central sec- ing to the future, and always wanting function arrangement: a multistory tion, grounding the once graceful what was newest. One unfortunate cube for books, reading rooms and structure. result was that early preservationists offices; a lower section with an audito- A few miles to the south, Michael were regarded as Luddites, and met rium and bookstore, and beneath a Graves has reconsidered a kitschy addi- DOCOMOMO US was founded seven with little success. This mindset, how- jewel-box dome, a planetarium. The tion to the 1974 wing of the Minneapolis years ago at a time when interest in ever, produced some great modern wrecking crew was hard at work all Institute of Arts by Kenzo Tange. The the preservation of modern architec- buildings. Today, preserving ornamen- winter. Photographs can be viewed at wing is an elegant, minimalistic design ture was limited. We have since grown tal buildings from the late-nineteenth www.mplib.org/ncl_demo.asp. added to the original McKim, Mead, and to have members and chapters and early twentieth centuries is seen While the library finishes fundrais- White museum. Graves has scaled back around the country providing advice, as progressive, while some Streamline ing for its new building on the same his proposal—commissioned by the scholarship and action on both Moderne designs are still scorned by site and awaits completion of plans by Minneapolis Children’s Theatre—cover- national and local preservation the old guard and more recent struc- Cesar Pelli, limited library operations ing less of the wing, and adopting more issues. Chapters are active in New tures are viewed with apathy. have moved to the “old” Federal subtle coloration than his earlier England, Northern California and the The preservation battle over Ralph New York tri-state region; Chicago, Rapson’s 1963 Guthrie Theatre is an Seattle and Philadelphia. New chap- exception. The energetic group of ters are starting in Dallas, Puerto Rico musicians, architects, and other and the South East region. activists behind the Save the Guthrie DOCOMOMO US is unique as a organization have generated a stimu- preservation organization because it lating debate about the merits of pre- is interested not only in advocacy, serving the structure. Its listing on the but also in scholarship, preservation National Trust for Historic Preser- technology and design. Recognizing vation’s “Eleven Most Endangered List” the responsibilities of a growing put a national spotlight on the contro- organization—and the need to main- versy. Theater advocates have hired tain this unique character—the Board AMS Planning and Research to conduct of DOCOMOMO US recently adopted a a reuse study to counter the reuse new strategic plan. One of our first
study produced by the Walker Art CHARLENE ROISE endeavors is to bring out a national Center, which plans to demolish the GUTHRIE THEATER, MINNEAPOLIS, RALPH RAPSON, 1963 newsletter more regularly. Broadening Guthrie. Ultimately, the current eco- our website is also a part of our plan. Reserve Building. Ironically, this mod- version. Sketches of the new design are DOCOMOMO US is one in a network ern landmark designed by Gunnar on the theater’s web site and give a of 45 national organizations that “A CENTRAL SECTION IS SUSPENDED Birkerts and built between 1968 and glimpse of the Tange wing. make up DOCOMOMO International. No BY A GIANT CATENARY ARCH 1972 has recently received question- Threats to other Modern buildings other preservation organization able modifications. The unique struc- appear on a regular basis. Even with brings together local, national and DRAPED BETWEEN TWO TOWERS” ture has a suspended central section the depressed economy, the rate of international membership. Linking to supported by a giant catenary arch change in Minneapolis remains swift, an international network serves two nomic downturn might prove to be the draped between two towers. A devel- and mid-twentieth-century buildings important purposes for the US group. most potent preservation tool. The oper recently bought the building, and are usually swept aside with little It brings fresh perspective to the dis- Guthrie Theater organization has been added a forty-foot-deep addition to thought. As the twenty-first century cussion of regional preservation planning a move to a new location, but the back. The addition adopted materi- progresses, it will be interesting to see issues and generates international is having difficulty raising needed als and massing that complement the when citizens wake up to the impor- attention to the preservation of inter- funds—especially critical state bonds. original building, and its understated tance of this period. nationally known buildings in the With Minnesota’s deficit pegged at well design keep it clearly subservient. —Charlene Roise United States. This status, as a over $4 billion, bonds to help the regional, national and international theater are not a high priority for organization, will culminate in the many legislators. Fundraising for the VIIIth International DOCOMOMO Walker’s expansion is also rumored to Conference to be held in New York be slow. The status quo might be the City in 2004. This is a very ambitious only option. For the latest updates, undertaking for what is still primarily visit www.savetheguthrie.org. a volunteer organization. (see p. 3). While the Guthrie has elicited pas- We hope you will continue to sionate support, the demolition of support DOCOMOMO US while partici- another mid-century landmark pating in local and regional activities received nearly universal approval. as well as the 2004 International Only a few brave preservationists Conference. dared suggest that the Minneapolis —Theo Prudon Public Library (McEnary and Krafft, President, DOCOMOMO US 1958–1961) deserved a second look. The library and its plaza occupied a city block fronting a pedestrian and bus CHARLENE ROISE corridor in the heart of downtown FEDERAL RESERVE BUILDING WITH THE LOWER FLOORS FILLED IN, MINNEAPOLIS, GUNNAR BIRKETS, 1972
DOCOMOMO-US/SPRING 2003/2 DOCOMOMO/US CHAPTER UPDATES DOCOMOMO Mardges Bacon, professor of architectural history at NEW ENGLAND Northeastern University, on “Le Corbusier in America” (the 2004 IN NYC The New England Chapter is monitoring the status of a num- title of her 2002 book). The lecture was held in conjunction ber of “invisible modernist” houses that have recently come with the “Le Corbusier Before Le Corbusier” exhibition held on the market. This term describes pre-1938 works that were this winter at the Bard Graduate Center. The theme of every past biennial rendered “invisible” by Sigfried Giedion’s claim that Gropius’ The APT NE chapter held its 2003 Symposium and annu- DOCOMOMO International conference design was the first realized modern house in New England. al meeting in February at the Yale School of Architecture. has taken inspiration from its venue. In October, DOCOMOMO/NE and the Cambridge Historical Organized by DOCOMOMO member Kyle Normandin and the While the 2000 conference in Brasilia Society sponsored a very popular lecture and tour of mod- APT Northeast Chapter, the conference featured case stud- made the leap to a discussion about ern houses in Cambridge. It included a number of little- ies by prominent preservation consultants on restoration the modern city, New York City, the known early modern houses in New England. A sequel is work at Yale, from the Sterling Library to Modern monu- capital of global commerce, is an planned for next fall. ments such as Gordon Bunshaft’s Beinecke Library, Louis appropriate background for the VIIIth In December, the monthly chapter meeting took in a Kahn’s British Art Center, and Eero Saarinen’s Ingalls Hockey conference with its title show at the Wentworth Institute of Technology in Boston, Rink. Yale Architecture Dean Robert A.M. Stern welcomed the “IMPORT/EXPORT: POSTWAR MOD- where architecture students constructed models of a num- crowd of 144 participants to the event, which brought atten- ERNISM IN AN EXPANDING WORLD, c. ber of the “invisible modernist” houses. There are plans to tion to Modern preservation issues through illustrated talks 1945-1975.” The conference, to be held find another venue for an expanded version of the show in and tours of campus restoration projects. on the campus of Columbia University the near future. At the February meeting, Gina Coyle, a The chapter trying to raise awareness of Edward Durell in late September 2004, will be the Wellfleet residence, spoke about modernism on the Outer Stone’s 2 Columbus Circle and help build support for the first to be held in North America and Cape. It has come to the chapter’s attention that a number building’s survival at various city levels. Stone’s former the first ever to highlight exclusively of summer houses from the early modern period are still museum will likely become the Museum of Arts and Design. the challenges and philosophical extant, hardly documented and in deteriorating condition. A redesign scheme that totally erases Stone’s classsic dilemmas raised by the world-wide In cooperation with SPNEA and Gropius House Site facade has just been presented by Allied Works Architecture need to preserve postwar architec- Manager Marianne Zephir, a number of tours of regional of Portland, OR. Landmark West! is leading the efforts, watch ture, planning, design and landscape. Modern houses and neighborhoods are planned for this for updates at www.preserve.org/lmwest/2ccpanel.htm The ubiquity of postwar mod- spring. These will include a trip to Western Massachusetts, DOCOMOMO New York/Tri-State is involved in advocacy for ernism, with its reach to all conti- as well as neighborhoods in Lexington, Belmont, and Lincoln. other Tri-State region endangered sites such as the 1939 nents, differentiates it from the more Members will also be given a tour of a Paul Rudolph House Maxwell House coffee factory in Hoboken, NJ, designed by the geographically limited interwar mod- in Chestnut Hill in the spring, and a lecture on Rudolph’s architect/engineer H. K. Ferguson; Marcel Breuer’s Pirelli ernism. The sheer number of build- work at Wellesley is being cosponsored with the College. building in New Haven, CT, (see p. 6); TWA Terminal (p. 7), and ings, complexes and sites makes con- DOCOMOMO/NE participated in the conference on 20th- the Alvar Aalto Rooms at IIE. We are also continuing work on sidering the conjunction of preserva- century architectural metals, at MIT in April. Chapter mem- a comprehensive survey of Modernism in Midtown Manhattan. tion with design an economic, social ber David Fixler was featured on NPR’s “The Connection” in —Nina Rappaport and technical necessity. In sessions, November 2002. While the discussion was not only about plenary speeches, and debates, the modern movement preservation, the appearance prompted history of this internationalization many positive responses, and hopefully promoted new WESTERN WASHINGTON and the kinds of interventions (from awareness of DOCOMOMO. Work on behalf of modernist policy to technologies) appropriate to In the Fall of 2002, DOCOMOMO.WeWa was awarded a King houses continues and has been noted in local press: mem- County Special Projects Grant to organize and present a lec- it will be considered. Both local and bers Gary Wolf and Hélène Lipstadt were written up in the regional tours will be offered and will ture and self-guided tour of Modernism in Bellevue. Boston Herald and the entire group’s efforts on behalf of the Celebrating its 50th anniversary, this Seattle suburb pres- be organized by the local chapters of Field House was highlighted in MIT’s Technology Review, DOCOMOMO US in closely cooperation ents a good example of the development of Northwest October 2001. Modernism as well as the incorporation of car culture in the with the national organizing commit- —Brendan Moran tee. The fund-raising necessary for urban environment. DOCOMOMO members will continue with both the conference’s organization research and documentation through the summer and the and for the partial support of confer- NEW YORK TRI-STATE tour will occur on Saturday, September 13th. WeWa members are actively engaged in promoting the ence participants from economically Winter 2002 began with a book party in November to cele- disadvantaged countries has started appropriate stewardship of Western Washington structures. brate publication of Hubert-Jan Henket and Hilde Heyne’s The Washington State Library was relocated in 2002 and its and will need the participation of all Back from Utopia: The Challenge of the Modern Movement. members. original building, located on the State capitol campus in The event, organized by board member Nina Rappaport and Olympia, is acting as a temporary facility while other build- The 2002 conference, held in Paris Rudolph Foundation administrator, Christopher Northrup, at Marcel Breuer’s UNESCO building, ings damaged in the recent earthquake are renovated. WeWa was held at the Paul Rudolph-designed house on E. 58th St. members are focusing attention on the future reuse designs attracted 500 attendees from 42 in Manhattan. The townhouse, a white composition of vary- countries. A similar number of atten- of this important Paul Thiry designed building. The 1962 ing planes echoing the Beekman Place residence, was built Seattle Monorail could still be threatened by a new ballot ini- dees can be expected in New York. A in the mid-1980s. It now houses the Paul Rudolph local organizing committee will work tiative despite recently receiving City Landmark status (see Foundation, launched last year by Ernest Wagner. article, page 6). closely with the national committee Also with the Rudolph Foundation, New York/Tri-State to maintain the DOCOMOMO tradition DOCOMOMO.WeWa is co-sponsoring with the Washington members visited the Goshen New York County Government State Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation the of friendly exchange, passionate Center (1963-1970) to meet county executives and show debate and a rousing final party in a “Nifty from the Last Fifty” initiative. This state supported support for the preservation of the building. County officials survey will identify and document the most important mod- magnificently modern setting. say out-dated court rooms and offices, and HVAC problems The Program Committee will ern structures in Washington State of the last 50 years. make the building unusable. —Andrew Phillips select the papers through a fair On January 23 the chapter co-sponsored a lecture by continued page 8 Chapter News continued next page
DOCOMOMO-US/SPRING 2003/3 CHAPTERS, CONTINUED DALLAS HOTEL AND LIBRARY FACE UNCERTAIN FUTURE Currently two significant landmarks of mid-century modern, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA both located in the city of Dallas Harwood Street Historic District, are under threat of demolition if new plans for a park in the area are realized. The Statler Hilton, designed by New York architect William Tabler and completed in 1956, is an 18-story, 1001- room structure featuring a Y-shaped hotel tower that engages the street with a gently inflected facade. The tower, clad in a curtain wall of blue-green porcelain panels and clear glass in aluminum frames, floats above an assemblage of masonry and stone clad forms housing public functions of the hotel-lobby, retail, ballrooms, and restaurants. The hotel’s structural system, engineered by Seelye, Stevenson, Valt & Knecht, was the first use of an innovative cantilevered flat-slab design. Tower floors extend eight feet beyond inte- rior columns, providing a clean, crisp look behind the cur- tain wall. Reviews were published in 1954 in both
SAN FRANCISCO REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY REDEVELOPMENT FRANCISCO SAN Architectural Record and Architectural Forum. REGISTER WORK IS ON-GOING, IDENTIFYING LESSER The adjacent 1953 Dallas Public Library, designed by KNOWN PROJECTS SUCH AS COHEN AND LEVERSON’S Dallas architect George Dahl, operated until the mid-80s, 1962 RED ROCK HOUSING, SAN FRANCISCO. when a larger facility opened a few blocks away. The modest granite, marble and aluminum building, a handsome coun- NoCa continues to provide public pro- grams on modern topics. Last fall the chapter hosted a screening of the “MANY WOULD PREFER TO SEE SURFACE independent documentary entitled PARKING CONVERTED TO GREEN SPACE INSTEAD OF “Eames in Hollywood.” The film, by Steve Cabella and Ruth Freeman, doc- DEMOLISHING MODERN LANDMARKS....” uments the Eames’s role in the film industry. terpart to the adjacent hotel, contains airy, mezzanined One of NoCa’s goals for 2003 is interiors gently and effectively illuminated from above by to form better partnerships and screened clerestories. alliances with existing state and local The library is a fascinating milestone in both the long preservation organizations, in order career of George Dahl and the architectural development of MECKFESSEL ROBERT to share resources and increase Dallas. Less than two decades earlier Dahl was the chief STATLER HILTON, DALLAS, WILLIAM TABLER, 1956. effectiveness. In February, the chap- architect for the 1936 Texas Centennial Exposition at Fair ter sponsored a lecture with the San Park, and oversaw the design of a number of fine Moderne In addition, a privately funded planning effort for the Francisco AIA by DOCOMOMO US structures organized along City Beautiful principals. Today revitalization of downtown has recently recommended con- Board member Paul Adamson. The this collection remains the largest collection of Moderne struction of Commerce Gardens, a new two-block park, one lecture, entitled “Eichler: Modernism exposition architecture in the world. That this leading archi- block of which would occupy the current site of both build- Builds the American Dream” was tect, and the city in which he practiced, could make the leap ings. While there is wide agreement in Dallas that additional based on Paul’s recently published from Moderne to Modern in only 17 years (in spite of inter- green space is needed downtown, many architects, plan- book about Joseph Eichler, a vening war and depression) is testimony to the power mod- ners, civic leaders and preservationists would prefer to see Northern California developer of ern architecture held in Dallas’s postwar years. some of the vast extents of surface parking (26% of the modern, middle-class houses. In spite of their significance, both buildings are now Downtown area) converted to green space instead of demol- Another important alliance is threatened by recent events. The Statler Hilton, sold in the ishing modern landmarks. with the California State Historic mid-90s to Hong Kong investors, was operated for several Fortunately, other studies are under way, including a Preservation Commission. Last fall, years as the Dallas Grand Hotel. Property taxes are now in Downtown Parks Master Plan, a Downtown Transportation the commission decided to establish arrears and there is a possibility the building will be auc- Plan, and a DART study for a second downtown light rail line. a committee on Modern Movement tioned for back taxes. Various studies, some disputed, indi- It appears that any action towards implementing Commerce resources, and asked the Northern cate that renovation costs could run as high as $80 million Gardens is on hold until the completion of those studies in California Chapter to join. Chandler to return it to productive use as a hotel. 2004, and thus the immediate threat to the Statler Hilton McCoy and Paul Adamson are repre- and Dallas Library appears to have lessened. Preservation senting DOCOMOMO. The committee’s viewpoints will be well-represented during these planning most pressing objective is to help the processes (including members of the design teams), and it Office of Historic Preservation assess is hoped that more balanced alternatives to Commerce the state’s modern resources, and to Gardens will be identified. provide educational programs for the In the meantime, concerned professionals and citizens state. will be working hard to find a new champion for the hotel NoCa continues research leading and the library with the vision and financial wherewithal to to a book on modernism in San integrate them into the revitalization of downtown Dallas. Francisco. This research has resulted —Robert Meckfessel in the completion of 20 new fiches to
add to NoCa’s existing register. MECKFESSEL ROBERT —Chandler McCoy DALLAS MAIN LIBRARY, GEORGE DAHL, 1953.
DOCOMOMO-US/SPRING 2003/4 DOCUMENTING THE MODERN MOVEMENT IN MARYLAND MOMO In 2001 a team of professors and grad- by the project’s primary researchers, sions by architect-developer teams in uate students from the University of Profs. Isabelle Gournay and Mary the Washington and Baltimore suburbs; VOLUNTEERS Maryland began a research project to Corbin Sies, the context essay charac- •Village of Wilde Lake development in understand, document and help pre- terizes the many manifestations of the Columbia; serve the Modern Movement in Modern Movement in Maryland and •branch libraries of Baltimore’s Enoch Maryland. Supported by Maryland details its arrival and evolution. Pratt Free Library; NATIONAL NEWSLETTER: Historical Trust and based in the The other major result of the con- •synagogues and churches, mostly in University’s Historic Preservation text research is a list of high-priority suburbs (including works by Percival This DOCOMOMO newsletter was Program, the project is now in the sec- buildings and sites representing the Goodman, Walter Gropius, Gaudreau made possible with the help of the ond of three years. The project’s goal is most influential aspects of the Modern and Gaudreau, and Pietro Belluschi); following volunteers, who provided identifying the salient trends, Movement in Maryland and retaining a •recreational buildings such as the content and technical assistance: resources, and places characterizing high degree of integrity. The team is “Tepee” Girl’s Scout Lodge in Annapolis Mark Atkinson Chandler McCoy the Modern Movement’s impact on the now in the midst of documenting par- by Rogers & Taliaferro; and Lana Berkovich Robert Meckfessel state—with an eye to how they could be ticular buildings and places around the •suburban office buildings such as the Rachel Carley Jennifer Metz preserved in the future. state, including: Maryland-National Capital Park and Laura Culberson Brendan Moran In the first year of the project, data •Washington County Public Schools , as Planning Commission building in Belmont Freeman Andrew Phillips collection and research identified over leading examples of the Modernist Riverdale and the Comsat complex in Doug Gilbert Theo Prudon a thousand Modern buildings and sites, public schools found on the outskirts Clarksburg. John Hertz Kathleen Randall as well as architects and planners The buildings and places Jeanne Lambin Nina Rappaport associated with them. This was accom- “THE MODERN MOVEMENT SHAPED researched to date are just the tip of Hélène Lipstadt Charlene Roise plished through archival and biblio- the iceberg. The Modern Movement Randall Mason graphic research, windshield surveys, EVERYDAY LIFE IN MARYLAND...” shaped everyday life of Marylanders in and interviews with some of the living myriad ways, and the watershed social Andrew Wolfram, Editor pioneers of the Modern Movement in of most towns in the state, marking the changes of mid-century are beautifully Maryland. Research focused on enormous postwar baby boom; reflected in schools, houses, commer- resources designed or built between •Greenbelt’s post-New Deal heritage cial buildings, and places of worship. 1930 and 1970, in all parts of the state. legacy; Preservation of these resources will MOMO NOTES Of particular interest is the rich variety •Goucher College campus, Towson, become more urgent in coming of modernist buildings in suburban result of a national competition in 1938 decades. And research efforts in sub- Danish Architect Jørn Utzon wins the Maryland, because suburbia is not gen- and built out by a number of Modernist sequent years will find fertile ground 2003 Pritzker Prize. Utzon, architect erally considered a promising setting designers; in looking more deeply at the many of the Sydney Opera House as well as for architectural innovation. While •Charles Center in Baltimore; resources in the project database. works such as the Bagsvaerd Church, there are many fine examples of archi- •Gibson Island, a private enclave of For more information about the is admired for integrating a play of tect-designed buildings in the state, the pioneering architect-built houses; project, contact the research team at: light with his use of sculptural forms. project is documenting vernacular •architect-built houses (including their [email protected] resources as well. own) displaying the great inventive- —Randall Mason British Architect Peter Smithson dies, A major result of this research is ness of the pioneering Modernists; March 3, 2003. Smithson and his wife the statewide context study. Authored •a rich typology of residential subdivi- Alison were known for their concern with the social aspects of modernism, as exemplified in their design of “streets in the air” for the Park Hill PUERTO RICO, CONTINUED Housing in Sheffield England. exterior, integration with the natural manner. This project is notable for its ing historic district to include all Mexican Architect Abraham landscape, and the use of the structure liberal use of an irregular geometry Klumb’s work. The School’s Archivo de Zabludovsky dies, April 9, 2003. as ornament. John Whelan, quoted in that follows a Wrightian logic of cen- Arquitectura y Construcción de la UPR Recipient of the Mexican National Arts La Arquitectura de la Universidad de trifugal organization. In contrast with (Architecture and Construction Prize in 1982, Zabludovsky was best Puerto Rico, said at the building’s inau- the Student Center it is introverted in Archives) will produce a book and known for his design of the Rufino guration, “This is a place for free its relation to the site. exhibition on the work of Klumb for Tamayo Museum in Mexico City, an minds. Nowhere is there confinement; An effort to document and pre- 2004. A restoration project will repaint important modernist masterpiece. nowhere is there the imposition of serve the works of Klumb is being led the Colleges of Business Administra- pedantic order. There are no public by the School of Architecture at the tion and Social Sciences in harmony rooms with four walls, connected by University of Puerto Rico. A National with Klumb’s original proposal. corridors, entered through doors. Endowment for the Arts Preservation Finally, the Faculty Center has been These are simply not rooms in the ordi- Grant was utilized to create a model the subject of a proposal to restore it nary sense. Areas are defined by levels preservation plan to recognize and to its original function. This proposal and relative position and their conserve the built environment of the by the School won a Certificate of use…The building is free space and recent past, focusing on Klumb’s work. Honor from the AIA-Puerto Rico free form.” The School has proposed the nomina- Chapter and an Honor Award from the Contemporaneous in design with, tion of three Klumb buildings for the VII Bienal de Arquitectura de Puerto and situated on a site adjacent to the National Register of Historic Places. Rico.
AACUPR, SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AACUPR, Student Center, the Faculty Center is With the State Historic Preservation —John Hertz FACULTY CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO, quite distinct in program and charac- Office, it is working to increase the HENRY KLUMB, 1948. ter, and evolved in an independent boundaries of the quadrangle’s exist-
DOCOMOMO-US/SPRING 2003/5 MONORAIL IKEA TAKES ON MARCEL BREUER’S PIRELLI BUILDING New Haven, CT may not be on every architect’s list of travel destinations, but as a result of patronage by Yale University ON TRACK and the 1960’s administration of Mayor Richard Lee, the city possesses a substantial number of important works of Modern Architecture. Now its modernist heritage is under Built for the 1962 Seattle World’s Fair, threat. While Louis Kahn’s Yale Art Gallery is about to the Monorail, along with the Space embark on its first major renovation, other buildings—Roche Needle, have come to symbolize the Dinkeloo’s New Haven Coliseum and Paul Rudolph’s Manor city of Seattle, and represent a time House—are threatened with demolition. when future innovation appeared One endangered structure is Marcel Breuer’s Armstrong- limitless. Fair organizers felt that a Pirelli Building. IKEA has just received City and State monorail fit the Fair’s focus on mod- approval for a new 300,000 sq. ft. retail facility at the site of ern technology and could also serve the Breuer building. The plan calls for a partial demolition of
the region’s transportation future. the building and the conversion of the 19-acre landscaped LANA BERKOVICH Seeking to promote the monorail as site into an on-grade parking lot. Barring any last-minute MARCEL BREUER’S ARMSTRONG-PIRELLI BUILDING, NEW HAVEN, 1969. the ideal form of urban rapid transit, change of heart by the City or by IKEA, the project is to Alweg International of Germany con- break ground this spring. Retaining a token piece of the building and surrounding structed it as a speculative venture. The Armstrong-Pirelli building, completed in 1969, is it with parking compromises the architectural intent of the Since its construction, a number important for its architectural quality and for its siting. The building, as well as the urbanistic potential of the site. The of proposals have been made for tower is “hung” from a truss and the facade is highly artic- city, for its part, may also be jeopardizing its redevelopment extending the Monorail. In 1997, a citi- ulated pre-cast concrete. Situated at the junction of I-91 and of the waterfront by putting big-box retail right on the path zens’ initiative passed directing the I-95, it signals one’s arrival in New Haven and provides from downtown to the harbor. city to find the means to extend the access to New Haven’s Long Wharf—an industrial waterfront The Long Wharf Advocacy Group, a coalition of local Monorail as a citywide transportation area that the city is starting to convert to recreational use. architects, environmentalists and urban design advocates system. In November 2002, after two Due to public pressure, IKEA backed away from its initial has spearheaded a publicity and lobbying effort to save the additional ballot initiatives, Seattle plan for complete demolition of the building. It has agreed building, and to promote a long-term vision for the New residents approved the construction to retain the tower portion, demolishing its two-story plinth Haven waterfront. Press coverage and contact information of the first new line in the system. and double-height warehouse facility. The company has no for IKEA and for New Haven officials are posted on its web- The final legislation, however, calls plans to re-use the tower building—its store will be housed in site: www.breuernewhaven.org. for the original Monorail to be demol- a separate metal-clad structure to the south. —Lana Berkovich ished, not extended. The original rail route line extends a mile from the Fairgrounds to the downtown retail district. It consists of parallel, reinforced concrete beams RENOVATION OF MIES ICONS AT IIT CAMPUS that are elevated 25 feet above grade The Illinois Institute of Technology announced in November the state to acquire the Mies designed Farnsworth House in and are supported by T- and U- 2002 the formation of a task force to raise funds for the Plano, Illinois. shaped, reinforced concrete pylons. restoration of several buildings on the IIT campus designed In his address announcing the formation of the Mies The streamlined cars were promoted by Mies van der Rohe. This task force, known as the Mies van Society, Thompson praised the architectural significance of in 1962 as having “interior comfort der Rohe Society, will raise $20 million for technological and the IIT campus and its Mies designed buildings and vowed and eye-catching design” with wide physical improvements of several buildings located on the to, “restore, where necessary, the buildings and landscape windows and contoured glass ceiling architecturally significant Chicago campus. to the level Mies and his colleagues originally envisioned for continued on page 8 Two of the buildings slated for renovation are Wishnick their students.” The campus, which had fallen on hard times Hall and S.R. Crown Hall. Wishnick Hall (1945–46), with its since the mid-1970s, has recently seen a renaissance. A new expressed steel structure, yellow brick infill and aluminum Campus Center designed by Rem Koolhaas and student windows, is typical of most of the buildings that Mies housing designed by Helmut Jahn are slated for completion designed for the campus in the 1940s and 1950s. A revital- this fall. Several other Mies designed campus buildings are ized Wishnick Hall will house the Digital Media Center. in the process of renovation. Crown Hall, designed by Mies in 1954–56 to house the —Doug Gilbert School of Architecture and Institute of Design, is synony- mous with his ideas for universal space and a structural philosophy that he referred to as beinahe nichts, almost nothing. Although Mies envisioned the universal space to be flexible for many uses and generations, he could not have foreseen the technological revolution in architectural edu- cation that has made the single, open space somewhat inflexible for today’s learning environment. The funding will adapt the space for technology, while preserving and restor- ing both the deteriorated exterior and the great hall. Leading the Mies Society will be former Illinois Governor, ANDREW PHILLIPS SEATTLE MONORAIL STATION, 1962. James R. Thompson. During his administration in the 1980s, Governor Thompson was responsible for the state’s acquisi-
tion and restoration of Frank Lloyd Wright’s Dana-Thomas DOUG GILBERT House in Springfield. Thompson also led recent efforts by IIT’S CROWN HALL, CHICAGO, MIES VAN DER ROHE, 1956
DOCOMOMO/SPRING 2000/6 CUBA TURNS A CORNER AND PRESERVES ITS MODERN PAST TWA Cuba represents a unique example of a country in which architectural preser- IDLING vation constitutes a major component of the national economic development plan. Visitors to the island in the past The postwar era’s most recent archi- decade have noted the steadily accel- tectural star is Eero Saarinen’s 1962 erating pace of renovation and recon- TWA Terminal in the movie “Catch Me struction work that is transforming the If You Can.” The movie evokes the face of Havana and spreading now to glamour of jet-age airline travel the secondary cities. Tourism has pro- before the days of airport security vided both the impetus and means for and offers the only way at present to this remarkable preservation activity. experience the interior of this mag- In Cuba, architectural preservation nificent building, The demise of TWA has left the building empty since the end of 2001. “THE BIGGEST PRESERVATION In 2001 the Port Authority of New STORY IN CUBA IS THE RESCUE OF York and New Jersey prepared a mas- THE HAVANA ARTS SCHOOLS….”
ter plan for the redevelopment of the BELMONT FREEMAN site comprising TWA Terminal and the HOTEL RIVIERA, MEYER LANSKY, HAVANA, 1956 former National Airlines Terminal, is centrally planned and administered. (now Jet Blue) designed by I. M. Pei, In Havana the Office of the City the colonial period are stabilized, The biggest modern preservation and completed in 1971. The proposed Historian is invested with extraordi- attention is turning to the city’s 20th story in Cuba is the rescue of the new 750,000 sq. ft. terminal is semi- nary powers to select, design and exe- Century masterpieces. Preparatory Havana Arts Schools. Planned on the circular in shape and requires the cute preservation projects and to pay research has been done by scholars site of the Havana Country Club, the demolition of the National Airlines for them with revenues generated by such as Eduardo Luis Rodriguez, whose ambitious complex was intended by Terminal and the flight wings of the the government-controlled tourist book The Havana Guide: Modern the young Castro regime to be the pre- TWA Terminal. The airside view of related businesses. Up until now, Architecture 1925-1965 has acquainted mier arts university for the third world. TWA would disappear and Saarinen’s investment in preservation has con- a local and international audience with The architectural team of Ricardo building would sit in the ‘front yard’ centrated on Old Havana and its colo- Cuban modern architecture. The great- Porro, Roberto Gottardi and Vittorio of the new mega terminal without nial architectural heritage. This exclu- est activity has been in the tourism Garrati undertook in their designs an any clear purpose. The master plan sive focus on the pre-modern, however, sector, with the rehabilitation of infra- astounding experiment in a revolution- proposes no viable use and leaves that has come at the expense of Havana’s structure from the 1950s—the last ary “cubanismo” in architecture. decision with the selected developer. fine body of 20th-century architecture, great era of tourism in Cuba. The past Construction was begun with much The draft Memorandum of which includes extraordinary examples decade has seen the restoration of the enthusiasm in 1960, but by 1964 eco- Agreement between the Port of early modernism, art deco, and the Hotel Habana Libre (former Havana nomic conditions had soured and offi- Authority and the State Historic alternately elegant and flamboyant Hilton; Welton Becket, 1958–1959), the cial ideological attitudes toward Preservation Office raised objections work of the 1950s. Havana in the post- Deauville (1949), and the Las Vegas- design and construction had shifted from many organizations to the pro- war era supported the most progres- style Hotel Riviera, built by Meyer away from the individualistic expres- posed solutions. Subsequently a more sive architecture school in Latin Lansky in 1956. Outside of the capital a sion of the Art Schools in favor of an intensive review and consultation America, the graduates and faculty of number of modern hotels of architec- aesthetic of standardization. Only process began which DOCOMOMO which adorned the cosmopolitan capi- tural significance have also been reha- Porro’s Schools of Plastic Arts and joined as a consulting party. tal with work of consummate quality. bilitated. The post-revolutionary vaca- Modern Dance were completed, with After this two-year review and Today, this heritage of modern archi- tion complex Villa Megano (Humberto Gottardi’s School of Dramatic Arts and comment process, DOCOMOMO Tri- tecture is falling apart. Alonso, 1959), a delightful essay in con- Garrati’s School of Music finished only State remains very concerned. It feels The situation is changing. In crete shell technology in the Playas del in part. Never occupied, the site swiftly that the assumption that a developer Havana today one gets the sense that Este, has recently been refurbished became the most romantic of modern will come in, create a viable use and as the most prominent monuments of and reopened. ruins. Today all of the school buildings generate enough income to financial- are in urgent need of help. John ly justify the restoration of the build- Loomis’s new book (Revolution in ing is highly optimistic. Since the Form, Havana’s Forgotten Art Schools, completion of the master plan, airline 1999) has attracted international travel and terminal functions have attention to the plight of the Art changed significantly, bringing into Schools. Last year the Cuban govern- question the original assumptions. ment announced its intention to The language of the Memorandum restore and complete the Schools, with leaves a great deal of latitude in the the scope and character of the work event that no user can be found will- yet to be determined. Recent conversa- ing to take the building on the pres- tions with the three architects illumi- ent terms. The National Airlines nate strikingly different opinions as to Terminal is also a highly significant whether the Schools should be modern building and its preservation restored, completed according to orig- must enter the discussion inal plans, or reprogrammed entirely —Theo Prudon for contemporary needs. BELMONT FREEMAN VILLA MEGANO, PLAYA DEL ESTES, HUMBERTO ALSONSO, 1959. —Belmont Freeman DOCOMOMO/SPRING 2000/7 CONFERENCE, CONTINUED SEISMIC SHAKE-UP IN SAN FRANCISCO process that will respect both the The Alcoa Building in San Francisco, place of any other compositional treat- but these are defining works. The diversity of the membership, their designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill ment. Northern California chapter of DOCO- disciplines, and geographical distribu- in 1967 and completed in 1971, was one The building’s owner, Chicago- MOMO US included the Alcoa Building, tion. That very same diversity is of the finest modern buildings in based Equity Office Properties, feels along with the well-known Crown reflected in the committee itself with California when built. Considered by seismic upgrades to the building are Zellerbach Building (1959) and the less- its architects, scholars, preservation- some to be a prototype for SOM’s John necessary. They selected the Smith er-known Indemnity Insurance Building ists and other practitioners from sev- Hancock Tower in Chicago, its structur- Group, a local firm, to design structural eral disciplines, countries and al exoskeleton is made up of diagonal modifications. Like the rest of the regions. It includes representatives of steel crossbracing, giving the building design and preservation community, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, its aesthetic identity and taking the SOM was not consulted or alerted to Puerto Rico and Nigeria and members the project, and discovered it only after of several chapters of DOCOMOMO US. the work had started. The modifica- The Call for Papers will be announced tions, currently underway, will signifi- on April 25th, 2003 by DOCOMOMO cantly alter the building’s distinctive International President Maristella appearance by adding horizontal steel Casciato, DOCOMOMO US President banding at regular intervals to the Theo Prudon, and Hélène Lipstadt, Co- exoskeleton and by locating W-shaped Chair, with Casciato, of the Program steel legs around the base. Because the OF SOM COURTESY MARK TAKAHASHI, PHOTO: W-SHAPED SEISMIC BRACING AROUND THE BASE Committee, at a DOCOMOMO affinity building’s design celebrated its struc- WILL ALTER THE PERCEPTION OF THE ALCOA BUILD- session at the annual meeting of the tural system, changes of this nature are ING FLOATING OVER THE OPEN PLAZA LEVEL. Society of Architectural Historians at not insignificant. The new steel legs Denver. The call will also be posted at compromise the original design intent, (also 1959) in its local modern register www.docomomo-us.org. Mailings and in which the building is “floating” and in its 1998 guidebook. For several publication in other journals will fol- above the plaza level, supported by 5 years, it has urged the local Landmark’s low, with a deadline for paper submis- massive vertical piers on each long ele- Preservation Advisory Board to land- sions planned for September 2003. vation. Worse still, the new legs will be mark Alcoa, but the Board has never —Hélène Lipstadt and Theo Prudon clad in the same material as the origi- acted. Unable to effect the outcome of nal, obscuring the distinction between the project, the chapter was nonethe- the original and the new. The result is a less able to generate publicity about it. clunky, inelegant solution that dilutes Press coverage in both the mainstream the original design. media and a local preservation publica- MONORAIL, CONTINUED The San Francisco office of SOM tion has been sympathetic to windows providing panoramic views. played (and continues to play) an DOCOMOMO’s position, recognizing the Seattle’s Monorail vehicles are the important role in shaping modern San importance of the building and the only Alweg-built trains still operating. OF SOM COURTESY MARK TAKAHASHI, PHOTO: Francisco. There are only a handful of negative impact of the modifications. However, it is these innovative and THE ALCOA BUILDING BEFORE RENOVATION, SOM skyscrapers from the 50s and 60s, —Chandler McCoy unique features that Monorail pro- SAN FRANCISCO, SOM, 1971 moters cite as a hindrance to the progress of the new line. Proponents of the new system claim that current technology can produce cheaper, LOS ANGELES REPORT: THE LEGACY OF WELTON BECKET slimmer rails that can run cars at faster speeds. They claim that the The Modern Committee of the Los houses are good. The GSA has also original system is obsolete and pro- Angeles Conservancy has been one of recently begun to identify and evalu- pose creating a museum in one of the pioneers in recognizing the impor- ate buildings from the Great Society the current stations for the original tance of advocacy for the preservation era with the desire to protect the most cars to be displayed. Opponents of of modern architecture in the LA area. important examples. Here, the ubiquity demolishing the original line claim Its most recent undertaking, the cele- and significance of ‘middle of the road’ that the Monorail is a kinetic land- bration of the 100th anniversary of modernism are issues to be addressed. mark that is crucial to interpreting Welton Becket’s birth, was a great suc- The work of Welton Becket is syn- Seattle ‘s 1962 image. cess and an indication of how percep- onymous with the development and This view eventually won over the tions about modern architecture are face of modern Los Angeles. The WELTON BECKET’S PARKER CENTER, LOS ANGELES, 1955. City Landmarks Board. Susan Boyle beginning to change. Parker Center, or Police Administration and Andrew Phillips, both members of The event focused attention on an Building, was completed in 1955. DOCOMOMO WeWa, prepared a land- unresolved dilemma, which is how to Named after the William Parker, the proposal ignores the importance of mark nomination and at a April 16th recognize and assess the significance police chief, the building was intended Welton Becket, the ‘clean’ lines of the hearing the Board designated the of large and prolific commercial firms to house an efficient and modern existing building, and the overall mes- entire Monorail system (pylons, rails, that contributed so greatly to the police department and also convey the sage that it represented. Buildings like cars and both stations) a Seattle spread of modern architecture in new image of a facility that was open the Parker Center deserve our atten- Historic Landmark. America and the rest of the world. The and accessible. tion and care. They can be retained and —Andrew Phillips work of Welton Becket, Edward Durell While the building survives largely upgraded without losing the very qual- Stone, Harrison and Abramowitz and intact and could be easily remodeled ities that made them important in their other similar firms are examples. Their and upgraded, plans have been pro- day; all it takes is courage and imagi- buildings are not all of equal merit in posed for its replacement with an even nation. the same way that not all Victorian row more efficient and larger building. The —Theo Prudon
DOCOMOMO/SPRING 2000/8 IN OUR SOM AND CALDER ENSEMBLE THREATENED 1969. The old city hall was demolished after an extended effort to save it, OWN TIME spawning the local historic preserva- tion movement. This painful memory remains strong for those who wit- nessed that destruction and many local residents have mixed feelings about the SOM buildings. Despite their sad genesis, the SOM buildings and the Calder stabile truly represent the heart of the city. The Calder stabile image has appears on all city literature, vehi- cles, and signage. The plaza is the only large urban public space in the city and
JENNIFER METZ is utilized for numerous festivals in the GRAND RAPIDS CIVIC CENTER, SOM AND ALEXANDER CALDER, 1969 spring, summer, and fall as well as for Developers are attempting to buy and and ten-story city hall are clad in peaceful public protests. demolish an elegant set of brown Canadian granite over steel The Grand Rapids City Commission International-style buildings designed framing, and are sited on a plaza juxta- approved a one-year option on the STILMAN HOUSE NO. 1, MARCEL BREUER, 1950–1951 by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill that posed against the massive orange-red buildings and plaza presented by the house the city and county offices of Calder stabile. Calder designed the sta- developer in October 2002. The A surprising new exhibition exploring Grand Rapids, Michigan. The buildings, bile to be seen against the backdrop of Modernism Committee of the non-prof- the hidden legacy of Modernism in constructed in 1969, are part of the SOM buildings. “La Grande Vitesse” it Kent County Council for Historic Litchfield, Connecticut, opened at the Vandenberg Center, which also includes was the first federally funded public Preservation has been formed to call Litchfield Historical Museum on April a Miesian-inspired plaza, a massive art sponsored by the National attention to the negatives of this plan 11 and will run through November 30. steel sculpture “La Grande Vitesse” Endowment for the Arts in their Works and work to educate the community “In Our Own Time: Modernism in designed for the plaza by Alexander about local modern design treasures Litchfield 1949-1970” focuses on a Calder, as well as a rooftop painting on “THE CALDER ROOF PAINTING and the crucial issue of preservation of small but extraordinary movement of the county building designed and the recent past. Modern design that involved some of donated to the city by Calder. WOULD BE DESTROYED...” —Jennifer Metz The developer, Gallium Group, LLC, in association with the Los Angeles of Art in Public Places program. The firm of Keating/Khang Architecture, roof painting atop the shorter building wish to convince the city and the coun- can be viewed from the taller buildings ty to sell the buildings and relocate nearby. The interiors boast terrazzo their offices to make way for the con- flooring, spectacular views of the city, struction of a new hotel complex. In and the elegance of high quality the proposal, “La Grand Vitesse,” the International Style design. The build- Calder-designed outdoor sculpture and ings retain a high degree of original the symbol of the City of Grand Rapids, fabric and are representative of the
LITCHFIELD HISTORICAL SOCIETY HISTORICAL LITCHFIELD would become part of a private hotel work of SOM during the firm’s most LIVING ROOM, STILMAN HOUSE NO. 1 complex, thereby losing its original influential period. context. The roof painting, “Calder on Ironically, these buildings replaced the world’s foremost architects of the the Roof” (1974), would be destroyed. the former Grand Rapids City Hall JENNIFER METZ period. Among the leading The three-story county building (1888, Elijah Meyer), which was razed in GRAND RAPIDS CIVIC CENTER, SOM, 1969 Modernists to work in the area were Marcel Breuer, Richard Neutra, John Johansen, Eliot Noyes, Edward Durell Stone, and Edward Larrabee Barnes. All were drawn to Litchfield by a ILLINOIS SAYS MIES DOES NOT MEASURE UP TO WRIGHT group of local patrons who embraced For many, Mies Van der Rohe’s purchase of the house. While it is unlikely that the house will the Modern design philosophy that Farnsworth House, completed in 1951, In February, preservationists were be demolished, it could be moved, or was emerging in America after World is the quintessential modern house. stunned when Illinois Attorney General incompatible structures could be built War II. “Litchfield’s Modern movement The glass and steel house once again Lisa Madigan blocked the plan to buy on the site. Saving the Farnsworth is notable in that it occurred at all, faces an uncertain future. In 2001, Lord the Farnsworth House, saying that House without state support will be a let alone in a town that so many peo- Peter Palumbo, the house’s owner, “Mies’s biographer told me last week challenge, but the bigger challenge ple consider to be Connecticut’s quin- announced plans to sell the famous that ‘$7 million is a heck of a lot for will be to save it and keep it open to tessential Colonial village,” says house. Preservationists feared that it that house,’ given its distant location, the public. To that end, DOCOMOMO, the Catherine Keene Fields, director of would be closed to the public, moved and Mies is not nearly as popular as Landmarks Preservation Council of the Litchfield Historical Society. “It is or demolished. Advocates organized Frank Lloyd Wright.” The house is now Illinois and the National Trust for also an exciting story to tell because the Friends of the Farnsworth House, unprotected, as it is not listed on the Historic Preservation are all monitor- all of the buildings still stand, and and after a massive letter writing National Register of Historic Places; ing the situation closely and attempt- because so many of the original campaign, claimed victory when then nor protected by any local landmark ing to find a solution which will accom- clients are still here to share their Governor George Ryan persuaded designation program, as Plano, Illinois plish both goals. memories.” lawmakers to set aside $7 million for does not have a designation program. —Jeanne Lambin DOCOMOMO/SPRING 2000/9
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STILMAN HOUSE 1, LITCHFIELD, CT. (PHOTO: LITCHFIELD HISTORICAL SOCIETY)
“IN OUR OWN TIME,” p. 9