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Puerto Rico's Henry Klumb Puerto Rico’s Henry Klumb This book follows Henry Klumb’s life in architecture from Cologne, Germany, to Puerto Rico. Arriving on the island, Klumb was a one-time German immi- grant, a moderately successful designer, and previously a senior draftsman with Frank Lloyd Wright. Over the next forty years Klumb would emerge as Puerto Rico’s most pro- lific, locally well-known, and celebrated modern architect. In addition to becoming a leading figure in Latin American modern architecture, Klumb also became one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s most accomplished protégés, and an architect with a highly attuned social and environmental consciousness. Cruz explores his life, works, and legacy through the lens of a sense of place, defined as the beliefs that people adopt, actions undertaken, and feel- ings developed towards specific locations and spaces. He argues that the architect’s sense of place was a defining quality of his life and work, most evident in the houses he designed and built in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico’s Henry Klumb offers a historical narrative, culminating in a series of architectural analyses focusing on four key design strategies employed in Klumb’s work: vernacular architecture, the grid and the land- scape, dense urban spaces, and open air rooms. This book is aimed at researchers, academics, and postgraduate students interested in Latin American architecture, modernism, and architectural history. Cesar A. Cruz is an architectural historian and educator. He has taught architectural history and theory, building structures, and design in Illinois, Indiana, and New Mexico. In August 2016 he received his Doctorate in Architecture from the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. Routledge Research in Architecture The Routledge Research in Architecture series provides the reader with the latest scholarship in the field of architecture. The series publishes research from across the globe and covers areas as diverse as architectural history and theory, technology, digital architecture, structures, materials, details, design, monographs of architects, interior design, and much more. By making these studies available to the worldwide academic community, the series aims to promote quality architectural research. Worship Sound Spaces Architecture, Acoustics and Anthropology Christine Guillebaud, Catherine Lavandier InterVIEWS Insights and Introspection on Doctoral Research in Architecture, Federica Goffi The Multi-Skilled Designer A Cognitive Foundation for Inclusive Architectural Thinking Newton D’souza Ethical Design Intelligence The Virtuous Designer Philippe d’Anjou The Architect as Magician Albert C. Smith and Kendra Schank Smith Puerto Rico’s Henry Klumb A Modern Architect’s Sense of Place Cesar A. Cruz For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Research-in-Architecture/book-series/RRARCH Puerto Rico’s Henry Klumb A Modern Architect’s Sense of Place Cesar A. Cruz First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 Cesar A. Cruz The right of Cesar A. Cruz to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Cruz, César A. (César Antonio), author. Title: Puerto Rico’s Henry Klumb : a modern architect’s sense of place / César A Cruz. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019054854 (print) | LCCN 2019054855 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367149727 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429054174 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Klumb, Henry, 1905-1984–Criticism and interpretation. | Architecture–Puerto Rico–History–20th century. | Place (Philosophy) Classification: LCC NA737.K577 C78 2020 (print) | LCC NA737. K577 (ebook) | DDC 720.97295/0904–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019054854 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019054855 ISBN: 978-0-367-14972-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-05417-4 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Swales & Willis, Exeter, Devon, UK To my wife Kris, and to Orson and Lucy Contents List of figures x Image credits xii Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Looking into a modern architect’s sense of place 1 A sense of place – a theoretical underpinning 5 Defining place 6 Places as sources of meaning, and other factors leading to a sense of place 8 Searching for evidence of phenomenological thinking 14 Investigative cycles and narrative writing 16 2 From Germany to the modern American metropolises, 1905–1927 20 Henry Klumb’s pamphlet series: an introduction 21 Klumb’s German period, 1905–1927: the setting that began to shape a young modern architect 22 Klumb, the early modernists, and higher values 26 Klumb and the (un)natural modern city, 1927–1929 28 3 With Wright in Arizona and Taliesin, 1929–1933 37 Camp Ocotillo 39 Taliesin 44 viii Contents 4 Vernacular influences I: the Native American projects, 1938–1941 52 Respecting tradition, nature, and context in Native American architecture 53 The Tulsa, Gallup, and San Francisco exhibits 54 Klumb in Sells, Arizona 59 Lasting impressions of the American Southwest and Klumb’s experiences there 63 5 Vernacular influences II: reimagining Puerto Rico’s jibaro hut, 1944–1948 68 Klumb’s Puerto Rico, February 1944 69 Puerto Rico’s post-war modernist project in context 72 The jibaro hut in Klumb’s pamphlets 74 The jibaro hut reimagined through the Teacher’s Farms 80 A return to the more traditional jibaro hut through the Low Cost Rural Houses 86 6 The grid and the landscape: the Haeussler Residence, 1945 94 Klumb’s orthogonal and triangular grids in Puerto Rico’s terrain 98 The Haeussler Residence 98 The Evans Residence 101 The Ewing, Fullana, Tugwell, and Foreman homes 103 The grid and the landscape within a series of oppositions 106 7 Open air rooms: the Emilio Rodriguez and Duchow residences, 1951 and 1958 114 Klumb’s initial open air rooms in Puerto Rico – the patio 115 The varied moods of nature at Klumb’s terraces, verandas, cross-ventilated spaces, and breezeways 120 8 Additional house types: houses in dense urban spaces and modern stilt houses 127 Balancing nature with the burgeoning modern city 127 The Kogan house 128 The Marrero and Velez houses 129 Klumb’s modern stilt houses 133 The jibaro hut reimagined once more 134 A career in its twilight, 1967–1984 140 Contents ix 9 A coda to a sense of place: the Klumb House, 1947–1984 145 Impressions of the Klumb House 146 An early personal transition for Klumb in Puerto Rico 147 Viewing the Klumb House through the architect’s naturalistic worldview 154 10 Conclusions 159 Appendix A: Klumb’s pamphlet series 167 Appendix B: Henry Klumb’s “Taliesin” 172 Appendix C: Notes on Klumb’s Houses 175 Index 185 Figures 2.1 Photograph of the Cologne Cathedral 24 2.2 Photograph of New York Harbor 30 3.1 Site plan, Camp Ocotilla 40 3.2 Photograph of Camp Ocotillo 41 3.3 Aerial perspective, Taliesin 46 4.1 Model Rooms nos. 1 and 2 56 4.2 Floor plan and perspective, the Papago Tribal Community House 60 4.3 Interior perspective, the Papago Tribal Community House 61 5.1 Map of Puerto Rico 70 5.2 Maps of the San Juan metropolitan area, 1947 and 1969 72 5.3 Photograph of a “jibaro shack” by Edwin Rosskam 76 5.4 Klumb’s collage, “Puerto Rico” 77 5.5 Aerial perspective and plan, the Teacher’s Farms in concrete 83 5.6 Details, the Teacher’s Farms in native materials 84 5.7 Plan, the Low Cost Rural Houses (phase 1) 87 5.8 Elevation and plan, the Low Cost Rural Houses (phase 2) 88 5.9 Axonometric and plan, the Low Cost Rural Houses (phase 3) 90 6.1 Satellite images of the Bosch and Ewing houses 97 6.2 Site plan, the Haeussler Residence 99 6.3 Floor plans, the Evans Residence 102 6.4 Site plan and floor plan, the Fullana Residence 104 6.5 Elevation and floor plan, the Tugwell Cottage 105 6.6 Perspective, the Foreman Mountain Retreat 106 7.1 Perspective and floor plan, the Emilio Rodriguez House 116 7.2 Perspective, the Bosch House 120 7.3 Perspectives, the Duchow Residence 122 7.4 Floor plans, the Duchow Residence 123 8.1 Site plan and perspective, the Marrero House 130 8.2 Section and floor plan, the Velez House 131 8.3 Site plan, the Benitez Mountain Cottage 136 8.4 Section and floor plan, the Benitez Mountain Cottage 137 Figures xi 9.1 Photograph of the Klumb House exterior 150 9.2 Photograph of the Klumb House living room 151 9.3 Floor plan, the Klumb House 152 9.4 Photographs of a sitting area and hammock at the Klumb House 153 Image credits Figures 2.1–2.2, 3.2, 4.1–4.3, 5.3–5.9, 6.2–9.4. Images courtesy of the Architecture and Construction Archives at the University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras, used by permission of Richard H. Klumb Figures 3.1 and 3.3. Copyright © 2020 Frank Lloyd Wright Founda­ tion, Scottsdale, AZ.
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